Chapter 21

396. Sweetness — N. sweetness, dulcitude†. sugar, syrup, treacle, molasses, honey, manna; confection, confectionary; sweets, grocery, conserve, preserve, confiture†, jam, julep; sugar-candy, sugar-plum; licorice, marmalade, plum, lollipop, bonbon, jujube, comfit, sweetmeat; apple butter, caramel, damson, glucose; maple sirup†, maple syrup, maple sugar; mithai†, sorghum, taffy. nectar; hydromel†, mead, meade†, metheglin†, honeysuckle, liqueur, sweet wine, aperitif. [sources of sugar] sugar cane, sugar beets. [sweet foods] desert, pastry, pie, cake, candy, ice cream, tart, puff, pudding (food) 298. dulcification†, dulcoration†. sweetener, corn syrup, cane sugar, refined sugar, beet sugar, dextrose; artificial sweetener, saccharin, cyclamate, aspartame, Sweet'N Low. V. be sweet &c adj.. render sweet &c adj.; sweeten; edulcorate†; dulcorate†, dulcify†; candy; mull. Adj. sweet; saccharine, sacchariferous†; dulcet, candied, honied†, luscious, lush, nectarious†, melliferous†; sweetened &c v.. sweet as a nut, sweet as sugar, sweet as honey. sickly sweet. Phr. eau sucrée [Fr.]; sweets to the sweet [Hamlet].

397. Sourness — N. sourness &c adj.; acid, acidity, low pH; acetous fermentation, lactic fermentation. vinegar, verjuice†, crab, alum; acetic acid, lactic acid. V. be sour; sour, turn sour &c adj.; set the teeth on edge. render sour &c adj.; acidify, acidulate. Adj. sour; acid, acidulous, acidulated; tart, crabbed; acetous, acetose†; acerb, acetic; sour as vinegar, sourish, acescent†, subacid [Chem]; styptic, hard, rough. Phr. sour as a lemon. (4) Odor

398. Odor — N. odor, smell, odorament†, scent, effluvium; emanation, exhalation; fume, essence, trail, nidor†, redolence. sense of smell; scent; act of smelling &c v.; olfaction, olfactories†. [pleasant odor] fragrance &c 400. odorant. [animal with acute sense of smell] bloodhound, hound. [smell detected by a hound] spoor. V. have an odor &c n.; smell, smell of, smell strong of; exhale; give out a smell &c n.; reek, reek of; scent. smell, scent; snuff, snuff up; sniff, nose, inhale. Adj. odorous, odoriferous; smelling, reeking, foul-smelling, strong- scented; redolent, graveolent†, nidorous†, pungent; putrid, foul. [Relating to the sense of smell] olfactory, quick-scented.

399. Inodorousness — N. inodorousness†; absence of smell, want of smell. deodorant, deodorization, deodorizer. V. be inodorous &c adj.†; not smell. deodorize. Adj. inodorous†, onodorate; scentless; without smell, wanting smell &c 398. deodorized, deodorizing.

400. Fragrance — N. fragrance, aroma, redolence, perfume, bouquet, essence, scent; sweet smell, aromatic perfume. agalloch†, agallochium†; aloes wood; bay rum; calambac†, calambour†; champak†, horehound, lign-aloes†, marrubium†, mint, muskrat, napha water†, olibanum†, spirit of myrcia†. essential oil. incense; musk, frankincense; pastil†, pastille; myrrh, perfumes of Arabia†; otto†, ottar†, attar; bergamot, balm, civet, potpourri, pulvil†; nosegay; scentbag†; sachet, smelling bottle, vinaigrette; eau de Cologne [Fr.], toilet water, lotion, after-shave lotion; thurification†. perfumer. [fragrant wood oils] eucalyptus oil, pinene. V. be fragrant &c adj.; have a perfume &c n.; smell sweet. scent [render fragrant], perfume, embalm. Adj. fragrant, aromatic, redolent, spicy, savory, balmy, scented, sweet-smelling, sweet-scented; perfumed, perfumatory†; thuriferous; fragrant as a rose, muscadine†, ambrosial.

401. Fetor — N. fetor†; bad &c adj.. smell, bad odor; stench, stink; foul odor, malodor; empyreuma†; mustiness &c adj.; rancidity; foulness &c (uncleanness) 653. stoat, polecat, skunk; assafoetida†; fungus, garlic; stinkpot; fitchet†, fitchew†, fourmart†, peccary. acridity &c 401.1. V. have a bad smell &c n.; smell; stink, stink in the nostrils, stink like a polecat; smell strong &c adj., smell offensively. Adj. fetid; strong-smelling; high, bad, strong, fulsome, offensive, noisome, rank, rancid, reasty†, tainted, musty, fusty, frouzy†; olid†, olidous†; nidorous†; smelling, stinking; putrid &c 653; suffocating, mephitic; empyreumatic†.

401a. Acridity — N. acridity, astringency, bite. [acrid substances] tear gas; smoke, acrid fumes. Adj. acrid, biting, astringent, sharp, harsh; bitter &c 392.2. (5) Sound (i) SOUND IN GENERAL

402. Sound — N. sound, noise, strain; accent, twang, intonation, tone; cadence; sonorousness &c adj.; audibility; resonance &c 408; voice &c 580; aspirate; ideophone†; rough breathing. [Science, of sound] acoustics; phonics, phonetics, phonology, phonography†; diacoustics†, diaphonics†; phonetism†. V. produce sound; sound, make a noise; give out sound, emit sound; resound &c 408. Adj. sounding; soniferous†; sonorous, sonorific†; resonant, audible, distinct; stertorous; phonetic; phonic, phonocamptic†. Phr. a thousand trills and quivering sounds [Addison]; forensis strepitus [Lat.].

403. Silence — N. silence; stillness &c (quiet) 265; peace, hush, lull; muteness &c 581; solemn silence, awful silence, dead silence, deathlike silence. V. be silent &c adj.; hold one's tongue &c (not speak) 585. render silent &c adj.; silence, still, hush; stifle, muffle, stop; muzzle, put to silence &c (render mute) 581. Adj. silent; still, stilly; noiseless, soundless; hushed &c v.; mute &c 581. soft, solemn, awful, deathlike, silent as the grave; inaudible &c (faint) 405. Adv. silently &c adj.; sub silentio [Lat.]. Int. hush!, silence!, soft!, whist!, tush!, chut!†, tut!, pax! [Lat.], be quiet!, be silent!, be still!, shut up! [Slang]; chup!†, chup rao!†, tace! [It], Phr. one might hear a feather drop, one might hear a pin drop, so quiet you could hear a pin drop; grosse Seelen dulden still [G.]; le silence est la vertu de ceux qui ne sont pas sages [Fr.]; le silence est le parti le plus sar de celui se défie de soi-meme [Fr.]; silence more musical than any song [C.G. Rossetti]; tacent satis laudant [Lat.]; better to be silent and thought a fool than to speak up and remove all doubt.

404. Loudness — N. loudness, power; loud noise, din; blare; clang, clangor; clatter, noise, bombilation†, roar, uproar, racket, hubbub, bobbery†, fracas, charivari†, trumpet blast, flourish of trumpets, fanfare, tintamarre†, peal, swell, blast, larum†, boom; bang (explosion) 406; resonance &c 408. vociferation, hullabaloo, &c 411; lungs; Stentor. artillery, cannon; thunder. V. be loud &c adj.; peal, swell, clang, boom, thunder, blare, fulminate, roar; resound &c 408. speak up, shout &c (vociferate) 411; bellow &c (cry as an animal) 412. rend the air, rend the skies; fill the air; din in the ear, ring in the ear, thunder in the ear; pierce the ears, split the ears, rend the ears, split the head; deafen, stun; faire le diable a quatre [Fr.]; make one's windows shake, rattle the windows; awaken the echoes, startle the echoes; wake the dead. Adj. loud, sonorous; high-sounding, big-sounding; deep, full, powerful, noisy, blatant, clangorous, multisonous†; thundering, deafening &c v.; trumpet-tongued; ear-splitting, ear-rending, ear-deafening; piercing; obstreperous, rackety, uproarious; enough to wake the dead, enough to wake seven sleepers. shrill &c 410 clamorous &c (vociferous) 411 stentorian, stentorophonic†. Adv. loudly &c adj.. aloud; at the top of one's voice, at the top of one's lungs, lustily, in full cry. Phr. the air rings with; the deep dread-bolted thunder [Lear].

405. Faintness — N. faintness &c adj.; faint sound, whisper, breath; undertone, underbreath†; murmur, hum, susurration; tinkle; still small voice. hoarseness &c adj.; raucity†. V. whisper, breathe, murmur, purl, hum, gurgle, ripple, babble, flow; tinkle; mutter &c (speak imperfectly) 583; susurrate†. steal on the ear; melt in the air, float on the air. Adj. inaudible; scarcely audible, just audible; low, dull; stifled, muffled; hoarse, husky; gentle, soft, faint; floating; purling, flowing &c v.; whispered &c v.; liquid; soothing; dulcet &c (melodious) 413; susurrant†, susurrous†. Adv. in a whisper, with bated breath, sotto voce [Lat.], between the teeth, aside; piano, pianissimo; d la sourdine†; out of earshot inaudibly &c adj.. (ii) SPECIFIC SOUNDS

406. [Sudden and violent sounds.] Snap — N. snap &c v.; rapping &c v.; decrepitation, crepitation; report, thud; burst, explosion, blast, boom, discharge, detonation, firing, salvo, volley. squib, cracker, firecracker, cherry bomb, M80, gun, cap, cap gun, popgun. implosion. bomb burst, atomic explosion, nuclear explosion (arms) 727. [explosive substances] gunpowder, dynamite, gun cotton, nitroglycerine, nitrocellulose, plastic explosive, plastique, TNT, cordite, trinitrotoluene, picric acid, picrates, mercury fulminate (arms) 727. whack, wham, pow. V. rap, snap, tap, knock, ping; click; clash; crack, crackle; crash; pop; slam, bang, blast, boom, clap, clang, clack, whack, wham; brustle†; burst on the ear; crepitate, rump. blow up, blow; detonate. Adj. rapping &c v.. Int. kaboom!, whamo!, Heewhack!, pow!,

407. [Repeated and protracted sounds.] Roll — N. roll &c v.; drumming &c v.; berloque†, bombination†, rumbling; tattoo, drumroll; dingdong; tantara†; rataplan†; whirr; ratatat, ratatat-tat; rubadub; pitapat; quaver, clutter, charivari†, racket; cuckoo; repetition &c 104; peal of bells, devil's tattoo; reverberation &c 408. [sound of railroad train rolling on rails] clickety-clack. hum, purr. [animals that hum] hummingbird. [animals that purr] cat, kitten (animal sounds) 412. V. roll, drum, rumble, rattle, clatter, patter, clack; bombinate†. hum, trill, shake; chime, peal, toll; tick, beat. drum in the ear, din in the ear. Adj. rolling &c v.; monotonous &c (repeated) 104; like a bee in a bottle.

408. Resonance — N. resonance; ring &c v.; ringing, tintinabulation &c v.; reflexion [Brit.], reflection, reverberation; echo, reecho; zap, zot [Coll.]; buzz (hiss) 409. low note, base note, bass note, flat note, grave note, deep note; bass; basso, basso profondo [It]; baritone, barytone†; contralto. [device to cause resonance] echo chamber, resonator. [ringing in the ears] tinnitus [Med.]. [devices which make a resonating sound] bell, doorbell, buzzer; gong, cymbals (musical instruments) 417. [physical resonance] sympathetic vibrations; natural frequency, coupled vibration frequency; overtone; resonating cavity; sounding board, tuning fork. [electrical resonance] tuning, squelch, frequency selection; resonator, resonator circuit; radio &c [chemical resonance] resonant structure, aromaticity, alternating double bonds, non-bonded resonance; pi clouds, unsaturation, double bond, (valence). V. resound, reverberate, reecho, resonate; ring, jingle, gingle†, chink, clink; tink†, tinkle; chime; gurgle &c 405; plash, goggle, echo, ring in the ear. Adj. resounding &c v.; resonant, reverberant, tinnient†, tintinnabulary; sonorous, booming, deep-toned, deep-sounding, deep-mouthed, vibrant; hollow, sepulchral; gruff &c (harsh) 410. Phr. sweet bells jangled, out of time and harsh [Hamlet]; echoing down the mountain and through the dell.

408a. Nonresonance† — N. thud, thump, dead sound; nonresonance†; muffled drums, cracked bell; damper; silencer. V. sound dead; stop the sound, damp the sound, deaden the sound, deaden the reverberations, dampen the reverberations. Adj. nonresonant†, dead; dampened, muffled.

409. [Hissing sounds.] Sibilation — N. sibilance, sibilation; zip; hiss &c v.; sternutation; high note &c 410. [animals that hiss] goose, serpent, snake (animal sounds) 412. [animals that buzz] insect, bug; bee, mosquito, wasp, fly. [inanimate things that hiss] tea kettle, pressure cooker; air valve, pressure release valve, safety valve, tires, air escaping from tires, punctured tire; escaping steam, steam, steam radiator, steam release valve. V. hiss, buzz, whiz, rustle; fizz, fizzle; wheeze, whistle, snuffle; squash; sneeze; sizzle, swish. Adj. sibilant; hissing &c v.; wheezy; sternutative†.

410. [Harsh sounds.] Stridor — N. creak &c v.; creaking &c v.; discord, &c 414; stridor; roughness, sharpness, &c adj.; cacophony; cacoepy†. acute note, high note; soprano, treble, tenor, alto, falsetto, penny trumpet, voce di testa [It]. V. creak, grate, jar, burr, pipe, twang, jangle, clank, clink; scream &c (cry) 411; yelp &c (animal sound) 412; buzz &c (hiss) 409. set the teeth on edge, corcher les oreilles [Fr.]; pierce the ears, split the ears, split the head; offend the ear, grate upon the ear, jar upon the ear. Adj. creaking &c v.; stridulous†, harsh, coarse, hoarse, horrisonous†, rough, gruff, grum†, sepulchral, hollow. sharp, high, acute, shrill; trumpet-toned; piercing, ear-piercing, high-pitched, high-toned; cracked; discordant &c 414; cacophonous.

411. Cry — N. cry &c v.; voice &c (human) 580; hubbub; bark &c (animal) 412. vociferation, outcry, hullabaloo, chorus, clamor, hue and cry, plaint; lungs; stentor. V. cry, roar, shout, bawl, brawl, halloo, halloa, hoop, whoop, yell, bellow, howl, scream, screech, screak†, shriek, shrill, squeak, squeal, squall, whine, pule, pipe, yaup†. cheer; hoot; grumble, moan, groan. snore, snort; grunt &c (animal sounds) 412. vociferate; raise up the voice, lift up the voice; call out, sing out, cry out; exclaim; rend the air; thunder at the top of one's voice, shout at the top of one's voice, shout at the pitch of one's breath, thunder at the pitch of one's breath; s'égosiller; strain the throat, strain the voice, strain the lungs; give a cry &c Adj. crying &c v.; clamant†, clamorous; vociferous; stentorian &c (loud) 404; open-mouthed.

412. [Animal sounds.] Ululation — N. cry &c v.; crying &c v.; bowwow, ululation, latration†, belling; reboation†; wood-note; insect cry, fritiniancy†, drone; screech owl; cuckoo. wailing (lamentation) 839. V. cry, roar, bellow, blare, rebellow†; growl, snarl. [specific animal sounds] bark [dog, seal]; bow-wow, yelp [dog]; bay, bay at the moon [dog, wolf]; yap, yip, yipe, growl, yarr†, yawl, snarl, howl [dog, wolf]; grunt, gruntle†; snort [pig, hog, swine, horse]; squeak, [swine, mouse]; neigh, whinny [horse]; bray [donkey, mule, hinny, ass]; mew, mewl [kitten]; meow [cat]; purr [cat]; caterwaul, pule [cats]; baa†, bleat [lamb]; low, moo [cow, cattle]; troat†, croak, peep [frog]; coo [dove, pigeon]; gobble [turkeys]; quack [duck]; honk, gaggle, guggle [goose]; crow, caw, squawk, screech, [crow]; cackle, cluck, clack [hen, rooster, poultry]; chuck, chuckle; hoot, hoo [owl]; chirp, cheep, chirrup, twitter, cuckoo, warble, trill, tweet, pipe, whistle [small birds]; hum [insects, hummingbird]; buzz [flying insects, bugs]; hiss [snakes, geese]; blatter†; ratatat [woodpecker]. Adj. crying &c v.; blatant, latrant†, remugient†, mugient†; deep-mouthed, full-mouthed; rebellowing†, reboant†. Adv. in full cry. (iii) MUSICAL SOUNDS

413. Melody. Concord — N. melody, rhythm, measure; rhyme &c (poetry) 597. pitch, timbre, intonation, tone. scale, gamut; diapason; diatonic chromatic scale†, enharmonic scale†; key, clef, chords. modulation, temperament, syncope, syncopation, preparation, suspension, resolution. staff, stave, line, space, brace; bar, rest; appoggiato†, appoggiatura†; acciaccatura†. note, musical note, notes of a scale; sharp, flat, natural; high note &c (shrillness) 410; low note &c 408; interval; semitone; second, third, fourth &c; diatessaron†. breve, semibreve [Mus.], minim, crotchet, quaver; semiquaver, demisemiquaver, hemidemisemiquaver; sustained note, drone, burden. tonic; key note, leading note, fundamental note; supertonic†, mediant†, dominant; submediant†, subdominant†; octave, tetrachord†; major key, minor key, major scale, minor scale, major mode, minor mode; passage, phrase. concord, harmony; emmeleia†; unison, unisonance†; chime, homophony; euphony, euphonism†; tonality; consonance; consent; part. [Science of harmony] harmony, harmonics; thorough-bass, fundamental-bass; counterpoint; faburden†. piece of music &c 415 [Fr.]; composer, harmonist†, contrapuntist (musician) 416. V. be harmonious &c adj.; harmonize, chime, symphonize†, transpose; put in tune, tune, accord, string. Adj. harmonious, harmonical†; in concord &c n., in tune, in concert; unisonant†, concentual†, symphonizing†, isotonic, homophonous†, assonant; ariose†, consonant. measured, rhythmical, diatonic†, chromatic, enharmonic†. melodious, musical; melic†; tuneful, tunable; sweet, dulcet, canorous†; mellow, mellifluous; soft, clear, clear as a bell; silvery; euphonious, euphonic, euphonical†; symphonious; enchanting &c (pleasure- giving) 829; fine-toned, full-toned, silver-toned. Adv. harmoniously, in harmony; as one &c adj.. Phr. the hidden soul of harmony [Milton].

414. Discord — N. discord, discordance; dissonance, cacophony, want of harmony, caterwauling; harshness &c 410. [Confused sounds], Babel, Dutch concert, cat's concert; marrowbones and cleavers. V. be discordant &c adj.; jar &c (sound harshly) 410. Adj. discordant; dissonant, absonant†; out of tune, tuneless; unmusical, untunable†; unmelodious, immelodious†; unharmonious†, inharmonious; singsong; cacophonous; harsh &c 410; jarring.

415. Music — N. music; concert; strain, tune, air; melody &c 413; aria, arietta†; piece of music [Fr.], work, number, opus; sonata; rondo, rondeau [Fr.]; pastorale, cavatina†, roulade†, fantasia, concerto, overture, symphony, variations, cadenza; cadence; fugue, canon, quodlibet, serenade, notturno [It], dithyramb; opera, operetta; oratorio; composition, movement; stave; passamezzo [It], toccata, Vorspiel [G.]. instrumental music; full score; minstrelsy, tweedledum and tweedledee, band, orchestra; concerted piece [Fr.], potpourri, capriccio. vocal music, vocalism†; chaunt, chant; psalm, psalmody; hymn; song &c (poem) 597; canticle, canzonet†, cantata, bravura, lay, ballad, ditty, carol, pastoral, recitative, recitativo†, solfeggio†. Lydian measures; slow music, slow movement; adagio &c adv.; minuet; siren strains, soft music, lullaby; dump; dirge &c (lament) 839; pibroch†; martial music, march; dance music; waltz &c (dance) 840. solo, duet, duo, trio; quartet, quartett†; septett†; part song, descant, glee, madrigal, catch, round, chorus, chorale; antiphon†, antiphony; accompaniment, second, bass; score; bourdon†, drone, morceau†, terzetto†. composer &c 413; musician &c 416. V. compose, perform &c 416; attune. Adj. musical; instrumental, vocal, choral, lyric, operatic; harmonious &c 413; Wagnerian. Adv. adagio; largo, larghetto, andante, andantino†; alla capella [It]; maestoso†, moderato; allegro, allegretto; spiritoso†, vivace†, veloce†; presto, prestissimo†; con brio; capriccioso†; scherzo, scherzando†; legato, staccato, crescendo, diminuendo, rallentando†, affettuoso†; obbligato; pizzicato; desto†. Phr. in notes by distance made more sweet [Collins]; like the faint exquisite music of a dream [Moore]; music arose with its voluptuous swell [Byron]; music is the universal language of mankind [Longfellow]; music's golden tongue [Keats]; the speech of angels [Carlyle]; will sing the savageness out of a bear [Othello]; music hath charms to soothe the savage beast.

416. Musician [Performance of Music.] — N. musician, artiste, performer, player, minstrel; bard &c (poet) 597; [specific types of musicians] accompanist, accordionist, instrumentalist, organist, pianist, violinist, flautist; harper, fiddler, fifer†, trumpeter, piper, drummer; catgut scraper. band, orchestral waits. vocalist, melodist; singer, warbler; songster, chaunter†, chauntress†, songstress; cantatrice†. choir, quire, chorister; chorus, chorus singer; liedertafel [G.]. nightingale, philomel†, thrush; siren; bulbul, mavis; Pierides; sacred nine; Orpheus, Apollo†, the Muses Erato, Euterpe, Terpsichore; tuneful nine, tuneful quire. composer &c 413. performance, execution, touch, expression, solmization†. V. play, pipe, strike up, sweep the chords, tweedle, fiddle; strike the lyre, beat the drum; blow the horn, sound the horn, wind the horn; doodle; grind the organ; touch the guitar &c (instruments) 417; thrum, strum, beat time. execute, perform; accompany; sing a second, play a second; compose, set to music, arrange. sing, chaunt, chant, hum, warble, carol, chirp, chirrup, lilt, purl, quaver, trill, shake, twitter, whistle; sol-fa†; intone. have an ear for music, have a musical ear, have a correct ear. Adj. playing &c v.; musical. Adv. adagio, andante &c (music) 415.

417. Musical Instruments — N. musical instruments; band; string-band, brass-band; orchestra; orchestrina†. [Stringed instruments], monochord†, polychord†; harp, lyre, lute, archlute†; mandola†, mandolin, mandoline†; guitar; zither; cither†, cithern†; gittern†, rebeck†, bandurria†, bandura, banjo; bina†, vina†; xanorphica†. viol, violin, fiddle, kit; viola, viola d'amore [Fr.], viola di gamba [It]; tenor, cremona, violoncello, bass; bass viol, base viol; theorbo†, double base, contrabasso†, violone†, psaltery [Slang]; bow, fiddlestick†. piano, pianoforte; harpsichord, clavichord, clarichord†, manichord†; clavier, spinet, virginals, dulcimer, hurdy-gurdy, vielle†, pianino†, Eolian harp. [Wind instruments]; organ, harmonium, harmoniphon†; American organ†, barrel organ, hand organ; accordion, seraphina†, concertina; humming top. flute, fife, piccolo, flageolet; clarinet, claronet†; basset horn, corno di bassetto [It], oboe, hautboy, cor Anglais [Fr.], corno Inglese†, bassoon, double bassoon, contrafagotto†, serpent, bass clarinet; bagpipes, union pipes; musette, ocarina, Pandean pipes; reed instrument; sirene†, pipe, pitch-pipe; sourdet†; whistle, catcall; doodlesack†, harmoniphone†. horn, bugle, cornet, cornet-a-pistons, cornopean†, clarion, trumpet, trombone, ophicleide†; French horn, saxophone, sax [Slang], buglehorn†, saxhorn, flugelhorn†, althorn†, helicanhorn†, posthorn†; sackbut, euphonium, bombardon tuba†. [Vibrating surfaces] cymbal, bell, gong; tambour†, tambourine, tamborine†; drum, tom-tom; tabor, tabret†, tabourine†, taborin†; side drum, kettle drum; timpani, tympani†; tymbal†, timbrel†, castanet, bones; musical glasses, musical stones; harmonica, sounding-board, rattle; tam-tam, zambomba†. [Vibrating bars] reed, tuning fork, triangle, Jew's harp, musical box, harmonicon†, xylophone. sordine†, sordet†; sourdine†, sourdet†; mute. (iv) PERCEPTION OF SOUND