Chapter 6

17. volébant, dedit. Consider the tenses. Each army waited for some time for the other to cross; finally Hercules gave the signal.

22. occíderint. The perfect subjunctive is sometimes used in result clauses after a past tense in the principal clause. This is contrary to the general principle of the sequence of tenses, which requires the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive after a past tense, the present or perfect subjunctive after a present or future tense.

23. Virí. Compare this with _hominibus_, 12, 2.

24. praestábant. Compare the tense with praestitérunt, line 21.

27. neu. As _neque_ or _nec_ is used for 'and not,' so _néve_ or _neu_ for 'and that not' in an object-clause or a clause of purpose.

20. 1. quibus, 'and by these,' The relative is much used in Latin to connect a new sentence with the one preceding. When so used, it is generally best rendered by 'and' or 'but' and a demonstrative or personal pronoun.

ita ... ut. See the note on 17, 9.

2. essent, most easily explained as the subjunctive of attraction. By this is meant that the verb is attracted into the mood of the clause upon which it depends.

4. púgnátum est, 'the battle raged' or 'they fought,' literally 'it was fought,' Intransitive verbs are often thus used impersonally in the passive, with the subject implied in the verb itself, as púgnátum est = _púgna púgnáta est_.

11. aestátis, partitive genitive. Notice that multum is used as a noun.

13. nactus. The perfect active participle is wanting in Latin, but the perfect participle of deponent verbs is active in meaning.

24. specié horribilí. See the note on 4, 14.

26. timóre perterrití. See the note on 14, 11.

continébantur, 'kept themselves shut up.' This is the so-called reflexive use of the passive, in which the subject is represented as acting upon itself.

pecora. This word is used of herds of cattle, pecudés (line 25) of single animals, especially sheep.

28. commótus cónsuluit. See the note on 18, 4.

21. 3. líberáret. See the note on 16, 27.

óráculó. Notice that párére is intransitive and has the dative of indirect object, while 'obey' is transitive. It may help to understand the Latin construction if you translate such verbs as _páreó_ by intransitives, here 'to submit to.'

4. sacrifició. See the note on 10, 11.

5. ipsó temporis punctó quó, 'at the very moment when.'

8. égressus. See the note on 20, 13.

dé rébus ... factus est, 'was informed of the state of things,' literally 'was made more certain about the things which were being done.' In what gender, number, person, and case is quae? Give a reason for each.

11. posset. The subjunctive is used because the words of the king are quoted indirectly. He said _sí potes_, 'if you can.'

19. Ipse. Notice the use of this word in contrasts, frequently, as here, of a person with that which belongs to him or with his subordinates.

20. inter sé, 'to one another.'

22. esset, subjunctive in an indirect question. The direct form would be _Quantum perículum est_? ('How great is the danger?'). multás terrás, just as we say 'many lands,'

23. Európae. Compare _Thébánís_, 10, 21.

24. in utróque lítore, 'on each shore,' 'on both shores.'

25. columnás. The ancients believed that the Rock of Gibraltar was the pillar set up by Hercules on the European side.

22. 4. tantum, an adverb.

5. dederit. See the note on 19, 22.

9. quó in locó. See the note on 11, 25. essent. See the note on 21, 22.

10. sibi, the indirect reflexive.

12. et ... et, 'both ... and.'

18. prógredí, 'from proceeding.'

19. prohibébant, 'attempted to prevent,' imperfect of attempted action. Notice that the use of the imperfect to express customary, repeated, or attempted action follows naturally from its use to denote action going on in past time. The present, the tense which denotes action going on in present time, has the same special uses.

20. barbarí. This word was used by the Greeks of all other peoples; by the Romans it was used of all but the Greeks and themselves.

24. cecidérunt. Let the quantity of the _i_ tell you whether this comes from _cadó_ or _caedó_. Is occíderint a compound of _cadó_ or _caedó_?

25. in tálibus rébus, _i.e_. when a god intervenes in behalf of his favorite.

26. nihil incommodí, 'no harm,' literally 'nothing of harm'; incommodí is partitive genitive.

23. 2. quam celerrimé, 'as rapidly as possible.' _Quam_ with the superlative expresses the highest possible degree.

3. Necesse, predicate adjective with erat, the subject being hás tránsíre.

5. citerióre. The Romans called upper Italy _Gallia Citerior_, 'Hither Gaul,' because it was occupied by Gallic tribes.

6. perenní. Learn the derivation of this word. The meaning of a word may often be seen most easily and remembered most surely by noticing its derivation,

téctí, used as predicate adjective.

9. cópiam. Notice carefully the meaning of this word. In what sense have we found the plural _cópiae_ used?

10. rébus, 'preparations.' See the note on _rés_, 13, 8.

cónsúmpserat. See the note on 14, 3.

11. omnium opíniónem. Hitherto we have had _opíniónem omnium_, but here _omnium_ is made emphatic by being placed first.

15. itinere, ablative of cause.

fessus, 'since he was weary.' Notice that a Latin adjective or participle must often be expanded into a clause in the translation.

16. Haud = _nón_. It modifies a single word, usually an adjective or adverb.

19. modo. See the note on 18, 10.

ingentí mágnitúdine. Compare _ingentis mágnitúdinis_, 16, 7.

23. boum. Learn the declension of this word from the vocabulary.

24. né. A negative clause of purpose is introduced by _né_.

24. 2. omnibus locís. _Locus_ modified by an adjective is often used without _in_ in the ablative of place.

3. núsquam. We say 'could not find anywhere,' but Latin prefers to combine the negative with another word.

6. reliquís. See the note on _reliquós centaurós_, 14, 26.

7. é bóbus. Compare _boum_, 23, 23. With únus the ablative with _ex_ or _dé_ is commonly used instead of the partitive genitive.

16. neque quicquam. See the note on 10, 4.

21. móre suó, 'according to his custom.'

turbátus, 'was confused ... and.' See the note on _íra ... interfécit_, 18, 4.

22. in. See the note on _in átrium_, 7, 3.

25. respírandí. See the note on 12, 26.

25. 2. quam quós, for _quam eós quós_.

11. cui. See the note on _cui erant_, 13, 5.

12. Herculí imperáverat, 'had enjoined upon Hercules.'

17. Eurystheó. See the note on _óráculó_, 21, 3.

19. quaesíverat. With this verb the person of whom the question is asked is expressed in the ablative with _ab, dé_, or _ex_.

23. orbis terrárum, 'of the world,' literally 'of the circle of lands.'

26. umerís suís, ablative of means, but we say 'on his shoulders.'

né. See the note on 23, 24.

décideret. Notice the force of the prefix _dé_.

27. mírátus, 'wondering at.' The perfect participle of deponent verbs is often best rendered into English by a present participle.

26. 3. Herculí, dative with pródesse.

ille. See the note on _Perseus_, 4, 4.

4. certó, the adverb.

6. vénisset. What would the form be in the direct question?

inquit. See the note on 14, 28.

7. fíliábus. To avoid confusion with the corresponding forms of _deus_ and _fílius_, the dative and ablative plural of _dea_ and _fília_ sometimes end in _ábus_.

sponte. This noun is practically confined to the ablative singular, in prose usually with _meá, tuá_, or _suá_, 'of my, your, his own accord.'

9. posset, subjunctive because indirect. The thought of Hercules was _sí potest_.

11. abesset. This also is indirect, quoting _absum_.

12. umerís. See the note on 25, 26.

17. pauca mília. Extent of space, like duration of time, is expressed by the accusative,

passuum. See the note on 16, 6.

21. ita ut, 'as'

accépissent. Hitherto we have found the indicative in causal clauses introduced by quod. The subjunctive indicates that the reason is quoted; the Hesperides said _quod accépimus_.

28. grátiás égit. See the note on 6, 16.

27. 2. é labóribus. See the note on 24, 7.

3. Herculí praecéperat = _Herculí imperáverat_, 25, 12.

5. posset, subjunctive because it quotes the thought of Eurystheus, _poterit_.

6. ut ... traheret. This clause is not itself the object of dedit, but in apposition with the object (Negótium).

7. omnium, partitive genitive.

11. nárrámus. The present is sometimes used with antequam to express future action, as in English with 'before.' See the note on 15, 1.

aliénum, predicate adjective, the subject of vidétur being pauca ... própónere. In the passive _videó_ may mean 'be seen,' but it usually means 'seem.'

13. qui ídem, 'which also,' literally 'which the same.'

14. Ut, 'when.'

15. dédúcébantur, customary action.

19. Stygis flúminis. We say 'river Styx,' but 'Mississippi River.'

quó, ablative of means.

20. necesse. See the note on 23, 3.

possent. The subjunctive is used with antequam to denote that the action is expected or intended.

21. in. We say 'over.'

25. prius. Notice that Latin is here more exact than English, using the comparative because only two actions are spoken of.

dedisset, subjunctive because indirect. Charon said _nisi dederis_ (future perfect), _nón tránsveham_, 'unless you first give (shall have given), I will not carry you across.'

28. 1. mortuí, used as a noun, 'of the dead man.'

eó cónsilió, 'with this purpose,' 'to this end.' The clause ut ... posset is in apposition with cónsilió.

6. Ut. Compare 27, 14.

8. quod cum fécissent, 'and when they had done this.' See the note on _quibus_, 20, 1.

13. Stábant, 'there stood.' What is its subject?

15. mortuís, dative of indirect object.

et. Notice that ambiguity is avoided by a change of conjunctions, et connecting the clauses and -que connecting praemia and poenás. Of these connectives, _et_ connects two ideas that are independent of each other and of equal importance; _-que_ denotes a close connection, often of two words that together express a single idea; while _ac_ or _atque_ (see line 18) adds something of greater importance.

18. et. _Multí_ is often joined by _et_ to another adjective modifying the same noun.

24. ex. Compare 25, 18.

27. sé sociós, direct object and predicate accusative respectively.

29. 3. né. After verbs of fearing _né_ must be rendered 'that,' _ut_, 'that not.' Notice, however, that the negative idea is as clearly present here as in the other clauses introduced by _né_ that we have met, for Charon wishes that the thing may not happen.

13. fécisset, indirect for _féceris_.

18. refúgerit. See the note on 19, 22.

23. quae cum ita essent, 'and this being the case,' 'and so,' literally 'since which things were so.'

24. líberátus. See the note on _írá ... interfécit_, 18, 4.

25. quae, object of perscríbere, which is the subject of est; longum is predicate adjective.

26. est. We say 'would be.'

aetáte, ablative of specification. Translate 'when he was now advanced in age' (_i.e_. 'late in life'), and see the note on _fessus_, 23, 15.

30. 1. accidit. This is one of several impersonal verbs which take for their subject a clause of result (ut ... occíderit).

3. ut ... íret, a clause of result; used as the subject of esset, mós being predicate.

quis. After _sí, nisi, né_, and _num_, this is not the interrogative, but an indefinite pronoun ('any one'),

occídisset, indirect for _occíderit_, which would be the form used in the laws; or it may be explained as subjunctive by attraction to íret.

7. tránseant, not 'they are crossing,' but 'they are to cross.' The direct form would be _tránseámus ('How in the world are we to get across?'), subjunctive because the question expresses doubt. This is called the deliberative subjunctive.

10. prógressus, 'after advancing.'

11. revertébátur. This verb is deponent in the present, imperfect, and future.

16. humí, locative, 'on the ground.'

né. See the note on 23, 24.

suí ulcíscendí, 'of avenging himself.' This is called the gerundive construction. It is regularly used instead of the gerund when the gerund would have an accusative object (_sé ulcíscendí_). Notice that the gerund is a verbal noun; the gerundive a verbal adjective, agreeing with its noun like any other adjective.

17. morientis, 'of a dying man.' Compare _mortuí_, 28, 1.

18. vís, from _voló_.

20. sí ... vénerit, 'if you ever suspect him.' What is the literal meaning? Notice that we use the present, while Latin by the use of the future perfect indicates that the action is to precede that of the main clause.

21. inficiés. The future indicative is sometimes used, as in English, for the imperative.

22. nihil malí. See the note on 22, 26.

suspicáta. See the note on 25, 27.

25. Iolén, fíliam, captívam, direct object, appositive, and predicate accusative respectively.

26. domum. See the note on _ad domum_, 3, 15.

31. 1. referret. See the note on 19, 6.

2. facerent, subjunctive by attraction. The verb of a clause dependent upon an infinitive is put in the subjunctive when the two clauses are closely connected in thought. We have already met this construction in the case of dependence upon a subjunctive; see the note on 20, 2.

gerere. Compare 30, 3. Such phrases as _mós est_ may have as subject either an infinitive or a clause of result.

3. verita. This participle is regularly rendered as present,

né. See the note on 29, 3.

4. vestem. Notice that the position of this word helps to make it clear that it is the object of ínfécit as well as of dedit.

5. suspicáns. This does not differ appreciably in force from _suspicáta_, 30, 22.

8. exanimátus, 'beside himself.'

14. succenderent. Notice the force of the prefix _sub_ in this word and in subdidit below.

15. inductus, 'moved.'

THE ARGONAUTS

33. 1. alter ... alter, 'one ... the other.' Remember that this word is used to denote one of two given persons or things. We have in this passage an instance of the chiastic order, in which variety and emphasis are gained by reversing the position of the words in the second of two similar expressions. Here the two names are brought together by this device.

3. régní, objective genitive, _i.e_. a genitive used to denote the object of the feeling cupiditáte.

6. ex amícís. Quídam, like _únus_, commonly has _ex_ or _dé_ and the ablative, instead of the partitive genitive.

10. puerum mortuum esse, 'that the boy was dead,' literally 'the boy to be dead.' This is indirect for _Puer mortuus est_, 'The boy is dead.' Notice carefully what changes Latin makes in quoting such a statement indirectly, and what the changes are in English. We have already met two constructions of indirect discourse, the subjunctive in indirect questions, and the subjunctive in informal indirect discourse. By the latter is meant a subordinate clause which, though not forming part of a formal quotation, has the subjunctive to show that not the speaker or writer but some other person is responsible for the idea it expresses (see the notes on _dedisset_, 27, 25, and _occídisset_. 30, 3). In indirect discourse, then, a statement depending upon a verb of saying, thinking, knowing, perceiving, or the like has its verb in the infinitive with the subject in the accusative; a command or question has its verb in the subjunctive; and any clause modifying such a statement, command, or question has its verb in the subjunctive.

33. 13. intellegerent. See the note on 14, 20.

14. nesció quam fábulam, 'some story or other.' Notice that _nesció_ with the interrogative pronoun is equivalent to an indefinite pronoun.

19. óráculum. Read again the description beginning at the bottom of page 11.

21. quis. See the note on 30, 3.

Post paucís annís, 'a few years later,' literally 'later by a few years.' Post is here an adverb, and paucís annís ablative of degree of difference. The expression is equivalent to _post paucós annós_.

22. accidit. See the note on 30, 1.

factúrus, 'intending to make.' The future participle with a form of _sum_ is used to express an intended or future action. This is called the active periphrastic conjugation.

23. certam. See the note on 5, 13.

24. Dié cónstitútá, ablative of time.

26. á pueritiá. Compare _á pueró_, 9, 20.

34. 2. tránseundó flúmine. See the note on _suí ulcíscendí_, 30, 16.

nesció quó. See the note on 33. 14.

4. únó pede núdó, 'with one foot bare,' the ablative absolute. This construction consists of two parts, a noun, or pronoun corresponding to the subject of a clause, and a participle corresponding to the verb of a clause. A predicate noun or adjective may take the place of the participle. In the latter case the use of the participle 'being' will show the two parts in the relation of subject and predicate, 'one foot being bare.'

34.6. démónstrávisset, subjunctive because subordinate in indirect discourse. See the note on 33, 10. Pelias thought, _Híc est homó quem óráculum démónstrávit_.

9. vellus aureum. Phrixus and his sister Helle were about to be put to death, when they were rescued by a ram with fleece of gold, who carried them off through the air. Helle fell from the ram's back into the strait that separates Europe and Asia, called after her the Hellespont, 'Helle's sea,' and known to us as the Dardanelles. Phrixus came safely to Colchis, and here he sacrificed the ram and gave the fleece to Aeetes. Read Mr. D.O.S. Lowell's _Jason's Quest_.

11. ut ... potírétur. See the note on 27, 6.

hóc vellere. _Potior_ takes the same construction as _véscor_, for which see the note on 16, 19.

16. iter, accusative of extent.

20. úsuí, dative of purpose. We say 'of use' or 'useful.'

24. operí dative after the compound with _prae_. Notice that not all verbs compounded with prepositions govern the dative. Many compounds of _ad, ante, com_ (for _cum_), _in, inter, ob, post, prae, pró, sub_, and _super_ do have the dative, and some compounds of _circum_. You will find it profitable to keep a list of all such compound verbs governing the dative that you meet in your reading.

25. né ... quidem, 'not ... even.' The word emphasized must stand between _né_ and _quidem_.

ad labórem. See the note on _ad quiétem_, 14, 1.

26. Ad multitúdinem tránsportandam, used like _ad labórem_. The gerundive in this use is very common.

27. quibus. The antecedent _eae_ is not expressed. Notice that _útor_ governs the same case as _véscor_ and _potior_. Two other deponent verbs, not found in this book, take this construction, namely _fruor_, 'enjoy,' and _fungor_, 'perform.'

nostró marí, _i.e_. the Mediterranean.

cónsuévimus. See the note on _cónsuéverat_, 10, 9.

35. 8. citharoedum. It was said that Orpheus made such sweet music on his golden harp that wild beasts, trees, and rocks followed him as he moved. By his playing he even prevailed upon Pluto to give back his dead wife Eurydice.

Théseum, a mythical hero, whose exploits resemble and rival those of Hercules. The most famous of them was the killing of the Minotaur. Theseus was the national hero of Athens.

Castorem, the famous tamer of horses and brother of Pollux, the boxer. Read Macaulay's _Lays of Ancient Rome, The Battle of the Lake Regillus_.

10. quós, the subject of esse. Its antecedent is eós, line 11. The relative frequently precedes in Latin, but the antecedent must be translated first.

16. Argonautae. Notice the composition of this word.

24. déicerentur, part of the result clause.

26. arbitrátí. See the note on 25, 27.

égredí. See the note on 22, 18.

27. púgnátum est. See the note on 20 4.

36. 5. Postrídié éius diéí, 'the next day,' more literally 'on the day following that day.' This idea may be expressed by _postrídié_ alone, and the fuller expression is simply more formal.

9. in ancorís, 'at anchor.'

10. habérent. See the note on 34, 6.

11. ex Argonautís. See the note on 33, 6.

13. Quí, 'he.' See the note on _quibus_, 20, 1.

dum quaerit, 'while looking for.' The present indicative with _dum_ is often to be translated by a present participle.

15. vídissent. We say 'saw,' but Latin makes it plain that the seeing (and falling in love) came before the attempt to persuade.

eí. Keep a list of all intransitive verbs which are used with the dative.

16. negáret. This verb is commonly used instead of _dícó_ when a negative statement follows; when thus used, it should be translated by 'say' with the appropriate negative, here 'said that he would not.'

37. 1. praebuisset, subjunctive in a subordinate clause of indirect discourse.

2. supplicí. See the note on 7, 8.

6. accubuerat. The Romans reclined at table, supporting themselves on the left arm and taking the food with the right hand. They naturally represented others as eating in the same way.

appositum, 'that had been placed before him.' See the note on _exanimátum_, 14, 4.

7. Quó ... morerétur, 'and so it came to pass that Phineus was nearly dying of starvation,' literally 'that not much was wanting but that Phineus would die.' Ut ... abesset is a clause of result, the subject of factum est; quin ... morerétur is a form of subordinate clause with subjunctive verb used after certain negative expressions; famé is ablative of cause. Notice that _famés_ has a fifth-declension ablative, but is otherwise of the third declension.

9. Rés male sé habébat, 'the situation was desperate.' What is the literal meaning?

12. opíniónem virtútis, 'reputation for bravery.'

13. quín ferrent. Negative expressions of doubt are regularly followed by _quín_ and the subjunctive.

16. quantó in perículó. See the note on 11, 25.

suae rés, 'his affairs.' See the note on _rés_, 13, 8.

17. repperissent. Phineus used the future perfect indicative.

22. nihil, used adverbially.

23. áera. See the note on 4, 11.

27. Hóc factó, 'when this had been accomplished.' See the note on 34, 4. The ablative absolute is often used instead of a subordinate clause of time, cause, condition, or the like.

38. 1. referret. See the note on 6, 16.

3. eó cónsilió. See the note on 28, 1.

4. né quis, 'that no one.' 'Negative clauses of purpose and negative clauses of result may be distinguished by the negative: _né, né quís_, etc., for purpose; _ut nón, ut némó_, etc., for result.

parvó interválló, 'a short distance apart,' ablative absolute. See the note on 34, 1.

5. in medium spatium, 'between them.'

7. quid faciendum esset, 'what was to be done.' The gerundive is used with _sum_ to denote necessary action. This is called the passive periphrastic conjugation.

8. sublátís ... solvit, 'weighed anchor and put to sea.' What is the literal translation? The ablative absolute is often best translated by a coördinate verb, and this requires a change of voice, for the lack of a perfect active participle in Latin is the reason for the use of the ablative absolute in such cases. If there were a perfect active participle, it would stand in the nominative, modifying the subject, as we have found the perfect participle of deponent verbs doing.

11. réctá ... spatium, 'straight between them.'

12. caudá tantum ámissá, 'having lost only its tail-feathers.' Notice that we change the voice, as in line 8, and that the use of the ablative absolute is resorted to here for the same reason as in that passage. Make sure at this point that you know three ways in which the ablative absolute may be translated, as in this passage, as in line 8, and as suggested in the note on 37, 27.

14. concurrerent, 'could rush together.' See the note on _possent_, 27, 20.

intellegentés, equivalent to _cum intellegerent_.

17. dís, the usual form of the dative and ablative plural of _deus_, as _dí_ of the nominative plural.

quórum, equivalent to _cum eórum_. A relative clause of cause, like a _cum_-clause of cause, has its verb in the subjunctive.

27. negábat. See the note on 36, 16.

39. 1. tráditúrum. In infinitives formed with participles _esse_ is often omitted,

prius. See the note on 27, 25.

3. Prímum. See the note on 12, 16.

4. iungendí erant. See the note on 38, 7.

8. reí bene gerendae, 'of accomplishing his mission.' What is the literal meaning?