CHAPTER XIV.

AMERICA.

If this work had any pretension to being a complete history or statistical account of the Rude Monuments of the world, it might be necessary to describe somewhat in detail, and to illustrate those of the New World as well as those of the Old. In the form that it has now taken, however, nothing more is required than to point out as briefly as possible what the American monuments really are, with sufficient detail to show whether they have or have not any connexion with those we have been describing, and to point out what bearing--if any--their peculiarities may have on the main argument of this work.

In so far as the rude monuments of North America are concerned, there is fortunately no difficulty in speaking with confidence. In the first volume of the 'Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge,'[594] the Americans possess a detailed description of their antiquities of this class such as no nation in Europe can boast of. The survey was carefully and scientifically carried out by Messrs. Squier and Davis, to whom it was entrusted. The text is tersely and clearly written, mere theories or speculations are avoided, and the plates are clearly and carefully engraved. If we had such a work on our own antiquities we should long ago have known all about them; but unfortunately there are no Smithsons in this country, and among our thousand and one millionaires, to whom the expense would be a flea-bite, there is not one who has the knowledge requisite to enable him to appreciate the value of such a survey, nor consequently the liberality sufficient to induce him to incur the expense necessary for its execution.

NORTH AMERICA.

With this work before us, we feel justified in making the assertion that there are no rude-stone monuments on the continent of North America. There are extensive earth works of nearly all the classes found in the Old World, and some--especially the animal forms--which are peculiar to the New.

These earthworks Messrs. Squier and Davis classify as follows (page 7):--

1. Enclosures for defence. 2. Sacred and miscellaneous enclosures. 3. Mounds of sacrifice. 4. Mounds of sepulture. 5. Temple mounds. 6. Animal mounds.

With the first we have nothing to do: they are similar to those erected everywhere and in all ages of the world. They consist of a ditch, the earth taken in forming which is thrown up on its inner side, so as to form an obstacle to the advance of an enemy, and to become a shelter to the defenders. Some of these in America are of great extent, and show not only considerable proficiency in the art of defence, but indicate the presence of an extensive and settled population. The so-called "sacred enclosures" are not only numerous and extensive, but are unlike anything met with elsewhere. In Ross county alone our authors state that there are 100 at least of various sizes, and in the State of Ohio 1000 to 1500, some of them enclosing areas from 100 to 200 acres in extent.

Their typical form will be understood from the annexed woodcut. All seem to have a forecourt either square or octagonal in form, with 4 or 8 entrances to it, and beyond this is a circle generally quite complete, and entered only by a passage or opening from the forecourt. These are enclosed by earthen mounds varying from 5 to 30 feet in height, with the ditch almost invariably on the inside.

The last peculiarity is in itself, as in the case of the English circles, quite sufficient to preclude the idea of their being fortifications or meant for defence, and they certainly are not sepulchral in any sense in which we understand the term. In the first place, because we know perfectly what the sepulchres of these people were, from the thousands and tens of thousands of tumuli which dot the plains everywhere; but also because, unlike the English circles, which are as a rule found in the most remote and barren spots, these American enclosures as generally occupy the flattest and richest spots in the country. They are most frequently situated near the rivers, and on the natural lines of communication; so much so indeed that many of the cities of the present occupants of the country stand on the same spots and within the enclosures of the earlier races who raised these mounds.

We are thus left to the choice between two hypotheses. Either they are sacred enclosures, as suggested by our authors, or they are royal residences--temples or palaces.

All the arguments, derived from its excessive size, that were urged against Avebury being a temple, apply with redoubled force to these American enclosures. Temples occupying 50 to 100 acres are certainly singular anomalies when we try to realise what these admeasurements imply. Our largest square, Lincoln's Inn Fields, occupies only 12 acres; the Green Park is 53; and all our parks together do not occupy the same space as the Newark enclosures, which, according to Messrs. Squier and Davis, cover more than four square miles.[595] Yet all these are circles and squares with connecting lines, and all with inside ditches. Temples of these dimensions, without divisions, or enclosures, or mounds, or permanent works of any kind, are anomalies difficult to understand, and must belong to some religion of which I, at least, have no knowledge; and no one, so far as I know, has yet suggested what that religion was, nor how these vast spaces could be utilized for any religious purpose.

If we adopt the idea that they were the residences of the chiefs of the people, the mystery does not seem so great. If the circular wigwam of the chief was erected in the centre of the circles, and the wigwams of his subordinates and retainers in concentric circles around him, it would account for their dimensions, and also for the disappearance of all traces of habitation. The forecourt would thus be the place of assembly of the tribe, the exercise ground or gymnasium, and for such purposes it is admirably adapted, and both the size and the situation of these enclosures seem easily explicable.

One curious circumstance tends to render this view more tenable. On plate xxi. of Messrs. Squier and Davis's work four groups of squares with circles are delineated, situated in different parts of the country; but all the four squares are almost identical in size, each side measuring 1080 feet. Why four temples should be exactly alike is a mystery, but that a tetrarchy of chiefs should be bound down to equal dimensions for their rival residences seems reasonable from a civil point of view.

It does not seem difficult to explain the meaning of the inside ditch when fortification was not intended, as it must have been almost a necessity with a people who had not arrived at the elevation of using brick drains or drain-pipes. Without some such arrangement all the rain that fell within these solid enclosures would have remained on the surface, or in the squares could only have escaped through the openings, but a deep and broad ditch all round would drain the whole surface without inconvenience, and secure the only mode which would prevent the enclosure, be it a temple or palace, from becoming a swamp.

* * * * *

Messrs. Squier and Davis divide the conical mounds which they excavated into two classes. The first they call "Mounds of sacrifice," because on digging into them they found on the level of the soil what appeared to be altars--raised floors which exhibited evidence of intense heat, and what they considered a long-continued practice of burning. It is evident, however, that such results might be produced in a week as well as in years, and it is very difficult to understand why at any time that which had been an altar should be buried in a tumulus. If it had been used for years, why, and on what occasion, was it agreed to bury it? If it was the funereal pyre of some chief, and used for burning sacrifices for the time the funeral services lasted, and was then buried, the case is intelligible enough, but the other hypothesis is certainly not easy of explanation.

The true "Sepulchral mounds" are, as before mentioned, immensely numerous, and of all sizes, from a few feet up to such as the Grave Creek mound, 70 feet high and 1000 feet in circumference, or that at Miamisburgh, 68 feet high, and 852 feet in circumference at its base. The dead were buried in them apparently without coffins or cists, unless of wood, and generally in the contracted doubled-up position found so frequently in Scandinavia and in Algeria.

The "Temple mounds" are generally square or oblong truncated pyramids, with inclined planes leading up to them on three and frequently on all four sides. They are in fact in earth the same form as the Teocallis of the Mexicans, though the latter seem always to have been in stone. Whether in the one material or the other, they are of a perfectly intelligible templar form. If a human sacrifice or any great ceremonial is to take place before all the people, the first requisite is an elevated platform where the ministrants can stand above the heads of the crowd, and be seen by all; and the absence of this in the Ohio and in our English circles is one of the most fatal objections to the temple theory. In one or two instances a single earthen Teocalli is found within the circles, but this no further militates against the supposition that they were residences than the presence of a chapel or place of worship in any of our palaces would prove them to be temples also. It must, however, be borne in mind that it is always difficult to draw a hard and fast line between the House of God and the Palace of the King. In Egypt it is never possible, and in the middle ages royal monasteries and royal residences were frequently interchangeable terms. We should not therefore feel surprised if, in America, we found the one fading into the other. But, on the whole, the enormous number of these circular enclosures--1000 and 1500 in one State--their immense size, 100 and 200 acres being not unfrequent, and the general absence of all signs of preparations for worship, seem sufficient to prove that they must be classed among civil and not among sacred erections. This seems to be the case even though sometimes three or four temple mounds are found together surrounded by a rampart just sufficient to enclose them with the necessary space for circulation all round; in which case, however, it is evident that they have passed the line separating the two divisions, and may, probably must, be classified as really sacred enclosures. These are generally found in the South, in Texas, and in the States most nearly bordering on Mexico, which looks as if they belonged to another race more nearly allied to the Toltecs or Aztecs than to the northern tribes.

The only remaining class of mounds are those representing "Animals," to which plates xxxv. to xliv. of Messrs. Squier and Davis's book are devoted. One of these, our authors have no doubt, represents a serpent 700 feet long as he lies with his tail curled up into a spiral form, and his mouth gaping to swallow an egg (?) 160 feet long by 60 feet across. This at first sight looks so like one of Stukeley's monstrous inventions that the first impulse is to reject it as an illusion on the part of the surveyors. When, however, we bear in mind that the American mound-builders did represent not only men, but animals, quadrupeds, and lizards, in the same manner, and on the same relative scale, all improbability vanishes. At the same time the simple fact that the form is so easily recognisable here is in itself sufficient to prove that our straight-lined stone rows were not erected with any such intention, and could only be converted into Dracontia by the most perverted imagination.

Though therefore we may assume that this mound really represents a serpent, it by no means follows that it was an idol or was worshipped. It seems to represent an action--the swallowing of something, but whether a globe or a grave is by no means clear, and must be left for further investigation. It is, however, only by taking it in connection with the other animal mounds in America that we can hope to arrive at a solution. They were not apparently objects of worship, and seem to have no connexion with anything found in the Old World.

The other mounds representing quadrupeds are quite unmistakable: they are a freak of this people whoever they were. But it seems difficult to explain why they should take this Brobdignagian way of representing the animals they possessed, or were surrounded by. If we knew more of the people, or of their affinities, perhaps the solution would be easy; at present it hardly interests us, as we have no analogue in Europe.[596]

It only now remains to try and ascertain if any connexion exists or existed between these American monuments and those of the Old World; and what light, if any, their examination may be expected to throw on the problems discussed in the preceding chapters. If it is wished to establish anything like a direct connexion between the two continents, we must go back to the far distant prehistoric times when the conformations of land and water were different from what they now are. No one, I presume, will be found to contend that, since the continents took their present shape, any migration across the Atlantic took place in such numbers as to populate the land, or to influence the manners or customs of the people previously existing there. It may be that the Scandinavians did penetrate in the tenth or eleventh centuries to Vinland, by the way of Greenland, and so anticipated the discovery of Columbus by some centuries;[597] but this is only a part of that world-pervading energy of the Aryan races, and has nothing whatever to do with the people of the tumuli. If any connexion really existed between the Old and the New World, in anything like historic times, everything would lead us to believe that it took place _viâ_ Behring Strait or the Aleutian Islands. It seems reasonable to suppose that the people who covered the Siberian Steppes with tumuli may have migrated across the calm waters of the Upper Pacific, and gradually extended themselves down to Wisconsin and Ohio, and there left these memorials we now find. It may also be admitted that the same Asiatic people may have spread westward from the original hive, and been the progenitors of those who covered our plains with barrows, but beyond this no connexion seems to be traceable which would account for anything we find. Nowhere, however, in America do these people ever seem to have risen to the elevation of using even rude stones to adorn their tombs or temples. Nor do they appear to have been acquainted with the use of iron or of bronze; all the tools found in their tombs being of pure unalloyed native copper--both of which circumstances seem to separate these American mound-builders entirely from our rude-stone people in anything like historic times.

Unfortunately, also, the study of the manners and customs of the Redmen, who occupied North America when we first came in contact with them, is not at all likely to throw any light on the subject. They have never risen beyond the condition of hunters, and have no settled places of abode, and possess no works of art. The mound-builders, on the contrary, were a settled people, certainly pastoral, probably to some extent even agricultural; they had fixed well chosen unfortified abodes, altogether exhibiting a higher state of civilization than we have any reason to suppose the present race of Redmen ever reached or are capable of reaching.

Although, therefore, it seems in vain to look on the Red Indians who in modern times occupied the territories of Ohio and Wisconsin as the descendants of the mound-builders, there are tribes on the west coast of America that probably are, or rather were, very closely allied to them. The Hydahs and the natives inhabiting Vancouver's Island and Queen Charlotte's Sound seem both from their physical condition, and more so from their works of art, to be just such a people as one would expect the mound-builders to have been. If this is so, it again points to Northern Asia, and not to Europe, as the country where we must look for the origin of this mysterious people; and it is there, I am convinced, if anywhere, that the solution of our difficulties with regard to this phase of North American civilization is to be found.

CENTRAL AMERICA.

When we advance a little farther south, we meet in Mexico and Yucatan with phenomena which are the exact converse of those in Ohio and Wisconsin. There everything is in stone; earth either never being used, or, if employed at all, it was only as a core to what was faced or intended to be faced with the more durable material. There is one fact, however, which takes the Mexican monuments entirely out of the category of the works contemplated in this book. All the stones in Central America are carved. So far as is known, no rude stones were ever set up there, even the obelisks which stand alone, and look most like our menhirs in outline, are, like the Babas of the Steppes, all carved, most of them elaborately; and though it may be true that they may, at some remote period, have been derived from some such rude originals as are found in Europe, still till we find some traces of these in Central America they cannot be said to belong to the class of monuments of which we are now treating; nor can they be used as affording any analogies or illustrations which it would be worth while citing in this place.

PERU.

The same remarks apply to what we find in Peru with equal force, but not with equal distinctness. No one will, I presume, contend that there was any direct communication between Europe and the west coast of South America before the time of Columbus. Yet there are similarities between the masonry of the Peruvian monuments and those of the Pelasgi in Greece and Tyrrheni in Italy which are most striking, and can only be accounted for, at present, on the assumption that nations in the same stage of civilization, and using similar materials, arrive nearly at the same results. Perhaps we ought to add to this, provided they have some taint of the same blood in their veins; and that, in this case, does not seem absolutely improbable.

Be this as it may, there are, so far as I know, no rude-stone monuments in Southern America. The ruins, for instance, of Tia Huanaco, which have often been quoted for their similarity to "Druidical remains," are as far removed as possible from that category. It is true that there are rows of squared stones that now stand apart, and in imperfect drawings look like our menhirs enclosing a square or circular space. In reality, however, as we learn from photographs, they are carefully squared stones, which formed pilasters in walls constructed with Adobes, or imperfectly burned bricks, or smaller stones which have been removed.[598] The doorways which led into this enclosure are hewn out of a single block of stone, and are more carefully cut and polished than anything else to be found anywhere out of Egypt, and there only in the best days of her great Pharaohs.

The same remarks may apply to the circles and squares illustrated by Mr. Squier.[599] I may be mistaken, but my impression is that like Houel's Druidical circles in Gozo, above alluded to, they are only the foundation courses of square and circular buildings, the upper parts of which have perished. At all events, till they are excavated, or some traditional or real use is found for them, I should be very unwilling to base any argument on their accidental similarity with our stone circles.

* * * * *

There can be no doubt that these earthen mounds and primitive carved stones of the American continent form in themselves a most interesting group of monuments, well deserving more attention than has yet been bestowed upon them, and that, when properly investigated, they will throw more light on the origin and migrations of the various aboriginal races of that country than can be expected from any other source. They are not, however, of the class we are treating of, nor do they seem to have any direct connexion with those of the Old World. As, besides this, their examination does not promise to solve any of our difficulties, they do not necessarily occupy an extended space in a work devoted to the elucidation of the Use and Age of Rude-Stone Monuments.

[Footnote 594: 'Ancient Monuments in the Mississippi Valley;' Philadelphia, 1847.]

[Footnote 595: 'Ancient Monuments,' &c., p. 49. Hyde Park, including Kensington Gardens, occupies about one square mile.]

[Footnote 596: I cannot help fancying that the great animals in stone that line the avenues leading to the tombs of the emperors in China may have some affinity with the American animal sculptures, which occur principally in Wisconsin and the farther West. I am unable, however, to obtain any information with regard to the Chinese or Siberian examples sufficiently reliable to found any argument upon.]

[Footnote 597: 'Annal. for Nordk. Oldkyndighed,' ii. p. 3 _et seqq_. See also C. C. Rafn, 'Antiquitates Americanæ,' &c., Hafniæ, 1837.]

[Footnote 598: 'History of Architecture,' by the Author, vol. ii. pp. 774 _et seq._]

[Footnote 599: 'The American Naturalist,' iv., March, 1870, figures 1, 8, and 9.]

APPENDIX A.

(_Referred to, page 225._)

DUNMINNING, GLARRYFORD, CO. ANTRIM,

_August 18, 1871_.

MY DEAR SIR,--I was unable to get to Glen Columbkille till this week, and I am afraid that I shall be too late to be of use to you. As, however, I did not forget to examine the monuments, I send the notes I made on them. All were written down at the stones themselves. Glen Columbkille is about 4 miles long and 3 broad. Its eastern boundary is a steep rocky mountain, from which the floor of the glen slopes down to the sea, and ends westward in Glen Bay. Glen Bay is of considerable width from its southern point, Rossan, to its northern, Glen Head, but it has only a short beach. There is also a dangerous bar, so that it is an almost impossible landing-place except for curraghs, and in smooth weather for boats. The north side of Glen Columbkille is rocky and steep, and is chiefly formed by the mountain Ballard. The south side, though in parts precipitous, and nowhere a very gradual slope, is not so steep as its opposite. The coast south and north of Glen Bay for miles is a range of cliffs, of from 1900 to 100 feet, with here and there a small beach, but no safe landing-places. South of Glen Columbkille is a smaller and shallower valley, Glen Malin. The sides of Glen Malin are all gradual; its coast is precipitous; on the south it is bounded by a mountain of large base, Leathan. Both Glen Columbkille and Glen Malin are in the parish of Glen Columbkille and barony of Banagh. Most of the great stone structures are in Glen Malin.

The monuments are of three kinds: (1) cromlechs;[600] (2) stone chambers; (3) solitary stones. They are in groups of various size and compactness. There are five distinct groups, a considerable distance apart, and with no apparent connexion of arrangement. Three groups are on the north and two on the south side of the glen. The stones in each have been more or less disturbed, and have been made to serve in lime-kilns and byres and as malt stores. While examining one set, I felt my foot sink, and, lifting the edge of a piece of heather, found an excavation filled with barley, soaking. On getting into another cavity, I found two black lambs inside, and in another some pigs, in another calves. The most remarkable general feature of the architecture that I noticed was that the stones in each group were much of a size, but that in some groups they were a good deal larger than in others. I shall speak of the groups as they are marked by letters in a plan I made for my own use on the spot.

D. This group, which is that nearest the sea on the south side of the river, consists of six cromlechs, arranged in line, with considerable intervals. A few yards west of this group are several mounds of stones with some large blocks amongst them, but no blocks more than 4 feet long. These extend for some 50 yards in line from west to east. A few yards above them is a large pile of stones, in the midst of which is a stone 6 feet high and 3 feet wide. These heaps have been augmented by stones collected from the fields, but I think there are indications that they were originally of the nature of the cromlechs.

There are six cromlechs, and from the first the other five are in sight. The line in which they are placed along the glen side is not quite straight. The westernmost cromlech is some yards south of the others, and the west to east line is not exact with regard to the others, but is nowhere so much departed from as with the first pile. The first is about half a mile from the sea. I shall describe them from west to east.

I. This was a cromlech of five huge stones and a top. The top stone has fallen to westward, and the uprights are all somewhat displaced. Three of the upright stones are still erect; two are fallen, but not quite to the ground. At the west end are some smaller blocks and another slab. These are hidden by small stones and earth; I think there were two support stones and a slab. After examining all the monuments of the two glens, I came to the conclusion that this (D I.) was a cromlech with a stone chamber beside it. There is a space 2 feet 6 inches wide between the two tallest uprights. The annexed plan shows the arrangement of the uprights. The top slab has fallen over _e_; _d_ and _e_ are fallen; _a_, _b_, and _c_ are upright, but slant more or less. The dimensions are:--

Ft. In.

(_a_) Height 12 9 (_a_) slants somewhat to Breadth 9 4 westward; the height from its tip Thickness(about) 3 0 to the ground is 10 feet 2 inches. Widest girth 23 0

(_b_) Height 7 5 (_b_) from tip perpendicular Breadth 4 3 the height is 6 feet 6 inches. Thickness 2 0

(_c_) Height 7 0 Breadth 2 10 Thickness 1 0

(_d_) Length 10 0 Breadth 5 0 Thickness 2 0

(_e_) Length 7 0 (_e_) is hard to measure, as it lies under earth, stones, and the top slab.

All these are of a gritty stone, veined with quartz, a rock plentiful in Sliabh Liag, Sliabh Leathan, and the cliffs of the coast. Their shape is rugged.

The top slab is of pure quartz. It is about a foot thick, and is smooth on both sides. This sort of stone splits with a smooth surface, as may be seen on Sliabh Liag and in some of the cliffs. The slab is a tolerably regular oblong, 9 feet 8 inches by 6 feet 6 inches. The smaller slab alluded to above, and which was, I think, the top of the chamber, is about 6 feet by 3 feet.

D II. lies about 40 feet east of D I. It, too, is a cromlech, but the stones of which it is built are of smaller size than those of D I. There are no traces of a chamber, but otherwise it is constructed as D I. The highest standing stone is 4 feet high. There seem to have been five uprights. The top slab has fallen to the west side. It measures 6 feet 3 inches by 5 feet.

D III. is situate 55 feet east of D II. It is a cromlech of five uprights and one slab. One upright only is erect now. Its height is 5 feet, its width 3 feet. The slab which was atop is 8 feet by 7 feet, and averages 2 feet in thickness.

D IV. is 31 feet east of D III. It is a small-sized cromlech. The uprights are all fallen. The slab measures 6 feet 8 inches by 6 feet. A series of low mounds with large stones sticking out here and there forms a sort of connexion with the next cromlech, which stands 48 feet farther east.

D V. Its slab has fallen to eastward, and the uprights in several directions. The tallest upright is 6 feet high. The slab is of quartz, and measures 10 feet by 7 feet, and is about 13 inches thick. Around this cromlech are numbers of loose stones. They are from 1 foot to 2 feet long, and are of mica-schist and quartz. They are not such as would be picked off the meadow, and seem to have been in some way connected with the cromlech.

D VI. stands 96 feet farther east. It is a very large cromlech. It is a good deal fallen; all the stones of which it is built have more or less the character of slabs. It is used as one side of a respectable byre. One great smooth piece of quartz seems to have been the roof. It measures 18 feet 7 inches by 11 feet. The biggest of the stones seems to have formed the east wall of the chamber. Its dimensions are 12 feet by 14 feet, and it is 4 feet thick. I took the dimensions of three others:--1. Length 5 feet 6 inches, width 4 feet; 2. Length 11 feet, width 8 feet; 3. Length 9 feet, width 3 feet, thickness 3 feet.

From the flat nature of the component stones, the chamber inside would have had few gaps in its walls. Near this cromlech is a low stony mound.

From a few yards east of D VI. a ridge runs slantwise up the side of Leathan. Many stones stick up out of it, but I could make out no arrangement. The highest projecting stone is not 4 feet high. This ridge is about a quarter of a mile long. It might be natural, but it has very much the look of a human work. Some 150 yards up the ridge I noticed a slab projecting from the heather. It might possibly be the top of a chamber, of which the walls are beneath the earth. This seeming road does not lead to another group of stones, but disappears a short way up the mountain side. Near the mountain top there is a small bare cliff, the only bare bit of rock on the otherwise smooth slopes of Leathan. The rock exposed is quartz, and the position of the little cliff leads one at a glance to imagine that it may have been the quarry whence the slabs were brought. In this case the ridge may have been the road down the mountain. When one goes up to the crag, it looks less like a quarry than from below, but at the same time I could perceive no geological reason for the exposure of so small a surface of rock.

Some distance up Glen Malin, and on the same side of the river as D, but not in sight from it, is another group, E, of stone monuments.

The large stones of this group are surrounded by numbers of rough, weather-worn stone blocks, averaging 2 feet in length. The monuments seem to be all cromlechs or chambers, and, as far as I could tell, are about a dozen in number. One cromlech stands a good deal higher than the rest. West of it are two stony mounds; these seem to have been chambers. They are built of long flat slabs, with similar slabs at the ends and top.

The ground beyond the cromlechs is moorland, and without loose stones. The stony area is oval, and measures east to west 130 feet, north to south 50 to 60 feet.

All the cromlechs are about the same size. In the construction of all, the aim seems to have been a well shut-in chamber. The easternmost one is a chamber 9 feet 10 inches long. At each end it has a flat stone 3 feet high. The side stones are 7½ feet long and 3 feet high The width of the chamber is 4 feet 6 inches. At each side, and at each end, are heaps of loose small stones. The top slab is about 1 foot thick, and is almost a square of 9 feet.

On the north side of Glen Malin, there are three groups:--

A. This, which is the group furthest from the sea, is of five or six cromlechs, but only one is in good preservation. It consists of a slab resting on four flat blocks, and encloses a chamber. The side stones are each 5 feet 8 inches long. This group stands on a small flat piece of ground below a crag and above a stream. Leading from the chamber there seems to have been a passage, the sides of which were formed of slabs of stone, of which a few remain.

Some distance lower down the glen, on the north side, is a solitary pointed stone. It is 6 feet 1 inch high, and its girth is 5 feet 5 inches. Higher on the slope by 110 feet, and 18 feet farther west, group B begins.

B. The first of this group is a chamber cromlech. It is much buried in the heather. Some loose stones lie around the cromlech. What seems to have been the top slab is 10 feet across and nearly square, and 2 feet thick. One of the side slabs of the chamber is 10 feet 8 inches by 4 feet. The tallest stone is at the east end, and is in height 6 feet 8 inches. Lower down the slope, below this cromlech, are several low mounds, from which there are no projecting stones; 200 yards west in a straight line is a huge cromlech. It seems to have consisted of a gigantic slab, supported on three upright stones, not forming a closed chamber. The top slab is still on its supports; it is 3 feet thick, and measures 13 feet by 10 feet 9 inches. The tallest of the uprights is 9 feet high, and is rather pointed at top. The third upright seems to have been broken into several pieces. Some 10 yards from this is another cromlech of equal dimensions, and a little south of these several large loose stones are lying on the ground. Forty yards west is a chamber cromlech of small dimensions, and near it are many mounds with stones projecting, possibly artificial.

C. This group is some distance farther down on the same side of the glen; it consists of two cromlechs, separated by a short ridge, so that I think they are really parts of one structure. The eastern part is fallen; it consists of three uprights and a top slab. The western part consists of two stones leaning gablewise against one another. Between the two there is a short ridge, from which several stones stick out. Each of the western pair of stones is about 7 feet high by 6 feet broad. The dimensions of the eastern part of the monument are:--Top slab, 11 feet by 7 feet; thickness, 1½ foot. Uprights: (_a_) 8 feet (and I think 2 feet below ground) by 7 feet 7 inches broad; 2 feet 3 inches thick. (_b_) 9 feet 6 inches by 2 feet 8 inches; thickness 2 feet 5 inches, (_c_) 9 feet 6 inches by 3 feet 5 inches; thickness, 1 foot 9 inches.

The other groups do not command remarkable prospects, but from this last group there is a fine view of the sea, with the island of Rathlin O'Beirne close below, and beyond the mountainous coast line of Mayo as far as Belmullet.

So far the stone monuments of Glen Malin.

In Glen Columbkille is but one group. It stands in the townland of Farn MacBride, on the north side of the glen, and at the foot of the mountain Ballard. Its monuments are all of the chamber kind. The chambers are made of huge slabs, one at each side, one atop, one at each end. I measured one, and found the sides each 12 feet long and 4 feet broad. Most of the monuments project but little above the ground. One is used to keep calves in, one for pigs, and one for lambs. A native of the townland told me that his brother had dug up a skull and a piece of earthenware near one of the cromlechs. The skull was buried in the churchyard, and its grave is forgotten. The same man also told me that, digging to clear a cromlech for a malt-store, they found that the side slabs rested on a basement slab. The ground is very rugged about these monuments, and some are quite beneath ground, but I think there are altogether six.

I hope that, if these notes are too late to be of use for your book, they may yet be of some interest to you, and

I remain, my dear Sir, yours sincerely,

NORMAN MOORE.

_James Fergusson, Esq._

On receiving the above communication, I forwarded to Mr. Moore an impression of the woodcut No. 80, representing Calliagh Birra's Tomb or House, and received the following reply:--

DUNMINNING, GLARRYFORD, CO. ANTRIM,

_August 28, 1871_.

MY DEAR SIR,--The cromlechs of Farn MacBride, as they stand apparently undisturbed, exactly resemble in plan that depicted in the woodcut. With one or two exceptions the cromlechs of Glen Malin, as far as one can tell in their fallen condition, are built on the same plan. The shape of the stones at the sides and of the top slabs of the cromlech in the engraving is exactly the shape of the stones of the cromlechs in both Glen Malin and Farn MacBride. In one or two of the cromlechs I noticed stones which might correspond to the buttress-like outside stones of the ground-plan in the cut.

The number of slabs in the side walls of the Glen cromlechs is smaller than the number in the woodcut.

The very large cromlech, easternmost of the group the first described in my letter, is in every particular, except the number of its component blocks, the counterpart of your engraving.

_In fine_, the plan of all the cromlechs of Glen Columbkille, except one or two, the variety of which may be owing to disarrangement, is that of the Meath cromlech.

NORMAN MOORE.

[Footnote 600: Throughout this paper Mr. Moore uses the term "Cromlech," as is usually done by English antiquaries, in the sense in which "Dolmen" is employed in the body of the work.]

APPENDIX B.

THE DIGGINGS IN ODEN'S HOWE, &c. Gamla, Upsala, 1846-7.

These diggings were conducted by Riks Antiquary B. E. Hildebrand and Lieut.-Colonel Ståt, chiefly in the days of August-September, 1846, and June 7-22, 1847. The only printed notices thereon appeared at the time, chiefly from the pen of B. E. Hildebrand, in the Upsala paper 'Correspondenten,' Nos. 75, 77, 79--September 12, 19, 26, 1846, and Nos. 50, 53--June 23 and July 3, 1847.

1. 'Correspondenten,' September 12, 1846.--Diggings going on, but prove more laborious than had been expected.

2. 'Correspondenten,' September 19, 1846.--A boarded gallery 7 Swedish feet 5 inches high and 5 feet broad has been constructed from the east side of the howe (Oden's Howe, the largest of the three so-called King-howes), towards the centre. After penetrating 68 feet (20 met.), a mighty wall of granite blocks was struck, probably a grave-chamber. The gently rising gallery abuts on the lowest stones of the chamber. During the diggings have been found unburnt animal bones, bits of dark wood, charcoal, burnt bones, &c. Thus this was evidently a sepulchral mound. The name _King-howes_ is evidently correct. Diggings have also been made in the smaller cairns near by, and although they have been opened before, burial-urns have been found, burnt human bones, bones of animals and birds, bits of iron and bronze, &c.

3. 'Correspondenten,' September 26, 1846.--The great wall has proved to be the edge of a mighty chamber. Between 200 and 300 large granite blocks have been taken out. Some of them have traces of tooling. The gallery has been carried 16 Swedish feet through the stone mass, which lies on hard packed clay, over a layer of fine sand, resting on large stones above the natural soil. At the middle of the howe the grave-chamber is 9 feet above the level of the soil, 18 feet under the top of the howe. On the bed of clay under the great stones have been found an iron clinker 3 inches long, remains of pine poles partly burnt, a lock of hair chestnut coloured, &c. The numerous clusters of charcoal show that the dead had been burned on the layer of clay, and the bones have been collected in an urn not yet found. In one of the nearest small howes have been found a quantity of burnt animal and human bones, two little-injured bronze brooches, a fragment of a golden ornament, &c.

4. 'Correspondenten,' June 23, 1847.--The burial-urn has been found in the grave-chamber. Also have turned up bones of men, horses, dogs, a golden ornament delicately worked, a bone comb, bone buttons, &c.

5. 'Correspondenten,' July 3, 1847.--The gallery has been driven 4 feet farther, thereafter has been made a side gallery, 8½ feet wide and 8 feet long, up to the burial-urn. This was found 3 inches under the soil, and was covered with a thin slab. It was 7 inches high, 9 inches in diameter, filled with burnt bones, human and animal (horse, dog, &c.), ashes, charcoal (of needle and leaf trees), nails, copper ornaments, bone articles, a bird of bone, &c. In the mass of charcoal about were found bones, broken ornaments, bits of two golden bracteates, &c. Coins of King Oscar were then placed in the urn, and everything restored as before.

Frey's Howe was opened, and showed the same results.

* * * * *

The gallery remained for some years, and was visited by thousands of persons, but afterwards fell in, and the howe is now inaccessible.

CARL SÄVE.

UPSALA, _March 1, 1871_.

APPENDIX C.

Since the sheets containing the account of the Scottish monuments were printed off, I have received from Sir Henry Dryden slips of two letters which he addressed to the editor of the _John o' Groat's Journal_, giving an account of some explorations he had made in Caithness during this autumn. One of these contains an account of certain chapels, brochs, and circles he had examined. The first two classes do not concern us here, and are therefore omitted; but the circles are of interest as probably belonging to the same category as those in the Orkneys, and the description of them is consequently printed with the other letter, which gives an account of four alignments which are so germane to our subject that Sir Henry's description is printed _in extenso_. The name of the first, "The Battle Moss, Yarhouse," is of itself singularly suggestive, and I have little doubt that, if properly inquired into, the peasantry could tell what battle was fought there, and what, consequently, these lines were erected to commemorate. Taken in conjunction with the horned cairns described by Mr. Anderson,[601] and the circles, it does not seem to me doubtful that the whole of this Caithness group belongs to the tenth century. The circles, and especially the horned cairns, are the exact counterparts of the fanciful forms of the Viking graves found at Hjortehammer (woodcut No. 118) and elsewhere in Scandinavia, which resemble them in more respects than one, and the alignments are such as those at Ashdown (woodcut No. 28). Nor need we go far for the events they commemorate. Between the years 970 and 996, A.D., two great battles, at least, are recorded to have taken place in Caithness, between the sons of Thorfin, and between Liotr, the victor of the first fight, and the Scots, who in vain attempted to avenge the death of Skiuli; and besides these there may have been many subordinate frays. It is probable that both brothers were buried in Caithness, and we are distinctly told that Laudver, the last surviving son of Thorfin, was certainly buried there.[602]

The fact of these alignments and horned cairns and semicircles being unlike what is found elsewhere in Scotland, separates this group from anything existing further south. Their similarity to the Viking graves of Scandinavia, avowedly of the tenth century, points to an age from which they cannot be distant; and when it is recollected that Caithness in the tenth century formed part of the Orcadian Jarldom, it does not seem that we have far to seek for an authentic explanation of all we find in that remote corner of the isle.

J. F.

[Footnote 601: 'Proceedings Soc. Ant. Scot.,' vii. 480 _et seqq._]

[Footnote 602: 'Barry's History of Orkney,' pp. 125-129.]

LETTER FROM SIR H. DRYDEN, BART.,

TO THE

_Editor of the 'John o' Groat's Journal.'_

LINES, BATTLE MOSS, YARHOUSE. LINES AND CIST, GARRYWHIN. LINES, "MANY STONES," CLYTH. LINES, CAMSTER. CIRCLE(?) ACHANLOCH. CIRCLE, GUIDEBEST, LATHERONWHEEL.

GROUPS OF LINES.

I am not aware of any similar groups in Great Britain, though no doubt there are some, and have no books at hand to refer to any in Denmark, Norway, or Sweden. The groups of lines in France (of far larger stones and greater length than those in Caithness) have the largest stones and widest intervals and the highest ground (the heads) to the west or thereabouts, and the smallest stones and narrowest intervals and lowest ground (the tails) to the east or thereabouts. The Caithness groups differ entirely in principle. The one at Yarhouse Loch runs north and south, does not radiate, and is on nearly level ground; but the three others have the narrower intervals and higher ground to the north (which end we may call the head), and radiate towards the south and lower ground. The group at Battlemoss, near Yarhouse, is on ground falling slightly to north-west. It consists of eight lines placed north and south. The width at the south end is forty-four feet. The lines are somewhat irregular, and appear to radiate slightly towards the north, but this is uncertain. One line extends 384 feet, and another one 170 feet, but the remaining six now only extend 133 feet. The ground is covered with peat and heather, and other stones may be hidden below the surface. There is no cairn or other grave now visible in proximity to the lines. The largest stones are about 2 feet 6 inches high, 2 feet 6 inches wide, and 1 foot 3 inches thick.

The group at Garrywhin consists of six lines. The whole width at the head (north-east end) is 50 feet, and at the bottom 107 feet. The central line bears N.N.E. or S.S.W. The length of this line is 200 feet. The fall is 20 feet to the S.S.W. At the head is a cist of slabs 3 feet 6 inches by 2 feet 6 inches, and 2 feet 4 inches deep, placed east and west. As this grave is on the highest point of the knoll, and as the lines commence at it, it is fair to presume that they are connected. In the cist were found ashes, pieces of pottery, and flint chips, but no bones. As the cist is between the third and fourth lines, it is fair to presume that there never were more than six lines.

The group called "Many Stones" has the head on the top of a knoll, from which the ground falls on all sides. The lines are on the south slope, and are 22 in number. The width at the head or north end is 118 feet, and at the bottom is 188 feet. The length in the centre is 145 feet, but there is no proof that this was the original length, and the presumption is the reverse. The average bearing is north and south, and the fall 10 feet 3 inches. The largest stones now remaining are about 3 feet high, 3 feet wide, and 1 foot 6 inches thick. There are numerous blocks of stone lying about the head, where, however, the rock is exposed, but the example of Garrywhin makes it probable that a cairn once existed on this knoll. There are no traces of any _sunk_ grave, but the cairn may have contained a chamber above ground, like many in the vicinity.

The group at Camster is on the moor, on ground falling slightly to the south-west. A considerable depth of peat overlies the rock here, and many stones are below the surface. There are now six lines ascertained. The length is 105 feet, width at the head or north end 30 feet, and at the tail or lower end 53 feet. The average bearing is north and south. The stones are smaller than at the last mentioned group. There is no cairn or other grave apparent close to these lines, but in a direction due north, at 346 feet, is a chambered cairn. No stones are now traceable between; but as there are gaps in the lines themselves, this blank interval may once have had lines on it to connect the cairn with the existing group. No habitation _now_ exists near the spot, but there were many in this strath, which may account for destruction of stones in former times. A few hundred feet farther north is the huge horned cairn described by Mr. Anderson, and at 436 feet N.N.E. from the small cairn is the round chambered cairn described in the same paper.

CIRCLE AT ACHANLOCH, ESTATE OF FORSE, IN PARISH OF LATHERON.

The name is spelt Achinloch and Auchinleck. These no doubt are wrong, and probably the name is derived from Gaelic words signifying "The Field at the Loch," or "The Field of the Stones," from these standing stones. The place is close to the new road from Lybster to Thurso. This series of standing-stones, entitled "circle," as a classname, is in the form of a donkey's shoe, the length being N.N.W, and S.S.E., the open end to the latter. The sides are nearly parallel. The area is covered with heather and peat, on a substratum of rock of the slaty character common to the district. The ground falls from the area to the west, north, and east. In the latter direction, the ground falls only for a short distance, and then rises to much higher ground. On the north-east, at 700 feet or 800 feet, is the loch of Stemster.

There is no evidence that the two south ends were ever joined by a straight or curved line of stones; and as the sides are of equal length, we may infer that they never were joined, though possibly intended to be so. The highest point of the area is about 13 feet above the hollow on the east. This donkey-shoe-shaped series of stones is 226 feet long, and 110 feet wide in the middle, inside measure. The two extremities are 85 feet 3 inches apart.

There are now 36 stones existing, of which only one is down; but by filling up intervals at usual distances, it appears there were 54 stones, supposing the lower end vacant as now. The average interval seems to have been 8 feet. The highest stone is 5 feet 7 inches high above ground; the widest 5 feet 4 inches; and the thickest 1 foot 7 inches.

All these stones are of a slaty character, and have their sides parallel, so that in width (long sides) they are generally three or four times their thickness (short sides). But the singular characteristic of this series is that the stones are set with their long sides at right angles to the curve, projecting like cogs of a wheel.

In many circles some or all of the stones have no decided difference in the measures of width and thickness; but in all cases, when I have found a difference, the long sides are in the line of the curve.

Any notice of an arrangement similar to that at Achanloch would be a favour.

There is no appearance of any part of the area having been disturbed for burial or other purposes. There is a ruin of a chambered cairn south-east of the circle; and in the loch of Rangag, about a mile west, is the remain of a brough.

CIRCLE AT GUIDEBEST, LATHERONWHEEL, PARISH OF LATHERON.

The place is on the north bank of the burn, one mile and a half up the strath. The circle is nearly true in form, and though now imperfect, doubtless was once complete. It is 170 feet in diameter. The area is flat, covered with heather and peat, on a substratum of rock in some places, and of alluvial gravel in others. It is 15 feet above the brook, which has washed away the cliff very close up to the south-west stone, and appears likely, unless prevented, to dislocate the stones on that side.

There are now only seven stones existing--all erect--and by filling up the gaps at usual distances there were thirteen stones. The average interval seems to have been 45 feet. The highest stone is 5 feet 3 inches above ground; the widest 3 feet 2 inches; and the thickest 1 foot 10 inches. The stone is of the common argillaceous slate of the district.

The stones are nearer square or circular in plan than those at Achanloch, but (so far as they can be) are all set with the long sides to the curve. The south stone is a little beyond the line of the circle, but is evidently a moved and erected stone.

There are numbers of stones lying about the area; but no evidence of a cairn or other burial-place in or near the circle. From its soil, and the absence of remains, it was probably not sepulchral, though some antiquaries hold that all circles are sepulchral.

Lower down the strath on the same side of the brook were many circles which were destroyed in "improving" the land some years ago. These are stated to have been 20 or 30 yards across, of stones 2 feet to 4 feet high. No remains are known to have been found in them; but no observations or measures were made. It is probable that these circles were sepulchral--the absence of stones in the centres notwithstanding. Nearer the road and shore are other remains of broughs, cairns, cists, &c.

I remain your obedient servant,

H. DRYDEN,

Hon. Mem. of the Soc. of Antiquaries of Scotland.

_Caithness, September 21, 1871._

INDEX.

Abbeville, museum at, 16. Abbot Millitus, Pope Gregory's letter to, 21. Abd en Nar and Abd en Nour, 404. Aberdeenshire circles, 202 _et seq._ Aberlemmo, stone at, with cross, 268; date, 270; memorial of what, 270. Abraham, stone set up by, 438. Ac, import of termination, 329, 330; its prevalence in West of France, 329; its coincidence with dolmens, 329; its occurrence in West of England, 330; names of cities with this termination in France, 328, 376. Achemlock circle, 530. Addington, groups at, 118; circles at, 119. _See_ Aylesford. Adil, Swedish king, defeats Snio, 279. Africa. _See_ Algeria, Tripoli. Its monuments may furnish key to solution of mysterious questions, 414. African prince mentioned by Asoka, 498. Age between exodus of Romans and Alfred, darkness of, 113-4; stones more eloquent than books then, 114. Agra, tomb of Akbar at, 496. Agricola, 20. Ahmedabad, city of, 457. Aix la Chapelle, decree of, 25. Ajunta, importance of Vihara at, 501. Akbar, sovereign of India, 459; tomb of, 47, 496. Alajor, Talyot at, 435. Alaska, Hydahs in, 18. Aleutian Islands, route of peoplers of America, 516. Alexander mentioned in edict of Indian prince, 498. Alfred, 23-4; his victory at Ashdown, 123; how commemorated, 123. Alentejo, dolmen in, 378. Algeria, no Druids in, 6; long ignorance as to its numerous dolmens, 395; researches of Messrs. Rhind, Christy, and M. Féraud, 395; Bou Moursug, 395; Setif, 396; Tiaret, 397; Tripoli, 397; their ordinary position, 397; Bazinas, 397; Chouchas, 398; dolmen on steps, 398; tumuli with lines between, 399; sepulchral stones, 399; plan and elevation of African tumulus, 400; dolmen with two circles, 400, 471; others on road from Bona to Constantine, four cairns enclosed in squares, 402; analogy to examples in Scandinavia, 403; age of Algerian examples, 403; of what race, 403; Djidjeli, tombs near, with circle, 404; find there, _ib._; their age, _ib._; Sidi Kacem, dolmen near, and inscription, 405; circle near Bona, 405; Algerian monuments contemporary with early Christians, 405-6; their general age, 406; who erected them, 406 _et seq._; date of, 403; compared to Aveyron, 407. Alignment, at Shap, 130; Carnac, Erdeven, St.-Barbe, 354 _et seq._; two heads, 354; singular head of column, 355; Crozon, Kerdouadec, Carmaret, Leuré, Gré de Cojou, 368; Preissac, 368; Stonehenge, why made, 110-1; Sesto Calende, 391. _See_ Avebury, Avenues, Beckhampton, Caithness. Alkil, Danish chief, 279. Allées couvertes ou grottes des Fées in France, 340 _et seq._, 358-9; at Lochmariaker, 365. Alleth, battle at, 374. Alphabetical writing, date of its introduction into Ireland, 189, 196, 271; interruption of use for centuries, 272. Altars, 425. Altmark, dolmen at, 301. Alyattes, tomb of, 31. Ambrius, convent of, 109. Ambrosius Aurelius said to have erected Stonehenge, and why, 106; forces a peace upon Saxons, 107. America, North, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge; survey of Messrs. Squiers and Davis, 510; absence of rude-stone monuments, _ib._; earthworks, American peculiarity, 511; _enclosures for defence_, extent of, _ib._; inference from, _ib._; _sacred enclosures_, peculiarity and number of, size and form of enclosures, _ib._; Newark Works, _ib._; whether residences of chiefs, 513; _conical mounds_, mounds of sacrifice, finds, _ib._; Grave Creek mound, Miamisburgh mound, 514; _temple mounds_ compared to Teocallis of Mexicans, _ib._; difficulty of distinguishing between temple and palace, _ib._; were the mounds not civil? _ib._; animal mounds, gigantic serpent form, doubt whether animal object of worship, 515; whether European emigrants account for population of America, 517; way of communication, 516; material of tools found in America, 517; Redmen and mound-builders distinguished, these correspond with the "Hydahs," 517. America, Central, and Peru, carved stone monuments, 517-8; Peruvian compared to those of Pelasgi and Tyrrheni, 518; no rude-stone monuments observed in South America, _ib._; Tia Huanaco not like so-called Druidical remains, _ib._; circles and squares, 519. American Indians non-progressive, 18. Amesbury, Hengist's meeting with British chiefs at, 107. Amlaff, King, 253. Amlech, or Hamlet, tomb of, 299. Amorites, dolmens in country of, and perhaps nowhere else in Palestine, 442. Amravati, arts of Bactria at, 456; sepulchral circles at, 474; tope and rail, 475, 493; representations of priests at, 501. 'Ancient and Modern Wiltshire,' 5. 'Ancient English Castles,' Mr. Clark's, 84. Andalusia, dolmens in, 378. Anderson, Mr., horned cairns described by, 528. Angles, _see_ Saxons. Anglesea, Druids in, 5; circles in, 162. Anhalt dolmen, 301. Animal mounds in America, 515; whether of Chinese origin, 517 _note_. 'Annals of the Four Masters,' 176, 187-8. Annandale, 129; circle, _see_ Woodcastle. Antequera dolmen, 383. Antigonus } mentioned in edict of Asoka, 498. Antiochus } Antiquity, why caution necessary in assigning, 144; of rude and polished stone monuments, 508. Antony, whether founder of Monasticism, 499. Aquhorties circle, 263. Aquitania in time of Cæsar, 328; of Augustus, 328; language of, unknown, 333; pressed upon by Celts, 409; whether they migrated to Africa, 410. Aquitanians perhaps in Britain, 163, 238; and perhaps dolmen builders, 328; but few dolmens between Garonne and Pyrenees, 328. Arabia, rude-stone monuments in, 444 _et seq._ Arabs, their conquest of North Africa, 404; their feeling as to monasticism, 500. Arborlowe, vallum and ditch of, 62. _See_ Derbyshire. Archæological Congress at Copenhagen, 10. Arches not in use amongst Hindus, but Burmese, 458. Architecture, meagreness of historical accounts of buildings between erection of Parthenon and Henry VII.'s Chapel, 114; Irish, 221 _et seq._; law of progressive development, 222; when inapplicable, 222-3; sequence in monuments of Ireland, 237-8; three styles of three races perhaps simultaneous there, 238; of monuments at Stennis, 255-6; differences of style of similar monuments in different countries, 306; sequence of style in dolmens, 335; without drawings no words can describe style, 334; peculiarity of church architecture in south dolmen region in France, 332; Celtic, _ib._; similarity of style no proof of synchronism, 369; different examples compared, 369; influences of Roman, 414; of Indian Art, _ib._; of dolmens or nurhags and giants' towers, which the older, 437; sequence of style and material in India, 456 _et seq._; wood, stone imitation of wood architecture, 456; Mahommedan mosque built by Hindus, 457; arches not used by Hindus, _ib._; ruins of Ahmedabad, 457; Palitana, _ib._; Burmah, Cambodia, 458; Hindu not immutable, 459; Indian unprogressive tribes, _ib._; rude and refined architecture, co-existence of, in India, 482; early crosses in India, of what date?, 486 _et seq._; appropriation by Romanists of pagan forms, 489; connexion of Singalee dagobas and sepulchral tumuli, 491; Tee, what it represented, 490; wood and then stone forms--rails, 492-3; styles of Eastern and European dolmens compared, 494; points of similarity and dissimilarity, 495; cists outside tumuli, holed slabs, simulated summit cists, concentric enclosing circles, 496 _et seq._; use of stone imitated by rude nations in Europe, from what nations, 508; and in India from what race, _ib._; when introduced in the East in its rude form, and in its polished form, _ib._; ditto in the West, _ib._; age of introduction of tumuli or barrows unascertained, _ib._; as also of Cave men and stone implements, _ib._; uses sepulchral or cenotaphic, 509; or for battle-field, or offerings to spirits of the departed, _ib._; connexion with relics of the dead, _ib._; whether dedicated to God, sun or moon, &c., or serpents, _ib._; twofold principle of erection of such structures, _ib._; North America, 511; civil and sacred, royal and monastic, 514; animal, gigantic earthen forms, 515. Ard-na-Raigh, place of execution, 233. Ardèche, remains of Cave men in, 321. Arfin, Prince of Norway, 250. Argyllshire dolmens, 273. Arles council, 24, 25. Arnbjörg, wife of Sandulf, 272. Art, King, where buried, 212. Arthur, King, his existence doubted by some, 114, 132; round table, 62; contemporary history null, 114; his round table, 128 (_see_ Penrith); probable history of Arthur, 133; his defensive war against invaders, 134; his supposed Scottish career, 134; ill-founded, 135; localities of his twelve battles, 135 _et seq._; of his last battle, 86-7; views of the author, 152; fables respecting, likened to those about Alexander, 133; Arthur's pike at Shap, 130; Arthur's Quoit, 170. _See_ Baden Mound, Bas Lowe, Caerleon, Caledonian Forest, Gain, Salkeld, Stanton Drew, Woodcastle Lyn. Arrichinaga dolmen, 388. Arroyolos dolmen, 377; described by Borrow, 389. Aryans a progressive race, 18, 19; occupation of Greece, 39; when they crossed Indus, 445; penetrate into North America, by what route, 516; Aryan, non-Aryan, equivalents of what, 506. Aschenrade, singular arrangement of circles, 317. Ashdown, Sarsen stones at, 121-3; drawing of, 122; contrasted with Carnac, _ib._; Druidical, 123; or monument of battle between Saxons and Danes, _ib._ Asia Minor, dolmens not yet found in, 445. Asoka, King, monument of, 47; introduction of stone monuments in India, 48, 455; his rock-engraved edict, 498; convocation, 501. Aspatria, 155; compared to Herrestrup, 304. _See_ Circles. Asser cited as to battle between Saxons and Danes, 123. Astarte, _see_ Melkart. Asturias, dolmens in, 378. Atridæ, tombs of, 32; Atreus, 33. Aubrey, 3; his account of Hakpen Hill, 76; cited, 104. Augustine, St., cession of temple at Canterbury to, 22-3. Augustus, tomb of, 40; no coins of, found in Britain, 144. Auisle, King, 201. Aurelius, _see_ Ambrosius. Axevalla, singular dolmen at, 312-3; find there, 312. Aztecs, buildings of, 515. Avebury, 1, 3, 6, 7, 61; age of, 17; pretended serpent worship, 4; represented, 62; vallum, ditch and circle, 62, 63; Sarsens, 62; Kennet avenue, 63; no curved avenues, 64; double circle or oval, 64; who interred there, 86; author's opinion, 86, 89; holes, 343; Beckhampton avenue, 64, 98; Silbury hill, 62; Waden hill, 62; object of structure, 65; theory of Druidical temples, 66; disputed, 66 _et seq._; Avebury a burying-place, 72; charter of Athelstan as to, 73; stone row, 73; plan of, 81; sepulchral or battle-field, 116; attached to circles, 29, 51; with or without circles or dolmens, 29, 53; example at St. Helier, Jersey, 51; chamber there found buried, 54; at Merivale Bridge, on Dartmoor, _ib._; why erected, _ib._; what they represent, 56. Avening, holes in chamber at, 357. Avenue. _See_ Alignments, Avebury, Aylesford. Averni Celts mentioned by Livy, 327. Aylesford, 110 _et seq._ Kit's Cotty House, what, 116; description of, 110; why erected, 119; erroneous view of Mr. Wright as to Belgian burials there, 119; Tollington, stones at, purpose of, 119; obelisks or coffin stones, 117; in memory of what, 119; circles of Addington abbey, _ib._; Horstead, tumulus at, 120; explored by Colonel Fisher, _ib._; absence of valuables or other articles in tombs there, accounted for, _ib._; "Countless stones," 117; resembles Oroust, 305; drawing of, 117; a supposed avenue near, 117-8; other groups at Addington and near Kit's Cotty House, 118; Aylesford the stage of a battle between Vortigern and Saxons, 119; Bede's statement of locality of battle not conclusive, 121.

BABA, images of, buried, 449. Babylon, age of its palaces, 1. Bactrian Greeks, influence of, upon Indian architecture, 456, 508. Badon Hill, Arthur's battle there, 138. _See_ Battles. Bahmany dynasty in India, 485. Bähr, Professor, his book of Graves, 318. Baille clough togal dolmen, 229. Baker, Mr., his account of Aryan interments, 479. Balk, Saracenic arches, 457. Ballina, _see_ Maols. Ballo dolmen, 321. Ballysadare, cairn at, 179. Balor of the Evil Eye, 187. Balquhain circle, 263. Banesdown battle, 87. Bang, importance of monastery at, 50. Bangkok, Buddhist monument at, 413. Barbarism of early Irish, 235. Barbato, monuments in, 415. Barbury Castle, siege of, 88. Bards, 19; testify to Druids, 6. Barrows, 11; of Roman period, 36 (_see_ Bartlow Hills); British, 65; Silbury, _ib._; conical, 83; their number and position, 102; age of, 104; Derbyshire, 138; Yorkshire, _ib._; on Boyne, 200; in Orkneys at Stennis; bowl-shaped, 243; find, 243; Sandwick, _ib._; conoid barrows, _ib._; find, _ib._; of what race the barrows, 243-4; _see_ Maes-Howe; little barrows by thousands in Orkneys, of what race, 249; Halfdan's barrow, 250; Danish Royal barrow, _ib._; _Long_ barrow at Lethra, 282; and at West Kennet, 284; whose grave, 283; date, 285; explored by Thurnam, 283; find there, 285; inference from, 286-9; post-Roman, 286; long barrow at Wiskehärad in Halland, 288; what it marks, _ib._; long barrows post-Roman, 289; ship barrows, 291-2; numerous in East France, 327; holed chambers in long barrows at Kerlescant and Rodmarton, 357. Barry's 'Views in Orkneys,' 241. Bartlow Hills barrow, 36; elevation, 14, 83. Bas Lowe, Arthur's table, 137. Basin, flat-bottomed, mysterious, 216-7. Bassas, Arthur's battle on, 136. Bateman, Messrs., diggings by, 138, 140-4; finds at Benty Grange, 145; and at Kenslow barrow, _ib._; overlook monuments at Stanton Drew, 146. Bateman, Mr., explores Arbor Lowe, 357; his and author's remarks on finds by, 13-4. Bath, _see_ Battles. Battles.--Arthur's, 12, 135 _et seq._; Ashdown, 122; Aylesford, 119; Badbury, 87; Badon Hill, 86; place of Arthur's last battle disputed, 86-7; Banbury Hill, date of, 109; Banesdon, 87; Bath, 87; Battlemoss, Yarhouse, 526; Braavalla, 188, 280-2; Deorham, 88; Kongsbacka, 279; Moytura, South and North, 176 _et seq._; Rollright, 126. Battlefields marked by megalithic remains, 14. Battlestones in Scotland, 240, 272; Kirkliston, 272. Bauta stones, 60, 272. Bazinas in North Africa, 397-8. Beaumont-sur-Oise, find at, 339. Beckhampton avenue, 64; position of stone, 98. Bede, his division of Kent explained, 121. "Beds" of Diarmid and Graine, 225. Behring's Straits route of peoplers of America, 516. Beira dolmens, 378. Belgæ, absence of dolmens amongst, 302; their pre-dolmen immigration into Britain, 323-4; Belgæ or Firbolgs in Ireland, 176. Belgaum, altars and tables at, 467. Belgians, erroneous statement of interments at Kit's Cotty House, 119. Bellovesus, his invasion of Italy, 327. Benares, style of architecture at, 412. Benty Grange barrow, 144. _See_ Derbyshire. Beowulf's poem contains incidents of Saxon burials, 120; Beowulf's victory over Wurm, _ib._; his interment, _ib._; his helmet, 145; his verses on Knock na Rea, 185. Bernard, Commandant, his description of enormous dolmen at Tiaret, 397. Bertrand, Alexander, attacks Celtic origin of megalithic monuments, 254. Bertrand, M., 6; his essay upon dolmens, 324; his theory as to migration of dolmen race, 378-9, 407; as to builders in North Africa, 403. Betal or Vetal, worship of, 467. Bhils, Coles, Gonds and Toda, non-progressive tribes in India, 459; their tenacity to usages, _ib._ Bilithons, 435. Birck, dolmen enclosed in square, 307. Birra the hag, 231; monastery, 231 _note_. Biscay dolmens, 378. Bits of Bridle, 81, 304. _See_ Stukeley. Blaine, Mr. D. R., his notes and sketch of dolmen at Kafr er Wâl, 441. Blair, Dr., engraves Carnac, 350. Blenda, Swedish heroine, her victory, 291. Bluestones, if part of Stonehenge, 97; whence the stones, 108; story explained, 108-9. _See_ Sarsens. "Bluetooth," 296. Boece and Fordun, their fables, 134.

Boinn, wife of Nechtan, 212; "her small hound" buried with her, _ib._ Bollandists' work silent as to Buddhism, 505. Bona, circle near, 405; dolmen, 532. Bonstetten, cited, 308, 379; map, 324; according to, no dolmen in Poland, 301. Borlase cited as to Boscawen circles, 160. Borrow mentions monument at Arroyolos, 377. Borther Lowe, find at, 12. Boscawen, 160. _See_ Circles. Boucher de Perthes, collection by, 16. Bouie's survey of New Grange, 204. Bousquet, dolmen of, 46, 49. Boyne, monuments on, 200, 290; burials, 212. Braavalla Heath battle, 280-2. _See_ Battle-fields. Brachenbyr dolmen, 46, 49. Brahmins, their domination in India, 459. Breas' invasion of Ireland and defeat, 187. Brest Menhir, 58. Brigantes join Silures, 381. British chiefs massacred by Hengist, where, 106. British isles described by Diodorus, 8; not more prosperous before Roman invasion than in 5th century, 114-5; Spaniards, Silures, settle in, 383. British Rude-Stone Monuments, how affected by conquest by and withdrawal of Romans, 394. Britons, 20, 21, 37; peace with Saxons, when, 89. Brittany, monuments in, 6. _See_ Carnac. Broad-pated race, 306. Brochs, Scotch, resemble Nurhags, 431 _note_. Brodick Bay circles, 262. Brogar, King of, in Orkneys, 241; failure of search there, 243; how to proceed, _ib._; tumuli, 252-3; compared to Stanton Drew circles, 256. Bronze age, Stonehenge belongs to, 102; as also tumuli in South of France, 327. Brouillet, M., his work on Poitou, 329. Brown, Mr., his account of Hydahs, 18. Bruges, capital of Celts, temp. Bellovesi, 327. Brugh, burial-place of Kings of Tara, 190, 199, 212. Brugh na Boinne, burials at, 191 _et seq._ Brunswick dolmens, 301. Bryce, Dr., his observations in Arran, 265. Buckingham, Duke of, directs diggings at Stonehenge, 104. Buddha, Dagobas or Stupas of, 41. Buddhagosa, no written books before, 500. Buddhism, 458; in India, 458 _et seq._; in the West, 499 _et seq._; in Christianity, 499; monastic institutions, _ib._; monasticism opposed to Egyptian institutions and Arab or Semitic feeling, 500; relation of Essenes to Buddhism, _ib._; monasticism in India apparent from monuments and inscriptions, 501; three convocations: cells: Viharas, Chaityas, 501; sculptures: Sanchi: Ascetics: Amravati shaven priests: date of similar institutions in West, _ib._; peculiarities of, separation of clergy from laity, 501; canonization, relic worship, 503; date, silence of the Fathers, eloquence of architecture, 506; Buddhism Turanian, _ib._; nature of the faith, _ib._; Turanians in Europe in Middle Ages, 507; what with respect to stone monuments the West borrowed from the East, 507; of what Buddhism was the reform, 504. Buddhist architecture, 40-2. Buddhist Topes 46; rails, 48, 492; Lâts or Stambas, 57; convocations, 501. Burials, usages of, in the Steppes, 449. Burmah, date of temples at, 1; dagobas, 41. Burmah and Siam, architecture of wood, 456. Burn Moor, 159. _See_ Circles. Burton, Right Hon. W., describes cairn Knock na Rea, 184. Butte de Cæsar, find there, 339. Buxton, rude monuments near. _See_ Derbyshire.

CABEIRI, images of, 425. Caboul valley, 452. Cæsar mentions Druids, but not their temples, 20; stood, perhaps, at Carnac, _ib._; inference from his and Pliny's silence, 373. Caerleon, or Chester, Arthur's ninth battle at, 137. Cairns at Rath Cruachan, 200; Lough Crew, 213; Glen Columbkille, 226; Freyrsö, 292; Norway, 302; the distribution of dolmens in Europe, 301-2; dolmens belong to a sea-faring race, 302; four cairns enclosed in squares, 402; compared to Aschenrade, 403; Jewurgi, 471-2; probably battle-field, 472; huge horned cairn Caithness, 528, 530; of "one Man," find there, 178-9. Caldwell, Mrs., find in possession of, 210. Caledonians like Germans, 162; Caledonian Forest, place of Arthur's battle, 137. Callernish, age of, 52. Calliagh Birra's House, 230. Calvaries in Brittany, 59. Cambodia, monuments of, not ancient, 1; style of buildings, 458. Camden, his remark as to place of interments at Stonehenge, 105; as to Rollright and Rollo in England, 126; as to Long Meg, 127; as to ruins at Shap, 129; and Penrith, 132. Camster alignment, 529. Cangas de Onis, 387. Cannibalism of early Irish, 235. Canonization in the East, 503. Canterbury, Roman Cathedral at, 22. Canute forbids adoration of stones, 25. Caons, or Giants' circles, 453. Cape St. Matthieu, 59. Carder Lowe, barrow opened at, 1. Carl Sverkersson slays Danish prince, 291. Carmaret, alignment at, 367. Carnac, 1; Rev. Bathurst Deane's plan of, 6; Cæsar perhaps saw from it battle with Veneti, 20; described, 349; plan, 352. Carnutes, Druids' chief seat amongst, 5. Carrowmore, 181; field of battle, 187, 198, 223. Carte, Mr., as to field of battle at Baydon hill, 87. Carthaginians in Spain, 379; not building or burying race, 394. Cartheilhac, M., his paper on megalithic monuments, 335. Cas Tor avenue, 56. Castern, find at, 13. Castille, if dolmens in, 378. Castle Wellan dolmen, 45. Cat stones, 57, 146. _See_ Derbyshire battle stones. Catalonia, dolmens in, 378. Cathair, or round fort, 235; of Tuatha de Danann, 193; of Cormac at Tara, 194. Cathregomion, Cabregonnon, Catbregonnion, or Cathbregion, Arthur's 11th battle there, 138. _See_ Stanton Drew. Catigren, where buried, 144. _See_ Kitt's Cotty House. Cattle spoil of Cooley, 196. Cave men, 17, 18, 329; like Red Indians, 17; or Esquimaux, _ib._; under what circumstances found in France, 16; and England, 16, 17. Cave races, gradations of style of monuments among, 335. Caves, early, in India, 456; Buddhist, 460. Ceallach, murder of, 233. Cedric, Saxon chief, 88-9. Celtiberians, _see_ Iberians. Celtic race, priests of, 3, 4; whether French megalithic monuments belong to, 6; their influence upon Etruria, 393. Celts, ready converts to Christianity, 227; date of the first invasion of Gaul, _ib._; were earlier converts than dolmen builders, 328; spread themselves through centre of France, _ib._; either Celts or a prehistoric race built the dolmens, 329; the Cave men, _ib._; who these were, _ib._; dolmens and Cave men perhaps conterminous, _ib._; Cimbri, Celts, and Gauls, 333; Cimbri and Aquitanians, relation of, _ib._; their capital temp. Bellevesi, 327; described by Livy, _ib._; Averni, _ib._; if dolmens in Galatia, important bearing upon Celtic theory, 446; their invasions of other countries, 409. Cemeteries of Ireland, 199; Cruachan, or Rathcrogan, _ib._; circular mounds there, _ib._; monument of Dathi, _ib._; Relig na Riogh, 200; Red stone pillar, _ib._; circle, _ib._; cairns, _ib._; burials, Queen Meave and Dathi, _ib._; compared with Arbor Low and Salkeld, _ib._; Knowth, _ib._; New Grange, 201; plundered by Danes, _ib._; first mentioned by Mr. Lloyd, _ib._; Sir T. Molyneux's statement, _ib._; Governor Pownall's, 202; engravings of by Bouie, 203; if uncovered, resemblance to Salkeld and Stanton Drew, _ib._; sculpture, 204; reverses of stones elaborately carved, 205; how such came to be covered, _ib._; entrance, position of, _ib._; ornaments, 206-7; sculptured mark, 207; whether characters, _ib._; Dowth, or perhaps Dubhad, plundered by Danes, 208; diggings, _ib._; find there, 210; Netterville House, 209; tomb of the Dagdha, _ib._; perhaps intact, _ib._; find there, 209, 210; ornaments at Dowth, 211-2; written evidence respecting these three cemeteries, 212; and persons buried, _ib._; author's conjecture as to New Grange, 213; Lough Crew, 213 _et seq._; if cemetery of Talten, 219; choice of plan of cemetery amongst Irish, 220; 'Book of the Cemeteries' cited, 221; stone in cairn T, Lough Crew, 222; stones in sculptured graves, 223; Clover Hill, _ib._; Shahpoor, 485. Cetti, stone of, 173. Ceylon dagobah, 41; Thupa Ramayana, and Lanka Ramayana, 489, 490. Chaityas, _see_ Church Caves. Champollion's discoveries, 1. Chardin cited as to circles at Tabriz and Miana, 453. Chariot wheels sculptured on dolmens, 304. Charlemagne condemns stone worship, 25. Charleton, Dr., 15; Inigo Jones's theory attacked by, 3. Chartham Downs, find at, 13. Chartres Carnutes, 5. Chester, _see_ Caerleon. China, monuments of, not ancient, 1. Chinese not progressive, 19. Chisel, early use of, in Ireland, 217. Chorœa Gigantum, _see_ Giants' Dance. Chouchas in North Africa, 398-9; position of bodies in, _ib._ Christian era, rude-stone monuments subsequent to, 27; according to Danes, iron introduced about commencement of, 9. Christianity, according to Welsh and Irish writers, their Druids prior to, 6; date of introduction into Denmark, 10; into India, 489; in what respect influenced by Buddhism, 499 _et seq._ Christians in India, _see_ Crosses. Christy, Mr., his researches in Algeria, 395-6. Church caves at first more important than Viharas, 501. Cimboeth marks date in Irish history, 189; founds Armagh, _ib._ Cimbri, their cognate races, 333. Cimbrian Chersonese visited by Pytheas, 38. Circassia, dolmens in, of shaped stone, 447; importance of, to migration or missionary theory, 447-8. Circles, 154; Englewood Wood, or Rosehill tumulus, _ib._; platform, _ib._; bilithons, 155; find, _ib._; Aspatria, 156; barrow, _ib._; find, 156-7; circle of cists in Isle of Man, _ib._; Mule Hill, _ib._; view and plan of, 158; openings to circle, 159; Burn Moor, Cumberland, _ib._; find there, _ib._; square enclosure there, 160; plan, 160; Boscawen not Temples nor "Things," _ib._; plan of, 161; at Moytura, 183; triple, _ib._; sculptured, enclosing crosses, 304, 315; mysterious concentric circles, with lines traversing them, 304; the use of circles and Viking graves continuous in Ireland and England, 317; singular arrangement at Aschenrade and in Algeria, 317-8; circles with stone in centre at Bajard, 318; circular groups in India, 467 (_see_ Bazina, Choucha); Alexandropol circles, 450; Nikolajew concentric circles, base of tumulus, 451; Western circles not imitation of Tartar, 452; Peshawur, 453; Deh Ayeh, near Darabgerd, _ib._; circles attributed to Caons or Giants, _ib._; enclosed circles in America, 511-3; at Caithness (_see_ Scotland); Amravati, 474. Circles, great English, peculiar, 153; and belong probably to Arthurian age, _ib._; post-Roman, 154; of what race, _ib._; in Wales and Anglesea no circles, 163; Giant's grave, Drumbo, 228; circle there object of, 224; in Scotland, 240; district of circles _par excellence_ not on mainland, _ib._; Orkneys, 241; King of Brogar and Stennis, 241-2; part of entire group, 254; date, 256; Callernish, 259; circle-building race, 274; opposite currents of migration, _ib._; Braavalla Heath, 280; in France, 340; circle the skeleton of tumulus, 340; circle at Sesto Calende, 391; semicircle, _ib._; circles, 397-9; triple and quadruple, 399; enclosed in squares, 402; at Djideli, 404; Bona, 405; Malta, 416; Sinai, 443-4; Arabia, 444. Circles surrounding tumuli or dolmens, circles without tumuli or dolmens, 29, 47, 50; at Addington, 118-9; at Rollright, 124; Dartmoor, _ib._; at Penrith, 126; concentric, 127 _note_; at Marden, 65, 85; at Shap, 130; Merivale Bridge, _ib._; at Arbor Low, 139; Stanton Drew, 150. Circular temple mentioned by Diodorus among Hyperboreans, 8. Cissa, King, his tomb where, 283. Cists, _see_ Kistvaens. Civil and sacred structures, where indistinguishable, 515. Clark, Mr. George, his paper on Ancient English Castles, 84. Clatford Bottom, 44; Sarsen stones at, 63; circles at, 161. Claudian, verses of, as to disasters of Saxons, Picts, and Scots, in the North, 188. Claudius Gothicus, coins of, 12, 36, 52; Claudius, 461. Clava, 265; circles and mounds, _ib._; perhaps burial-place of King Brude, 267. Clemens of Alexandria, his surprise at relic-worship, 504; as to Buddhism, 505. Clergy and laity, separation of, in the East, 502. Closmadeuc, Dr., antiquary, 337. Clover Hill, 223. Cnodhba, cave of, identified with Knowth, 201. Cock sacrificed to Betal, 467. Cocumella, tomb at, 33. Cœlus, God, Stonehenge ascribed to, 3. Cœre, tomb at, 33-4. Cogolleros, dolmen del Tio, 385. Coibi, his conversion, 23. Coilsfield, rubbing on stone at, 211; stone, 267. Coins, Roman, of what Emperors generally found, 144; in Ireland, 166; inference from, _see_ Finds. Cojou, Gré de, alignment at, 367. Cole, _see_ Bhil. Cole, Lieutenant, his report as to Kutub pillar, 181. Collas barrow mentioned in Charter of Athelstan, 73. Collinson, Colonel, finds columnar buildings in Malta, 425. Columba, St., 59. Columbus, America peopled by Europeans prior to, 516. Columns, _see_ Alignment. Come Lowe, find at, 13. Commerce of early Britons, with what races, 133-4. Conaing, 201. Conan, _see_ Meriadec. Concentric circles, _see_ Circles. Conchobhar McNessa, 197; husband of Queen Meave, 197, 221; his conversion, 221; where buried, _ib._ Confolens, dolmen at, 337. Cong, at Moytura, 177; place of battle, 198. Conical form, Roman and Post-Roman, 84. Conjeveran, city of Kurumbers, 478. Conn of a Hundred Battles, 193-7, 212, 236. _See_ Cormac MacArt. Conor MacNessa, 193. Constantine, Saxons defeated by, 109; his supposed interment at Stonehenge, and when, 109; coins, 11, 12, 13. Constantine Junior, coins of, 12. Constantinople, coins of, 11. Constans, coins of, 11. Constantius, coins of, 11. Conwell, Mr., exploration of Lough Crew, 199, 213, 222. Copenhagen, congress at, 10; museum, 16, 325. Cormack, son of Conn, 190; where buried, 212. Cormack MacArt, 193; convert to Christianity, 196; orders tracts to be written, _ib._; could he write? _ib._ Cornelius, tradition as to, 373. Cornwall, circles, 162; circle-building race in, 274. Corpre, Etan's son, 191. Costa, S. Pereira da, his account of Portuguese dolmens, 377. Cotty or Coity House, _see_ Aylesford. Councils of Arles, Nantes, Rouen, Toledo, Tours, 24; their decrees as to stoneworship, 23-4. Countless Stones, _see_ Aylesford. Court held at standing stones of Rayne by Bishop of Aberdeen, 264. Cove, Long stone, 4. Cremation amongst Saxons, 120. Crew, Lough, 199. Crichie, find at, 75. Crimthann, when he lived, 190, 221; where buried, 192; seat of his dynasty, 194. Croker, Mr., his survey of Stanton Drew, 150. Crom, meaning of word, 44 _note_. Cromlech, near Merivale, 55; among M[a]la Aryans, 479. _See_ Dolmen. Cross Flats, 11. Crosses, 270, 272; Irish, how distinguished from Scottish, 270; Isle of Man, with Runic inscriptions, 273; crosses in circles, 304; "Swastica"-like cross, 367; in India, and their date, 486 _et seq._ Crozon, alignment at, 367; what battle there, 375. Cruachan, ancient burial-place of Kings of Tara, find, 190-9. Crubelz, 359. Crusades, rude-stone monuments in time of, 406. Cuchullin, 193-7. Cumberland, no mention of Druids in, 5; rude monuments, 127, 128; circles in, probably of same age, 147; circle-building race in, 274. Cumbhail (Fingal), 197. Cumot, or Commensurate grave of Cairbre Lifeachaire, 213. Cumrew, Salkeld and Mayborough, circles at, similar, 147. Cuneus, Cape, unvisited by Portuguese writers, 378. Cunningham, Lord Albert, finds by, at Dowth, 210. Cunnington, Mr., his opinion as to Marden, 86; excavation by, at Stonehenge, 105-6; finds in long barrows, 289. Curtius cited as to Nasomenes, 407. Cuthbert, 22. Cuttack, sacred groves at, 465. Cyvragnon, pile of, mentioned in Welsh Triads, what, 173.

DABILLA, the hound, interment of, 212. Daghda, the general, 187; and king, _ib._; where buried, 191; when, 190; real name Eochy, 192; cairn of, _ib._; residence, 195; his spit, _ib._; family, 197, 212; his tomb where, according to author, 213; written evidence as to, 212. Dagoba, Buddhist, 41, 79, 490 _et seq._; relic, cists, Tee, rail, 490-1; compared to dolmen at Pullicondah, 491. Dananns, Tuatha de, 177 _et seq._; arrival in Ireland, 193; when, _ib._; burial of, 212. _See_ Ireland, Moytura. Danes, cemeteries plundered by, 209. Danish antiquaries, their opinion as to epoch of introduction of bronze and iron into Denmark, 9, 37; their system respecting, 9, 10, 28; too hastily adopted in France and England, 10, 388; their mistaken proceedings, 10-14, 16, 146, 257, 275; International Congress of Prehistoric Archæology, 276; merits of Sjöborg, 276. Danish isles, dolmens in, 301. Danish settlers in Greenland, 18; in Britain and Scotland before Roman invasion, 133-4; commerce, &c., 133. Daoulas, menhir and cross at, 59. Darabgerd, circle near, 453. Dariorigum, standing stones of, 20. Dartmoor parallel stones at Merivale Bridge, 54; circles and cromlechs, 55; avenues at Cas Tor, 56; circles compared with those at Rollright, 124. Dasyus the despised, 493. Date, priority of, in dolmens external or covered, 144. Dates, found and corrected by architects, 113; comparative antiquity of certain classes of monuments, 261; rude-stone sometimes more modern, 407. Dathi, monument of, 199. Daviot circle, 263. Dead, images of, 449. Deane, Rev. Bathurst, adopts Stukeley's views, 6, 151; visits Carnac, 351. Decrees of Councils respecting veneration of stone monuments, 24, 25. Dedalean buildings in Sardinia, why so called, 429. Deer Park, Sligo, monument in, 234-5. Defence, _see_ Mounds. Deh Ayeh, circle at, 453. Delhi, iron pillar near, 35; mosque of Kutb u deem, 457. Demi-dolmens, 345. Demons, _see_ St. Patrick. Denmark, megalithic remains in, 9; museums, _ib._; bronze and iron, date of their introduction into, _ib._; tombs of kings described by Olaus Magnus, 15; ignorance of Romans respecting, 38; tumuli in, 39; circles in, 47; Bauta or battle-stones, 60. Dennis' 'Etruria' cited, 391. Derbyshire dolmens, date of, 36; rude-stone monuments in, 138. Derbyshire Rude-Stone Monuments, 138; Arbor Low, 139; description of, 139; similarity to Arthur's Round Table, 139; plan of, 140; circle, 140; dolmen, _ib._; tumulus, _ib._; excavations and find there, 140-1; Gib Hill tumulus, 141; excavation and find, 141-2; Minning Low, 142; plans of, 142-3; find there, 143; similarity to New Grange, _ib._; and Kit's Cotty House, 144; first Roman, _ib._; Benty Grange barrow, _ib._; find there, 144-5; Kentlow barrow, 45-6; Stanton Moor, 146; monuments of earth and stone, _ib._; Nine Ladies, _ib._; King Stone, _ib._; other groups near Arbor Low, _ib._; cat stones, _ib._; Derbyshire monuments not temples nor tombs of inhabitants, 147; monuments of what race? _ib._; similar in purpose and age to those in Cumberland, _ib._; find in former, 148; Stanton Drew, _ib._ Devil's Quoits, 64. Devonshire, circles in, 161. Diarmid and Graine, _see_ Beds. Dinnsenchus, 233. Diodorus, cited as to circular temple, 8; text explained, _ib._; as to barbarism of Irish, 235; Phœnicians in Malta in his time, 425; Dedalean buildings, 429. Divitiacus, 323. Djideli, tombs near, 404; whose, _ib._; find there, _ib._ Dodwell, tombs of Atridæ discovered by, 33; that of Minyas explored, _ib._ Dolicocephalic race, 35. Dolmens, 29; free-standing, 29; on outside of tumuli, 29; progress of tomb-building, 40-43; kistvaens, 43; chambers, _ib._; with gallery, _ib._; dolmens covered, 44; uncovered, _ib._; opinion that all once covered with tumuli refuted, _ib._; dolmen at Wellan, 45; de Bousquet, 46; excavation suggested of dolmen-crowned tumuli, _ib._; at Kit's Cotty House, 116; at Rollright, 124; in Cumberland (_see_ Penrith); at Arbor Low, 140; France native country of, 161; few in England, _ib._; and most of English in Cornwall, 162; in Wales more numerous, _ib._; and Anglesea, _ib._; and Isle of Man, _ib._; by whom erected, _ib._; where, 163; all not originally buried, 163, 169; some always intended to be covered, 164, 168; dolmen in Park Cwn tumulus, 164; find there, 165; Uley, _ib._; find there, _ib._; judicious conclusions of Dr. Thurnam from, _ib._; Plas Newydd, 166-9; stone avenue leading to, 167; holes in slab, 168; Pentre Ifan, _ib._; Arthur's Quoit, 170; whether originally in tumulus, 171-2; alleged avenue, 172; group of cairns there, 171; purpose, 172; not a cemetery, _ib._; but battle-field? _ib._; Arthur's 8th battle there? 173; the stone of "Cetti," _ib._; Hob Hurst's House, 172-3; dates of dolmens, 173; at Moytura, 183; in Ireland, how situated, 224; not on battle-fields, _ib._; perhaps most on east coast, _ib._; beds of Diarmid, 225; elopement of, with Graine, _ib._; legend as to dolmens, _ib._; legitimate inference from legend, _ib._; Glen Columbkill and Glen Malin More, _ib._; cairns there, 226; age of, _ib._; tradition as to St. Columba, 227; of what race the group, 227-8; Spaniards or Iberians in Ireland, 228; giant's grave, 228; circle there, 229; object of, _ib._; Town of the Stone of the Strangers, _ib._; dolmen at Knockeen, _ib._; Knockeen, plans of, 230; Calliagh Vera or Birra, _ib._; Greenmount tumulus, 231; the "four Maols," Ballina, 232; dolmens in Ireland do not mark battle-fields, 228; dolmens in Scotland, 240; many dolmens erected by kings, &c., as their burial-places, and covered after their interment, 260 _et seq._; comparative antiquity of Callernish and New Grange, 261; dolmens in North Germany, 300; silence of German archæology, _ib._; no dolmens in Poland, 301; Prussia, _ib._: Silesia, _ib._; Prussian Silesia, Pomerania, Rügen, _ib._; Mecklenburg, Hanover, Oldenburg, _ib._; Wildesheim and Engelmanns Becke, _ib._; Helmstädt, _ib._; Holland, _ib._; Saxony, Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, _ib._; Holstein Schleswig, Jutland, Danish isles, _ib._; Sweden, _ib._; none in Norway, 302; Herrestrup, 303; dolmen with representations of ships, and circles with crosses, 304; analogous to dolmen at Aspatria, _ib._; Halskov, 305; Oroust, 306; dolmens in the different countries have distinguishing features, _ib._; oblong enclosures, 307; diagram from Sjöborg, _ib._; Roeskilde and Birck dolmens with oblong enclosures, _ib._; Lüneburg, 308; Hanover, _ib._; Valdbygaards, near Soröe, double dolmen, 308-9; triple dolmens, Höbisch, 309; sentinel stones, 310; buried dolmens, _ib._; Uby, 311; Smidstrup, _ib._; Axevalla, and find there, 312-3; dolmens, elliptical and oblong, 313; age of, _ib._; find, 314; inscription at Axevalla, _ib._; head-stone with drawings on it, of Kivik Grave, _ib._; its resemblance to one at Locmariaker, _ib._; dolmen at Exlo, 320; peculiarity of Drenthe dolmens, _ib._; Ballo, 321; distribution of dolmens map, 324; pre-dolmen immigration of Belgæ into Britain, 323; Luxemburg, _ib._; Belgians and pure Celts not dolmen builders, 326; sequences of dolmens, 335; Sauclières, _ib._; St. Germain-sur-Vienne or Confolens, 336; date of, _ib._; demi-dolmens, 345; others in Ireland and Wales, _ib._; Poitiers and Kerland, 346; rocking stones, Pierre Martine, 347; whether accidental, 347-9; Pierre branlante de Huelgoat, 348; double dolmen at Plouharnel, and find, 358; dolmens, &c., if built with small stones, more modern, 359; Mané Lud, dolmen with sculptured stones, similar to Irish, 360-3; Dol ar Marchant, sculpture decorations, 361-2; Bertrand's list of dolmens in France, 376; termination of names in ac, _ib._; dolmens in Spain, Portugal, 377 _et seq._; dolmen race, migration of, 378-9; Spain, Antequera, 383; its stone town once wholly buried, circle, 384; contrasted with Stonehenge, _ib._; Tio Cogolleros, 385; Sepultura Grande, 386; compared to what, _ib._; dolmen near Dilar, _ib._; Eguilar, Cangas de Onis, 387; dolmen of San Miguel, Arrichinaga, 388; Portugal, Arroyolos, 389; Cangas de Onis, Arrichinaga, 390; why not so numerous in Italy, 392; influence of conquest and withdrawal of Romans upon, 394; distribution in Algeria, 396; principal dolmen region, _ib._; Tiaret, enormous dolmen there, 397; Tripoli, _ib._; Morocco, _ib._; but not near populous centres, _ib._; inference thence as to nomadic origin, 397; dolmen on steps, 398; on a circled tumulus, 400; with two circles of stones, 401; resemblance to Kit's Cotty House, _ib._; dolmens on road from Bona to Constantine, 402; no dolmens in Phœnicia nor in their colonies, 409; Nurhags and giants' towers earlier than dolmens, 437; in Palestine, 441; in Gilead, whether of the giant tribe, 443; long interval from the first Indian dolmen at Peshawur, _ib._; query as to dolmens in Asia Minor, 445; holed dolmen in Circassia, 447; migration theory of dolmens, 448; missionary theory, _ib._; important bearing of searches in the Steppes upon theories, 448; Tartar tumuli not models of Western dolmens, 452; space unexplored for dolmens in East, 454; Rajunkoloor, 468, 470; dolmens with holes, find, 468; double circles round dolmens at Yemmee Gooda, 470; arrangement of dolmens at Rajunkoloor, 470; Nilgiri hills: Courg double dolmens with circular openings, 473; tomb, _ib._; sepulchral circles at Amravati, 474; rail there, 475; geographical distribution, 475 _et seq._; of what race, 476 _et seq._; age of, 479 _et seq._; finds in Indian dolmens, 480; Nilgiri sculptured dolmen, 483; singular position of one at Iwallee, 484; stone monuments at Shahpoor, 485; Katapur, 487; find, _ib._; dolmen with cross in Nirmul jungle, 489; illustration of Romish policy, _ib._; dolmen at Pullicondah compared with Cingalese Dagoba, 491; Eastern and European dolmen compared, 494 _et seq._; whether connexion between them to be inferred from similarity, 495; or from literature, or from rock-engraved edict of Asoka, 496. _See_ Glen Columbkille; dolmen near Bona, Algeria, 532. Dordogne, monuments in, insufficient knowledge of, 335. Doric supersedes Pelasgic style, 393; earliest Doric temple, interval between and last Pelasgic tomb, 393. Dowe Lowe, "find" in, 13. Down, English tumuli on, 48. Dowth Hill, 192, 200; the Dagdha's Rath at, 195; his son born there, _ib._ Dracontia, 515. _See_ Serpent, Stukeley. Dragon in Maes-Howe, 245. Drenthe, dolmens in, 301, 320; Hunebeds at, their extent, 319; compared by Keysler to Stonehenge, 319; described by Dr. Janssen, 319; Hunebeds, grottes des fées, 341. Dresden, dolmens destroyed near, 301. Drew, Stanton, circles at, 7, 161. Drosten, name inscribed on stone, 273. Druids, human sacrifices by, at Stonehenge, no longer believed, 1; Dr. Stukeley's fancy respecting their temples, 3; Cæsar's account of them, 4, 5; serpent worship supposed, 4; by Stukeley and Sir R. C. Hoare, 5; Druids in Mona met by Suetonius, _ib._; none ever seen in regions of principal rude monuments, 6; nor in Algeria nor India, _ib._; in Wales, according to Welsh writers, before Christianity introduced, _ib._; controversy in France respecting so-called Druidical monuments, _ib._; difficulty of connecting them with Druids, _ib._; Stukeley's idea adopted by Deane, _ib._; Stonehenge pretended to be their observatory, 7; remarks of author, 7, 20, 61; gods worshipped by Druids, according to Cæsar, 66; Druidical institutions in India, 465; Druids and serpents, freedom of Sjöborg from errors as to, 274. Dryden, Sir Henry, explores Carnac, 350; near Emmen, 320; and Caithness, 530; letter from, to author, _ib._; cited, 362; his drawings of Gavr Innis, 365; describes Gré de Cojou, 368. Duald Mac Firbis, antiquary, 199. Dubois, cited, 449. Duglas or Dubglas River, Arthur's battle on, 136; meaning of word, _ib._ Dunadeer Circle, 263. Du Noyer, M., cited, 345; drawings, 225. Dutthagamini, _see_ Ellala.

EADWARD, contemporary of Rollo, 126. East, _see_ Palestine. Easter Island, images in, 53. Eguilar dolmen, 387. Egypt, iron when introduced into, 37. Egyptians, tomb building race, 31; pyramids contained true and false tombs, 46; their feelings as to monasticism, 500; royal monasteries and residences indistinguishable, 514. Eithlenn, daughter of Balor, 187. Ellala, his defeat by King Dutthagamani commemorated by Dagoba, 80. Elliot, Sir Walter, cited on Indian interments, 479. Elliptical dolmens, _see_ Dolmens. Ellis, Mr., his opinion that Stonehenge was an Observatory, 7. Ellora and Elephanta, dates of, 494. Elopement of Diarmid with Graine, 225. Emmen, 320. _See_ Hunebed. Emmrys, work of, in Welsh Triads, what, 173. Enclosures, dolmens with, 307 _et seq._, 354; in America, for defence, 511; sacred and miscellaneous, 311. End Low mound, 139. _See_ Derbyshire. England, circle-building race in, 274; dolmen-building race, _ib._; old race in, improved by Celts and Romans, 461. Engelmanns-Becke, dolmen near, 301. English idolatry, letter of Gregory the Great concerning, 21. Eochy, King, tradition as to his bath, 179; his death, _ib._ Eochy the Daghda, 192 _note_. Erdeven, 350. Eric Blodoxe, 250; sons of, 291. Eric the Holy, 291. Eskil, 279. Esquimaux, Cave men similar to, in what respects, 17. Es Salt, dolmens near, 441. Essenes, their connexion with Buddhism, 500. Estremadura, dolmens in, 378. Etan, poetess, 197; where buried, 212. Ethelbert, cedes temple at Canterbury to Augustine, 22. Ethnography, _see_ Races. Etrurians, tomb-building race, 31, 393; dead reverencing, 393; tomb of Commella, 33; of Regulini Galeassi, 34; contents of, 34; belong to age of bronze, 34; imitated at Rome, 40. Europe, Northern, limited knowledge of, before Roman epoch, 38. Eusufzaie circles, 453.

FA HIAN, his visit to Sanchi, 492. Faidherbe, General, his remarks on tombs in Roknia, 396. Family sepulchres marked by megalithic monuments, 15. Faussett, Mr. Godfrey, his happy reference to Beowulf, 120. Féraud, M., his researches in Algeria, 395; his opinion as to building-race, 403; respecting find at Djideli, 404. Ferguson, Mr., drawings by, of sepulchres at Dol ar Marchant, 362. Fiddes Hill circle, 263-5. Fin, his conflict with Hengist, 120. Finds: altar stone, 104; armour, 79, 104; amber beads, 218; amulet of iron, 14; arrow-head, flint, 11, 12; ditto, iron, 104-6, 337; awl, 13; axe-stone, 165; ball syenite, 217; batter dishes, 104; battle-axe, 156; basaltic celt, 11; and hammer head, 12; beads of glass, 13, 218, 359; and of amber, 218; bird of bone, 527; bluestone, chippings of, 103; bones, 74, 526; burnt, 13, 142, 159, 210, 526; charred, 217; calcined, 11; human bones, 155, 179, 182, 199, 216, 219, 446; bones of animals, 143-5, 182, 216; bones of mammalia, 210; of horse, 404, 446; dogs, 527; rats, 13; stags, 104; oxen, _ib._; of men, _ib._; bones incinerated, 264; bone bodkin, 210; comb, 527; box of bronze, 13; brass, 165; brass or copper pin, 12; spear-head, 103; bracelet, gold, 447, 527; bridle bit, 12, 80, 81, 148, 157, 404; bronze, 11, 13, 120, 141, 145, 184, 216, 318, 339, 358, 526; buckle, 43; and heads, 297; of gold, 156; burial urn, 527; cap ornamented with gold, 446; carvings, rude, 366; celt, basaltic, 11; stone, 11, 142; of bronze, 127; of jade, 358; chamber, rude, 159; charcoal, 103, 265, 469, 526; chief, and wife and children, remains of, 446; chippings of stones, 103; circular instrument, 13; circumcision, instruments of, 440; cists, 12, 140-1, 155-6; coal, Kimmeridge, 13; coins (_see_ Roman Coins); coins, German, 318; Anglo-Saxon, _ib._; Byzantine, _ib._; Arabic or Kufic, _ib._; coins, Roman, 74; brass coins, 11; Claudius, Gothicus, 12, 33, 143; Constantine, 11, 12, 143, 165; family of, 11; Constans, 11; Constantine II., 11, 339; Constantinopolis, 11; Constantine Junior, 12, 143; Gratian, 11; Hadrian, 84; from Tiberius to Trojan, 339; Theodosius, 209; Urbs Roma, 11; Valens, 11; Valentinian, 11, 12, 36, 143, 144, 209; combs, engravings on, 218; compass, leg of, 218; comb, 527; copper, 120; cromlechs, 143; cylinder partially pierced, 359; dagger, bronze, 145; brass or bronze, 12, 13, 14; dart or javelin point, 142; dog's bones, 527; drinking cup (fragments), 12, 145, 297; earthenware, 525; electrum plate, part of quiver ornamented with figures of animals and Greek inscription, 446-7; enamels, 145; engraved dagger and Wurm knot, 245; fibula, 11, 13, 142, 210, 297; fibula, gold, 156; flat basin, large, 217; flint, 11, 12, 14, 146, 165, 182, 218; fragments of, 286; flakes, and instruments of, 447; flowers, silver, 156, 339; Faustina, medal of, 405; garnets, 11; giant, remains of, 130, 156; glass, 13, 339; glass beads, _ib._; glass, molten drop of, 218; gold-enamelled necklace and bracelets, 440; gold cross, 11; necklace, 12; brooch, 212; ornaments, 13, 358, 451; goblet, silver, 297; gold, traces of, 155; hair, human, chestnut-coloured, 526; hammer-head, 12; handle of knife, 13; helmets ornamented with bronze and silver, 114; hone of sandstone, 12; horns, 74; stags', 13, 105; of other animals, 105, 150; horse, 446; bones and teeth of, 404; teeth, 12; bones, 183, 527; human remains, 165, 209, 217, 356, 444; ashes and bones, 469; hair, 526; human interments, 185, 359; original or secondary, 209, 284; inscriptions, 246, 314; implements of flint and bone, 145, 184, 185, 217, 218, 359; of iron, 218; of modern form, 318; of flint, 286; inscriptions, 246, 314; instruments, 13; ironstone, 12; ivory tweezers, 103; jade, axes in, 358; jet bracelet, 210; ornaments, 217; knife, 11, 146; knife with iron sheath, 12; iron, 212; knife-shaped articles, 218; lacrymatory, Roman, 165; medal, 404; metal, lump, 155; nails, 527; ornaments, Anglo-Saxon, 11; rude, 185; more refined, 211; of goblet, 297; dragons, tortoise, fantastic heads of animals, 297; in gold and bronze, 358, 526; and copper, 527; oyster shells, 74; pebbles, 218; pin, iron, 13; bronze ditto, 141, 216; copper, 210; pine poles partly burnt, 526; point, flint, of dart or javelin, 142; pottery, fine, broken, 357; pottery, rude, 12, 217, 218, 285, 339; Roman, 105, 106; black, 285; fine, 404; red and black, rude British, 105, 285; Roman British, or Mediæval, 165; precious stones, traces of, 142; punch, iron, 218; rat's bones, 13; ring, gold, 210; iron, _ib._; bronze, 218, 487; Runes, 244; representations of stag and camels, 218; shield, fragments of, 156; silver-flower sword-ornaments, 156; slate, 525; spear-heads, flint or stone, 182; skulls, human, 155, 525; snaffle bridle, 156; sword, iron, 148, 156, 184, 446; syenite, 217; sea shells, 218; silver, 13, 243; skeletons, human, 11, 14, 17, 76, 145, 148, 165, 209, 289, 313; sling-stones, 210; spear-head, 11, 12; of brass, 103; sculptured slab, 365; stained fragments, 218; stag's bones, 216; statuettes, 339; stone, 11, 165; polished stones, 218; stone button, 210; stone shot, _ib._; studs of coal, 13; tiles, Romano-Gallic, 338; others, 359; teeth of animals, 12; human, 155, 216; of horse, 404; tweezers, ivory, 103; terra cotta, 339; torques, gold, 210; silver, 243; urns, 11-13, 143, 179, 264; with ashes, 184, 210; of stone, 210; for burial, 527; vases, 140-1, 357; whetstone, 13; wood, coals, 74; wood, burnt, 182; wood, dark, 526. Finds in Denmark, 10; Derbyshire, 11; Winster Moor, _ib._; Pegges Barrow, _ib._; Long Rood, _ib._; Haddon Field Barrow, _ib._; Gib Hill, _ib._; Cross Flats, _ib._; Galley Lowe, 12; Minning Lowe, _ib._; Borther Lowe, _ib._; Rolley Lowe, _ib._; Ashford Moor, _ib._; Carder Lowe, _ib._; New Inns, _ib._; Net Lowe, 13; Castern, _ib._; Chartham Downs, _ib._; Stand Lowe, _ib._; Wetton and Ilam, _ib._; Middleton Moor. _ib._; Come Lowe, _ib._; Dowe Lowe. _ib._; valley of Somme, 16; Abbeville, _ib._; Gray's Inn Lane, _ib._; Nineveh, 34; at Avebury, 74; at Crichie, 75; at Hakpen, 76; contents of, 250; tumuli, analysis of contents of, 11; finds at Stonehenge, 103-5; at West Kennet, 285 _et seq._; inferences from, 288; inference from nature of, 106; from coins, 338; from absence of British, Gallic, and Christian coins, 340; from Roman pottery, 360; few inferences of age possible from finds in India, and why, 480; no iron or bronze, but copper, in North America, 517; and tools only of copper, 517. Finn, suitor of Graine, 225. Firbolgs, or Belgæ, in Ireland, 176; when, 193; defeat at Moytura, 179; how long in Ireland, 193; whence they came thither, 193. Fire, worship of, forbidden by Councils, 25. Flann, son of Conaing, 201. Flint remains found at Abbeville, 16 _note_; inference from, 166; symbolic of what, 447. _See_ Finds. Flower, Mr., account of African monuments, 396; and their builders, 403. Ford, Mr., his 'Handbook of Spain.' Fordun, _see_ Boece. Fomorians, from Africa settled in Ireland, 176; dispossessed by Belgæ, 176; of same race as Dananns, 187. Forres, Sweno's stone at, 59. Fountains, worship of, 24-5. Fouquet, M., _see_ Galles, M. Four-cornered grave, 449. "Four Masters" cited, 213, 225, 382. France, climate of, at epoch of "Cave men," 17; finds in, 16; menhirs, 59; a single sculptured stone there, 59 _note_; French study of rude-stone monuments, recent, but scientific, 325; 'Dictionnaire des Antiquités Celtiques,' _ib._; Bertrand, M., his map of France, 326; general distribution of French monuments, _ib._; no dolmens in East of France, 327; date of Celtic first invasion of Gaul, 327, 334; two early contemporary races in, 328; the 'ac' termination, 329; church architecture in dolmen region of the South of France, 331; form of dolmen distinguishes dolmens in Brittany from those in South of France, 335; Confolens, 337; plan of, _ib._; error of French antiquaries, _ib._; find, 337-9; dolmens, 340; size, number, and beauty of, _ib._; few and imperfect circles, _ib._; "Allée couverte" or "Grotte des Fées," _ib._; examples of, elsewhere than in France, _ib._; their distribution here, 340; Saumur, Essé, Locmariaker, Bagneux, Mettray, 341; form of French dolmens, 342; Krukenho, _ib._; comparative age of, 343; demi-dolmens, rocking stones, &c., 345 _et seq._; Carnac, cemetery and battle-field, 349; alignments, Carnac and Erdeven, St. Barbe, 350; Maenec and Kermario, 351; map, 352-3; stone rows, 354; differ how, from Stonehenge and Stennis, 355; head of column of St. Barbe, Mont St. Michel, _ib._; find, 356; Kerlescant, find, 357; Plouharnel, double dolmen and find, 358; long barrow, Moustoir-Carnac, _ib._; find, 359; Locmariaker, cemetery, dolmen, 360; sculptured stones at Mané Lud, 361; dolmen, Dol ar Marchant, _ib._; end stone and roof, sculptured, 362; fallen obelisk, 363; compared to dolmen at Krukenho, _ib._; allée couverte, 364; ornamented stones, _ib._; Mané er H'roëk, and find, _ib._; Gavr Innis, sculptured stones, 365; resemble sculptures at Lough Crew, 366; three-holed stone, tools used, _ib._; Tumiac, tumulus and find, _ib._; Crozon alignments, their origin and purpose obscure, 367; Gré de Cojou, double alignment, circle, enclosures, dolmen, 367-8; Preissac, _ib._; date and object of monuments at Carnac, 370 _et seq._; Carnac, Erdeven, and St. Barbe, are they parts of one whole? 372; argument against their existence in Cæsar's time, 373; not pre-Roman, _ib._; early history not satisfactory, _ib._; battle between Maximus and Gratian, _ib._; Conan Meriadec, 374; author's view as to origin of Carnac monuments, 374-5; Grallon's war with Liberius and Northern pirates, 374; Romans never settled in Brittany, 370; effect there of Roman building-style, ib; and of withdrawal of Romans, 394. Franks, M., his photograph of Ballo dolmen, 321. French antiquaries, errors of, 337. Frere, Mr., his find at Abbeville, 16 _note_. Freyrsö, battle at, 276. Frey's Howe, opened, 527. Friar's Heel stone at Stonehenge, 7. Frode Frodegode, tomb of, 299. Frode V., 278, 288.

GALATIA, importance of dolmens there, if any, to Celtic theory, 446. Galles, M. René, explores Mont St. Michel,354; with M. Fouquet explores Tumiac, find, 366. Galley Low, find at, 12. Gallicia, dolmens in, 378. Ganora, _see_ Guinevere. Gariock, Newton stone at, 57. Garrywhin alignment, 529. Gaul, Pliny's tale of snakes in, 4; no stone temples in, mentioned by Cæsar or Tacitus, 20. Gavr Innis, in Morbihan, 43, 364; sculptures, holed stone, 365; compared to Lough Crew, 366; holes and trough below, _ib._; object of it. Geraldus Cambrensis, his statement as to removal of stones to Stonehenge, 107; how fable originated, 108. Germans, worship of, in groves only, 20. Germany, North (_see_ Scandinavia); dolmens in, 301. Gervaise mentions cemetery at Canterbury, 22. Ghazni, Saracenic arches at, 457. Giant tribes in Palestine, builders of dolmens? 442; circles, 453. "Giant's dance," Geraldus and Ware cited as to, 107 _note_. Giant's grave, 229; circle there, _ib._ Giants' towers, 415. Giara, plan of, Nurhag of, 430. _See_ Mediterranean Islands. Gib Hill, find at, 11, _see_ Derbyshire; analogue of Silbury Hill, 147. Gildas cited, 87; as to interments at Stonehenge, 110. Gilead, dolmens in, 442; last safe place for dolmens before India, 443. Gizeh, date of pyramid of, 31. Glasfurd, Capt., find by, 487. Glem, or Glein, river, Arthur's battle near, 135. Glen Columbkille, 225. Glen Columbkille and Glen Malin, survey of Mr. Norman Moore, 520; cromlechs or dolmens, stone chambers, solitary stones, 320; plan of one, 521; groups of, 523-4; find, 525; resemblance of one to Calliagh Birra's tomb, 525. Glen Malin More, 225. Godmundingham, destruction of church at, 23. Gond, _see_ Bhil. Gongora y Martinez, Don, his work cited, 377. Gordon, Principal, anecdotes of, respecting holed stones at Stennis, 255. Gorm, monument of, 27; date of, 126, 296 _et seq._; dragon on, 245. Gothland perhaps mentioned by Diodorus, 8. Göttenburg, drawings of ships on stones at, 303. Göttingen, no dolmens in, 301. Gower caves, 16. Gozo, spirals and scrolls at, compared to those at Mycenæ, 424. Graine, daughter of Cormac Mac Art, _see_ Beds. Grallon, king of Briton, his wars, 374. Grandmont, holed dolmen at, 343. Grange, New, cairns at, 52. Gratian, defeat of, in Brittany, 374. Grave, four cornered, 449. Greece, Aryan occupation of, 39; early tombs in Greece, _ib._; succession of architectural styles, 393. _See_ Bactrian. Greeks of Bactria introduce usage of stone monuments in India, 48; Greek kings mentioned by Asoka, 498. Greenland, route of early peoplers of America, 516. Greenmount, tumulus at, 231; diggings at, _ib._; date, 232. Greenwell, Canon, his researches as to prehistoric tumuli, 289. Gregory the Great, letter of, respecting English idols, 21. Gröningen, dolmens in 301. Grottes des Feés, _see_ Alées couvertes. Groups of stones in England, 56. Groves, sacred, 465. Guest, Dr., accuracy of his dates, 86; opinions as to place of Arthur's last battle, 87. Guidebert circle, 531. Guin, Arthur's 8th battle there, 137, 172. Guinevere, where born and buried? 134. Guzerat, ruins in, of Mahommedan city, 457.

HACAS PEN, _see_ Hakpen Hill. Hadrian, mausoleum of, 40; coins of, 84. Hagiar Khem, plan of cone, 423; pit-markings, 424; altar, 425; headless image, _ib._ Hag's Hill, 213. _See_ Slieve na Calliage. Haken, his victory, 291. Hakpen Hill, circle and avenue, 4; double circles, 64; Dr. Stukeley's theory as to, 4; dimensions, 65; mentioned in Charter of Athelstane, 73; dimensions of ovals, 75; stones, 76; find, 76; date of interments, 77; Camden's account, 78; Saxon and Danish burials, _ib._; Roman road at, 83. Hale Farm, 117. Halkor, 305; dolmen, with drawing of ships, circles with crosses or chariot-wheels, 304. Hamlet, citation from, 286. Hannibal in Spain, 380. Hanover dolmen, 301; with enclosure, 308. Harald Blaatand, 296. Harald Hildetand, his defeat, 280; grave, 282. Harold Harfagar, 248; when took the Orkneys, 250. Haugagerdium, 249. Havard the Happy, 250. Havard, Earl, where interred, 298. Hauran, Roman tombs in the, 445. Haxthausen, cited as to Steppes, 448-9. Head-stone, _see_ Kivik. Hecatæus cited, 8. Height of mound an indication of its age, 142 _note_. Helmstädt, once dolmens were near, 301. Hengist and Horsa, 119; Hengist's grandson, 57; his treachery, 107. Henry of Huntingdon cited as to triliths at Stonehenge, 94. Heracleidæ, return of, what figured by, 39. Heraldic symbolism, 273. Heremon, Spanish race of, in Ireland, 381 _et seq._; kings of this race in Ireland, where buried, 200. Herodotus, his descriptions of tomb of Alyattes, 31; his account of the Nasomenes, 407. Herrestrup, dolmen at, 303; ships, and circles with crosses engraved upon, 303. Hesiod, his statement as to respective antiquity of brass or iron, 35. Hiero's temple at mouth of Loire, 21. Hildebrand, his account of diggings and find at Oden's Howe, 526. Hildesheim, no dolmen at, 301. Hindu Goni, 412. Hindus as builders, 457; did not employ the arch, 457; not immutable, 458. Historic, monuments not, 416. Hjarnæ, tomb of, 299. Hjortehammer, singular form of graves at, 316; date of, according to Worsaae, 316; Viking graves at, 528. Hoare, Sir R. C., 5; his work on Wiltshire, _ib._; his authority, in what questionable, 10; his account of Hakpen, 77; etymology of Marlborough, 84; surveyed Marden, 85; his opinion of, 86; plan of Stonehenge, 91; cited as to Stonehenge, 101-5, 110; Stanton Drew, 150; find by long barrows, 289. Hob Hurst's house, 172. Höbisch, double dolmen at, 309. Hock Norton, defeat of English at, 126. Holback, 310. Holes in dolmens, 161; Plas Newydd monolith at Stennis, 255; ceremony connected with, _ib._; date of, 256; certainly Scandinavian, 258; in France, Trie, Grandmont, Bas Languedoc, 343-4; umbrella form has analogues in India, &c., 343; holes as entrances to chambers at Kerlescant and Rodmarton, 357; others at Finistère, 358; Gavr Innis, 365; objects of holes there, trough below, 366; in trilithon, 411; in dolmen in Circassia, 447; at Rajunkoloor, 469; inference of connexion of race from, 495. _See_ Tumulus. Holland, dolmens in, 301. _See_ Drenthe, Hunebeds. Holland, Rev. Mr., cited as to Sinai, 443; find by, 444. Holstein, dolmens in, 301. Holy Land, _see_ Palestine. Horsa, his burial-place, 119-21; battle between and Vortigern, 119. Horses, sacrifices of, in the Steppes, 449-52. Horstead, Horsa perhaps there buried, 121. Houel's monuments in Malta, 416. Howes, Danish and Saxon burials in, 104; British ditto, to what date, _ib._; Danish kings buried, 250; to what date, argument from, 297. Hoxay, 249-50. Hubba the Dane, his era, 104. Huc and Gabet cited as to monasticism in the East, 502. Human remains, _see_ Finds. Human sacrifices amongst Anglo-Saxons, 284-5; and Khonds in India, 460; in Cuttack, 465. Humble, tomb of, 299. Hunebeds, 318, _et seq._; Emmen, 320-1; Ballo, 321; were they originally covered, 321; Gröningen and Friesland, 322; use and date, _ib._ Hunestadt, dragon at, 245. Hwitaby circles and Bacta stones, 290. Hydahs in Alaska, 18; compared to Cave men, _ib._; accounts of, 18 _note_; whether of race of mound builders, 517. Hy Fiachrach cited, 233. Hyperboreans, mentioned by Diodorus, 8; circular temples amongst, _ib._; falsely supposed to be inhabitants of Britain, _ib._

IBERIANS, or Celtiberians, 227; in Britain, 162; in Donegal, 227; dolmens, 228; Irish dolmens, 238; not very ready converts to Christianity, 228. Idols, worship of, Councils forbidding, 24, 25. Ilam, find at, 13. Images, headless, 425; of dead on tombs, 449. India, temples of, 1; no Druids in, 6; observations on, 7; when iron first known in, 35; tombs in, 41; holed stones, 343; westernmost dolmen, 443; rude-stone monuments, 455; dates of Aryans crossing Indus, of Vedas and laws of Menou, 455; no existing stone building prior to Asoka, _ib._; progress of Indian architecture contrasted with that of other countries, 457; Hindu not immutable, 459; but other races are so, 459-461; Khassia Hills, 462; rude monuments there similar to European examples, _ib._; cremation amongst Khassias, 463; funereal seats, _ib._; origin of menhirs there, stone turbans, 464; menhirs and tables, _ib._; turban-stone, stone-table, trilithon, _ib._; no circles and alignments, tumuli, nor sculptures, but coincidences with Western nations, 465; points of similarity and of dissimilarity to Druidical institutions, _ib._; date of monuments, _ib._; Kamarupa, 466; Sylhet, _ib._; Western India, _ib._; Belgaum altars or tables, 467; small circles, central stones, worship of Betal, _ib._; dolmen at Rajunkoloor, 468; closed dolmen, 469; find, 470; cairns, _ib._; Raichore Doab dolmens surrounded by double circles, 470; arrangement of dolmens at Rajunkoloor, _ib._; cairns at Jewurgi, find, 471; purpose of each set of dolmens, 472; their ages, _ib._; double dolmen, Coorg, 473; tomb, Nilgiri Hills, _ib._; sepulchral circles at Amravati, 474; circular rail, 475; distribution of dolmens in India, _ib._; Karumbers Buddhists, 477; Dravidians or Tumulians, 478; Karumbers and Singalese, connexion of, _ib._; importance of the unexplored territory of Nizam, _ib._; Travancore cromlechs, 479; mode of interment, offerings to departed spirits, explanation of miniature utensils, 479; finds, 480; age of monuments, iron how long known in India, iron pillar at Kutub, Delhi, 481; sculptured Indian dolmen, 483; Iwallee, 484; group at Shahpoor, 485; cross and dolmen at Katapur, 486-7; dolmen with cross at Nirmul Jungle, 488; dagobas in Ceylon, 489, 490; dolmen at Pullicondah, 491; Sanchi, rail near, 492; author's view as to dates of hewn and rude-stone buildings, ignorance of natives, 493-4; Eastern and Western dolmens, similarities between, how far proof of connexion, 495; tomb of Akbar at Agra, 496; proof from literature inconclusive, 496; from Asoka's rock-engraved edict, 498. Indian Buddhists, rails of, 48; art influences elsewhere, 414. Indian origin of Essenes, 500. Inhumation, different kinds and history of, 30. Inigo Jones, his treatise on Stonehenge, 23. Inquisition, 332. Inscriptions in Maes-Howe, 246; Newton Stone, perhaps earliest Scotch inscription, 271; Kirkliston, 271; Ogham inscription, 271. Interments, place of, in case of circles, 132, 151; at Shap, Hakpen, and Crichie, 131-2; Saxon (_see_ Beowulf); articles deposited by Saxons, 145-6; theory of successive interments, 146; secondary interments, 165-6; fallacy as to, 288-9; Sir John Lubbock's argument respecting summit interments, 166. International Prehistoric Congress at Paris, 337. Iolaus with Thespiadæ colonizers of Sardinia, 429. Iorsala Farer or pilgrims, 244. Iran and Turan or Aniran, of what these words the equivalents, 506. Irby and Mangles, Captains, observe dolmens in Syria, 441. Ireland, tomb-building in, 43; dolmens in, 45; external ditto, 46; menhirs in, 58; no symbolage in, 59; bluestones from, transported to England, 108; rude-stone monuments in, 175; best illustration of megalithic remains, _ib._; obstruction of the study of Irish monuments, _ib._; services of Dr. Petrie, _ib._; materials for history of, _ib._; copious literature, 176 (_see_ Moytura); King Eochy, 178; Firbolgs or Belgians, 179; tradition of the "One Man," _ib._; Queen Misgan Meave, 184-6; Dananns who? 188; King Nuada of the Silver Hand, 186; Fomorians, 186-7; Breas, 186; Balor of the Evil Eye, 187; the great Daghda, _ib._; Fomorians and Dananns alleged to be of same Scandinavian race, _ib._; their very early intercourse with Irish, 188; Dananns were Danes, _ib._; chronology of early events, 188 _et seq._; places of royal interment, 190; race of Crimthann, 132; introduction of alphabet, 189, 196; division into kingdoms, 189; early accounts of its peopling, _ib._; Irish history doubtful until Cimboeth, _ib._; burial-places of ancient kings, 190; first influx of civilization, when, according to Dr. Todd, 193 _note_; Oghams, 196; authentic history of Ireland, when commences, according to Petrie, _ib._; legend of the Beds of Diarmid, 225; tradition as to (_see_ Cemeteries); St. Colomba, 227; Iberians in Ireland, monuments of, 227; murder of Dathi by foster-brothers, 233; barbarism of Irish before St. Patrick, 235-6; their civilization progressive, 236; stages of architecture, 237-8; marks of triple system of monuments, 238; importance of them to history, 238; age and sequence of its monuments, 237-8; circle-building race in, 274; dolmen-building ditto, 274, 381; Spanish migration to, Heremon, 381; where Spaniards settled, 382; date, _ib._ _See_ Glen Columbkille. Iron, when known to Greeks, Israelites, Etruscans, 35; argument from absence of iron in tombs considered, 37; when introduced into Denmark, England, Egypt, _ib._; iron, early manufacture of, in India, 482; and now by Khassias especially, _ib._ Iron pillar at Kutub, 481; date of, 482. Italy, tomb-building in, 40; dolmen at Saturnia, 391-2; chambered tumuli, 392; hewn stones, _ib._; Etruria, _ib._; why dolmens not so uniform in Italy as in France and Scandinavia, 393; earliest colonists, the Pelasgi and Tyrrheni, in contact with merely stone-hewing peoples, _ib._; reverence of Etrurians for dead, _ib._; their effacement by more progressive races, _ib._; Rome adopts and improves Etruscan architecture, _ib._; and forces Spain and France to a more ambitious sepulture, 394; their relapse into rude-stone monuments, _ib._ Iwallee, singular place of dolmen, 484.

JACOB, stone set up by, 438-9. Jains succeeded Buddhists in India, 459. James I. directs researches respecting Stonehenge, 3, 104. Janssen, Dr., his work on Hunebeds, 319. Jarl Ragnvald, his expedition, 244. Jarls, Orcadian, how buried, 297. Jeffrey of Monmouth cited, 88; account by, of Stonehenge, 106 and of Merlin, are justified, 412; his character as writer, 106. Jellinge, King Gorm's tomb at, 245, 296 _et seq._ Jersey, tumulus in, 51; circle, 52. Jewurgi, cairns at, 471-2. Jey Sing, observatories of, 7, 459. John, St., Baptistery of, at Canterbury, erected, 22. Jones, _see_ Inigo. Joshua, stone set up by, 438-40; flint instruments of circumcision interred with him, 440. Joyce, Rev. Mr., on crosses, 488. Juggernaut, temple of, 460. Junies, remains there, 368. Jutes, settle in and trade with Britain before Cæsar's time, 133. Jutland, dolmens in, 301.

KAFR ER WÂL, dolmen at, 441. Kamarupa, Hindu kingdom, 466. Karl Lofts, if circle there, 130. Karumbers, 476 _et seq._; originators of rude monuments in India, 478. Katapur, cross and dolmen at, 486-7. Kemble cited, 64, 73; as to historical value of poem of Beowulf, 120. Kemp How, 130. Kennet Avenue at Avebury, 63-4; called "stone row" in charter of Athelstan, 74; river, station of Saxons upon, 88; long barrow similar to Lethra, 283. _See_ River Kennet. Kens Low, 139; barrow, find at, 145. Kent, division of, by Bede, 120. Kent's Hole, 16. Kerdouadec alignment, 367. Kerland demi-dolmen, 336. Kerlescant, 351, 356; long barrow opened, find, 356. Kermario avenues, 350. Keyna, traditions respecting, 151. Keysler, citations from, 24, 25; compares Drenthe to Stonehenge, 319. Khassia Hills, rude-stone monuments, 462 _et seq._; tribes practise cremation, 463; funereal usages, 463; iron manufacture, 482. Khatoura, tomb of Isidorus at, 100. Khonds (_see_ Gonds), usages of, resemblance to Druids, 460; Major Macpherson's remarks respecting their worship, 461; difficulty of putting an end to their human sacrifices, _ib._ King Stone, 146. _See_ Stanton Drew. Kings of Denmark, tombs of, 15. Kinsey, his 'Portugal Illustrated,' 377. Kistvaens, or cists, how composed, 43; contents of, _ib._; when covered, 43-4; passages into, 43; sculpture in, _ib._; New Grange, _ib._; Gavr Innis, _ib._; Maes-Howe, _ib._; Arbor Low, 140; Gib Hill, 141; Plas Newydd, 166. Kit's Cotty House, 116; whether ever covered, 44. Kivik grave, head-stone of, 314; figures upon, _ib._; date assigned to, _ib._; resembles one in France, _ib._ Klein-Raden, 301. _See_ Cotty House. Knock na Rea, 184; cairn at, 280. _See_ Queen Misgan Meave. Knockeen, dolmen at, 229. Knowth, cairn of, 192, 200; identified by Petrie with cave of Cnodhba, 201; searched by Danes, _ib._ Knut, the great battle between and Olof, 291. Kongsbacka battle-field, 279. Königsberg, dolmens near, 301. Konitz, dolmen at, 301. Krukenho, allée couverte at, 342; dolmen compared with Dol ar Marchant, 36. Kubber Roumeia, tomb of Mauritanian kings, 423-4. Kurgans or mounds in the Steppes, 448. Kutb u Deen, his mosque at Delhi, 457. Kutub iron pillar, 35, 481.

LAITY, _see_ Clergy and Laity. Landevenec founded by Grallon, 374. Landver, son of Thufin, where buried, 528. Largs, battle of, 58; stone to mark, 58. Larking, Rev. Mr., his visit to Aylesford, 118. Latheronwheel, 530 _et seq._ Lean Low mound, 139. _See_ Derbyshire. Lecan, book of, cited, 233. Lech, meaning of word, 44. Ledwich, Dr., his description of New Grange, 143. Lefroy, General, his diggings at Greenmount, 231. Leoghaine, 212-3. Leslie, Col. Forbes, 264; his paper upon Aberdeenshire circles, 263; Belgian group described by, 467. Lethra, tomb at, of Harold, 282, 289. Leuré, alignment at, 367. Lia Fail, 382, 439. _See_ Stone of Destiny. Liberius, Consul, defeat of, 374. Liegnitz, dolmen at, 301. Lifeachaire Cairbre, his grave, 213. Linn} _see_ Linuis; meaning of word, 136; Lyn } perhaps Lake country, 136. Linuis, where, 136; locality of a battle of Arthur, different opinions respecting locality, 136. Liotr, or Landver, sepulchre, 254. Listoghil cairn, 181; mentioned by Petrie, _ib._; find there, 182. Llwyd, Mr., 201. Lockmaben, 129. _See_ Wood Castle. Locmariaker, allée couverte at, 341; Dariorigum, capital of Venetes, 349; long barrow, Mané Lud 360; Mané er H'roëk, 360; dolmen and sculpture, 360-1; Dol ar Marchant, 361; allée couverte near, 364; date, 370. Loire, grottes des fées along, 341. Loncarty, defeat of Danes at, 270. Long Stow Cove, 64. Long-headed race, superior antiquity of, 36. Long Roods, barrow at, 11. Lot, department of, 334. Lothbrok Ragnar, victories of, 290; sepulchre of, 298; battle fought by, 314. Lough Crew, 199, 213; excavations, 213; cairn T. 214; Hag's Chair, 215; two stones, 216; cairn L, 217; cairn H, _ib._; find there, 218; cairn D, 219; other monuments at, _ib._ Lubbock, Sir John, analysis by, of contents of numerous tumuli, 11; Park Cwn tumulus described by, 164. Lucan cited as to Nasomenes, 407. Lug, grandson of Balor, 187. Lukis, Rev. Mr., explores Carnac, 350, 356-7. Lumberdale House, cist at Gib Hill removed to, 141. Lüneburg, dolmen near, with enclosures, 308. Luxembourg, Grand Duchy, dolmens in, 301, 323; to whom referred, 323. Lyons, battle near, 374.

MACKENZIE, Col., his map cited, 474; his drawings of Viraculls and Masteeculls, 483. Macpherson, Major Charteris, his work, memorials of service in India cited, 460. Madracen, 423; of same type as Maltese examples, 424. Madsen, his 'Antiquités préhistoriques du Danemark,' 188; gives examples of buried dolmen, 310. Maenec, Le, 350 _et seq._ Maes-Howe tumulus, 244; opened, _ib._; early spoliation of, _ib._; runes descriptive of origin, _ib._; the spoilers, who, _ib._; inference from runes, _ib._; engraving of dragon, similar to Danish, 245, 246 _et seq._; Wurm knot, 245; inscription, 246; age of, _ib._; architecture of howe, 247; chamber and loculi, _ib._; resemblance of mound to those on Boyne, 248; of what race and age, 249-256; unique monument must have belonged to most magnificent race, 258. Magas mentioned by Asoka, 498. Magh Mor, King of Spain, his connexion with Ireland, 187. Magnus Henricksson, Danish Prince, 291. Magnus Olaus, description by, of megalithic remains in Sweden, 15, 101. Mahabharata, date of the, 455. Mahommedans could not influence the non-progressive tribes of India, 459. Mahommedanism, aversion to, in India, 459. Majorca and Minorca, _see_ Mediterranean Islands, 434. Mal Lumkun, cross erected by, 272. Malé, M., his example of demi-dolmen, 345. Malmor, or Mal Muru, 272. Malta, tombs of, 410; giants' towers, 415; Maltese monuments, _see_ Mediterranean Islands. Man, Isle of, circles in, 162; crosses in, 273. Mané er H'roëk, find there, 339, 360, 364; singular sculptured slab, 364. Mané Lud, 360. Mangles, Captain, _see_ Irby. "Many Stones," group, 529. Maols, or Murderers, graves of four, at Ballina, 233, 336; certain date of, 233. Marden, 63; circle, plan, 85. Marienwerder, dolmen at, 301. Marlborough, etymology of word, 84. Marmora, Count de la, his work on Sardinia, 428 _et seq._ Marsa Sirocco, remains at, 425. Masses, immense, moved by rude peoples, 465. Masteeculls, what, 483. Mauritanian kings, tombs of, 424. Maximus, overthrow of Roman power by, 373; his battle, 374. Mayborough (_see_ Penrith and Cumrew); circle at, compared to Little Salkeld, 127. Meave Misgan, Queen, _see_ Misgan. Mecklenburg, dolmens in, 301. Mediterranean islands, non-historic monuments of, shaped stones, 415, 436; Malta, giants' towers, circles, 416; Gozo, 417; Hagiar Khem, 419, 423; Mnaidra, 418-22; roofing of Maltese monuments, 422; these compared to Kubber Roumeia and Madracen, 424; Gozo scrolls and spirals compared to those of Mycenæ and Greece, _ib._; pit-markings, _ib._; altars and stone tables, 225; monuments not temples but sepulchres, 425-6; Phœnicians in Malta, 425; the monuments, of what race and age, 426, 437; prior to dolmens, 437; Sardinic Nurhags, 427; storeys of Nurhags and groups, plan of, _ib._; Santa Barbara, 428, 431; silence of history as to them, 429; Dedalean buildings according to Diodorus, _ib._; La Giara, 430; what Nurhags were, 431; derivation of, 432; view of author as to purpose of Nurhags, 433; Balearic islands, Talyots at Trepucò, Minorca bilithon, 435; Alajor, _ib._; stone tables, 435-6; rude-stone circles, 432. Megalithic monuments at Moytura, 180 _et seq._; every kind of, except avenues, 180-1; monument in Deer Park, Sligo, 234; its anomalous nature, 235; Celts had nothing to do with, according to Bertrand, 254; gap of, between France and Scandinavia, 323; none in valleys of Rhine or Scheldt, _ib._; distribution of, 334; map, 324; table, 376; demi-dolmens, rocking stones, 345 _et seq._; Carnac, 350; Tiaret, 397. Megalithic remains, how to study, 19; rarely in this country contain flint, bronze, or iron, 19; style uniform, 36; age of, 37; resemblance to Buddhist structure, 42 (_see_ Kistvaens); mark battle-fields, family sepulchres, or graves of distinguished men, 15; great light as to, derivable from Irish remains, 175. Melkart and Astarte, temple in Malta dedicated to, 425. 'Memorials of Service,' work of Major Charteris-Macpherson, 460. Menhirs, 29; derivation of word, 57; where, _ib._; purpose, _ib._; single stones in Scripture, Greece, Etruria, _ib._; rarely inscribed, _ib._; in Ireland, Wales, Scotland, 59; France, _ib._; at Lochrist, _ib._; Denmark, 60 (_see_ Monoliths); purpose of menhir in Khassia, 463; Western not after Tartar models, 452. Menou, laws of, date of, 455. Meriadec Conan, British Prince in France, 374; wars of, _ib._ Merivale, bridge at, 55-6; parallel lines of stones at, 54; their purpose, _ib._; avenue, circles, and cromlech at, 55-6. Merlin, his bury, 84; his connexion with Stonehenge, 107; fable about, 133; explained, 412. Mettray, allée couverte at, 341. Mexican temples, 514; race non-progressive beyond a certain point, 19. Mexico, carved stone monuments in, 517. Miamisburgh, sepulchral mound at, 514. Miana, circle at, 453. Microlithic remains, 40, 41, 47. Miegle, alleged burial-place of Guinevere, 134. Migration from France to Algeria, 409; of people settled around Mediterranean, 410. Migration theory, how proved or disproved, 443, 445. Minho, dolmens in, 378. Miniature urns and utensils in Indian tomb, use of, explained, 479. Mitjana, Don Rafael, pamphlet by, 377. Minning Low, 130, 142-3. _See_ Derbyshire. Minorca, _see_ Mediterranean. Minyas, tomb of, 33. 'Mirabilibus Auscultationibus, De,' work ascribed to Aristotle, 429, 434. Miscellaneous, _see_ Mounds. Misgan Meave, Queen, cairn of, 183; killed by whom, 184 (_see_ Moytura); poem of her life and adventures, 196; her husband, 197. Mnaidra, elliptical chambers, 417; plans of monuments at, 418-22; cones, 419; pit-markings, 420; openings in walls, shelves or loculi or columbaria? 420; roofs, 421. Modestus, his zeal of proselytism unsuccessful in Brittany, 373. Mogalana and Sariputra, disciples of Buddha, 504. Mogols, domes of, 40. Molyneux, Sir Thomas, 202. Monasticism in the West, 499; Vestal Virgins, Antony, _ib._; Essenes, 500; history silent as to monasticism in the East, not so architecture, 501; imitated by the West from the East, _ib._; peculiarities introduced, 502. Monoliths at Stennis, 242; holed, 242, 255; Setif, 397. Mont St. Michel, possibly occupied by Cæsar, 20; find, 356. Montfort, Simon de, 481. 'Monumenta Britannica' cited, 87. Monuments, _see_ Rude-Stone. Moon worship forbidden, 25. Moore, Norman, Mr., his visit to Glen Columbkille, 225; letters from, respecting, _Appendix_, 520-3. Moors in Spain, 381. Motes, or places of judgment, stones to mark, 26. Mounds of sacrifice in North America, 513; of sepulture, 514; temple, _ib._; animal mounds, 515; conical mounds, 513. Moustoir Carnac, long barrow and find, 358-9. Moytura, 176; two battles at, 175; narrative of, by O'Donovan, 176; first battle at North Moytura, 176-7; second battle at South Moytura, 177-9; circles, 177; cairns, _ib._; cairn of "One Man," 178; importance and varieties of monuments at Northern Moytura, 180; map, 181; plan of circles, 182-3; dolmen, 183; tomb of Misgan Meave, 184; locality of it doubted, 185; account of battle of Northern Moytura, 186; dates of battles, 188, 197; when accounts first written, 197; localities of battles, 198; monuments at, contrasted with English and Scandinavian examples, 198; resemblance of, to Braavalla, 280, 304. Muir Divock, 130; circles at, 130. Mule Hill, 157-8. _See_ Circles, Small. Mulheran, Mr., account of Katapur, 487. Mull of Cantyre circles, 262. Munch, Professor, his observations as to spoilers of Maes-Howe, 244; mentions Halfdan's barrow, 250. Mycenæ, tombs of Atridæ at, 32, 36; analogous to Jersey circles, 52, 53; scrolls and spirals there resemble those of Gozo, 424.

NABLOUS, dolmens on road to, 441. Naper, Mr., excavations by, 213. Nasamones, who, 407; Herodotus mentions their veneration of dead, _ib._; a plundering tribe, _ib._ Navarre, dolmens in, 378. Nemedh, three sons of, 179. Nennius, his account of origin of Stonehenge, 107; of Arthur's battles, 135. Nestorians, how far to the east, 488. Net Lowe, find, 13. Netterville House, tumulus, 209. New Craig circle, 263. New Grange, 43, 52; Royal cemetery, 192, 201. New Inn, 12. Newark Works in America, 511. Newton, 263; sculptured stone, 263, 271. Niall, father of Leoghaire, 212. Nicol, Dr., his observations in Kincardine, 265. Nikolajew, uncovered base of tumulus, 451. Nilgiri Hills, tombs and dolmens, 472-3; sculptured dolmens, 483. Nine Ladies, circle of, at Stanton Moor, 48-9, 140. Nineveh, dates of buildings at, how ascertained, 1, 34. Nirmul Jungle dolmen with cross, 488. Nizam's unexplored territory important to art and history, 478. Nonhistoric monuments, 415. Norman pirates, Grallon's war with, 374. North Germany, _see_ Scandinavia. Norway, no dolmens in, but cairns and such like monuments, 302. Nuada, king, "of the silver hand," battle and death, 187. Nur, meaning of, 432. Nurhags of Sardinia, 410, 415, 427 _et seq._; derivation of word, _see_ Sardinia.

OAK used in Thyra's tomb, 298. Obelisk, development of, 59; at Aylesford, 117, 119; at Rollright, 124; at Dol ar Marchant, 363. Oberhartz, no dolmens in, 301. Oberyssel, dolmen in, 301. O'Brian, wild speculations of, 175. Observatories in India, 459. Ochaim, Niall's burying-place, 212. O'Curry, his account of battle cited, 188; his view as to date of Ogham writing, 196. Oden's Howe, exploration of, 526; find, _ib._ O'Donovan, his account of Moytura, 176; his confession of uncertainty of Irish chronology, 190; remarks as to dolmen of four Maols, 233. Og, king of Bashan, 442. Oghams, 29; on menhirs, 58; date of introduction, 196; little used, and for what, _ib._; on Newton Stone, 271. Ohio, sacred enclosures in, 511; district of, how first peopled, 516. Oise, holed dolmen at, 343. Olaus, _see_ Wormius, Magnus. Old Testament, stones mentioned in, 57. Oldenburg, dolmens in, 301. Olfers, Dr., tomb of Alyattes examined by, 32. Olof the Holy, 241. Ophite theory, 4, 7. Oppeln, dolmen near, 301. Orchomenos sepulchre explored by Dodwell, 33; lined with bronze, 34; inference from, as to civilization, 39. Orkneys (_see_ Maes-Howe, Scotland, Stennis); no timber in, 298. Orkhow, treasure there, 252. Oroust, dolmen at, 305-6; resembles Countless Stones, 305; in enclosure, 310. Osnabrück, dolmen in, 301. Ougein, observatories in, 7; commercial capital of Asoka, 459. Ouseley, Sir W., cited as to Eastern circles, 453. Oval dolmens, _see_ Dolmens. Ozene, or Ougein, which see.

PAGAN TEMPLES, similarity of, to Christian, 22-3. Palestine and the East, dolmens, 438; of stones mentioned in Scripture but one of megalithic class, 438-40; monolith, 440; dolmens between Es Salt and Nablous, 441; and Kafr-er-Wâl, _ib._; whether dolmens outside of Gilead, 442; of what tribe known examples are, _ib._; age of, 443; Peshawur, _ib._; circular-domed tombs at Sinai, and stone circles, _ib._; find, 444; Nukb Hawy ring, _ib._; resemblance to Bazinas and Chouchas, _ib._; Arabia, near Eyoor, rude-stone monuments mentioned by Palgrave, resembling those of the West and at Tripoli, 445; interest attaching to Arabian examples, _ib._; Asia Minor, unsolved problems respecting, 446; Kertch, chambered tumuli, and finds, 447; dolmens of shaped stones, holed in Circassia, Crimea, and on shore of Baltic, 447. Palgrave, Mr. Giffard, rude-stone monuments seen by him in Arabia, 444. Pallas cited, 449. Pancras, St., temple at Canterbury dedicated to, 22. Pandus, temples popularly assigned to, 494. Pape and Peti, early inhabitants of Orkneys, 248. Parallel lines or avenues, 50. _See_ Avenues. Park Cwn tumulus, 164; meant to be visible, 164; find at, _ib._ Parkhouse circle, 263. Pataliputta, _see_ Patna. Patan, Emperors, domes of, 40. Patna, convocation at, 501. Pausanias, tomb of Atridæ described by, 32, 33. Pegges Barrow, 11. Pelasgi and Tyrrheni, in contact with only stone-hewing races, 393. 'Pelasgic Remains,' work by Dadwell, 33; style superseded by Doric in Greece, 393. Pembroke, Philip, Earl of, his testimony as to Stonehenge, 104. Pen, prefix, meaning of, 64. Pennant cited as to Mayborough, 128-9. Penrith, Arthur's Round Table at, 82; Long Meg and her Daughters, 126 _et seq._; mentioned by Camden, 127; Mayborough, _ib._; monolith, 128; King Arthur's Round Table, _ib._; plan of, _ib._; history of monuments, 131; Shap alignment not Druidical, _ib._; nor sepulchral, _ib._; at least not the cemetery of Shap, _ib._; marks battle-field, 132; victory over Saxons, perhaps, _ib._; objections, 132-3; monuments near, mark victories of Arthur, 132. Pentre Ifan dolmen, 168. 'Periplus,' the, cited, 459. Perthes, M. Boucher de, "find" by, on the Somme, 16. Peru, carved stone monuments in, 518; resemble Pelasgic and Tyrrhenian, _ib._ Peshawur dolmen, 443; circle, 452; and at Deh Ayeh, 453; hewn-stone circles ascribed to Caons or giants, 453; if other dolmens in the East? 454. Peti or Picts, 248-9. _See_ Pape. Petrie, Dr., his useful but interrupted services in Ireland, 175; observations of, as to cairn Listoghil, 181; Moytura, 181 _et seq._; Tara, 193; introduction of writing into Ireland, 196; Oghams, _ib._; Knowth, 201; cited as to Talten, 219; style of Irish monuments, 238; his excavations in the Orkneys, 249; his suggestion as to Moytura, 280. Phayre, Sir Arthur, on circle at Peshawur, 452. Phœnicians, Romans, and Greeks of Marseilles, their influence upon architecture of rude nations, 508. Phœnicians, voyages of, to Cornwall, 38; written characters at New Grange, 207; not builders of rude-stone monuments, 409. Picardy, remains of Cave men in, 329. Pictland, features of, 58. Picts, origin and relations with Irish and Gauls, 267; their capitals, 271; language, _ib._ Pierre branlante, Brittany, 348. Pierre Martine, rocking stone, 347-8. Pilgrim Scandinavian pirates, 244. Pit-markings, 424. Plas Newydd dolmen, 167-9. Pliny, _see_ Cæsar. Plouharnel, double dolmen at, 358. Poitiers, demi-dolmen, 346. Poitou, Cave men's remains in, 329. Poland and Posen, no dolmens in, 301. Pomerania, dolmens in, 301. Portugal, writers on its rude-stone monuments, 377; dolmens, _ib._; Strabo, an authority for its dolmens, _ib._; Cuneus, 378; distribution of dolmens, _ib._; throws light upon theories, _ib._; course taken by dolmen race, 378 _et seq._; Arroyolos, dolmen at, 389. Posen, _see_ Poland. Pownall, Governor, his disquisition upon marks at New Grange, 202, 207. Pregel, dolmens on, 301. Prehistoric prejudices, 406. _See_ International. Preissac, alignment at, 368. Pre-Roman theory, 373. Progressive theory, 406. Prussia, dolmens rare in, 301. Prussian Saxony, _see_ Saxony. Priam's house of brass, 35. Prinsep, Mr., his translation of an edict of Asoka, 498. Priority of dates, _see_ Dates. Ptolemy, mentioned in edict of Indian Prince, 498. Pullicondah, cairn or dolmen, 491. Puri, temple of Juggernaut at, 460. Pyramids, inference as to climate from pictures in, 17; date of that at Gizeh, 31; antecedent structures supposed, _ib._; contain tombs true and false, 46; probable date of, 408. Pytheas, visit of, to Cimbrian Chersonese, 38.

QUEEN Charlotte's Sound, whether natives a race of mound-builders, 517.

RACE, inference as to, from use of circles, 163; of dolmens, _ib._; of circles and dolmens, _ib._; divisions of, in Britain by Tacitus, 162; inference from simultaneous monuments of three kinds in Ireland as to races, 238; relations of Picts with Irish and Gaels, shown by comparison of monuments, 267, 271; circle-building and dolmen-building races, 274; whence each came, and course which each took, _ib._; dolmens, historic, 302; distribution of, _ib._; prehistoric theory leaves subject of races obscure, _ib._; dolmen-building race not so ready converts to Christianity as the Celts, 328; inference from church architecture in South of France, 332; and Protestant feeling in South of France, _ib._; non-progressive, _ib._; Cimbri, Celts, and Gauls, 333; Cimbri and Aquitani related, _ib._; race traced by dolmens from Brittany to Narbonne, 334; Iberians, Celtiberians, Turanians, 379; disturbed by Carthaginians, 379; Romans, 380; Moors, their easy conquest of Spain, how accounted for, 381; Spanish settlers in Ireland and Britain, _ib._; Tara, 382; Lia Fail, _ib._; Heremon, 381-3; ethnography of North Africa, 406, _et seq._; different theories as to, _ib._; connexion between races on the northern and southern sides of Mediterranean, 408; chief race in India, 458; Bhil, Cole, Gond, and Toda, non-progressive, 459; Hindus not immutable, _ib._; inference from style of architecture, 495; peopling of America, 516; by what way, 516; Mound-builders, Redmen, Hydahs, 517; Aztecs and Toltecs, 515; Pastoral or Agricultural races, ditto Hunters in North America, _ib._ Race-course, notion that alignments at Stonehenge were, 111. Raguhilda, wife of Eric, 250. Rail, Sanchi, 492. Rajagriha, convocation at, 501. Rajpootana, pertinacity of Bhil usages, 459. Rajunkoloor, 468 _et seq._ Ramayana, the date of, 455. Ramé, M., describes alignment at Gré de Cojou, 377. Rath at Dowth, residence of the Dagdha, 195. Rath of Leoghaire, 195; singular direction by him as to his burial, _ib._ Rath of Queen Meave, 193. Rath na Riogh, 194; resembles Avebury, _ib._ Rathcrogan, supposed burial-place of Queen Meave, 183. Rayne, old circle at, 263. Rectangular dolmens, 313. _See_ Dolmens. Redmen of North America, 517; not mound-builders, _ib._ Redstone pillar, 200. Relic worship in the East, 503. Relig na Riogh, Dathi's burial-place, 200. Rhind, Mr., his bequest for Professorship of Archæology in Scotland, 239; paper on ortholithic remains in Africa, 395-7. Ribroit, Arthur's tenth battle there, 137. Rickman, his perception of progress and sequence in monuments, 113; value of his process in fixing dates, 114. Ring Sigurd, 280; saga as to, 282. Ringham Low, group, 139. _See_ Derbyshire. Rocking stones, 347. Rodmarton, chambered tumulus, 166; post-Roman, 289; holes in entrance, resembles Kerlescant, 357. Roeskilde, dolmen in square, 307. Rolley Lowe, 12. Rollo in England, 126. Rollright, circle at, 124; obeliscal stone, _ib._; dolmen, _ib._; examined by R. Sheldon, 125; unimportance of monuments there, _ib._; whether sepulchral, _ib._; assigned by Camden to Rollo, 126. Roman coins, find of, in Ireland, 166. _See_ Coins, Finds. Roman pottery found at Stonehenge, 105; inference from, 106. _See_ Finds. Roman road at Silbury Hill, 81; argument from its state, 82; and of that at Hakpen Hill, 83. Romans, Stonehenge assigned to, by Inigo Jones, 3; in England, 96; effect of Roman art upon British civilization, _ib._; and architecture, 394; in Africa, 414; pressure of, upon Etruria, 393. Ronalds, Mr., his engraving of Carnac, 350. Rooke, Mr., his account of Stanton Moor, 146; snaffle-bit found by, 156. Rose Hill tumulus, 155. _See_ Circles, Small, 155. Ros-na-righ, who buried there, 212. Ross County, North America, sacred enclosures in, 511. Rothiemay circle, 263. Round tower, _see_ Tower. Roy's, General, 'Military Antiquities of Romans' cited as to circle at Wood Castle, 129. Rude-Stone monuments erected even where letter inscriptions and carving practised, 273; none in the valleys of Scheldt and Rhine, 323; sometimes comparatively modern, 406; result sometimes of fashion, 408; Aryans and pure Dravidians or Tamulians not builders of, in India, 447-8. Rudeness of monument, what it proves, 100. Rügen, island of, dolmens in, 301. Runes on menhirs, 29; Maes-Howe, 246-8, 251; Isle of Man, 273.

SABÆAN worship of planets, 432. "Sabrinum ostium," meaning of words, 87; Arthur's last battle fought near, _ib._ Sacrifices, _see_ Human. Sagas, 254; as to Harald Hildetand, 280. Sakya Muni, date of, 455; influences Buddhism, 506; is not Woden, 496. Salkeld, Arthur's seventh battle, 137. _See_ Cumrew. Sanchi rail, 492; gate, 94; no images of priests, 501; relics of saints, 504; dagobas and stupas, 41. Sandulf the Swarthy, 272. Santa Barbara, Nurhags at, 428 _et seq._ _See_ Mediterranean Islands. Santander dolmens, 378. Sardis, tombs at, 32; age of, 32. Sariputra, see Mogalana. Sarsen stones, at Ashdown, 122; what they represent, _ib._; at Avebury, 73, 86; whence they came, 95; at Stonehenge, 94. Saturnia, dolmen at, 391-2. Sauclières dolmen, 335. Saumur, grotte des feés near, 341. Säve, Karl, letter from, respecting diggings at Oden's Howe, 526-7. Savernake Forest, 87. Saxo-Grammaticus as to Gorm's son, 296. Saxons, defeat of, by Vortimer, 106; battle with Vortigern, 119. Saxons, march of, in the West, 88; encounter Arthur, 88-9, 132; their defeat near Penrith, 132; traded with and settled in Britain before Cæsar's time, 133-4; grave mounds in England, 36; articles supposed Saxon at Stand Lowe, 13. Saxons, Prussian, 301. Saxony, dolmens in, 301. Scandinavia and North Germany, 275; Danes, their megalithic remains little known, _ib._; false route of their antiquaries, 276; except Sjöborg, 277; their early historians little reliable, _ib._; Scandinavian history prior to Christ, _ib._; Odin, fable as to, _ib._; Frode I., date of, 278; and of Harald Harfagar, _ib._; list of kings, _ib._; battle-fields, _ib._; Kongsbacka, 279; its analogy to Dartmoor, Ashdown, and Karnac alignments, _ib._; view of, _ib._; grave of Frode, but which Frode? _ib._; battle-field of Swedes and Danes, _ib._; Braavalla Heath, 280; resemblance to Moytura, _ib._; circles, _ib._; doubt as to date of, _ib._; square and triangular graves, 282; King Harald Hildetand, saga of, and Sigurd Ring, 283; tomb of former, 282; find of flints, 283; erroneous inference, _ib._; form of grave, _ib._; Hwitaby circles and Bauta stones at, 290; battle-fields, whose, _ib._; Lothbrok, 291; Stiklastad, and circles there, _ib._; circles and ovals, mounds and square enclosures, _ib._; victory of Blenda, _ib._; Freyrsö cairns, mounds, and ship barrows, _ib._; tumuli, to what race due, aboriginal or invading, 293; Scandinavians, of what race, _ib._; Worsaae's argument, _ib._; triple group at Upsala, 294; find, _ib._; mound of Wodin, _ib._; Jellinge, tombs of Gorm and Thyra, 296; importance of, 297; diggings in the latter, 296; find, 297; date, _ib._; compared to Maes-Howe, 299; comparative dates of Danish, Irish, and Stennis monuments, _ib._; series of Royal Danish tombs, _ib._; might furnish dates of styles, 300. _See_ Scotland, Caithness. Scandinavian antiquaries commended, 15. Scandinavians in Ireland, 187; different tribes of, 187; Vikings, _ib._; in Scotland, Orkneys, 244; pilgrims, Christian, and pirates, _ib._; conoid graves, 243; ship graves, 315; equilateral triangles, _ib._; meaning of the latter form, 315-6; singular arrangement of circles at Aschenrade, 317; resembles Algerian example, 318; finds, _ib._; no Druids amongst, 6; ignorant of iron, 37. Schleswig dolmens, 301. Scone stone, 439. Scotland, menhirs in, 57; megalithic remains in, 239; Wilson's 'Prehistoric Annals' of, _ib._; scanty means of studying monuments in, _ib._; cat or battle-stones, dolmens, circles, 240; distribution of, _ib._; Orkneys, 241; circles, tumuli, _ib._; Stennis, _ib._; dolmens, 241, 355; monoliths, 242; holed monument, 242, 255; bowl-shaped barrows, 243; find, _ib._; conoid barrows, _ib._; find there, _ib._; Maes-Howe, _ib._; spoliation of, _ib._; runes, _ib._; dragon and Wurm knot, 245; inscription at Maes-Howe, 246; chamber there, 247; and loculi, 248; resemblance to Boyne monuments, _ib._; red sandstone material, _ib._; conquest of Island by Harold Harfagar, _ib._; Pape and Peti, who these races were, _ib._; what is Maes-Howe, 248-9; and what the barrows, _ib._; Haugagerdium, perhaps How of Hoogsay, who buried there, _ib._; Halfdan's Barrow, 250; similarity to Danish royal tumuli, _ib._; account of conquest of Orkneys by the Norwegians, _ib._; Stennis, scene of what battle, 250-1; runic inscriptions, 251; scantiness of, accounted for, 252; an inscription confirmed by a find, _ib._; Maes-Howe, whether it has connexion with circles, 253-4; dates of early invasions of Northmen, 255; Brogar, 254; less ancient than Stennis, 255; conversion of Northmen to Christianity, _ib._; date of group of monuments at Stennis, 256; analogy of to Stanton Drew, _ib._; author's reasons justifying date assigned to group at Stennis, 257-8; Callernish circles, _ib._; cruciform grave, 259; avenue, 260; Tormore, Isle of Arran, cist circles, 261-2; Brodick Bay circle, and obelisk, 262; Mull of Cantyre, _ib._; Aberdeenshire circles, 263; Fiddes Hill, 264; circle at Rayne and find, 263; post Christian date of, 264; moat and entrances, 265; uses merely sepulchral, _ib._; Clava mounds and circular chambers, 266; find, _ib._; their use, 267; stone at Coilsfield, _ib._; stone at Aberlemmo, 268-9; its purpose, 270; Caithness alignments differ from British and French, 529; horned cairn, 530; circles inferred by Sir H. Dryden not always to be sepulchral, 532; date, 528; similarity to Viking graves, 528. Scott, Sir Walter, his description of holed monolith in Orkney, 242. Scrolls and spirals in Irish sculpture, 222. Sculpture, 29; difficulty of reasoning from gradation of style as to Irish or Scottish, 59; chiselled, engraved, pricked, 217; what tools employed, _ib._; at Mané Lud, imitations of boats, hatchets, writing, 361; at Dol ar Marchant, hatchet, plume, 362. Secondary, _see_ Interment. Semitic race, their feeling to monasticism, 500. Senbya dagoba, 496-7. Sentinel stones, 310. Sepultura Grande dolmen, 386. Sepulture, _see_ Cairns, Circles, Cists, Dolmens, Mounds, Tombs, Tumuli. Seringham, monoliths of, 96; monstrous size of, _ib._; work there, how interrupted, _ib._ Serpent temples, false theory as to, 4, 21, 64; gigantic serpent-forms in earth in America, 515; serpent knot, _see_ Wurm. Sesto Calende, rude-stone monuments at, 391. Setif, dolmen near, 396. Shahpoor stone monuments, 485. Shap avenue, counterpart of Kennet, 147. _See_ Penrith. Ship graves, 316. Ships sculptured in dolmens, 303. Siam, 456; dagobas and stupas in, 41. Siberian Steppes, America peopled from, 516. Side-stone, Aspatria cist, 157. Siganfu tables, 488 _note_. Sigurd, converted by Olaus, 250. Silbury Hill, Roman writers silent as to monuments, 20; their purpose and age, 65, 84; description of, 78; dimensions, 79; researches there, _ib._; negative results, _ib._; accounted for, _ib._; find in, 81; mound, who raised, 86; near Wansdyke, 88; Arthur's last battle, 89; mound, why created, _ib._; analogue of Gib Hill, 147. Silesia, dolmens in, 301. Silius Italicus cited, 407. Silures in Britain, 162-3; in Wales and Anglesea, 163; Cornwall, _ib._; join with Brigantes, 381. Simpson, Sir J., cited as to Vetta, 271; as to pit-markings, 425. Sinai, monuments at, 443-4. Sing, Jey, observatory, 7. Sivite temple, ruined, at Iwullee, 484. Sjöborg, 276; his merits, 276-9; treats dolmens all as prehistoric, 306. Skail Bay, 252. Skiuli, death of, 528. Skene, _see_ Stuart, Glennie. Slieve na Calliagh, 213 (_see_ Hengist and Horsa); when first remarked, 213; illustrations of, 214 _et seq._; style of sculpture, 215; find at, 215-6; mysterious great stone saucer, 216; find, 217-8; absence of circles, alignments, and rude-stone monuments, 219. Sligo trilithon, 108; cairn of Ballysadare, King Eochy's tomb, 179. Smidstrup, buried dolmen at, 311. Smith, Colonel Baird, his excavation at Kutub pillar, 481. Smith, Dr., his astronomical theory, 7. 'Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge' cited, 510 _et seq._ Smyrna, date of tombs at, 32. Smyth, Piazzi, his theories, 31, 91. Snake theory, _see_ Stukeley, Dr. Snio, king, where slain, 279. Spain, writers on its rude-stone monuments, 377; dolmens there, _ib._; dolmen race, 378; its navigation, in which direction, 378 _et seq._; prehistoric race in Spain, 379; its characteristics, _ib._; and non-use of stone in prehistoric times, _ib._; Iberians, Celtiberians, Turanians, _ib._; Carthaginians, Romans, 381; Moors' easy conquest proves earlier settlements in Spain, _ib._; Spanish race of Heremon in Ireland, _ib._; Spaniards, Siloros, migrate to Britain, _ib._; part occupied by them in Ireland, 382; date of Heremon, 383; light thrown by rude-stone monuments on connexion of Spain and Ireland, _ib._; Roman architecture, its influence upon rude-stone monuments, 394. Spaniards in Ireland, 227. Spring Farm, 117. Square enclosures in North America, 511-12. Squares in Algeria, 399; four cairns enclosed in squares, 402. Squier and Davis, Messrs., their survey of America, 510 _et seq._ St. Augustine's monastery, 23. St. Barbe, 354; head of column at, 355. St. Columba, 227; converts Picts, 248; visits King Brude, 267; language of Picts unknown to, 271. St. Front, Périgueux, church, 330. St. Germain-sur-Vienne, 336. _See_ Confolens. St. Helier, cells at, 52. St. Jerome cited as to barbarism of Irish, 235. St. Malo, Maximus and British landed there, 374. St. Pancras, heathen fane consecrated to, 22. St. Patern, a Breton, his death, 373. St. Patrick fails to convert Leoghaire, 195; legend of him and demons, 227. St. Servan, battle near, 374. St. Vigean's stone, 273. Stand Low find, 13. Stanton Drew circles, 64; not observatories, 7; circles at, 148; similar to those in Derbyshire and Cumberland in purpose and date, _ib._; plan of, 149; oval, _ib._; avenues, 150; Kingstone, _ib._; Stukeley's interpolation of serpentine avenues, _ib._; ruins of dolmens, 151; tradition as to Keyna, _ib._; date of, 151-2; belongs to Arthurian age, 152; scene of Arthur's 9th battle, _ib._; meaning of "Stanton," _ib._; Maes Knoll, 153; meaning of word Maes, _ib._; similarity to Stennis, 256-7. Stanton Moor circle, 48, 49. Stanley, Hon. W. C., circles enumerated by, 162; cist found by, at Plas Newydd, 166. Stawell, Lord, excavation directed by, at Avebury, 74-5. Stennis, 241; dolmen, _ib._; great circle like English ones, 161; like Stanton Drew, 257; date, _ib._; countless barrows, _ib._; magnificent effect of group, _ib._; circles and barrows belong to different and what races, _ib._; dates thereof, _ib._ Steppes, importance of exploring with reference to Turanian origin of dolmens, 447 _et seq._; tumuli, 448-9; images of dead on tombs, 449; usages as to interments and sepulchres, _ib._; four-cornered grave, _ib._; tumulus at Alexandropol, 450; find, 451; uncovered base of tumulus, _ib._; genesis of circles, _ib._; Tartar and European tombs cognate, but not of same origin as Western dolmen or circles, or menhirs, 452; Haxthausen's example an exception, _ib._; examples in the Steppes carved, _ib._ Stiklastad in Norway, battle at, 291. "Stone of Destiny," where now, 382. Stone tables, 425. Stone temples, no classical writer connects Druids with, 20. Stonehenge, theories respecting, 3, 4; not an observatory, 7; not alluded to by Diodorus, 8; ill-judged proceedings as to, 15; age of, 17; not mentioned by Roman writers, 20; plans, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93; circles, 100-3; Sarsen or bluestones, 92-7; trilithons, 95, 98, 100; means of transport, 95-6; who erected, 97; intermediate circle, _ib._; mere stones more numerous, 98; was Stonehenge a temple, 99; why hewn stones there, _ib._; erected leisurely, _ib._; trilithons called gates by Olaus, 101; question as to priority in time of the barrows or stone monuments, _ib._; connexion between circles and British villages, 102; diggings there, 104; map of country around, 102; its builders not Christians, 104; whether sepulchral, 112, 116; why erected and by whom, 106, 116. _See_ Alignments, Avenues, Barrows, Bluestones, Finds, Sarsens. Stones, worship of, forbidden, 24-6. Stoney Littleton, chambered tumulus, 166; grave intended to be covered, 164; post-Roman, 289. Strabo, account of Druids by, 5; of temple by, 21; barbarism of early Irish, 235. Stuart, Glennie, and Kendal, W., assign Scottish birthplace and campaign to Arthur, 134. Stuart, J., cited, 52, 239; as to diggings at Rayne, 264-5. Stukeley, Dr., wild theory of, 3, 4, 15, 21, 64; adopted by Sir R. C. Hoare, 5; misunderstands text of Diodorus, 8; drawings by, 44; his visit to Shap, 129; compared in one respect to Boece, 135; his serpent interpolation at Stanton Drew, 150; his snake bit, 151. Stupas in India, 41. Suetonius, Druids met by, 5. Sûf, dolmens near, 442. Suhm, cited as to date of Lothbrok victories, 290. Summit interments, 166. _See_ Interments. Sun worship forbidden, 25. Sutherland, Duchess of, her etchings of ruins in Orkneys, 241. Swansea, Arthur's Quoit at, 170. Sweden, South, megalithic remains in, 15; circles, 47; dolmens in, 301. Swen Grate, King, 291. Sylhet, Mohammedan kingdom, 466. Symbol stage, none in Ireland, 59. Syria, trilithons in, 100.

TABLE-STONES, 435-6. Tabriz circle, 453. Tacitus cited as to three races in Britain, 162. Tailten, Talton, or Telltown, burial of Irish kings there, 199; of Lough Crew, 219 _et seq._; fair in honour of Magh Mor, King of Spain, 186. Táin Bó Chuailgne, 196. Talyots, or talayots, 434 _et seq._; in Balearic isles, 410, 415. Tamulians not builders of rude-stone monuments in India, 477. Tantalais tumulus, 32. Tara, Hill of, remains at, 193; early celebrity of, _ib._; capital of Firbolgs and Dananns, 190, whence the name, 382. Tartar tombs, 451. Taylor, Col. Meadows, cited as to Indian dolmens, 469; and Shahpoor monuments, 485. Teamair, wife of Heremon, 382. Tee in Tope, 46; in rock at Ajunta, 47, 491; as connecting links between Eastern and Western dolmens, 489-90. Temples, what structures not, 512; megalithic remains not, 20 _et seq._ _See_ mounds. Teocallis, Mexican, what, 514. "Things," meaning of word, 26. Thomas, Lieut., his account of monuments in the Orkneys, 241, 248. Thorfin, 250; sons of, 528; where buried, 249; battle between them and Liotr, 528. Three Ages, Danish doctrine of, 9; illusive application of, 10. Thunder-stone at Shap, 129, 130. Thurnam, his work on British Skulls, 35, 36, 72; his inference from finds, 165, 286; as to West Kennet, 287. Thyra, monument of Queen, 27, 250; finds, 297. Tia Huanaco, ruins at, not like those attributed to Druids, 518; what they were, 519. Tigernach, his date of Queen Meave's death, 184; of Crimthann's, 190. Tika received by Rajahs from Bhils, 459. Tin, route of ancient British commerce in, 334. Toda tribe in India, 459. _See_ Bhil. Toltecs, buildings of, 515. Tollington, supposed avenue at, 117-9; obelisks at, 117. Tombs--of Alyattes, 3; Atridæ, 32, 33; Cocumella, 33; Cœre, 33; Regulini Galeassi, 34; of great men marked by megalithic monuments, 15; of Isidorus, 100; Tartar, 451; Nilgiri hills, 473. Toope, Dr., his letter to Aubrey respecting Hakpen Hill, 76, 77. Tooth-relic, worship of, 504. Topes in India found blind, 80. _See_ Dagoba. Tormore, 261. Towers, round, at Brechin and Abernethy, 271. Town of the Stone of the Strangers, 229. Tras os Montes dolmens, 378. Tree-worship forbidden, 24, 25. Trepucò talyot, 435. Triads, Welsh authority for interments at Stonehenge, 110; as to stone of Cetti, 173; value of, as authority, _ib._ Triangular monuments, 315; perhaps cuneatus ordo of Olaus Magnus, _ib._ Trie, holed dolmens, 343. Trilithons at Stonehenge, 99; connexion with dolmens, 100; in Sligo, 108; at Ksaea at Elkeb, 412; Hauran, 445. Tripoli, trilithons at Ksaea, 411; Elkel with holes, 411-2; compared to Hindu Yoni, 412; Buddhist monument at Bangkok, 43. Tuatha de Dananns, _see_ Dananns. Tuathal, authentic history begins with, 196; "the accepted," 197. Tumiac tumulus and find, 366. Tumuli, 29; different kinds of, _ib._ (_see_ Barrows, Pyramids, Tombs); history of inhumation, 30; Troy, 32; Roman, 84; truncated cones, _ib._; spoliation of their own ancestors' tombs by Northmen, 300; Kemp How at Shap, 130; find at, _ib._; chambered tumuli, 166, 168; Freyrsö, 291; certain Danish, identical with some in Auvergne, 323; tumuli by thousands in the east of France, 327; finds, _ib._; numerous in Etruria, 392; peculiarity of tumuli in North Africa, 399; plan and elevation of two sepulchral monuments, _ib._; not battle-field, 400; quadruple circles, _ib._; tumuli chambered in Lydia and Kertch, 446; kouloba on hill of cinders, _ib._; find there, 446-7; tumuli in the Steppes, 448; at Alexandropol, 450; finds there, _ib._; uncovered base of, at Nikolajew, 451; Tartar tumuli perhaps models of Western, 452. Turanian origin of dolmens, theory of, how to be proved or disproved, 448; Turanian race in Europe, 507. Twining's strange map theory, 76. Tyrebagger, circle at, 263. Tynwald Mount, 71. Tyrrheni, _see_ Pelasgi.

U, buried dolmen at, 310; chamber, 311. Udyagiri Hills, Buddhist caves in, 460. Uekermark, dolmen at, 301. Uelzen, dolmen with enclosures near, 308. Uffington Castle, monuments near, 121; why constructed, 123. Uley, 163; chambered grave, 163, 166; post-Roman, 289. Ultonians, tombs of, 219, 220. Upland, Danish prince killed at, 291. Urn found in cairn of One Man, 179.

VAISALI, convocation at, 501. Valdbygaards, two dolmens in enclosure, 308. Vallancy, wild speculations of, 175, 207. Vancouver's Island, natives of, whether mound-builders, 517. Vannes, Museum of, 326. Vedas, date of, 455. Veneti, Cæsar's naval battle with, 20, 37; hence what inference of age of monuments, 372; iron nails used by, 37. Verneilh, Felix de, his 'Byzantine Architecture in France,' 332. Vestal Virgins, no just analogy of Nuns, to, 499. Vetta, his name on Cat stone, 57; supposed grandfather of Hengist and Horsa, 271. Via Badonica, under Silbury Hill, 20. Vicars, Mr., surveys Carnac, 350. Vicramaditya, his capital, 459. Viharas, early date and growth of, in India, 501. Vikings, 303-4; grave, 315, 317. Vinland, America peopled through, 516. Viraculls, what, 483. Vitoria, dolmens in, 378. Voguë's, De, plates of Roman tombs in the Hauran, 445. Vortigern, victory of, at Aylesfor, 119. Vulci, tomb at, 33.

WADEN HILL, where and what it is, site of what battle, 88-9. Wales, Druids in, when 6; dolmen-building race, 274. Walhouse, Mr., cited, 479. Walker, Mr., his find at Knock na Rea, 185. Wansdyke, barrier against Welsh, 87, 88, 89. Ware, statement of, as to Giant stones in Kildare, 108; circles in, 162. Waterloo, mound at, 56. Wayland Smith's Cave in Berkshire, used by Scott in 'Kenilworth,' 122; what it was, 123-4; great circle there, 161. Webb's reply to Dr. Charleton respecting Stonehenge, 3. Welsh Gate, what and where it was, 87-89. Welsh Triads, _see_ Triads. West Kennet, 4; its similarity to barrow in Denmark, 283 _et seq._ _See_ Barrow. Western Islands, no Druids in, 6. White Horse, near Uffington, described by Mr. T. Hughes, 121. Wilde, Sir W., his residence at Moytura, 176; his work, 177, 202 _et seq._ Wildesheim, dolmen at, 301. Wilkinson, Sir Gardner, observations on Long Meg, 127; on Arbor Low, 139, and Gib Hill, 141; his corrections to Croker's survey of Stanton Drew, 150; dolmen at Gower opened by, 171. Wilson, Captain, his survey of Clava, 265. Wilson, Daniel, dolmen mentioned by, in Argyllshire, 273. Wilson's 'Prehistoric Annals,' 239; his remarks upon Daw's theory as to origin, 253. Wiltshire, Sir R. C. Hoare's work on, 5. Wisconsin and Ohio, how first peopled, 516. Woden myth, its allusion to Indian origin, 496; Woden not Sakya Muni, 496. Woking, principle of selection of, as cemetery, 131; not applied by ancients, 131. Wood worship forbidden, 25; early employment of, in Indian architecture, 492. Wood Castle, circle at, 129 _note_; Arthur's battle there, 135. Wormius Olaus, correspondence with Dr. Charleton respecting Stonehenge, 3; mentions dolmens with square enclosures, 307. Worsaae cited as to Scandinavian monuments, 297 _et seq._ Wright, Mr., account of monuments at Aylesford, 118. _See_ Aylesford. Written history, errors of, 113; deficiency of, supplied by monuments, 113; and by architectural study, 113; uncertain accounts of King Arthur, 114. Wurm Knot in Maes-Howe, 245.

YARHOUSE, battle at, 529. Yarrow, inscription in stone at, 272. Yucatan, 516; carved stone monuments, 517. Yule, Col., his 'Cathay,' 488 _note_.

ZANA, Queen, 404. Zealand, _see_ Bilk Valdbygaards.

THE END.

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING CROSS.

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Transcriber's note:

1. Simple spelling, grammar, and typographical errors have been silently corrected.

2. Retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed.

3. The original book contained several unpaired double quotation marks which could not be corrected with certainty.

4. Out of order entries in Index have been corrected.

5. Page 324: "Note" refers to the map opposite. There is no Map.

6. Page 411: "Footnote Anchor 484" is missing. An anchor has been added at the end of the paragraph in which the text, to which it refers, appears.

7. Index: The entry "Ross County, North America, sacred enclosures in, 811." should read "Ross County, North America, sacred enclosures in, 511." Index corrected.

8. Variations in hyphenation (e.g. battlefields/battle-fields) have not been harmonised.