Chapter 5

Postrídié éius diéí Ulixés ex hác ínsulá quam celerrimé discédere in animó habébat. Circé tamen cum haec cógnóvisset, ex odió ad amórem conversa omnibus precibus eum óráre et obtestárí coepit ut paucós diés apud sé morárétur; quá ré tandem impetrátá tanta beneficia in eum contulit ut facile eí persuásum sit ut diútius manéret. Postquam tamen tótum annum apud Circén cónsúmpserat, Ulixés mágnó désíderió patriae suae mótus est. Sociís igitur ad sé convocátís quid in animó habéret ostendit. Ubi tamen ad lítus déscendit, návem suam tempestátibus tam adflíctam invénit ut ad návigandum paene inútilis esset. Hác ré cógnitá omnia quae ad návís reficiendás úsuí essent comparárí iussit, quá in ré tantam díligentiam omnés adhibébant ut ante tertium diem opus perfécerint. At Circé ubi omnia ad profectiónem paráta esse vídit, rem aegré ferébat et Ulixem vehementer obsecrábat ut eó cónsilió désisteret. Ille tamen, né anní tempore a návigátióne exclúderétur, mátúrandum sibi exístimávit, et tempestátem idóneam nactus návem solvit. Multa quidem perícula Ulixí subeunda erant antequam in patriam suam perveníret, quae tamen hóc locó longum est perscríbere.

NOTES

PERSEUS

_The numbers refer to the page of text and the line on the page respectively_.

3.6. Danaé. Many proper names in this book are words borrowed by Latin from Greek, and have forms not given in the regular Latin declensions. It will not be necessary to learn the declension of such words.

7. enim. This word commonly stands second in its clause.

8. turbábat. Notice that this verb and dormiébat below are in the imperfect tense to denote a state of things existing at the past time indicated by territa est.

autem. This word has the same peculiarity of position as enim; so also igitur, which occurs in line 11.

12. Seríphum. Notice that Latin says 'the island Seriphos,' but English more often 'the island of Seriphos.'

13. appulsa est. Postquam is regularly followed by the perfect or present indicative, but the English translation usually requires the pluperfect.

15. quódam. _Quídam_ means 'certain' as applied to some person or thing not fully described, while _certus_ means 'certain' in the sense of 'determined.' 'sure,'

ad domum. This means 'to the house'; 'to be brought home' would be _domum addúcí_, without the preposition.

16. Ille is often used, as here, when the subject is changed to a person mentioned in the preceding sentence. In this use it is to be translated 'he.'

18. benefició. See the derivation of this word in the vocabulary.

20. multós annós. Duration of time is regularly expressed in the accusative case.

22. eam. Latin has no pronoun of the third person, and _is_ often takes the place of one; it is then to be translated 'he,' 'she,' 'it,' 'they,' according to its form.

25. haec. The literal translation would be 'these things,' but we must say 'thus' or 'as follows.'

4. 1. es. With iam dúdum and similar expressions of duration, the present indicative is often used to denote an action or state begun in the past but continuing in the present. The English equivalent is the perfect.

híc, is not the pronoun, but an adverb.

2. mihi. This dative may be translated 'for me.' How would 'to me' with a verb of motion be put?

3. refer. _Dícó, dúcó, fació_, and _feró_ have the imperative forms _díc, dúc, fac_, and _fer_, instead of _díce_, etc.

4. Perseus. When the subordinate and the principal clause of a Latin sentence have the same subject, this usually stands first, followed by the subordinate clause.

haec. Here a different rendering is required from that suggested in the note on 3, 25. What is it? Notice that it is necessary to know the literal significance of the Latin words, but that the translation must often be something quite different if it is to be acceptable English. The rule for translation is: Discover the exact meaning of the original; then express the same idea correctly and, if you can, elegantly in the language into which you are translating.

5. continentem. What is the derivation of this word?

vénit. Is this present or perfect? How do you know?

8. Graeás. The Graeae were three old women who had one eye and one tooth in common, and took turns in using them.

9. galeam. This belonged to Pluto, the god of the underworld of the dead, and whosoever wore it was invisible. The story is that Perseus compelled the Graeae to tell him how to obtain the helps to his enterprise by seizing their tooth and eye.

11. pedibus, 'on his feet,' dative of indirect object.

induit. See the note on 3, 13.

áera. _Áér_ is borrowed from Greek, and keeps this Greek form for its accusative.

12. volábat. Distinguish between _voló, voláre_, and _voló, velle_.

13. céterís. _Céterí_ is used to denote all not already named ('the other'), while _alií_ denotes some of those who have not been already named ('other').

14. specié horribilí, 'of terrible appearance.' ablative of description. A noun never stands alone in this construction,

eárum. See the note on 3, 22.

15. contécta. This and factae below are used as predicate adjectives, not to form the pluperfect passive with erant. Translate, therefore, 'were covered.' not 'had been covered.'

18. vertébantur. The imperfect here denotes customary action, one of its regular uses.

19. Ille. See the note on 3, 16.

20. hóc modó, ablative of manner.

21. vénit, dormiébat. The perfect simply expresses an action which took place in past time, the imperfect tells of a state of things existing at that past time.

25. fugit. When dum means 'while,' 'as,' it is followed by the present indicative, even when used of past events.

26. fécit. Like _postquam_, ubi has the present or perfect indicative, where English would use the pluperfect.

5. 2. illó tempore, ablative of time.

régnábat. Observe the force of the tense, and try to find the reason for each change of tense in this paragraph.

Híc. This must here be translated simply 'he.' Compare the use of Ille, 3, 16.

4. veniébat. See the note on 4, 18.

6. omnium, 'of all men.' or 'of all.' The adjective is used as a noun, as in the second of the English expressions.

óráculum. It was believed in antiquity that the will of the gods and a knowledge of future events might be learned at certain shrines, of which the most famous were those of Apollo at Delphi, of Zeus or Jupiter at Dodona, and of Hammon in Egypt. Hammon was really an Egyptian god, represented as having the horns of a ram, but he was identified by the Greeks with Zeus and by the Romans with Jupiter.

7. fíliam. Where there is no ambiguity, the possessive is often omitted in Latin.

8. autem, often, as here, simply introduces an explanation ('now'),

nómine, 'by name.'

9. Cépheus. See the note on _Perseus_, 4, 4.

10. cívís suós, 'his subjects.'

13. certam. See the note on _quódam_, 3, 15. _Diés_ is regularly masculine, but when used of an appointed day it is often feminine.

omnia, 'all things,' 'everything,' or 'all.' See the note on _omnium_, line 6.

16. déplórábant, tenébant. Be careful to show the meaning of the tense by your translation.

18. quaerit. The present is often used of a past action instead of the perfect, to bring the action more vividly before us as if it were taking place now. This is called the historical present.

19. haec geruntur, 'this is going on.'

20. horribilí. Here the adjective is made emphatic by being put before its noun; in 4, 14 the same effect is gained by putting _horribilí_ last in its clause.

22. omnibus, dative of indirect object after the compound verb _(in+iació)_. Translate 'inspired in all,' but the literal meaning is 'threw into all.'

26. induit. See the note on 3, 13.

áera. See the note on 4, 11.

6. 2. suó, éius. Distinguish carefully between these words. _Suus_ is used of something belonging to the subject, _éius_ of something belonging to some other person or thing just mentioned.

5. volat. See the note on 4, 25.

7. sustulit. Notice that the perfect forms of _tolló_ are the same as those of _sufferó (sub + feró)_, 'endure.'

8. neque, here to be translated 'and ... not.' _Neque_ is thus used regularly for _et nón_.

13. exanimáta, used here as a predicate adjective.

16. rettulit. 'To give thanks' or 'thank' is usually _grátiás agere_, as in 3, 19; _grátiam referre_ means 'to show one's gratitude,' 'to recompense' or 'requite.'

18. dúxit. This word came to mean 'marry,' because the bridegroom 'led' his bride in a wedding procession to his own home. It will be seen, therefore, that it can be used only of the man.

Paucós annós. See the note on 3, 20.

20. omnís. What does the quantity of the _i_ tell you about the form?

7. 1. quod, not the relative pronoun, but a conjunction.

3. eó, the adverb.

in átrium. Although inrúpit means 'burst _into_,' the preposition is nevertheless required with the noun to express the place into which he burst.

6. ille. See the note on _Perseus_, 4, 4.

8. Acrisí. In Nepos, Caesar, Cicero, and Vergil, the genitive singular of second-declension nouns in _-ius_ and _-ium_ ends in _í_, not _ií_; but the nominative plural ends in _ií_, and the dative and ablative plural in _iís_.

10. istud. Remember that _iste_ is commonly used of something connected with the person addressed. Here the meaning may be 'that oracle I told you of.' See 3, 4.

12. Lárísam. See the note on 3, 12.

neque enim, 'for ... not,' as if simply _nón enim_, but Latin uses _neque_ to connect the clauses.

14. in omnís partís, 'in all directions' or 'in every direction.'

15. Multí. See the note on _omnium_, 5, 6.

17. discórum. The discus was a round, flat piece of stone or metal, and the athletes tried to see who could throw it farthest.

18. cású. This is one of the ablatives of manner that do not take _cum_.

19. stábat. Notice the tense.

HERCULES

9. 2. omnium hominum. This means 'all men' in the sense of 'all mankind.'

3. óderat. _Ódí_ is perfect in form, but present in meaning; and the pluperfect has in like manner the force of an imperfect. 5. mediá nocte, 'in the middle of the night,' 'in the dead of night.'

7. Nec tamen, 'not ... however.' See the note on _neque enim,_ 7, 12.

8. movébant. Contrast this tense with appropinquáverant and excitátí sunt.

13. Tálí modó = _hóc modó_, 4, 20.

20. á pueró, 'from a boy,' 'from boyhood.'

exercébat, the imperfect of customary action, as is also cónsúmébat.

24. autem. See the note on 5, 8.

25. artí, dative of indirect object with the intransitive verb studébat.

10. 2. omnibus víribus, 'with all his might,' ablative of manner.

3. é vítá. Notice that the preposition denoting separation appears both with the noun and in the verb. Compare _in átrium inrúpit_, 7, 3.

4. neque quisquam, 'and not any one,' _i.e_. 'and no one.' _Quisquam_ is used chiefly in negative sentences.

5. voluit, 'was willing.'

7. facit. See the note on 4, 25.

8. nómine. See the note on 5, 8.

9. vir crúdélissimus, not 'cruelest man,' but 'most cruel man.' The superlative is often thus used to denote simply a high degree of the quality.

cónsuéverat. Inceptive verbs end in _scó_ and denote the beginning of an action or state. The perfect and pluperfect of such verbs often represent the state of things resulting from the completion of the action, and are then to be translated as present and imperfect respectively. So _cónsuéscó_ = 'I am becoming accustomed,' _cónsuéví_ = 'I have become accustomed' or 'am accustomed,' _cónsuéveram_ = 'I had become accustomed' or 'was accustomed.'

11. sacrifició, 'for the sacrifice,' dative of purpose.

ea. Why is diés feminine here? See the note on _certam_, 5, 13.

12. omnia. See the note on 5, 13.

15. capitibus, dative of indirect object after the compound verb _(in + pónó)_.

16. iam. The omission of the conjunction that would naturally join this clause with the preceding, and the repetition of _iam_, which thus in a way connects the two clauses, reflect the imminence of the danger and heighten our anxiety for the hero. Observe too how the tenses of the verbs contribute to the vividness of the picture. We see Hercules at the altar and the priest, knife in hand, about to give the fatal blow.

18. alteró. Supply _íctú_.

19. Thébís, locative case. Notice that some names of towns are plural in form.

21. Thébánís, dative with the adjective fínitimí.

autem, 'now.'

22. Thébás. Names of towns are used without a preposition to express the place to which.

23. veniébant, postulábant, imperfect of customary action.

25. cívís suós, 'his fellow-citizens.' Compare 5, 10.

hóc stípendió, ablative of separation.

27. atque. This conjunction adds an important statement by way of supplement. Here the meaning is something like 'and not only that, but.'

11. 11. conversa. _Est_ and _sunt_ are frequently not expressed with the perfect participle.

17. suós ipse suá. Notice how the enormity of the crime is emphasized by the use of all these words repeating the same idea.

23. óráculum Delphicum. See the note on 5, 6.

hóc óráculum omnium = _hóc omnium óráculórum_.

25. Hóc in templó. Monosyllabic prepositions often stand between the noun and an adjective modifying it.

12. 1. quí. Remember that the relative pronoun agrees in gender, number, and person with its antecedent; that its case depends upon its use. How are the person and number of quí shown?

2. hominibus. See the note on 9, 2.

4. neque. See the note on 6, 8.

7. Tíryntha. This is a Greek accusative form. See the note on _áera_, 4, 11.

10. Duodecim annós, accusative of duration of time.

11. Eurystheó. The English verb 'serve' is transitive, but _servió_ ('be subject to') is intransitive and takes an indirect object.

14. quae. See the note on line 1. What is the case of quae?

16. Prímum is chiefly used in enumeration, prímó (line 6) in contrasting an action or state with one that follows it.

19. sécum. The preposition _cum_ follows and is joined to the reflexive and personal pronouns, usually also to the relative pronoun.

22. neque enim. See the note on 7, 12.

26. respírandí, the genitive of the gerund. It modifies facultás. The gerund corresponds to the English verbal noun in _-ing_.

13. 5. Hóc. We might expect _haec_ referring to Hydram, but a demonstrative pronoun is commonly attracted into the gender of the predicate noun (here mónstrum).

cui erant, 'which had,' literally 'to which there were.' This construction is found only with _sum_. It is called the dative of possession.

8. rés. In rendering this word choose always with great freedom the most suitable English word.

13. 8. mágní perículí. We say 'one of great danger.'

9. éius. What possessive would be used to modify sinistrá?

11. hóc cónátú, ablative of separation.

14. comprehendérunt. See the note on 3, 13.

unde = _ex quibus_.

16. auxilió Hydrae, 'to the aid of the Hydra,' but literally for aid (i.e. as aid) to the Hydra,' for Hydrae is dative. This is called the double dative construction, auxilió the dative of purpose, and Hydrae the dative of reference, i.e. the dative denoting the person interested.

17. abscídit. See the note on 4, 25.

mordébat, 'kept biting,' the imperfect of repeated action.

18. tálí modó. See the note on 9, 13.

interfécit. We have now had several verbs meaning 'kill.' _Interfició_ is the most general of these; _necó_ (line 4) is used of killing by unusual or cruel means, as by poison; _occídó_ (12, 23) is most commonly used of the 'cutting down' of an enemy in battle.

19. reddidit, as well as imbuit, has sagittás for its object, but we must translate as if we had _eás_ with reddidit.

22. ad sé. Compare this construction with the use of the dative in 4, 2. Notice that sé does not refer to Herculem, the subject of referre, but to Eurystheus, the subject of Iussit. When the reflexive thus refers to the subject of the principal verb rather than to the subject of the subordinate verb with which it s directly connected, it is called indirect.

23. tantae audáciae. The genitive of description, like the ablative of description, consists always of a noun with some modifying word. Compare _specié horribilí_, 4, 14.

autem. Compare 5, 8 and 10, 21.

24. incrédibilí celeritáte, ablative of description.

25. vestígiís, ablative of means.

26. ipsum, contrasts cervum with vestígiís.

27. omnibus víribus. See the note on 10, 2.

14. 1. currébat, 'he kept running.'

sibi, dative of reference. It need not be translated,

ad quiétem, 'for rest.' Purpose is frequently thus expressed by _ad_.

3. cucurrerat. The pluperfect is sometimes used with postquam when the lapse of time is denoted.

4. cursú, ablative of cause.

exanimátum = _quí exanimátus erat_. The participle is often equivalent to a relative clause.

5. rettulit. See the note on 13, 19.

8. rem. See the note on _rés_, 13, 8.

10. apró, dative of indirect object after the compound verb (_ob + curró_).

11. tímóre perterritus. It is not necessary to translate both words.

13. iniécit, i.e. upon the boar.

summá cum difficultáte. Compare this with _omnibus víribus_, 13, 27, and notice that _cum_ may be omitted with the ablative of manner when there is an adjective. For the position of cum, see the note on 11, 25.

15. ad Eurystheum. We are told elsewhere that Eurystheus was so frightened when he saw the boar that he hid in a cask.

vívus. Why have we the nominative here, but the accusative (vívum) in line 5?

17. quartó. The capture of the Erymanthian boar is usually given as the third labor and the capture of the Cerynean stag as the fourth.

nárrávimus. The writer sometimes uses the first person plural in speaking of himself, instead of the first person singular. This is called the plural of modesty, and is the same as the English usage.

18. in Arcadiam. How does this differ in meaning from _in Arcadiá_?

20. appeteret. The subjunctive introduced by cum, 'since,' may express the reason for the action of the main verb.

23. Herculés. See the note on _Perseus_, 4, 4.

26. quod, conjunction, not pronoun.

reliquós centaurós, 'the rest of the centaurs,' 'the other centaurs.' Compare _mediá nocte_, 9, 5. Notice that _reliquí_ means about the same as _céterí_, and see the note on 4, 13.

28. inquit, historical present. This verb is used parenthetically with direct quotations.

15. 1. dabó. Notice that Latin is more exact than English in the use of the future tense in subordinate clauses. In English we often use the present in the subordinate clause and leave it to the principal verb to show that the time is future.

7. pervénérunt. See the note on 4, 26.

10. cónstitit, from _cónsistó_, not _cónstó_.

16. fugá. Latin says 'by flight,' not 'in flight.'

17. ex spéluncá. See the note on 10, 3.

21. locum, the direct object of Adiit, which is here transitive. We might also have _ad locum_ with _adeó_ used intransitively.

16. 4. Herculí. See the note on 10, 15.

labórem. This labor is usually given as the sixth, the destruction of the Stymphalian birds as the fifth.

6. tria mília boum, 'three thousand cattle,' literally 'three thousands of cattle.' The partitive genitive is the regular construction with the plural _mília_, but the singular _mílle_ is commonly used as an adjective, like English 'thousand.' Thus 'one thousand cattle' would be _mílle bovés_.

7. ingentís mágnitúdinis. See the note on _tantae audáciae_, 13, 23.

8. neque enim umquam, 'for ... never.' See the note on _neque enim_, 7, 12.

11. multae operae. See the note on _mágní perículí_, 13, 8.

12. duodévígintí pedum, i.e. in width.

dúxit. This word is used with reference to the progress of work on a wall or ditch from one end of it to the other.

15. opus. Compare this word with operae and labóre, line 12. _Labor_ is used of heavy or exhausting labor, _opera_ of voluntary exertion or effort, _opus_ of that upon which one labors or of the completed work.

17. imperáverat. This verb takes an indirect object to express the person ordered (eí). The action commanded is expressed by the subjunctive in a clause introduced by _ut_ and used as the object of _imperó_ (ut necáret). Notice that this may be translated 'that he should kill' or 'to kill.' Compare now the construction with _iubeó_, 13, 22, with which the command is expressed by the accusative and infinitive (_Herculem referre_).

19. carne. _Véscor_ is an intransitive verb and governs the ablative.

22. appropinquandí. See the note on 12, 26.

23. cónstitit, from _cónstó_. Compare 15, 10.

pedibus, 'on foot,' literally 'by his feet.'

25. consúmpsisset. The imperfect and pluperfect tenses of the subjunctive are used with cum, 'when,' to describe the circumstances of the action of the main verb. Compare 14, 20, and the note.

26. hóc cónátú. See the note on 13, 11.

27. peteret. The subjunctive is used with ut to express purpose. The best translation is usually the infinitive ('to ask'), but the Latin infinitive is not used in model prose to express purpose.

17. 3. ávolárent. This is not subjunctive of purpose, but of result, as is indicated by tam.

6. ex. Compare this with _ab_, 16, 21, and _dé_, 16, 13. We commonly translate all of these 'from,' but the real meanings are 'out of,' 'away from,' and 'down from' respectively.

Crétá. See the note on 3, 12.

7. esset. See the note on 14, 20.

8. ínsulae, dative with the compound verb (_ad_ + _propinquó_).

appropinquáret. See the note on 16, 25.

9. tanta ... ut. Notice how frequently the clause of result is connected with a demonstrative word in the main clause.

12. návigandí imperítus, 'ignorant of navigation,' 'inexperienced in sailing.' See the note on 12, 26.

21. cum, the conjunction.

ingentí labóre. See the note on _summá cum difficultáte_, 14, 13.

25. ut redúceret. See the note on 16, 27.

26. carne. See the note on 16, 19.

véscébantur, imperfect of customary action.

18. 3. ut tráderentur. Notice that _postuló_, like _imperó_, takes an object-clause introduced by _ut_ and having its verb in the subjunctive.

sibi, the indirect reflexive. See the note on 13, 22.

4. írá ... interfécit, 'became furiously angry and killed the king,' literally 'moved by wrath killed the king.' The participle is frequently best rendered by a finite verb.

18. 4. cadáver. The subject of an infinitive stands in the accusative case. We might translate here 'and gave orders that his body should be thrown.' See the note on 16, 17.

6. míra rérum commútátió. When a noun has both an adjective and a genitive modifier, this order of the words is common.

7. cum cruciátú, ablative of manner.

necáverat. See the note on _interfécit_, 13, 18.

10. referébant. See the note on 6, 16.

modo. This is the adverb, not a case of _modus_, the dative and ablative singular of which would be _modó_. Make a practice of carefully observing the quantity of vowels.

11. órábant. Notice that this verb, like _imperó_ and _postuló_, takes _ut_ and the subjunctive.

14. ad návigandum. See the note on _ad quiétem_, 14, 1.

16. post, here an adverb of time.

18. dícitur. Notice that the Latin construction is personal ('the nation is said to have consisted'), while English commonly has the impersonal construction ('it is said that the nation consisted').

19. reí mílitáris, 'the art of war.'

25. mandávit. See the note on 16, 17.

26. Amázonibus, dative after the compound verb.

19. 1. persuásit. Notice that this verb governs the same construction that we have already found used with _imperó_ and _mandó_.

2. sécum. See the note on 12, 19.

5. appulit. Supply _návem_.

6. docéret. A clause of purpose is frequently introduced by a relative. Translate like the _ut_-clause of purpose, here 'to make known,' literally 'who was to make known.'

14. mágnó interválló, ablative of degree of difference.

16. nón mágna. The effect of the position of these words may be reproduced by translating 'but not a large one.'

neutrí. The plural is used because the reference is to two parties, each composed of several individuals. 'Neither' of two individuals would be _neuter_.