Chapter 1

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RITCHIE'S FABULAE FACILES

A FIRST LATIN READER

_EDITED WITH NOTES AND A VOCABULARY_

BY JOHN COPELAND KIRTLAND, Jr. _Professor of Latin in The Phillips Exeter Academy_

THE LITTLE THAT IS MINE IN THIS LITTLE BOOK I GRATEFULLY DEDICATE TO PROFESSOR JOSEPH HETHERINGTON M'DANIELS TEACHER AND FRIEND

PREFACE

Some time ago a fellow-teacher brought the _Fabulae Faciles_ to my notice, and I have since used two of them each year with my class of beginners in Latin with increasing appreciation. Indeed, I know nothing better to introduce the student into the reading of connected narrative, and to bridge the great gulf between the beginner's book of the prevailing type and the Latinity of Caesar or Nepos. They are adapted to this use not merely by reason of their simplicity and interest, but more particularly by the graduating of difficulties and the large use of Caesarian words and phrases to which Mr. Ritchie calls attention in his preface.

Doubtless many American teachers have become familiar with portions of the _Fabulae_, for they have been freely drawn upon in several Latin readers recently published in this country. I venture to hope that those who have made the acquaintance of the work in this way will welcome a complete edition.

In England the little book has had a large use. Its pedagogical excellencies are well summed up in a letter addressed to Mr. Ritchie by the Very Rev. E.C. Wickham, formerly Head-Master of Wellington College, the well-known editor of Horace:--

"It launches the student at once in ancient life. The old classical stories, simply told, seem to me much the best material for early Latin reading. They are abundantly interesting; they are taken for granted in the real literature of the language; and they can be told without starting the beginner on a wrong track by a barbarous mixture of ancient and modern ideas.

"It combines, if I may say so, very skilfully, the interest of a continuous story, with the gradual and progressive introduction of constructions and idioms. These seem to me to be introduced at the right moment, and to be played upon long enough to make them thoroughly familiar."

In revising Mr. Ritchie's book for the use of American schools it has seemed best to make extensive changes. Long vowels have been marked throughout, and the orthography of Latin words has been brought into conformity with our practice. Many liberties have been taken with the text itself, especially in the latter part, in the way of making it approximate more closely to our rather strict notions of the standards of model prose. A few words and uses of words not found in the prose writers of the republic have been retained, but nothing, it is hoped, that will seriously mislead the young student. I shall welcome any criticism that may lead to further changes in the text in future editions.

The notes are entirely new, and are intended for students who have but just finished the beginner's book or have not yet finished it. Some notes may appear at first sight unnecessary or unnecessarily hard, but the reason for their insertion should be evident when the student begins the reading of classical Latin, the difficulties of which will be less likely to appal the beginner if some of them have been already conquered. I believe it a mistake to postpone all treatment of the uses of the subjunctive, for instance, or of the constructions of indirect discourse until the study of Nepos or Caesar is begun. Besides, it is easier to neglect notes than to supply them, and the teacher who prefers to do the first reading without much attention to the more difficult constructions will only need to tell his students to disregard certain of my notes--or all of them.

There are no references to the grammars, but syntax has been given such treatment as seemed needed to supplement its treatment in the beginner's book. Teachers will therefore be able to postpone the use of a formal manual of grammar, if they so desire. Those who wish their classes to begin the reading of Latin at the earliest possible moment will find it feasible to use this book as soon as the inflections and the more elementary principles of syntax have been mastered.

In the vocabulary, the derivation or composition and the original meaning of words have been indicated wherever these seemed likely to prove helpful. Principal parts and genitives have been given in such a way as to prevent misunderstanding, and at the same time emphasize the composition of the verb or the suffix of the noun: for example, _abscídó, -cídere, -cídí, -císus; aetás, -tátis_.

The lists of works of English literature and of art in which the myths are treated are only suggestive. Occasional readings from the one and exhibitions of representations of the other, either in the form of photographs or by the stereopticon, will not only stimulate interest in the Latin text but aid also in creating in the student a taste for literature and for art.

I planned at first to add some exercises for retranslation, but after careful consideration it has seemed not worth while. Most teachers will prefer not to base composition upon the Latin read at this stage, and those who wish to do so will find it an easy matter to prepare their own exercises, or can draw upon the copious exercises prepared by Mr. Ritchie and published separately under the title _Imitative Exercises in Easy Latin Prose_.

In the reading of proof I have had generous help from Dr. F.K. Ball of The Phillips Exeter Academy, Mr. J.C. Flood of St. Mark's School, and Mr. A.T. Dudley of Noble and Greenough's School, Boston. The proof-sheets have been used with the beginner's class in this Academy, and I have thus been able to profit by the criticism of my associate Mr. G.B. Rogers, and to test the work myself. The assistance of my wife has greatly lightened the labor of verifying the vocabulary.

JOHN C. KIRTLAND, Jr.

EXETER, N.H., 7 March, 1903.

CONTENTS

THE MYTHS IN ENGLISH LITERATURE. THE MYTHS IN ART. INTRODUCTORY NOTE. PERSEUS. HERCULES. THE ARGONAUTS. ULYSSES. NOTES. VOCABULARY.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

THE CARPENTER SHUTTING UP DANAE AND PERSEUS IN THE ARK AT THE COMMAND OF ACRISIUS (Vase-painting) HERCULES, NESSUS, AND DEJANIRA (Pompeian Wall-painting) MEDEA MEDITATING THE MURDER OF HER SONS (Pompeian Wall-painting) ULYSSES AND CIRCE (Roman Relief)

THE MYTHS IN ENGLISH LITERATURE

PERSEUS

Hawthorne, _A Wonder-Book: The Gorgon's Head_. Kingsley, _The Heroes: Perseus_. Cox, _Tales of Ancient Greece: Medusa, Danae, Perseus, Andromeda, Akrisios_. Francillon, _Gods and Heroes: The Adventures of Perseus_. Kingsley, _Andromeda_. William Morris, _The Earthly Paradise: The Doom of King Acrisius_. Lewis Morris, _The Epic of Hades: Andromeda_. Dowden, _Andromeda_. Shelley, _On the Medusa of Leonardo da Vinci_. D. G. Rossetti, _Aspecta Medusa_.

HERCULES

Hawthorne, _A Wonder-Book: The Three Golden Apples_. Cox, _Tales of Ancient Greece: The Toils of Herakles_. Francillon, _Gods and Heroes: The Hero of Heroes_. William Morris, _The Earthly Paradise: The Golden Apples_. Lewis Morris, _The Epic of Hades: Deianeira_. Lang's translation of Theocritus, _Idyls_ xxiv, xxv.

THE ARGONAUTS

Apollonius of Rhodes, _The Tale of the Argonauts_, translated by Way. D.O.S. Lowell, _Jason's Quest_. Hawthorne, _Tanglewood Tales: The Golden Fleece_. Kingsley, _The Heroes: The Argonauts_. Cox, _Tales of Ancient Greece: Phrixos and Helle, Medeia_. Church, _Heroes and Kings: The Story of the Ship Argo_. Francillon, _Gods and Heroes: The Golden Fleece_. William Morris, _The Life and Death of Jason_. Bayard Taylor, _Hylas_. John Dyer, _The Fleece_. Lang's translation of Theocritus, several of the _Idyls_.

ULYSSES

Homer, _The Odyssey_, translated by Bryant (verse), William Morris (verse), Palmer (prose), Butcher and Lang (prose). Lamb, _The Adventures of Ulysses_. Hawthorne, _Tanglewood Tales: Circe's Palace_. Cox, _Tales of Ancient Greece: The Lotos-Eaters, Odysseus and Polyphemos, Odysseus and Kirké_. Church, _Stories from Homer: The Cyclops, The Island of Aeolus, Circé_. Tennyson, _The Lotos-Eaters_. Matthew Arnold, _The Strayed Reveler_. Dobson, _The Prayer of the Swine to Circe_.

THE MYTHS IN ART

Burne-Jones, _Perseus and the Graeae_. Caravaggio, _Head of Medusa_. Leonardo da Vinci, _Head of Medusa_. Canova, _Perseus_. Benvenuto Cellini, _Perseus_, and _Perseus saving Andromeda_. Piero di Cosimo, _Perseus and Andromeda_. Charles Antoine Coypel, _Perseus and Andromeda_. Domenichino, _Perseus and Andromeda_. Rubens, _Perseus and Andromeda_. Giovanni da Bologna, _Hercules and the Centaur_. Bandinelli, _Hercules and Cacus_. Guido Reni, _Dejanira and the Centaur Nessus_. Canova, _Hercules and Lichas_. Sichel, _Medea_. Genelli, _Jason and Medea capturing the Golden Fleece_. Burne-Jones, _Circe_. L. Chalon, _Circe and the Companions of Ulysses_. Rivière, _Circe and the Companions of Ulysses_.

Photographs and lantern-slides of all the works mentioned above may be obtained of the Soule Art Company, Boston. The list might have been made much longer, but it seemed likely to prove most helpful if limited to works of which reproductions are so easily obtainable. For the treatment of the myths in ancient art, the teacher is referred to the numerous pertinent illustrations in Baumeister's _Denkmäler des klassischen Altertums_, or the same editor's _Bilder aus dem griechischen und römischen Altertum für Schüler_, the latter of which contains the cuts of the larger work, and is so cheap and so useful that it ought to lie on the desk of every teacher of Greek or Latin.

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The _Fabulae Faciles_, or 'Easy Stories.' are four Greek myths retold in Latin, not by a Roman writer, however, but by an Englishman, who believed that they would afford interesting and pleasant reading for young folks who were just beginning the study of the Latin language. By myth is meant an imaginative tale that has been handed down by tradition from remote antiquity concerning supernatural beings and events. Such tales are common among all primitive peoples, and are by them accepted as true. They owe their origin to no single author, but grow up as the untutored imagination strives to explain to itself the operations of nature and the mysteries of life, or amuses itself with stories of the brave exploits of heroic ancestors.

The most beautiful and delightful of all myths are those that have come down to us in the remains of the literature and the art of ancient Greece and Rome; they are also the most important to us, for many of the great masterpieces of English literature and of modern art have been inspired by them and cannot be understood and appreciated by one ignorant of classical mythology.

Of this mythology the _Fabulae Faciles_ give but a small part. If you wish to know more of the subject, you should read Gayley's _The Classic Myths in English Literature_, Guerber's _Myths of Greece and Rome_, or the books by Kingsiey, Cox, Church, and Francillon mentioned earlier.

PERSEUS

_Acrisius, an ancient king of Argos, had been warned by an oracle that he should perish by the hand of his grandson. On discovering, therefore, that his daughter Danae had given birth to a son, Acrisius endeavored to escape his fate by setting both mother and child adrift on the sea. They were saved, however, by the help of Jupiter; and Perseus, the child, grew up at the court of Polydectes, king of Seriphos, an island in the Aegean Sea. On reaching manhood, Perseus was sent by Polydectes to fetch the head of Medusa, one of the Gorgons. This dangerous task he accomplished with the help of Apollo and Minerva, and on his way home he rescued Andromeda, daughter of Cepheus, from a sea-monster. Perseus then married Andromeda, and lived some time in the country of Cepheus. At length he returned to Seríphos, and turned Polydectes to stone by showing him the Gorgon's head; he then went to the court of Acrisius, who fled in terror at the news of his grandson's return. The oracle was duly fulfilled, for Acrisius was accidentally killed by a quoit thrown by Perseus_.

1. _THE ARK_

Haec nárrantur á poétís dé Perseó. Perseus fílius erat Iovis, máximí deórum; avus éius Acrisius appellábátur. Acrisius volébat Perseum nepótem suum necáre; nam propter óráculum puerum timébat. Comprehendit igitur Perseum adhúc infantem, et cum mátre in arcá lígneá inclúsit. Tum arcam ipsam in mare coniécit. Danaé, Perseí máter, mágnopere territa est; tempestás enim mágna mare turbábat. Perseus autem in sinú mátris dormiébat.

2. _JUPITER SAVES HIS SON_

Iuppiter tamen haec omnia vídit, et fílium suum serváre cónstituit. Tranquillum igitur fécit mare, et arcam ad ínsulam Seríphum perdúxit. Húius ínsulae Polydectés tum réx erat. Postquam arca ad lítus appulsa est, Danaé in haréná quiétem capiébat. Post breve tempus á piscátóre quódam reperta est, et ad domum régis Polydectis adducta est. Ille mátrem et puerum benígné excépit, et iís sédem tútam in fínibus suís dedit. Danaé hóc dónum libenter accépit, et pró tantó benefició régí grátiás égit.

3. _PERSEUS IS SENT ON HIS TRAVELS_

Perseus igitur multós annós ibi habitábat, et cum mátre suá vítam beátam agébat. At Polydectés Danaén mágnopere amábat, atque eam in mátrimónium dúcere volébat. Hóc tamen cónsilium Perseó minimé grátum erat. Polydectés igitur Perseum dímittere cónstituit. Tum iuvenem ad sé vocávit et haec díxit: "Turpe est hanc ígnávam vítam agere; iam dúdum tú aduléscéns es. Quó úsque híc manébis? Tempus est arma capere et virtútem praestáre. Hinc abí, et caput Medúsae mihi refer."

4. _PERSEUS GETS HIS OUTFIT_

Perseus ubi haec audívit, ex ínsulá discessit, et postquam ad continentem vénit, Medúsam quaesívit. Diú frústrá quaerébat; namque nátúram locí ígnórábat. Tandem Apolló et Minerva viam démónstrávérunt. Prímum ad Graeás, sorórés Medúsae, pervénit. Ab hís tálária et galeam magicam accépit. Apolló autem et Minerva falcem et speculum dedérunt. Tum postquam tálária pedibus induit, in áera ascendit. Diú per áera volábat; tandem tamen ad eum locum vénit ubi Medúsa cum céterís Gorgonibus habitábat. Gorgonés autem mónstra erant specié horribilí; capita enim eárum anguibus omnínó contécta erant. Manús etiam ex aere factae erant.

5. _THE GORGON'S HEAD_

Rés difficillima erat caput Gorgonis abscídere; éius enim cónspectú homines in saxum vertébantur. Propter hanc causam Minerva speculum Perseó dederat. Ille igitur tergum vertit, et in speculum ínspiciébat; hóc modó ad locum vénit ubi Medúsa dormiébat. Tum falce suá caput éius únó íctú abscídit. Céterae Gorgonés statim é somnó excitátae sunt, et ubi rem vídérunt, írá commótae sunt. Arma rapuérunt, et Perseum occídere volébant. Ille autem dum fugit, galeam magicam induit; et ubi hóc fécit, statim é cónspectú eárum évásit.

6. _THE SEA-SERPENT_

Post haec Perseus in fínís Aethiopum vénit. Ibi Cépheus quídam illó tempore régnábat. Híc Neptúnum, maris deum, ólim offenderat; Neptúnus autem mónstrum saevissimum míserat. Hóc cottídié é marí veniébat et hominés dévorábat. Ob hanc causam pavor animós omnium occupáverat. Cépheus igitur óráculum deí Hammónis cónsuluit, atque á deó iússus est fíliam mónstró trádere. Éius autem fília, nomine Andromeda, virgó fórmósissima erat. Cépheus ubi haec audívit, mágnum dolórem percépit. Volébat tamen cívís suós é tantó perículó extrahere, atque ob eam causam imperáta Hammónis facere cónstituit.

7. _A HUMAN SACRIFICE_

Tum réx diem certam díxit et omnia parávit. Ubi ea diés vénit, Andromeda ad lítus déducta est, et in cónspectú omnium ad rúpem adligáta est. Omnés fátum éius déplórábant, nec lacrimás tenébant. At subitó, dum mónstrum exspectant, Perseus accurrit; et ubi lacrimás vídit, causam dolóris quaerit. Illí rem tótam expónunt et puellam démónstrant. Dum haec geruntur, fremitus terribilis audítur; simul mónstrum horribilí specié procul cónspicitur. Éius cónspectus timórem máximum omnibus iniécit. Mónstrum mágná celeritáte ad lítus contendit, iamque ad locum appropinquábat ubi puella stábat.

8. _THE RESCUE_

At Perseus ubi haec vídit, gladium suum édúxit, et postquam tálária induit, in áera sublátus est. Tum désuper in mónstrum impetum subitó fécit, et gladió suó collum éius graviter vulnerávit. Mónstrum ubi sénsit vulnus, fremitum horribilem édidit, et sine morá tótum corpus in aquam mersit. Perseus dum circum lítus volat, reditum éius exspectábat. Mare autem intereá undique sanguine ínficitur. Post breve tempus bélua rúrsus caput sustulit; mox tamen á Perseó íctú gravióre vulneráta est. Tum iterum sé in undás mersit, neque posteá vísa est.

9. _THE REWARD OF VALOR_

Perseus postquam ad lítus déscendit, prímum tálária exuit; tum ad rúpem vénit ubi Andromeda vincta erat. Ea autem omnem spem salútis déposuerat, et ubi Perseus adiit, terróre paene exanimáta erat. Ille víncula statim solvit, et puellam patrí reddidit. Cépheus ob hanc rem máximó gaudió adfectus est. Meritam grátiam pró tantó benefició Perseó rettulit; praetereá Andromedam ipsam eí in mátrimónium dedit. Ille libenter hóc dónum accépit et puellam dúxit. Paucós annós cum uxóre suá in eá regióne habitábat, et in mágnó honóre erat apud omnís Aethiopés. Mágnopere tamen mátrem suam rúrsus vidére cupiébat. Tandem igitur cum uxóre suá é régnó Cépheí discessit.

10. _POLYDECTES IS TURNED TO STONE_

Postquam Perseus ad ínsulam návem appulit, sé ad locum contulit ubi máter ólim habitáverat, sed domum invénit vacuam et omnínó désertam. Trís diés per tótam ínsulam mátrem quaerébat; tandem quartó dié ad templum Diánae pervénit. Húc Danaé refúgerat, quod Polydectem timébat. Perseus ubi haec cógnóvit, írá mágná commótus est; ad régiam Polydectis sine morá contendit, et ubi eó vénit, statim in átrium inrúpit. Polydectés mágnó timóre adfectus est et fugere volébat. Dum tamen ille fugit, Perseus caput Medúsae mónstrávit; ille autem simul atque hóc vídit, in saxum versus est.

II. _THE ORACLE FULFILLED_

Post haec Perseus cum uxóre suá ad urbem Acrisí rediit. Ille autem ubi Perseum vídit, mágnó terróre adfectus est; nam propter óráculum istud nepótem suum adhúc timébat. In Thessaliam igitur ad urbem Lárísam statim refúgit, frústrá tamen; neque enim fátum suum vítávit. Post paucós annós réx Lárísae lúdós mágnós fécit; núntiós in omnís partís dímíserat et diem édíxerat. Multí ex omnibus urbibus Graeciae ad lúdós convénérunt. Ipse Perseus inter aliós certámen discórum iniit. At dum discum conicit, avum suum cású occídit; Acrisius enim inter spectátórés éius certáminis forte stábat.

HERCULES

_Hercules, a Greek hero celebrated for his great strength, was pursued throughout his life by the hatred of Juno. While yet an infant, he strangled some serpents sent by the goddess to destroy him. During his boyhood and youth he performed various marvelous feats of strength, and on reaching manhood succeeded in delivering the Thebans from the oppression of the Minÿae. In a fit of madness sent upon him by Juno, he slew his own children; and on consulting the Delphic oracle as to how he should cleanse himself from this crime, he was ordered to submit himself for twelve years to Eurystheus, king of Tiryns, and to perform whatever tasks were appointed him. Hercules obeyed the oracle, and during the twelve years of his servitude accomplished twelve extraordinary feats known as the Labors of Hercules. His death was caused unintentionally by his wife Dejanira. Hercules had shot with his poisoned arrows a centaur named Nessus, who had insulted Dejanira. Nessus, before he died, gave some of his blood to Dejanira, and told her it would act as a charm to secure her husband's love. Some time after, Dejanira wishing to try the charm soaked one of her husband's garments in the blood, not knowing that it was poisoned. Hercules put on the robe, and after suffering terrible torments died, or was carried off by his father Jupiter_.

12. _THE HATRED OF JUNO_

Herculés, Alcménae fílius, ólim in Graeciá habitábat. Híc omnium hominum validissimus fuisse dícitur. At Iúnó, régína deórum, Alcménam óderat et Herculem adhúc ínfantem necáre voluit. Mísit igitur duás serpentís saevissimás; hae mediá nocte in cubiculum Alcménae vénérunt, ubi Herculés cum frátre suó dormiébat. Nec tamen in cúnís, sed in scútó mágnó cubábant. Serpentés iam appropinquáverant et scútum movébant; itaque puerí é somnó excitátí sunt.

13. _HERCULES AND THE SERPENTS_

Íphiclés, fráter Herculis, mágná vóce exclámávit; sed Herculés ipse, fortissimus puer, haudquáquam territus est. Parvís manibus serpentís statim prehendit, et colla eárum mágná ví compressit. Tálí modó serpentés á pueró interfectae sunt. Alcména autem, máter puerórum, clámórem audíverat, et marítum suum é somnó excitáverat. Ille lúmen accendit et gladium suum rapuit; tum ad puerós properábat, sed ubi ad locum vénit, rem míram vídit, Herculés enim rídébat et serpentís mortuás mónstrábat.

14. _THE MUSIC-LESSON_

Herculés á pueró corpus suum díligenter exercébat; mágnam partem diéí in palaestrá cónsúmébat; didicit etiam arcum intendere et téla conicere. Hís exercitátiónibus vírés éius cónfírmátae sunt. In músicá etiam á Linó centauró érudiébátur (centaurí autem equí erant sed caput hominis habébant); huic tamen artí minus díligenter studébat. Híc Linus Herculem ólim obiúrgábat, quod nón studiósus erat; tum puer írátus citharam subitó rapuit, et omnibus víribus caput magistrí ínfélícis percussit. Ille íctú próstrátus est, et pauló post é vítá excessit, neque quisquam posteá id officium suscipere voluit.

15. _HERCULES ESCAPES SACRIFICE_

Dé Hercule haec etiam inter alia nárrantur. Ólim dum iter facit, in fínís Aegyptiórum vénit. Ibi réx quídam, nómine Búsíris, illó tempore régnábat; híc autem vir crúdélissimus hominés immoláre cónsuéverat. Herculem igitur corripuit et in vincula coniécit. Tum núntiós dímísit et diem sacrifició édíxit. Mox ea diés appetébat, et omnia ríte paráta sunt. Manús Herculis caténís ferreís vinctae sunt, et mola salsa in caput éius ínspersa est. Mós enim erat apud antíquós salem et fár capitibus victimárum impónere. Iam victima ad áram stábat; iam sacerdós cultrum súmpserat. Subitó tamen Herculés mágnó cónátú vincula perrúpit; tum íctú sacerdótem próstrávit; alteró régem ipsum occídit.

16. _A CRUEL DEED_

Herculés iam aduléscéns Thébís habitábat. Réx Thébárum, vir ígnávus, Creón appellábátur. Minyae, géns bellicósissima, Thébánís fínitimí erant. Légátí autem á Minyís ad Thébánós quotannís mittébantur; hí Thébás veniébant et centum bovés postulábant. Thébání enim ólim á Minyís superátí erant; tribúta igitur régí Minyárum quotannís pendébant. At Herculés cívís suós hóc stípendió líberáre cónstituit; légátós igitur comprehendit, atque aurís eórum abscídit. Légátí autem apud omnís gentís sánctí habentur.

17. _THE DEFEAT OF THE MINYAE_

Ergínus, réx Minyárum, ob haec vehementer írátus statim cum omnibus cópiís in fínís Thébánórum contendit. Creón adventum éius per explórátórés cógnóvit. Ipse tamen púgnáre nóluit, nam mágnó timóre adfectus erat; Thébání igitur Herculem imperátórem creávérunt. Ille núntiós in omnís partís dímísit, et cópiás coégit; tum proximó dié cum mágnó exercitú profectus est. Locum idóneum délégit et aciem ínstrúxit. Tum Thébání é superióre locó impetum in hostís fécérunt. Illí autem impetum sustinére nón potuérunt; itaque aciés hostium pulsa est atque in fugam conversa.

18. _MADNESS AND MURDER_

Post hóc proelium Herculés cópiás suás ad urbem redúxit. Omnés Thébání propter victóriam máximé gaudébant; Creón autem mágnís honóribus Herculem decorávit, atque fíliam suam eí in mátrimónium dedit. Herculés cum uxóre suá beátam vítam agébat; sed post paucós annós subitó in furórem incidit, atque líberós suós ipse suá manú occídit. Post breve tempus ad sánitátem reductus est, et propter hóc facinus mágnó dolóre adfectus est; mox ex urbe effúgit et in silvás sé recépit. Nólébant enim cívés sermónem cum eó habére.

19. _HERCULES CONSULTS THE ORACLE_