Part 12
8. Le Moyen Âge, la Révolution Française, Die französische Revolution. The French, however, now generally print le moyen âge, la révolution française. Capitals are to be avoided, because in the short sentences of which a catalogue consists they confuse rather than help the eye. For this reason it is better not to capitalize names in natural history whether English or Latin (bee, rana pipiens, liliaceæ, etc.). Several libraries following the lead of the Congress catalogue have discarded capitals for German nouns. Grimm’s authority is alleged in justification, but Grimm’s example is followed by a very small minority even of German scholars, and the titles so printed still have an awkward look to most readers. The Boston Public Library also goes to an extreme in its avoidance of capitals, not using them for such proper names as methodists, protestant episcopal church, royal society, etc.
The names of languages are not to be capitalized in the Romance languages, as “traduit de l’anglais,” “in francese.”
Titles of honor are not to be capitalized in the Romance languages, as _comte_, _conte_, _marchese_. But _Monsieur_, _Madame_, _Signor_, _Don_, _Donna_ always begin with capitals.
Use capitals (or, better, small capitals) for numbers after the names of kings (Charles III. or Henry IV.) and for single-letter abbreviations (A. D., B. C., H. M. S., F. R. S. E., etc., or A. D., F. R. S. E., etc.). But n. p. no place, n. t. p. no title-page, may be in lower-case letters or small capitals, and b. born, d. died, ms. manuscript, should be in lower case.
I. PUNCTUATION, etc.
207. Let each entry consist of four (or five) sentences:
1. the heading, «Cicero», Marcus Tullius. 2. the title, including editors Brutus de claris oratoribus; erkl. and translators, von O. Jahn. 3. the edition, 2e Aufl. {82} 4. the imprint, as given by the book, Berlin, 1856. 5. the part of the imprint added by the cataloguer, O.
Which, if not the first title under Cicero, would read:
— Brutus de Claris oratoribus; erkl. von O. Jahn. 2e Aufl. Berlin, 1856. O.
Separate by a ; the title proper from the phrase relating to the editor, translator, etc. This requires a minimum of capitals. It will occasionally happen that the title can not be thrown into one sentence, but that should always be done when possible. It is usual to separate 4 and 5. The French, however, make one sentence of them (Paris, 1864, in–12). This has the advantage of agreeing with the best form of quoting a title (“see his Memoirs, London, 1874, O. in which,” etc.). It is useless for one who abridges titles to make any attempt to follow the punctuation. The spelling should be retained, but it is hardly worth while for Short or Medium to imitate the old printers in their indiscriminate use of i and j, u and v.
A library may have a collection of books or a few volumes which from their rarity deserve to be catalogued with every bibliographical nicety, with the most exact copying of punctuation, spelling, and forms of letters, and even with marks to show where the lines of the title end. Such collections are the Prince and the Ticknor books in the Boston Public Library, such single books are fifteeners or the rarest Americana. Yet it may be questioned whether a library does well to redescribe books already fully described by Hain, Harrisse, Thiele, Trömmel, Stevens, or Sabin. A simple reference to these works will generally suffice (§ 261).
208. Supply the proper accents if they are not given in the title.
In French and Greek titles printed in capitals the accents are often omitted. In the titles of rare books, copied exactly, accents should not be supplied.
209. Use [ ] only for words added to the title, and ( ) to express inclusion.
_Ex._ «Talbot», E. A. Five years’ residence in Canada, [1818–23].
«Maguire», J. F. Canada. (_In his_ Irish in America. 1868.)
«Bale», J. Kinge John, a play; ed. by J. P. Collier. Westm., 1838. 4º. (Camden Soc., v. 2.)
210. If any title contains [ ] or ( ) omit them, using commas instead.
One sign should never be used to express two things, if that can be avoided; each should have one definite meaning. Also alter — into , or ; or . as the context may require.
211. Use italics for the words _See_ or _See also_ in references, _In_ and _In his_ in analytical, and for _Same_, _Note_, _Contents_, and _Namely_, and for _etc._ when used to indicate omission of part of the title, also for subdivisions of subjects (as _France_, _History_).
212. In long _Contents_ make the division of the volumes plain either by heavy-faced volume-numbers or by giving each volume a separate paragraph.
Anyone will recoil from the labor of looking through a long undivided mass of small type; moreover the reader ought to be able to determine at once in what volume any article whose title he is reading is contained. {83}
J. ARRANGEMENT.[65]
213. Arrange entries according to the English alphabet, whatever the order of the alphabet in which a foreign name might have to be entered in its original language.
Treat «I» and «J», «U» and «V», as separate letters; «ij», at least in the older Dutch names, should be arranged as «y»; do not put Spanish names beginning with «Ch», «Ll», «Ñ», after all other names beginning with «C», «L», and «N», as is done by the Spanish Academy, nor «ä», «å», «æ», «ö», «ø», at the end of the alphabet, as is done by the Swedes and Danes, nor the German «ä», «ö», «ü», as if written «ae», «oe», «ue» (except «Goethe»). If two names are spelled exactly alike except for the umlaut (as Müller and Muller) arrange by the forenames.
[note] 65. On this subject consult Appendix IV, pp. 116–118; also p. 36–69 of Dr. C: Dziatzko’s “Instruction für die Ordnung der Titel im alphabetischen Zettelkatalog der Univ.-Bibliothek zu Breslau, Berlin, 1886,” 74 pp. O (the first 35 pp. are a treatise on Entry).[/note]
(a.) HEADINGS.
214. When the same word serves for several kinds of heading let the order be the following: person, place, followed by subject (except person or place), form, and title.
Arrangement must be arbitrary. This order is easy to remember, because it follows the course of cataloguing; we put down first the author, then the title. The subject and form, expressed sometimes in more than one word, and the title, almost always having more than one word, must be arranged among themselves by the usual rules. Of course, the person considered as a subject can not be separated from the person as author. As the place may be either author or subject or both, it may come between the two.
_Ex._ «Washington», George. (person)
«Washington», _D. C._ (place)
«Homes», H. A. (person)
«Homes family.» (persons)
«Homes.» (subject)
«Homes» and shrines. (title)
215. Forenames used as headings precede surnames.
_Ex._ «Christian» II.
«Christian», James.
«Christian art.»
«Francis» II.
«Francis», Abraham.
«Francis» and Jane.
216. Headings like Charles, George, Henry, when very numerous, must be divided into classes, in this order: Saints, Popes, Emperors, Kings, Princes and Noblemen, others. The Saints are subarranged by their usual appellatives, the Popes by their number, Sovereigns and Sovereign princes in alphabetical order of countries, and under countries numerically. Other persons are subarranged by their usual appellatives, neglecting the prepositions.[66]
_Ex._ «Peter», _Saint_.
«Peter», _Pope_.
«Peter» _the Great, Emperor of Russia_.
«Peter» II. _of Aragon_.
«Peter» III. _of Aragon_.
«Peter» I. _of Portugal_.
«Peter», _Duke of Newcastle_.
«Peter», _of Groningen, enthusiast. See_ «Pieter».
«Peter», John Henry.
«Peter, Lake.»
«Peter, Mt.»
«Peter» Lewis, a true tale.
«Peter-Hansen», Erik.
When there are two appellatives coming in different parts of the alphabet, refer from the rejected one, as «Thomas» _Cantuariensis_. _See_ «Thomas» Becket.
[note] 66. So that «Thomas» _de Insula_ and «Thomas» _Insulanus_ may not be separated.[/note]
{84}
217. Arrange proper names beginning with «M’», «Mc», «St.», «Ste.» as if spelled «Mac», «Saint», «Sainte».
Because they are so pronounced. But L’ is not arranged as La or Le, nor O’ as if it stood for Of, because they are not so pronounced.
218. In a card catalogue mix in one alphabet names that differ slightly in spelling and come close together in the alphabet.
_Ex._ Clark and Clarke, and the French names beginning with Saint and Sainte. The names should be spelled correctly, but the difference of spelling disregarded by the arranger. But the exceptional order should be clearly indicated. A guide block should have the inscription «Clark» _and_ «Clarke», and there should be a reference guide block, «Clarke.» _See_ «Clark.» The most common spelling should go first; if the forms are equally used, let that precede that comes first in alphabetical order.
219. Arrange by the forename headings in which the family name is the same.
No attention is to be paid to prefixes, as _Bp._, _Capt._, _Dr._, _Hon._, _Sir_, _Fräulein_, _Miss_, _Mlle._, _Mme._, _Mrs._, or to suffixes, as _D.D._, _F.R.S._, _LL.D._, etc. In regard to _Hungarian_ names, observe that the name appears on the title-page as it does in a catalogue, the family name first, followed by the Christian name; as, “Elbeszélések; irta báró «Eötvös» Jozsef.”
220. When the forenames are the same arrange chronologically.
Again, no attention is to be paid to the titles _Sir_, etc. The alphabetical principle is of no use here because no one can know beforehand which of many possible titles we have taken to arrange by, whereas some one may know when the author whom he is seeking lived. Of course
«Brown, T. L.», comes before «Brown», Thomas, for the same reason that «Brown» comes before «Browne.»
221. Forenames not generally used should be neglected in the arrangement.
When an author is generally known by one of several forenames he will be looked for by that alone, and that alone should determine the arrangement, at least in a card catalogue. Instances are: «Agassiz», (J:) L: (Rudolph), «Cleveland», (Stephen) Grover, «Collins», (W:) Wilkie, «Cook», (Flavius Josephus _known as_) Joseph, «Dobson», (H:) Austin, «Doré», (Paul) Gustav. The form should be
«Harte», Bret (_full name_ Francis Bret), or «Harte», Bret (_in full_ Francis Bret).
Make references whenever the omission of a name will change the alphabetical arrangement, as from «Müller», F: Max, to «Müller», Max.
But if they are counted in arranging they should be spaced or parenthesized, because when there are several persons with the same family name the spacing or parenthesizing assists the eye in picking out the right one. Thus if we have
«Franklin», John, _d._ 1759, «Franklin», _Sir_ John, _d._ 1863, «Franklin», John Andrew, «Franklin», John Charles, «Franklin», John D a v i d,
the reader not knowing of the name David would expect to find the last among the simple Johns, but seeing the David spaced would understand that it was a rarely used name. This supposes that he knows the system, but one can not have a condensed catalogue without obliging the reader to learn how to use it. (See § 140.) {85}
222. If an author uses both the shorter and the longer forms in different works and yet is decidedly better known by the shorter, arrange by that.
_Ex._ «Müller», Max (_in full_ F: Max). Otherwise give and arrange by all the names.
223. If a person’s forenames occur differently in different books or different authorities, or occur in a different order, or the person has changed one or more of his forenames, arrange by one form (the best known or the latest) and refer from the others if alphabetically separated.
224. Arrange a nobleman’s title, under which entry is made, and the name of a bishop’s see, from which reference is made to the family name, among the personal names, not with the places.
_Ex._ «London», Alfred.
«London», David, _Bp. of_.
«London», John.
«London», _Conn._
«London», _Eng._
_not_ «London», John.
«London», David, _Bp. of_.
«London», _Conn._
_nor_ «London», John.
«London», _Conn._
«London», David, _Bp. of_.
«London», _Eng._
«Danby», John.
«Danby», Thomas «Osborne», _Earl of_.
«Danby», Wm.
«Danby», _Eng._
«Holland», C.
«Holland», H: E. «Fox-Vassal», _4th Baron_.
«Holland», H: R. «Fox-Vassal», _3d Baron_.
«Holland» [_the country_].
225. The possessive case singular should be arranged with the plural.
The alphabet demands this, and I see no reason to make an exception which can not be made in foreign languages.
«Bride» of Lammermoor.
«Brides» and bridals.
«Bride’s» choice.
«Boys’» and girls’ book.
«Boy’s» King Arthur.
«Boys» of ’76.
226. Arrange Greek and Latin personal names by their patronymics or other appellatives.
_Ex._ «Dionysius.»
«Dionysius» _Areopagita_.
«Dionysius» _Chalcidensis_.
«Dionysius» _Genuensis_.
227. Arrange English personal names compounded with _prefixes_ as single words; also those foreign names in which the prefix is not transposed (see § 24).
_Ex._ «Demonstration.»
«De Montfort.»
«Demophilus.»
«De Morgan.»
«Demosthenes.»
Other such names are Ap Thomas, Des Barres, Du Chaillu, Fitz Allen, La Motte Fouqué, Le Sage, Mac Fingal, O’Neal, Saint-Réal, Sainte-Beuve, Van Buren.
This is the universal custom, founded on the fact that the prefixes are often not separated in printing from the following part of the name. It would, of course, be wrong to have «Demorgan» in one place and «De Morgan» in another. {86}
228. Arrange personal names compounded of _two names_ with or without a hyphen after the first name but before the next longer word.
_Ex._ «Fonte», Bart. de. «Fonte Resbecq», Auguste. «Fontenay», Louis. «Fontenay Mareuil», François.
229. In the preliminary card catalogue it is best to arrange these by the first name, neglecting the second entirely[67] and subarranging by forenames.
The reason is (1) that authors do not always use the second part of their names, and (2) that the single alphabet is easier to use in a card catalogue.
_Ex._ «Halliwell» (_afterwards_ «Halliwell-Phillipps»), James Orchard.
[note] 67. Except when the first family names and forenames of two persons are the same, when the one with a second part will come after the other; but if both have a second part, subarrange by these second parts when they differ.[/note]
230. Arrange compound names of _places_ as separate words.
_Ex._ «New», John. «New Hampshire.» «New» legion of Satan. «New Sydenham Society.» «New York.» «Newark.» «Newfoundland.» «Newspapers.»
_not_ «New», John. «New» legion of Satan. «Newark.» «Newfoundland.» «New Hampshire.» «Newspapers.» «New Sydenham Society.» «New York.»
231. Arrange names of _societies_ as separate words.
See «New Sydenham Society» in the list above.
232. Arrange as single words compound words which are _printed_ as one.
_Ex._ Bookseller, Bookplates. Sometimes such words are printed on title-pages as two words; in such case do the same in copying the title, but if the word is used as a heading follow the authority of a dictionary; each library should select some one dictionary as its standard.
233. Arrange _hyphened_ words as if separate.
_Ex._ «Happy» home. «Happy-Thought» Hall. «Happy» thoughts. «Home» and hearth. «Home» rule. «Homely» traits. «Homer.» «Sing», _pseud._ «Sing», James. «Sing», James, _pseud._ «Sing-Sing Prison.» «Singapore.» «Singing.»
«Grave and Reverend Club.» «Grave County.» «Grave Creek.» «Grave-digger.» «Grave-mounds.» «Grave» objections. «Grave de Mézeray», Antoine. «Gravel.» «Gravestone.» «Graveyard.» «Out» and about. «Out» in the cold, a song. «Out-of-door» Parliament. «Outer» darkness, The. {87}
234. Arrange _pseudonyms_ after the corresponding real name.
_Ex._ «Andrew», _pseud._ «Andrew», _St._ «Andrew», _St., pseud._ «Andrew», John. «Andrew», John, _pseud._ «Andrew», John Albion.
235. Arrange _incomplete_ names by the letters. If the same letters are followed by different signs, if there are no forenames, arrange in the order of the complexity of signs; but if there are forenames arrange by them.
_Ex._ «Far» from the world. «Far»... «Far»*** «Far»***, B.F. «Far»..., J. B. «Farr», John.
236. If signs without any letters are used as headings (§ 57) (as ... or †††) put them all before the first entries under the letter «A».
237. The arrangement of title-entries is first by the heading words; if they are the same, then by the next word; if that is the same, by the next; and so on. Every word, articles and prepositions included, is to be regarded; but not a transposed article.
_Ex._ «Uncovenanted» mercies. «Under» a cloud. «Under» the ban. «Under» the greenwood tree; a novel. «Under» the greenwood tree; a poem. «Under» which king. «Undone» task, The. «Undone» task done.
Here the transposed The is non-existent for the arranger.
It makes no difference whether the words are connected with one another in sense or not; the searcher should not be compelled to think of that. Let the arrangement be by words as ordinarily printed. Thus «Home» rule is one idea but it is two words, and its place must be determined primarily by its first word «Home», which brings it before «Homeless». If it were printed «Homerule» it would come after «Homeless». Similarly «Art» amateur is one phrase, but as the first word «Art» is followed by a word beginning with am, it must come before «Art» and artists, although its parts are more closely connected than the parts of the latter phrase.
The French d’ and l’ are not to be treated as part of the following word:
_Ex._ Art d’économiser. Art d’être grandpère. Art d’instruire. Art de faire. Art de l’instruction. Art de linguistique. Art des mines. Art digne.
_not_ Art de faire. Art de linguistique. Art de l’instruction. Art d’économiser. Art des mines. Art d’être grandpère. Art digne. Art d’instruire. {88}
238. Arrange titles beginning with numeral figures (not expressing the number of the work in a series, § 244) as if the figures were written out in the language of the rest of the title.
_Ex._ 100 deutscher Männer = Ein hundert deutsche Männer; 1812 = Mil huit cent douze.
239. Arrange abbreviations as if spelled in full; but elisions as they are printed.
_Ex._ Dr., M., Mlle., Mme., Mr., Mrs., as Doctor, Monsieur, etc.
But «Who’d» be a king?
«Who» killed Cock Robin?
«Who’s» to blame?
☞ The arrangement recommended in §§ 227–232 suits the eye best and requires as little knowledge or thought as any to use. The exception made in § 227 is required by universal practice and by the fact that a very large part of the personal names beginning with prefixes are commonly printed as one word. Names of places beginning with New, Old, Red, Blue, Green, etc. (which might be likened to the prefixes De, Des, Du, etc., and made the ground of a similar exception), are much less frequently printed as one, and when they are the accent is different. Moreover the words New, Old, etc., have an independent meaning and occur as personal names, first words of titles, or of the names of societies, as in the examples in § 230. The reason for separating New Hampshire and Newark in the first example is patent to every consulter at a glance; the reason for the different positions of New legion and New York in the second example would not be clear and would have to be thought out; and it is not well to demand thought from those who use the catalogue if it can be avoided.
(b.) TITLES.
240. Under an author’s name adopt the following order: (1) Complete (or nearly complete) works, (2) Extracts from the complete works, (3) Single works, whether by him alone or written in conjunction with another author, (4) Works about him.
Nos. 1–3 come first as belonging to the author-catalogue; 4 comes last as belonging to the subject-catalogue.
It is better to let the smaller collections come in their alphabetical place with the single works. The single works of a voluminous author (as Aristotle, Cicero, Homer, Shakespere) should be so printed that the different titles will strike the eye readily. If the “_contents_” of the collected words are not printed alphabetically, it is well to insert under the titles of the chief single works a reference to the particular volumes of the collections in which they are to be found. (See Boston Athenæum catal., art. «Goethe».) Two works published together are arranged by the first title, with reference from the second.
_Extracts_ from single works come immediately after the respective works.
A _spurious_ work is arranged with the single works, but with a note stating the spuriousness. But if the author’s name is used as a pseudonym the entry should have a separate heading after all the works; as, «Browne», H. History. «Browne», H., _pseud._ Stones from the old quarry. _See_ «Ellison», H.
If there are only two _joint authors_ both may appear in the heading, but the entry should be arranged among the works written by the first author alone; if there are more than two the heading may be made in the form «Smith», John, _and others_. The usual practice hitherto has been to arrange entries by joint authors _after_ the works written by the first author alone, and this was recommended in the first edition in regard both to the form of the heading and the arrangement; but although it is pleasing to a classifying mind, it is practically objectionable because a reader, not knowing that the book he is looking for is a joint production, and not finding it in the first {89} series of titles, may suppose that it is not in the library. This danger is greatest in a card catalogue, where it entirely overweighs the somewhat visionary advantage of the separate arrangement. The arrangement of a card catalogue should be as simple as possible, because the reader having only one card at a time under his eyes can not easily see what the arrangement is. On the printed page, where he takes in many titles at a glance, more classification can be ventured upon; there the danger is confined to the more voluminous authors; where there are few titles the consulter will read them all and so will not miss any. On the printed page, too, the mixing in of joint authors interrupts to the eye the alphabetical order of titles; _e. g._,
«Dod, T.» Anamites and their country.
— _and others_. Barracouta.
— Carriboo, a voyage to the interior.
— _and_ White, E. Dahomey and the slave trade.
— Elephanta, its caves and their images.
This trifling inconvenience can be easily avoided, however, by including the second name in the title; _e. g._,
«Dod, T.» Anamites.
— Barracouta, by D. [and others].
— Carriboo.
— Dahomey, by Dod and E. White.
— Elephanta.
When the form «Smith», John, _and others_ is used, Full will give a list of the “others” in a note. They are not put into a heading merely because there is not room for many names on the first line of a card, and in a printed catalogue the information seems more in place in a note than in a very long heading.
241. In the order of titles take account of every word except initial articles. If two titles have the same words arrange by date of imprint, the earliest first.
_Ex._ «Address» of Southern delegates in Congress.
«Address» of the people of Great Britain.
«Address» of twenty thousand loyal Protestant apprentices.
«Address» on national education.
«Address» to a provincial bashaw.