River and Canal Engineering, the characteristics of open flowing streams, and the principles and methods to be followed in dealing with them.

1. =Reservoirs.=--The object of a reservoir is to store water for town supply or for irrigation or other purposes. Reservoirs for the water supply of towns are divided into “imp...

1. =Preliminary Remarks.=--Every structure which interferes at all with a stream causes an abrupt change in the stream (CHAP. IV., _Art. 1_). At an abrupt change there are alway...

1. =Preliminary Remarks.=--When flowing water carries solid substances in suspension, they are known as “silt.” Material is also moved by being rolled along the bed of the strea...

1. =Preliminary Remarks.=--_Arts. 2_ and _3_ of this Chapter deal with the calculation of flood discharges, _Art. 2_ dealing with small streams, in which the water has to be got...

1. =Tides.=--The tides or “tidal waves” are caused by the attraction of the moon and the sun. The phenomena are complex, and a full discussion of their causes need not be given...

1. =Deltaic Rivers.=--When a river flows into a tideless sea its silt deposits and forms a shoal or bar. This shoal may in time extend and rise up to the water-level. The curren...

1. =Preliminary Remarks.=--Most important works which affect the régime of a stream have some effect on its silting or scouring action, but this is not generally their chief obj...

1. =Rainfall Statistics.=--The mean annual rainfall varies very greatly according to the locality. In England it varies from about 20 inches at Hunstanton in Cambridgeshire, to...

1. =Diversions.=--When a stream is permanently diverted the new course is generally shorter than the old one, and the diversion is then often called a cut-off. The first result...

1. =Preliminary Remarks.=--The protection of a length of bank from scour may be effected by spurs, which are works projecting into the stream at intervals, or by a continuous li...

1. =Preliminary Remarks.=--The information which is required concerning streams depends on the character of the stream and on the nature of the work which is to be done. For the...

1. =Banks.=--All banks which have to hold up water should be carefully made. The earth should be deposited in layers and all clods broken up. In high banks the layers should be...

1. =Bridges.=--Bridges are of many kinds. In this book only those parts of them are considered which are exposed to the stream. If a bridge has piers, there must be some disturb...

1. =Preliminary Remarks.=--When a stream is trained or regularised it is generally made narrower, but sometimes narrow places have to be widened. Deepening has also very frequen...

1. =Preliminary Remarks.=--River and Canal Engineering is that branch of engineering science which deals with the characteristics of streams flowing in open channels, and with t...

The object of this book is to describe the principles and practice adopted in the Engineering of Open Streams. If the book seems to be somewhat small for its object, it will, it...

1. Preliminary Remarks 27 2. Rolled Material 29 3. Materials carried in Suspension 31 4. Methods of Investigation 33 5. Quantity and Distribution of Silt 35 6. Practical Formulæ...

1. Preliminary Remarks 48 2. Increase of Scour or Reduction of Silting 48 3. Production of Silt Deposit 51 4. Arrangements at Bifurcations 53 5. A Canal with Headworks in a Rive...

1. Preliminary Remarks 102 2. General Design of a Weir 105 3. Weirs on Sandy or Porous Soil 106 4. Various Types of Weirs 111 5. Weirs with Sluices 115 6. Falling Shutters 121 7...

1. Preliminary Remarks 18 2. Stream Gauges 19 3. Plan and Sections 21 4. Discharge Observations 21 5. Discharge Curves and Tables 23 6. Small Streams 24 7. Intermittent Streams...

1. Preliminary Remarks 141 2. Small Streams 141 3. Rivers 146 4. Prediction of Floods 150 5. Prevention of Floods 153 6. Lowering the Water-Level 154 7. Flood Embankments 156