CHAPTER IX

RING MAKING

The modern methods of ring manufacture in the United States are far different from those of the past, due to an endeavor to keep pace with the growth of the country and with an increase in production. Owing to the introduction of modern systems, great quantities of an article can now be sold, which, though not preserving the character of the finest handiwork, yet cost so much less to produce that they can now be offered at greatly reduced prices.

In the manufacture of the modern ring, there is first prepared a design, or even a model. The initial process consists in cutting this object exactly as it will appear when it is finished,--or such parts of it as are made by measure,--on what is known as a “hub” made of soft steel. When the design is finally completed, it is hardened by heating and then by dipping into water, oil or other solution. When the metal hub has been hardened, it is forced into a mass of soft steel by great pressure, usually hydraulic, producing a die, as it is termed, on which all the ornamentation is the reverse of that on the desired object. This die is then hardened.

The die is placed on the stand of the drop press, the upperweight strikes it and forces the metal into it; this requires from four or five to seven or eight operations. Each time the metal is struck it is annealed, then restruck and again annealed, until the ring is ready for trimming. This trimming removes all the superfluous metal, and the ring is then in condition for the jeweller to bend it into a complete circle.

In the manufacture of many rings, the metal first receives a special form. The gold plates are blanked and rolled to a definite thickness according to the pattern of the ring desired, the width being controlled by screws attached to the rolls themselves. To obtain the exact width, the measure in which it is placed can be adjusted to cut a strip of metal from a millimeter, or thinner, up to several inches in width. It is slid over a roll and two wheels with sharp edges separate the mass of gold into exactly the desired widths. The gauges are so exact as in one instance to provide 16 variations to a millimeter, approximately 1/25 of an inch. Another screw gauge is so delicate that it can be adjusted to the four-thousandth of an inch.

Each piece is then put in a cutter exactly the outline of the desired piece, which, for a ring, is usually quite flat. The piece of metal then drops into a cutting box and a number can be struck out successively by simply raising the press and allowing the cutter to come down. The metal is now placed in another roll, which, in the case of the signet ring, rolls the sides thinner than the head. When this process is completed the product is put in a gauge measure which measures the length of the ring from 0.4 to size 13, on Allen’s standard gauge. The ends of the metal are then cut off so that the ring is approximately the desired size, and the ends are annealed or soldered without any further operation.

In most cases when striking a signet-ring, the top is not cut out entirely. The gold backing of the stone is left, and the head of the ring is struck with a concave space so that when the two sides are brought down the space will remain flat. For transparent stones, the top is cut out of the setting entirely. When the rings are finally completed they are cleaned by what is known as a stripping wheel, the reverse of a plating wheel, which removes all the fire-markings, and all the other impurities that exist, leaving the metal clean.

The rings are then polished by rapidly revolving wheels of hair,--at times, of other materials. After this, the stones are set. If the rings need engraving, they are then passed to an engraver and are finally polished, leaving the metal entirely finished.

In former times, and now also, by hand methods one man would frequently make an entire ring. By modern methods, the ring passes through the hands of a number of workers: first, the blank-maker, then in succession the man who operates the drop press, the jeweller, the stone setter, the engraver, and finally, the polisher.

As to the statistics of ring-making, with the great demand throughout the United States a single factory has produced 3,000,000 rings a year, some selling for less than $1.00 each, and on up to $5.00 and $10.00 each; very occasionally for higher prices, up to $50.00 or $60.00. Recently to fill an order for a chain of popular shops, this factory turned out 2,000,000 rings to be sold at ten cents apiece. In the region of Providence, Rhode Island, and the nearby Attleboro, Mass., the total value of the annual ring output, which gives employment to some two thousand persons, is put at $5,000,000. In a factory of the largest kind, frequently the various parts for making up a ring may be kept in small boxes, because a stamper, in making an intricate ring, is able to produce more in one day than a jeweller can finish in a week. In simple rings, however, the jeweller finishes as many rings as the stamper can produce in a day.

There is no piece of jewellery that is more generally worn nor whose possession causes more joy, than a finger ring. And the proper fitting of a ring for comfort in wearing it, or to prevent its loss, which frequently would be looked upon almost as a calamity, is something that can be attained by careful adjustment to the proper size. Many fingers taper forward. In other fingers, the knuckle is very large and the third joint much smaller than the knuckle. Where the finger tapers from the joint at the hand to the tip it is frequently difficult to make a ring hold properly. But this can be done by wearing a tiny guard ring. In cases where the finger is much smaller between the third and fourth joint the ring will turn around, which is not only uncomfortable but makes the ornaments fail to show properly. This can be prevented by having the hoop penannular in shape, or by the addition of an internal spring.

To prevent the rubbing together of two rings worn on the same finger, and the resulting attrition, which in the lapse of years sometimes wears down a gold ring until the hoop becomes so thin that it may crack, a simple device has been patented. This is a narrow circlet which may be made of ivory or any other suitable material. It has a thin vertical flange just high enough to interpose between the rings that are to be kept apart, and two horizontal flanges to pass beneath the hoops of the rings.

To protect two rings from rubbing against each other, an exceedingly narrow gold circlet is worn between them. Where there is risk that a hard stone in one ring will come in contact with a pearl in the other, or a diamond with any other stone, necessarily softer, one or more very small beads are welded on that part of the hoop nearest to the setting. In cases where a treasured ring has worn almost to the thinness of paper, it is possible to strengthen it by adding gold at either side of the hoop.

The size of the finger is often recorded by what is known as the Allen gauge, a tapering stick numbered from 1 to size 13 in half sizes. To this stick is attached a chain, and pendant to the chain is a series of rings of graduated sizes. When it is decided which ring of the series best fits the finger, it is slipped on the gauge and its size ascertained. If size 6 is a little tight and 6½ a trifle loose, this indicates that 6¼ is the correct size.

In measuring the finger for a ring, by Engelmann’s Ring, Finger and Millimeter Locking Gauge, the ring is set _over_ the _outside_ perpendicular ends of the gauge (see plate). These are then separated to their fullest extent, so that they touch the ring on both sides. The exact size of the ring is thus indicated on the scale over the mark on the movable upper part of the right-hand end.

To measure the size of a finger, the ends should be separated sufficiently to permit the finger to pass through the aperture between them. They are then to be closed so as to touch lightly--not pinch or squeeze--the flesh of the finger. When this has been done the ends are locked, and if the knuckle passes easily through the aperture, the right size has been found. This is recorded on the scale in the same way as in the ring measurement. In measuring the finger of either a child, boy, girl, or woman, who has not a large or high knuckle, a safe rule is to add a ½ _ring-size_ to that which has been indicated by the measurement.

The width of the metal ring-shank is ascertained by placing its lower, centre part between the two inside perpendicular ends, and the exact dimensions will be made apparent on the millimeter scale. Where the shank is tapered, the maximum and minimum widths must be taken, and these must both be stated in ordering a ring.

An unset stone is to be measured in the way just described, maximum and minimum widths being taken; for this purpose also, only the extreme pointed ends are to be used; these dimensions should be correctly stated when the ring is ordered.

To alter a ring to any size, place the lower, centre part of the shank _over_ the scale and estimate the width of metal to be taken off or added, respectively, by the millimeter-lines.

Where the proper measuring devices are not attainable, resource may be had to various simple expedients. For instance, a bit of copper wire can be used; one end is turned so as to form an eye, and through this the other end is drawn until the circle fits the finger; the free end is then twisted to keep it from slipping back. In this way the exact size of a finger can be obtained. It is also possible to have the wire notched so as to indicate the standard numbers of rings, or better still, to have them stamped on a narrow, flat strip of copper or steel with a slot at one end, through which the other end can be passed and turned down when the band has closely encircled the finger. Of course, these simple methods need only be resorted to when the prospective buyer is ordering a ring by mail or messenger, as jewellers are always provided with instruments for taking the exact measurement of the fingers.

A new and practical invention is that of a “display ring,” by means of which the jeweller can enable anyone who desires to order a ring, to judge of the effect of various stones when worn as ring settings. This little device is open at one end, the metal band being flexible enough to yield to slight pressure applied to both sides. In front, on either side, are two claws, which open up and grasp the stone when the pressure is relaxed. Thus one gem after another can be displayed. Sets of these display-rings are made comprising eighteen different sizes.[590]

When a ring has become painfully and injuriously tight on a finger, a simple method and often efficacious, for its removal, is to take several feet of cotton cord, soak this in soapsuds, glycerine, or oil, and pass one end of it under the ring, leaving about six inches loosely hanging down. The other end of the cord is then to be wound tightly around the finger, beginning close to the ring and continuing over the middle joint up to the end of the finger. If left on for a while, the cord compresses the flesh to such an extent that when it is unwound by pulling at the loose end hanging down from the base of the finger, the ring will be gradually and painlessly forced off. In very serious cases it is safest to file through the hoop and bend it open sufficiently to free the finger. The trifling injury to the ring can easily be repaired, leaving it in all respects in its original condition.

A ring that fits too tightly may become a source of serious injury to the wearer in course of time. This applies especially to engagement or wedding-rings, for many wearers have a sentimental, or even superstitious disinclination to remove such a ring after it has once been placed on the finger by the cherished donor. Slight as the effects appear to be, since the progressive tightening is so very gradual, there have been cases where the increasing plumpness of a hand has caused the pressure of the ring to become so intense as to induce an affection of the arm, rendering it liable to serious trouble in case of an attack of rheumatism or a severe cold. In some cases, when such a tight ring has been cut from the hand, the present writer has seen that the entire finger under the ring was an open wound, occasionally a deep one.[591]

Throughout Europe--England and the Continent--narrow gold rings are generally worn, almost invariably of 22-carat gold; among the poorer classes, the standard falls to 18-carat--never lower. In the United States the correct wedding ring is a 22-carat ring, but away from the large cities and among their less prosperous inhabitants 18-carat rings are worn to a considerable extent. These are often two, three, or four times the weight of the European 22-carat ring, flatter and sharp on the edges, thus cutting the finger. Frequently perspiration under the ring will cause the finger to become sore and infected. The narrow ring is more rounded on the inside and never infects the finger in any way.

Charges of selling illegally stamped wedding-rings have recently been preferred in a New York court. The proceedings were instituted under paragraph 431 of the Penal Law. The marking in one case was “14 Kt. ¹⁄₁₀,” this having been stated to signify that nine-tenths of the metal was 14-carat gold and one-tenth of some baser metal. The real meaning, however, appears to be that one-tenth is of 14–carat gold, the remaining nine-tenths being alloy. The ring was found to weigh 72 grains, and on being tested at the United States Assay Office, the fineness of the entire metal was determined to be 52/1000, equivalent to a fineness of but 12½ carats for the one-tenth represented to be of 14–carat gold. The utmost variation from standard permitted by the statute is one carat. The quantity of pure gold in such a ring would only be about 3¾ grains, worth a fraction over 16 cents. The rings were sold for $3.75 and $4.

An alarm ring, giving the wearer timely notice if its stone setting should fall out, has recently been invented. Beneath the stone, a needle traversing the ring is so adjusted to a coiled spring that if the stone drops out, the spring is released, and the needle-point gives a slight prick to the wearer’s finger. The idea is ingenious enough and the ring may find favor among those who value their ring-stones enough to endure a “sharp reminder” of their loss when this helps their recovery.[592]

A curious and interesting example of inlaying, is a gold ring owned by B. G. Fairchild, Esq., of New York. In the flat bezel have been inserted two winged figures, cut in intaglio on pieces of brown chalcedony. As there is no margin of stone showing about the figures, the effect is very striking, the chalcedony appearing to be naturally embedded in the gold. This is a production of antique art.

In designing a ring the goldsmith must constantly bear in mind that only the upper part, less than half the circle, will be displayed, and he should thus carefully avoid regarding the whole ring as an ornamental object and chasing or adorning the part that will not be shown. To this end he is advised to model the design in wax on the circlet itself, rather than to work from a sketch or drawing. If any plant or other nature form enters into his composition, he should, where possible, have a specimen before him while he works, so that whatever modifications or adaptations he may make will not violate the main lines of the natural type. In making a ring of solid metal, it is either cast in the desired form, or hammered from a cast. After the metal has been annealed, the design is sketched on in black water-color; it is then outlined with a small round-edged tracing-tool and the ground-work is chiselled away. The design can now be finished with chasing tools.[593]

The making of finger rings as well as of everything else has been strongly influenced by machine production. Cloth is machine-made, pictures are lithographed, lace, macaroni, and even small houses are now produced with an exactness that was never before possible. But, unfortunately, with the dominance of the “machine-made” product, the artistic quality is entirely obliterated. Rings are now made in such vast quantities that exactness of reproduction is the great aim. Thus while the initial design may possess a certain measure of originality, the single ring of the type, one out of thousands or tens of thousands stamped out of the same model, necessarily lacks that personal touch which alone can produce a truly artistic object.

Names of the Ring[594] in Various Foreign Languages.

Anglo-Saxon Hringe Arabic Khatam, maḥbas Babylonian Shemiru, lulimtu? Bohemian, Serbo-Croatian Kruh, prsten Bulgarian Prsten Chinese Pan-chih, chih huan[595] Danish Ring Dutch Ring French Anneau, bague Gaelic (Erse) Fainne, failbeagh German Ring Greek, ancient Δακτύλιος, δακτυλίδιον Greek, modern Δακτὐλιδι Hebrew Tabba’ath, ḥotham Hungarian (Magyar) Gyürü Italian Anello Icelandic Hringr Irish Fainne Japanese Yubi no wa Laos Pawp Mü Latin Anulus, anellus Lithuanian Ziedas Persian Angushtar (ḥaḷḳat) Polish Piercien, krouzek Portuguese Annel Roumanian Inel Russian Koltsó,[596] pérsten[597] Ruthenian (Little Russian) Persten Sanskrit Angulîya, anguli mudra Serbian Prsten Siamese New nang (nang pet) Spanish Sortija, anillo Sumerian MUR (KHAR) Swedish Ring Syriac Tab’â, ḥathmâ Turkish (Osmanli) Yüsük, halqa Welsh Modrwy

The following hints as to the proper pronunciation of some of the rare words in the above list have been kindly furnished by Prof. John Dyneley Prince, of Columbia University, who has also supplied several of the names:

In _prsten_ (Bulgarian, Bohemian and Serbo-Croatian), the r has a peculiar rolling sound with an inherent vowel; this cannot be correctly reproduced in English spelling. The ci of Polish _piercien_ is pronounced like the Italian ci (chee). Little Russian (Ruthenian) and Russian _persten_ means literally “finger-thing.” In the Lithuanian _ziedas_, the z is pronounced like French j, or our z and azure. The Hungarian gyürü sounds like dyü-rü; it means something rolled. The ṭ in Hebrew, Arabic and Syriac is an explosive t unknown in English; the letter rendered by the sign is a deep, guttural and faucal exhalation. Irish _fainne_ is pronounced fau-in-nye, and the Welsh _bodrwy_ is sounded as bod-roo-ee.

The word “ring,” _tabba-ath_, appears once in Genesis (xli: 42), the ring given by Pharaoh to Joseph; six times in Esther iii: 10, 12; viii: 2, 8 (bis), 10, the ring of Ahasuerus. In the New Testament the ring is mentioned once in Luke xv: 22, the ring given the Prodigal Son; and once in the Epistle of James, ii: 2. The word “rings,” as finger-rings, occurs in Exodus xxxv: 22, of the offerings of the people of Israel in the desert; in Numbers xxxi: 50; in Canticles v: 14 (this is probably to be rendered “rods”),[598] and in Isaiah iii: 21. That rings should be so rarely alluded to in the Old Testament might seem to prove that they were not as extensively worn in the land of Israel as some have assumed. The finest ancient Hebrew signet is said to be one of the time of Jeroboam II, King of Israel (790–749? B.C.), found at Megiddo. This is the seal of Shemai, the King’s Minister of State. It is of jasper and bears the finely engraved figure of a lion. The form is oval and the seal measures 3.7 by 2.7 cm.[599]

INDEX

A

Aah-hotep, Queen, signet of, 117

Abbots’ rings, 280

Abbott, Dr., Egyptian collection of, 118

Abbesses’ rings, 280

Aberdeen, Earl of, 339

Achametis, on dreams of rings, 298

Add-a-link ring, 93

Adjustable rings, 93

Adler, Cyrus, viii

Ælian, 32

African rings, 64, 83, 84, 328

Agate, 81, 87, 335

Agincourt, rings found on battlefield of, 165

_Agla_ motto on healing rings, 339

Agricola, Johannes, on healing rings, 351

Ahasuerus, signet of, 116

Ahlstan, Bishop of Sherbourne, ring of, 271

Albert, Prince, 225

Albertus Magnus, on virtues of talismans, 311

Alexander the Great, signet of, 123

Alfonso X, Lapidario of, 304, 305

Alfonso XIII, old usage said to have been observed at marriage of, 213

Alliot, Hector, viii

Amber, 104, 341 entire rings of, 104

Ambrose, St., 128

Amelia, Princess, Memorial ring of, 43

Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten), ring of, 67

American Museum of Natural History, 65

American rings, 17–30, 47, 84, 85, 108

Amethyst, 34, 50, 73, 86, 111, 125, 126, 158, 227, 252, 279, 328, 335

Andalusite, 86

Anglo-Saxon rings, 195 of Bishop Ahlstan, 271 of Ethelswith, 173, 174 of Ethelwulf, 173, 174

Anhalt, princess of, magic ring of, 316, 317

Annay, Sir William d’, ring given to by Richard Cœur-de-Lion, 177

Anne, St., betrothal ring of, 261

Anne of Denmark, 189

Antiochus IV, Epiphanes, signet of, 125

Antoninus Pius, head of, on signet, 140

_Anularius_, a ring-maker, 16

Anuli natalitii, 15

_Anulus pronubus_, 193

Apollonius of Tyana, magic rings of, 296, 325

Aquamarine, 158

Aquinas, St. Thomas, 211

Arabic rings, Mohammed’s seal, 141 with carnelians, 141 mottoes and devices on, 142

Archæological Institute, London, 73

Archers’ rings, 87, 105–108

Aristophanes, of rings, 9

Aristotle, blamed by Plato for wearing rings, 32

Arnulphus, Bishop of Metz, ring of, 269

_Art nouveau_ rings, 87

Artemidora, mummy-case of, 51

Artemidorus, rings in dream-book of, 37

Arundel collection, 171

Arundel, Thomas, keeper of jewels of Edward the Confessor’s shrine, 175

Assyrian and Babylonian rings, 3 ancient contract as to emerald set in one, 4, 5

Assyrian jewellers’ firm, 4

Astle, Thomas, 155

Astrolabe ring, 88

Auckland, Lord, 101

Augustine, St., 299

Augustus, 336, 347 signet of, 130, 131

Aurelian’s seal ring, 133

Austrian rings, 87, 110

Avery, Samuel P., 66

Avitus, Archbishop of Vienne, letter of, describing ring, 266, 267, 277

Aztecs, treasures of the, 19 silversmiths of the, 20 finger-rings of the, 20

B

Bachaumont, Louis Petit de, 76

Bacon, Francis, on telepathic test with a ring, 326, 327

_Bacula_, little rod for rings, 55

Bagobos of Philippine Islands, superstitions of the, 352

Balas-ruby, 276

Bardel, W., x

Barlow, Hon. Peter T., vii, 153

Barr, Miss Ada M., vii

Barrow, F. H., viii

Beatty, W. Gedney, vii

Beauvoisin, Mlle. de, rings owned by, 76

Becket, St. Thomas à, ring taken from shrine of, 182, 183

Beefsteak Club memorial rings, 47

Benedict XIV, 281

Bequests of signets, 149

Berghem Lodowyck van (Louis de Berquen) cuts diamonds for Charles the Bold, 215

Béquet, Albert, 59

Berlin Mineralogical Museum, 108

Berlin Royal Museum, 67

Bernard of Clairvaux, St., signet of, 145

Bernhard IV, Margrave of Baden, portrait of, 62

Berteildis, wife of Dagobert I, signet of, 138

Beryl, 134, 158, 252, 334, 335

Besborough collection, 73

Betrothal rings, _see_ wedding rings

Bible, rings mentioned in the, 1, 115, 116, 336

Bibliothèque Nationale, 162

Bibliothèque du Roi (later Bibliothèque Nationale), 139

Bingham, Hiram, viii

Inca rings found by, in Peru, 83

Bishop, Heber R., collection, 55, 105, 106

Bishops’ rings, of Allstan, Bishop of Sherborne, 271 of Arnulphus, Bishop of Metz, 269 of Ebba, Bishop of Rheims, 270 of Bishop of Flambard, 275 of Bishop Geoffroy Rufus, 275 of Archbishop Greenfield, 272 of Bishop Hervée, 273 of Hilary, Bishop of Chichester, 272 Innocent III’s definition of, 273 of Archbishop Parker, 276 of Seffrid, Bishop of Chichester, 272 of Archbishop Sewell, 272 of Archbishop Sigfroi, 274 of Bishop John Stanberry, 275 stolen by Piers Gaveston, 276 set with green tourmalines, 276 of Bishop William of St. Barbara, 275 of Bishop Wykeham, 275 of Wytlesey, Archbishop of Canterbury, 275

Blake, W. W., ix

Blakeslee collection, portraits in, showing ring wearing, 62

Bloodstone, 158, 191, 331

Bohemian garnet wings, 109

Boleyn, Anne, sends “cramp rings,” 343

Boniface IV, mention of pontifical ring in decree of, 267

Boniface VIII, ring found in tomb of, 273 magic ring of, 306

_Bonza_, Buddhist priest, rings made by, 82

Boog, Theodore de, xi

“Book of Thetel,” magic ring described in, 311

Borde, Andrew, on cramp rings, 343

Borgia, Cesare, motto in poison-ring of, 37

Borgia, Lucrezia, rings at betrothal of, 215

Borgias, poison rings of the, 37

Borough, Sir Edward, wins diamond ring at tournament, 181

Bossuet, Jacques Béminge, memorial ring given him by Princess Henrietta Anne, 45

Boston Museum of Fine Arts, 192

Braddock, Charles S., Jr., ix

Brandon, Thomas, Earl of Suffolk, wins ruby ring at tournament, 181

Brantôme, Pierre de Boudeilles, Seigneux de, 168

Branualdius, 300

Brass rings, 82, 84, 352

Brera gallery, Milan, 203

British Museum, x, 5, 35, 39, 40, 44, 50, 58, 68, 69, 75, 82, 86, 89, 98, 99, 100, 104, 136, 143, 150, 151, 173, 197, 251, 257, 293

Bronze age, rings of the, 2

Bronze rings, 58, 89, 109, 251, 257, 293

Broun, W. H., entire emerald ring, owned by, 103

Brouwer, Bart., entire diamond ring by, 105

Brummagem rings, 113, 114

Burgundian rings, 73

Burmese rings, 82

Butler, Samuel, 194, 222

Buxtorf, Johann, on Hebrew betrothal rings, 203

Byron, Lord, signet owned by, 152

Byzantine rings, 143, 144–146, 161, 197, 256, 338

C

Cæsar, Julius, signet of, 130

Caius, St., ring of, 261

Caligula, head of, on ring, 133

Cambodian rings, 82

Camden, William, 183

Campbell, Archibald, ring of, 182

Cantacuzene, Emperor, 146

Canute, King, ring found on body of, 179

Caracalla, head of, on signet, 140

Cardinals’ rings, sapphire used for, 276 various stones used for in earlier times, 276 cost of, 277 of Cardinal Farley, 278 in portraits, 278

Carlomans’ signet ring, 140

Carlyle, Thomas, 324

Carnelian, 6, 125, 141, 158, 269, 318, 323, 328 entire rings of, 100

Casa Grande, Arizona, rings found at, 17

Casimir, John, Count Palatine, medal of, with figure of diamond ring, 171

Catharine von Bora, ring commemorating her marriage to Martin Luther, 216, 217

Cathoir the Great, called “Hero of Rings,” 191

Cat’s-eye, 78

“Celestial stones” in rings, 330

“Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles,” story of a ring in, 215

Cesnola collection of Cypriote antiquities, 119

Chalcedony, 74, 124, 158, 159, 334, 335, 363 entire rings of, 100, 258–261

Charioteer’s ring, 33

Charlemagne, ring of, 300–302

Charles the Bald, letter of, to Pope Nicholas I, 270

Charles I, 153, 189, 190 memorial rings of, 41 signet of, as Prince of Wales, 156, 157 as king, 157

Charles II, sealed with diamond signet of his father, 157 gave ring to Judge Jeffreys, 191

Charles IV, Emperor, 259

Charles V, of France, signet of, 146

Charles the Bald, letter of, to Pope Nicholas I, 270

Charlotte, Queen, 151

Chase, William M., x

Chaves Pass, Arizona, ring found at, 17

Chifflet, Jean Jacques, 139

Childeris I, signet of, 138–140

Chindaswinthe, Visigoth sovereign, promulgated law regarding betrothal rings, 200

Chinese rings, 81, 85, 105–108, 248, 319–321

Chlorastrolite, 335

Chrysoberyl, 86

Chrysolite, _see_ peridot

Chrysoprase, 34

Chrysostom, St. John, on ring inscriptions, 135

Church, Sir Arthur Herbert, 86

Church collection, 86

Cicero, tells how Verres had rings made, 16 of ring seized by Verres, 127

Cigarette ring, 94

Clemens Alexandrinus, 14, 121, 133, 199, 296

Clement IV, Pope, “Fisherman’s Ring” of, 263

Clement V, Pope, stones used in ecclesiastical rings in time of, 276

Clement VIII, Pope, 263

Cleopatra, signet of, 126

Cleveland Museum of Art, 90

Clotaire II, coin of, set in ring, 162

Clothilda, receives betrothal ring from Clovis I in 493 A.D., 201, 202

Clovis I of France, on bishops’ signets, 137

Coats-of-arms on signet rings, 149

Coello, Claudio, 59

Coins set in rings, 162

Coke, Sir Edward, historic ring bequeathed by, 189 diamond ring of, 189

College of Arms, London, gift to, by Duke of Norfolk, 181

Color of stones in bishops’ rings, significance of, 274, 275

Columbus, Knights of, rings of, 332

Commodus, signet of, 131

“Communion rings,” 351

Comnenus, Alexis, signet-ring of, 144

Comnenus, John, 144

“Cone-shell” rings, 17

Congo, King of the, thumb ring of, 64

_Conlegium anularium_, 16

Constantius II, signet of, 161

Copper rings, 19, 20, 22, 84, 328

Coral, 63, 78, 341

Cordierite, 86

Corean rings, 107

Coronation ring, English, 174, 282, 283

Coronation ring, French, 284

Cortés, Fernan, 19

Corundum, 86

Cosmas and Damian, Sts., effigies of, on a healing ring, 338

“Cramp rings,” 341–345

Cranach, Lucas, 61

Crisp collection of memorial rings, 43

Culin, Stewart, vii

Curry, James, bought Henrietta Maria’s signet, 156

Cushing, Frank H., 21, 22

Cypriote rings, 6, 7, 111, 119, 120

Cyrianides, magic rings described in, 295

D

_Dactyliotheca_, 53, 54

Dactylomancy, 299, 308

Daggett, Frank S., viii

Dalhousie, Lord, 103

Dalton, O. M., 39, 150

Damer, Miss Dawson, 225

Daniel, Book of, signet mentioned in, 115

Darius III, signet of, 123

Darnley, Henry, Lord, wedding ring of, 217, 218

Dashur, rings found at, 68

Davenant, Sir William, of a rush-ring, 206

Death, removing of rings in case of, 134

Decade rings, 34

DeForest, Robert W., vii

Deloche, M., 10, 58, 140

Dial rings, 39, 87

Diamond, 78, 89, 98, 99, 101, 167–170, 181, 183, 189, 215, 227, 235, 252, 278, 288, 334 entire rings of, 105

Divining with rings, 299

Divorce rings, 235

Dixon, Joseph K., viii

Doctors’ rings, 266

Domenico dei Camei, gem engraver, 148

Domna, Julia, wife of Septimius Severus, causes Philostratus to write life of Apollonius of Tyana, 296

Drake, Alexander Wilson, 85, 86, 217

Drake, Mrs. Alexander W., vii, 217

Drake collection, 85, 353

Dreams about rings, 37, 104, 132, 298

Dryden, John, 312 on gimmal ring, 219

Durant, Guillaume, Bishop of Mende, on spiritual meaning of wedding ring, 207

Dutt, Dasmodar, Hindu portraitist, 63

Dynamite rings, 110

E

Ebbo, Bishop of Rheims, ring sent to, by mother of Charles the Bald, 270

Ecgberht, Archbishop of York, 267

Eden, Hon. Miss, 101

Edward the Confessor’s ring, 162, 174, 176, 342, 343

Edward I, tomb of, opened in 1774, 179

Edward II, 276

Edward III, 315 gives ruby ring, 180

Edward IV, decree of, against spurious rings, 114

Edward VI, 343 marriage service in prayer-book of, 204

Eglamore, Sir, mediæval romance, magic ring in, 310

Egmont’s poison ring, 38, 39

Egyptian rings, 1, 5, 6, 51, 67, 68, 96, 117, 118, 249

Eisen, Gustavus A., vii

Eleanora, Empress of Germany, ring of, 168

Eleazar’s magic ring, 294, 295

Electric curative rings, 354

Electrum rings, 110, 314

Elizabeth, Queen, 49, 149, 152, 162, 169, 219 diamond ring given by, to Mary, Queen of Scots, 183, 184 ring given by, to Essex, 186–188 portrait of, showing ring, 188 healing ring sent to, 350

Elk-hoof, rings made from, 352, 353

Elks, Benevolent Protective Order of, rings of, 332

Emblems, Christian, on rings, 253–255

Emerald, 4, 5, 34, 50, 74, 78, 89, 106, 121, 176, 178, 180, 181, 211, 227, 252, 274, 275, 276, 282, 305, 328, 335 entire rings of, 101–103

Emnechildis, wife of Childeric II, signet of, 138

Engagement rings, 227, 230, 233–235, 237

English rings, 36, 41–45, 47, 48, 64, 74, 85, 113, 129, 144, 149–157, 169, 173–192, 211, 219, 221, 222, 224, 231, 269–272, 274, 282–284, 286, 287, 349

Enkomi, Cyprus, rings found in tombs at, 5, 6

Enstatite, 86

Eskimos, do not favor rings, 31

Essex, Earl of, wins diamond ring at tournament, 181

Essex ring, 162

Essex, William Devereux, Earl of, story of ring sent him by Elizabeth, 186–188

Estampes, Anne de Pisseleu, Duchesse d’, favorite of Francis I, 168

Esther, book of, signet mentioned in, 116

Ethelswith, ring of, 173, 174

Ethelwulf, ring of, 173, 174

Etruscan rings, 68, 69

Eugene III, Pope, 144

Eugene IV, Pope, 259

Evans, Sir John, 209

Evdokim, Archbishop, 282

Evil eye, rings as charms against, 236, 293

F

Faber, Conrad, portrait by, 148

Fairbanks, Arthur, viii

Fairchild, B. G., 363

Farley, Cardinal, ring of, 278

Faustina the elder, head of, in entire sapphire ring, 99

_Fede_, Italian designation of betrothal ring, 209

_Fei-tsui_ jade, 107

Fenton, Edward, on the turquoise, 220

Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, 81

Figdor, Albert, x, 89, 167

Figdor (Dr. Albert) collection, 45, 89, 167, 210, 253

Filipino rings, 83, 352

Filippo Maria, Duke of Milan, 259

Finger on which betrothal or wedding ring is placed, 194–197, 203, 215, 222

Fish symbol (Christian), 255

“Fisherman’s Ring,” 262–265

Fitzherbert, Mrs., ring of, with portrait of George IV, 224

Flambard, Bishop, ring of, 275

Fletcher, John, allusion of, to rush-rings, 206

Fortnum, Drury, 153, 154, 156

Fossil coral, 334

Francis I, verses written with diamond ring by, 168

Francis II of France, 150

Franklin rings, 77

Franks Bequest collection, 40, 104, 150

Frederick I of Prussia, talismanic ring of, 171, 172

Frederick the Great, 171

Frederick William I of Prussia, 172

Frederick William III of Prussia, 172

French Revolution, rings of, 76

French rings, 45, 47, 75–77, 85, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93, 139, 140, 145, 147, 149–151, 164, 168, 170, 173, 179, 201, 211, 212, 215, 273, 348

French soldiers, rings made by, 92, 93

“Friday Ring” of Charles V of France, 164, 165

Friedländer, R, & Sohn, ix

Frölen Gösta, Washington ring owned by, 192

Fuller, Thomas, 227

G

Galba, signet of, 131

Galen, soporific ring in supposed treatise of, 337

Galleria Carrara, Bergamo, 61

Gallo-Roman rings, 59, 202

Gardiner, Bishop, of “cramp rings,” 343

Garnet, 21, 86, 109, 110, 111, 125, 178, 227, 335 curious test of genuineness of, 340

Gauge, Allen’s Standard, 356

Gauge, Engelmann’s ring, finger and millimeter, 359

Gaveston, Piers, carries off bishops’ rings, 276

Genesis, signet mentioned in, 115

Genlis, Mme. de, “Sapphire Merveilleux” by, 326

Geoffroy Rufus, Bishop, ring of, 275

George I, wedding rings frequently worn on thumb in reign of, 194

George III, 43, 151

George IV, ring of, with portrait of Mrs. Fitzherbert, 224

Germanic Museum, Nuremberg, 210

German rings, 17, 45, 58, 75, 85, 88, 158, 163, 167, 171, 172, 200, 208–210, 216, 221, 227–229, 235, 273, 274, 305

Germans, ancient, rings of, 17

“Gesta Romanorum,” story of ring in, 300, 306, 307, 345, 346

Ghirlandajo’s portrayal of the betrothal of the Virgin, 203

Giardinetti rings, 74

Gilgamesh Epic, porphyry ring mentioned in, 96

Gimmal ring, 218–220

Glasgow, explanation of arms of city of, 216

Glass rings, 109, 144

Glenn, L. C., viii

Goclenius, 353

Gold-plated rings, 109

Gold quartz, 335

Gorius, 33

Gothic rings, 163

Gottheil, Richard, vii

Gratacap, L. P., viii

Greek Church, usage as to wedding rings in, 203, 204

Greek-letter fraternities, rings of, 334

Greek rings, 7–10, 51, 69, 110, 111, 112, 122, 124, 126, 198, 251, 256

Greenfield, Archbishop, ring of, 272

Greer, Right Rev. David H., viii, seal of, 279, 280

Gregory, St., formula as to bishops’ rings in Sacramental of, 267, 268

Gregory XIII, Pope, 281

Gregory XVI, 35

Gregory, Nyassa, St., 256

Gresham, Sir Thomas, wedding ring of, 219

Grien, Hans Baldung, 62

Grimm, Jacob, in betrothal rings in Germany, 207

Grossherzoglich-Hessisches Museum, Darmstadt, 73

Guild of ring-makers in ancient Rome, 16

Gyges, magic ring of, 289–291, 307, 314

H

Hadrian, value of rings in time of, 98 signet of, 134

Hadrian IV, sends emerald ring to Henry II, when granting sovereignty of England over Ireland, 176

Hafiz of Shiraz, 289

Hamilton, Lord John, sapphire ring sent to, by Mary, Queen of Scots, 184

Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph von, 142

Hamper, William, thumb-ring owned by, 339

Han Dynasty, jade rings of, 105

Hannibal, rings taken by, at battle of Cannæ, 11, 12

Hapgood, Mrs. Isabel, viii

Harnham Hill, ring found at, 195

Harrower, Miss Katherine, signet owned by, 160

Hâtshepset, Queen, signet of, 117

Hatton, Lord Chancellor, sends healing ring to Queen Elizabeth, 350

Hatzfeldt, Princess, portrait of, 61

Healing rings, 336–354

Hebrew rings, 85, 115, 134, 213, 214, 252, 253, 338, 366

Helen of Troy, magic ring of, 92, 292

Heliodorus, describes a ring in his “Æthiopica,” 111

Henri II, medal of, with figure of diamond ring, 170

Henry II receives emerald ring from Pope Hadrian IV with grant of sovereignty over Ireland, 176

Henry III, of England, rings among Crown Jewels of, 55 pawns jewels of Edward the Confessor’s shrine, 175

Henry IV of England, decree of against spurious rings, 114

Henry V of England, 166

Henry VI, of England, serjeants’ rings in time of, 49

Henry VII of England, gives rings as tournament prizes, 181

Henry VIII, 182, 189 portrait of, 59

Henrietta Maria, Queen, signet of, 153–156

Heraclius, Emperor, 141

“Hermit’s stone” in ring, 305

Herrick, Robert, 218

Hervée, Bishop, ring of, 273

Hilary, Bishop, ring of, 272

Hindu rings, 63, 77–80, 85, 101–103, 223, 321

Hirth, Friedrich, viii

“Hnited” (The Welded), mystic ring given King Olaf by Ulf the Red, 323

Hodge, F. W., viii

Hogarth, William, 94

Hohenzollern Museum, Berlin, 224

Holbein, Hans, 59

Holmes, W. H., viii

Hololith rings, 97, 99 sqq.

Homeric epics, rings not mentioned in, 8

Hope, Henry Philip, 325

Horace, 44, 53 on Thynnian rings, 71

Horseshoe-nail rings, 110

Hough, Walter, viii, 24

Humerous mottoes on rings, 221, 222

Hungarian rings, 166, 318

Hunila, Gothic ring of, 163

Hunyady, John, ring story concerning, 166

Huntington, Archer M., 278

Hyalite, 227

I

Iconographic rings, 74

Imperial Kunstgewerbe Museum, Vienna, 87

Indians, American, rings of, 17–30

Innocent III sends four rings to Richard Cœur de Lion, 178 definition of bishops’ rings by, 273

Iolite, 227

Irene, Empress, wife of Alexis Comnenus, 144

Irish rings, 85, 226 one set with diamonds found near Mallingor, Co. Westmeath, 191

Iron rings, 10, 11, 17, 84, 228, 328

Isaiah on rings of Hebrew women, 65

Isidore of Seville, 52, 70, 195, 267

Isis and Serapis, ring figuring, 57, 70

Isis, rings dedicated to statue of, in Spain, 252

Italian rings, 74, 79, 85, 109, 147, 214, 262–265

Ivory rings, 84, 104, 113, 120, 136

J

Jacinth, (zircon), 21, 78, 86, 124, 340 healing power of, set in a ring, 340

Jade, 158 ring box of in Bishop Collection, 55 entire rings of, 105–108, 319

Jadeite, 158

Jackson, A. V. Williams, viii, 160

James, Epistle of, wearer of gold ring in, 14

James I, sapphire ring announcing Elizabeth’s death brought to, 188, 189

James IV of Scotland, turquoise ring of, 181, 182

Japanese rings, 82, 85

Jasper, 33, 87, 257 entire ring of, 99

Jastrow, Morris, Jr., viii

Jean Sans-Peur, Duke of Burgundy, ring of, 149

Jeanne d’Arc, rings of, 347, 348

Jeffreys, Judge, ring of, 190, 191

Jehangir Shah, entire emerald ring of, 101 entire ruby ring of, 102

Jemshid, magic ring of, 116

Jeremiah, on the signet ring, 135

Jeroboam II, King of Israel, signet ring from time of, 366

Jet, entire ring of, 108

John, King, jewels of, 55

John II of France, ruby ring of, lost at Poitiers, 164, 165

John V, Paleologus, Emperor, 146

John XXII, Pope, stones used in ecclesiastical rings in time of, 276

John Constans, Elector of Saxony, portrait of, 61

John of Salisbury, 176, 177

Johnson, Dr. Samuel, wedding ring of, 223

Jones, William H., viii

Jonson, Ben, “ring posy” of, 238

Jordan, Agnes, abbess of Bridgetine Convent, ring on sepulchral image of, 280

Joseph’s ring, 1

Josephus, 132 story of magic ring, 294, 295

Jupiter, ring of priests of, 250

Justinian, Emperor, decree of, regarding rings, 15

Juvenal, 57, 96, 97

Juxon, Bishop, and rings of Charles I, 156

K

Kalidasa, 321

Karavongu, Prabha, ix

Keith, Minor C., viii

Kentigern, St., promises finding of a wedding ring, 216

Key-shaped rings, 71

Khufu (cheops), ring of priest of his pyramid, 118

King, C. W., 111, 147, 157, 171

Kircher, Athomasius, 213

Knights of Columbus, rings of, 332

Knights of Pythias, rings of, 334

Knot, the, as origin of the ring, 2

Koch, Court Jeweller, ring collection of, 209

Konstantinidis Collection at Nicosia, 6

Kunzite, 334

_Kusa_-grass (Saccharum spontaneum) rings of, among the Hindus, 77

L

Labouchère, M., 157

Labradorite, 34, 86

Lafayette, ring given to, by Washington, 192

Lalique, René, 87

Lambeccius, 315

Lapidario of Alfonso X, 304, 305, 328

Lapis-lazuli, 50, 63, 96, 117, 158, 171

Lapplanders, magic rings of the, 324

“Latitude and Longitude Ring,” 233

Laufer, Berthold, viii

Layard, Sir Austen Henry, 3

Leaden rings, 112, 328

Leaming, Vice-Chancellor E. B., 192

Legal use of a ring, 36

Legend, Scotch, of loss of a wedding ring, 215, 216

Lentulus, signet of, 127

Leo X, Pope, 264, 269

Leopold I, 315

Lessing G. E., tale of rings in his “Nathan der Weise,” 346, 347

Levesque, M., 147

Leyden Papyrus, formulas for magic rings in, 297, 298

Lichtenau, Countess, anecdote of ring taken by, 172

Lincoln, Waldo, ix, 47

Lindenschmidt, Ludwig, 58

Locomotive Engineers, Brotherhood of, ring of, 332

Londesborough collection, 34, 169, 213, 218, 220, 311

London Archæological Institute, 166

“Lorscher Ring,” 73

Lothaire’s signet, 140

Lotto, Lorenzo, 61

Louis I, signet of, 140

Louis VII, donates ring to shrine of Thomas à Becket, 183

Louis IX, supposed signet ring of, 145

Louis XI, 167

Louis XII, signet of, 147, 148

Louis of Luxembourg, Constable, rings given by, 167

Louisa, Queen of Prussia, betrothal ring of, 224

Louvre Museum, 249

Lovat, Lord, memorial ring of, 44

Lucas, Dr. F. A., viii

Lucian, tale of a magic ring told by, 122

Lucretius, of Samothracius rings, 70

Lucullus, signet of, 130

Luminous ring, 317

Luther, ring commemorating wedding of, 216, 217

Lyly, Sir Peter, 62

M

“Mabinogian,” magic ring in, 307, 308

McCurdy, George Grant, ix

Machu Picchu, Inca city of refuge, 83

Macrobius, on ring-finger, 52, 194

Mæcenas, signet of, 130

Magic rings, _see_ talismanic

Magnetic iron, 328

“Mahabharata,” rings mentioned in the, 77

Mâharânî of Sikkim, portrait of, 63 (Frontispiece)

Malory, Sir Thomas, 309

Mandeville, Sir John, 315

Manx customs as to rings, 205

Marat, effigy of on ring, 76

Maratta, Carlo, portrait by, 278

Marcellus Empiricus, on cure of hiccoughs by the placing of a ring, 336

Marcina, St., the Younger, ring of, 256

Marcus Aurelius, head of, in signet, 140

Margaret of Anjou, 180, 181

Marguerite de Valois, verses written with diamond ring by, 168

Maria of Austria, portrait of, 59

Marius, wore iron ring at triumph, 10

Mark, St., legend of ring of, 312, 314

Marlborough Collection of Gems, 99

Marston John, rings mentioned in play by, 46

Martial, epigrams of, on rings, 34, 53, 54

Mary of Burgundy, ring of, 167

Mary I of England, 183

Mary, Princess, afterwards Queen, portrait of, 60

Mary, Queen of Scots, 155 ring memorials of, 45, 184–186 portrait of, 60 signet ring of, 149–151, 153 ring given her by Elizabeth, 183, 184 wedding ring of, 217, 218

Masonic rings, 331, 332

Materials of rings, 95–114

Mathias, Emperor of Germany, ring of, 168

Matilda, wife of William the Conqueror, ring found in tomb of, 179

Maurus, Rabonus, Archbishop of Mainz, 268

Maximilian I, Emperor, betrothal ring of, 234, 235

Maximinus, Emperor, thumb ring of, 58, 162

Mazza, B., viii

_Mazzel tob_, inscription on Hebrew betrothal rings, meaning of, 213

Medici, Cosimo dé, _impresa_, with diamond rings, 170

Megenberg, Konrad son, 311

Memorial rings, 40–48

Mendæans of Mesopotamia as silversmiths, 31, 32

Mendoza, Spanish ambassador, ring sent to, by Mary, Queen of Scots, 185

Mercato, Michele, 258

“Merchant of the Ruby,” 180

Merchant’s ring of glass, mentioned in “Piers Plowman,” 144

Mercier, Louis Sebastien, 76

Mercury as bestower of magic rings, 295, 296

Meroë, ring of a queen of, 67

Meronitz, Bohemia, garnets from, 110

Merovingian rings, 58, 72, 73, 137, 138, 257

Meteorites, rings set with peridots from, 330

Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 51, 80, 105, 119, 188

“Michelangelo’s Signet,” 147

Mills, William C., ix

Min Yonk Ik, Corean prince, jade rings of, 107

Minoan rings, 116, 118

Minos of Crete, ring of, 291, 292

Mint-marks from signets, 129

Mirror rings, Hindu, 79

Mithridates the Great, 54

Mocha-stone, 87

Mohammed’s seal, 141

Moonstone, 335

Moore, Isabel, ix

Moorehead, Warren K., ix, 21, 22

Moose, Loyal Order of, rings of, 332

Morgan, Henri de, 2, 68

Morgan, J. de, 68

Morgan, Octavius, 75

Morse, Edward S., ix

“Morte d’Arthur,” story of magic ring in, 309, 310

Moss-agate, 335

Mostiola, St., has betrothal ring of the Virgin, 259

Mother-of pearl, 81

Mottoes, 209–213, 221, 222, 233, 234, 237–248 formed by initials of stones set in rings, 50, 226

Müller, Peter, on legal significance of giving a ring, 204

Murray, George Gilbert Aimé, 4

Musa, Antonius, granted right to wear gold rings, by Augustus, 336

Museo Nacional, Mexico City, Aztec finger-ring in, 20

Mycenæan rings, 6, 68, 99, 109, 118

N

Nadir Shah, entire emerald rings of, 101, 102

Nails, horseshoe, rings of, 110, 326

Names of rings in ancient and modern India, 78, 79 in various modern languages, 364–365

“_Naoratna_” (_navaratna_) ring, 78, 321

Napoleon memorial rings, 47, 48

Napoleonic rings, 173

Narwhal tusk, rings of, 341

Natal rings, 90, 91, 328, 329

“Nathan der Weise,” tale of rings in, 346, 347

National Geographic Society, 83

National Hungarian Museum, 16, 318

National Museum at St. Germain-en-Laye, 121

National Museum, Washington, D. C., 85

Navajo Indians, rings of, 22–30

Nelson, Admiral Horatio, memorial rings of, 44

Nero, signet of, 130

New Gallery, London, 225

New York Historical Society, 118

Newall, Edward T., viii

Nibelungen Ring, 303

Nider, Johann, legend of miraculous nun’s ring in his Formicarius, 286

Niello, how made and applied, 271

Nippur, record of emerald ring found at, 4, 5

Noe, Sydney P., viii

Norfolk, Duke of, donates ring of James IV of Scotland, 181

Numa Pompilius, iron rings worn in age of, 10 rings on statues of, 52

Nuns’ rings, 284–286

O

Ohio State Archæological and Historical Society, 19

Ominous substitution for a wedding ring in a Scotch legend, 226

“Oneirocritica” of Artemidorus, 37

Onyx, 39, 111, 158, 159, 328

Opal, 86, 227, 269, 291

Orders and societies, rings of, 332, 333

Origin of the ring, 1–32

Ostby & Barton Co., ix

Othman, loses Mohammed’s seal, 141

Otto III of Germany, orders disinterment of Charlemagne’s remains, 302

Overbury, Sir Thomas, 189

Ovid, portrait ring of, 57 on a ring gift, 193

Owen, Sir Richard, 196

P

“Pacifying ring,” 233

Papal rings, 262–265

Passion, healing ring with emblems of the, 348, 349

Pearl, 34, 50, 60, 78, 87, 114, 180, 236, 252, 334, 335 figured on portrait of Queen Mary I of England, 60

Peary, Admiral Robert E., ix

Pectunculas shells, rings made of, 17

Pelissier, Georges, ix

Pembroke, William Herbert, Lord, enjoins in his will that his widow shall enter order of widowhood, 286

Pepys, Samuel, his bequest of rings to his friends, 41

Perfume rings, 38

Peridot (chrysolite), 21, 86, 227, 335

Persian rings, 2, 80, 103, 116, 122, 123

Perugia, betrothal ring of the Virgin at, 100, 222, 258–261

Peruvian rings, 83

Pesaro, Antonio, 61

Peters, Rev. Dr. John P., viii, 160

Peters, Miss Joan St. Michael, signet owned by, 160

Petrarch, on ruby ring of John II of France, 164

Petrie, William Flinders, ix

Phenacite, 86

Philip II of Spain, ring sent to by Mary, Queen of Scots, 185, 186 at consecration of “cramp rings,” 245

Philostratus, Flavius, 296

Phocus, ring of, 9

Phœnician rings, 68, 121

Physicians’ rings, 345

Piccolomini Collection, 71

Pierce, President, ring given to, 84

Pinakothek, Munich, 62

Pilloy, L., 59

Pipe-stopper ring, 94

Pius II, Pope, ring of, 262

Pius VI, 263, 264

Pius IX, 263, 281

Planetary rings, 296, 327, 328, 351

Plasma, 274

Platinum rings, 229, 230

Plato, blames Aristotle for wearing rings, 32 on ring of Gyges, 290, 291

Plautus, ring mentioned by, in his “Miles Gloriosus,” 193, 194 of sealing up household goods, 133

Pliny, 1, 8, 10, 53, 104, 121, 195, 199, 336

Plotina, wife of Trojan, supposed ring of, 71

Plutarch, 8, 123

Pococke, Bishop, 191

Poison ring, in ancient Rome, 36 of Hannibal, 36 of Demosthenes, 36 Rubbinical, 36 of the Borgias, 37 Egmont’s, 38

Polish rings, 65

Polycrates, ring of, 120–122

Polygnotus, rings in pictures by, 9

Pompey, 54 signet of, 127, 130

Pomphonica, Roman lady, ring of, 33

Pope, Alexander, 112

Porphyry, 96

Portrait rings, 76

Portraits illustrating ring-wearing, 60–64, 148, 152, 188, 278

Portuguese rings, 172, 173, 328, 329

“Posies” for rings, selection of, 237–247

Prado Gallery, Madrid, 60

Prehnite, 335

Prince, John Dyneley, viii, 365

Prometheus, legend as to ring of, 1, 2

Propertius, of a ring burned in a funeral pyre, 134

Protonotaries’ rings, 281

Proverbs, French, regarding rings, 76

Pueblo Bonito, Nev., rings found at, 108

Pueblo ruins of Arizona and New Mexico, rings from, 17

Purposes, special, of ring wearing, 32–50

Puzzle rings, 219

Pyrite, 335

Pythias, Knights of, rings of, 334

Q

Quicksilver rings, 328, 351

R

Rabbies’ rings, 252, 253

Rafael’s “Sposalizio” in Brera Gallery, Milan, 203

Raleigh, Sir Walter, lines written with diamond ring by, 169

“Ramayana,” rings mentioned in the, 77

Rameses II, ring of, 249

Rameses III, rings in time of, 97

Rathbun, R., ix

Read, Sir Charles Hercules, ix, 58, 99

Reale Galleria d’Arte Antica, Rome, 60

“Regal of France,” large diamond in ornament given by Louis VII to shrine of St. Thomas à Becket, 183

“Regard Rings,” 227

Reinach, Salomon, 121

Religious use of rings, 249–287

“Repeal Ring,” 50

“Reynard the Fox,” magic ring described in, 303, 304

Rhinoceros horn, healing rings of, 338, 352 hoof rings of, 337

Richard, Cœur de Lion receives four gold rings from Pope Innocent III, 178

Richard II, memorial rings of, 41 grants coronation Ring to Westminster Abbey, 174 directs that a ring be put on his finger after death, 179

Rienzi, Cola di, wedding ring of, 214

Riker, William, ix

Ring-making, 354–364

Ring-money, 35

Roberts, Oliver A., ix

Robespierre rings, 77

Rock-crystal, 125, 149, 158, 328, 335 entire rings of, 100

Rogers, Austin T., ix

Roman rings, 10, 33, 52–58, 71–73, 85, 97–99, 100, 104, 113, 126, 128, 130–132, 134, 198, 250, 255, 258–261, 293, 337 rules as to wearing those of iron or gold, 10–16

Roosevelt, Miss Alice (Mrs. Longworth) anecdote regarding ring given to, by Sultan of Sulu, 236, 237

Roscius, Roman actor, right of wearing a ring accorded to, 13

Rossi, Abbot Adamo, 258

Rothschild, Baron Ferdinand, 88

Roty, Oscar, marriage medals of, 232, 233

Royal Collection at Windsor Castle, 147, 156

Rubens’ “Betrothal of Marie de’Medici,” 224

Ruby, 50, 78, 89, 90, 101, 106, 144, 147, 164, 165, 174, 178, 180, 181, 183, 227, 269, 270, 274, 275, 283, 334, 340 entire ring of, 102

Runic inscription on healing ring, 339

Rush-rings, for mock marriages, 206, 207

Russian Church, usage as to wedding rings in, 203, 204

Russian rings, 85, 100, 204

S

Saadi, ring story in Gulistan of, 163, 164

Sackvil, Thomas, Duke of Dorset, ring given to by James I, 350

Sagan Kerens of S. E. Asia, superstitious use of rings with, 308

“St. Martin’s Ring,” 113, 114

“Sakuntala” of Kalidasa, magic ring in, 321, 322

Salisbury, Richard, Bishop of, on rush-rings, 206

Samothracian rings, 70, 85

Santo Anello, Capella del, 261

“Saphire Merveilleux,” 325, 326

Sapphire, 36, 74, 78, 89, 143, 158, 161, 176, 178, 179, 184, 188, 189, 227, 269, 270, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 325, 331, 335, 339

Sard, 158, 159, 337

Sardonyx, 96, 121, 125, 159

Sarum Rite, order of matrimony in the, 196, 197

Sassanian rings, 85, 161

Saxon’s Lode, thumb ring found at, 64

_Scalæ anulariæ_ in Rome, where ring-dealers sold their wares, 16

Scandinavian rings, 323, 324, 339

Scaraboid rings, 51

Scaurus, Emilius, _dactyliotheca_ of, 54

Scheibel, Lieut., ring found by, 300

Schley, Mrs. Annie R., viii

Schneider, Hofrat, 172

Scipio Africanus, signet of, 129

Seffrid, Bishop, ring of, 272

Seleucus I, Nicator, signet of, 124 magic ring of, 293

Senlis, Pierre Bishop of, formula for dedicating nun’s rings in his pontifical, 285

Serapis and Isis, ring figuring, 57, 70 head of Serapis on signet, 140

Serjeants’ rings, 48, 50

Serpent rings, 72, 78, 91, 92

Servius Tullius, rings in statues of, 52

Sewall, Archbishop, ring of, 272

Shakespeare, 40, 46, 152, 166, 207, 220, 221, 247, 310, 317 bequest of rings to his friends, 41 signet of, 151

Shashank I (Shishak), ring of, 117

Shaw, Sir Edmund, mourning rings bequeathed by, 349

Shell rings, 17, 18, 21

Shemai, signet ring of, 366

“Shield of David” on healing rings, 339

Shook, Sheridan, amethyst ring worn by, 85

Shujah, Shah, entire emerald ring given by, to British East India Company, 101 to Runjit Singh, 102

Shylock’s turquoise, 220

Siamese rings, 81

Sigfroi, Archbishop, ring of, 274

Sight, restoration of, by rings, 337

Sigismond Augustus of Poland, decree of, as to Hebrew rings, 65

Signet ring or rings of Queen Aah-hotep, 117 of Ahasuerus, 115 of Alexander the Great, 123 of Amenhotep IV, 67 of Antiochus Epiphanes, 125 of the Arabs, 142 of Augustus, 130, 131 of Aurelian, 133 of St. Bernard de Clairvaux, 144 at baptisms, 136 bequests of, 149 betrothal rings used as, 133 of bishops, 137 owned by Lord Byron, 152 of Julius Cæsar, 130 of Charles I of England, 156 of Charles V of France, 146 of Childeric I, 138–140 of Childeric II’s wife, 138 coats of arms on, 149 of Commodus, 131 of Alexis and John Comnenus, 144 of Constantius II, 161 of Dagobert I’s wife, 138 of Darius, 123 dreams of, 132 of early French Kings, 37, 138 of Galba, 131 of Hadrian, 134 of Queen Hatshepset, 117 diamond, of Queen Henrietta Maria, 153–156 ivory, for sealing amphoræ, 120–122 of priest of Khufu’s pyramid, 118 of Lentulus, 127 of Lothaire, 140 of Louis le Debonnaire, 140 of Louis IX, 145 of Louis XII, 147, 148 of Lucullus, 130 of Mæcenas, 130 of Mary Queen of Scots, 149–151 merchants’, 144 “Michelangelo’s Signet,” 147 of Mohammed, 141 mottoes on, in Arabic, 142 of Nero, 130 in platinum or gold, 158 of Polycrates, 120 of Pompey, 127 of Scipio Africanus, 129 of Seleucus, 124 of Shakespeare, 151 of Shemai, 366 superstitious use of, 122, 123 of Sylla, 130 of Thothmes III, 117 of Tiberius, 134 one stolen by Verres, 126, 127 of Wilhelm I of Germany, 158 of President Wilson, 161 of Xerxes, 122 of Zerubbabbel, 135

Skiff, F. J. V., ix

Sloane, Sir Hans, rings in collection of, 87

Smith, Sir Thomas, 350

Society of Antiquaries, London, 75

Solomon’s ring, 288, 289

Somers, Lt. Robert, ring given to, by Washington, 192

South Kensington Museum, 190, 315

Spanish rings, 85

Spartans, iron rings of, 10

Spencer, Leonard, ix

Spessartite, 335

Sphere, 86

Sphere ring, 88

Spinel, 86

Spodumene, 86

Squirt ring, 148

Staël von Holstein, Baron Erik Magnus, 192

Stanbery, John, Bishop, ring of, 275

Starr, Friedrich, ix

State gems for ring setting, 334, 335

Steevens, George, on Shylock’s turquoise, 220

Stephen Radislav, King of Servia, nuptial ring of, 198

Sterling, John, “Onyx Ring” by, 324, 325

Stewart, Rev. Father William J., viii

Stone, George C., viii

“Stone of Invisibility,” 307

Stone rings, 2, 21

“Stone of Remembrance,” 307

Stoudt, Rev. John Baer, ix

Stratonice, wife of Seleucus I, rings dedicated by, 251

Strickland, Agnes, 184

Suetonius, 134

Suffolk, Countess of, takes vow of widowhood, 287

Suidas, 312

Sulu, Sultan of, pearl ring given by, 236, 237

Sunstone, 335

Superstitious use of seal-rings, 122, 123

Surprise rings, 94

Surrya, Prince, 81

Swivel rings, 94

Sylla, signet of, 130

Symeon, Archbishop of Thessalonica, his description of Byzantine marriage ceremony about 1400 A. D., 202

Symbols, Christian, 253–255

Syrian rings, 124, 125, 160

T

Tacitus on Germanic iron rings, 17

Taft, ex-President William H., ix, 161, 236

Talismanic and magic rings Albertus Magnus on, 311 Apollonius of Tyana’s, 296, 325 Boniface VIII’s, 306 Charlemagne’s, 300–302 Christian, in British Museum, 257 Clemens Alexandrinus on, 296 as charm against the Evil Eye, 236, 293 fortune-telling by means of, 299 of Frederick I of Prussia, 171, 172 of Gesta Romanorum, 300, 306, 345 of Gyges, 289–291 of Helen of Troy, 92, 292 “Hnited” (“The Welded”) given to King Olaf, 323 in the “Mabinogian,” 307 Sir John Mandeville on, 315 St. Mark’s, 312–314 of Minos of Crete, 291, 292 in “Morte d’Arthur,” 309, 310 _naoratna_ ring of Hindus, 78, 321 in Reynard the Fox, 303 “Saphir Merveilleux,” 325 Scandinavian, 323, 339 of Seluecus I, Nicator, 293 in Sir Eglamore, 310 “Ring of Solomon,” 288, 289 in Sterling’s “Onyx Ring,” 324 superstitious use of, by Sagan Karens, 308 Tewfik Pasha’s experience with one, 322, 323 in “Book of Thetel,” 311 one made by Abbot Tritheim, 314 in Wolfdietrich, 305, 306 in Yuain and Gawin, 310

Tanagra, ring from, 112

Tassi, Agosto, engraver of “Michelangelo’s Signet,” 147

Tavernier, Jean Baptiste, 143, 154, 155

Tedyngton, Richard, keeper of jewels of Edward the Confessor’s shrine, 175

Tertullian on betrothal ring, 199

Tewfik Pasha, experience of, with a magic ring, 322, 323

Theodorus of Samos, engraver of ring of Polycrates, 120

Thomas, Dr. John, Dean of Westminster, 179

Thompson, C. J. S., ix

Thothmes III, ring of, 117

Thumb rings, 58, 87, 105–108, 194, 222

Thynnian rings, 70

Tiberius, seal ring of, removed when he became unconscious, 134

Tibetan, 81

Tin rings, 328

Toad swallowing a serpent, ring designed in form of a, 311

Toadstone, warns of poison when worn in a ring, 341

Toe rings, 78, 80

Topaz, 78, 86, 125, 158, 178, 276, 335

Tourmaline, 86 green (“Brazilian emerald”), used for bishops’ rings in Brazil, 277

Tournament, rings as prizes at a, 181

“Tower Rings,” 169

Trallianus, Alexander, recommends ring as cure for biliousness, 338

_Trauring_, German designation of betrothal ring, 209

Tree, Sir Herbert, x

Trees sealed with rings, 128

Tricolored magic ring, 304

“Trinity Ring,” 75

Tritheim, Abbot of Spandau, magic ring made by, 314

True-lovers’ knot, 2

Tumulty, J. P., ix

Türk, Viennese court jeweller, collection of rings made by, 66

“Turkie,” old name of turquoise, 220

Turquoise, 21, 23, 24, 34, 63, 75, 81, 86, 103, 114, 150, 182, 328, 334

Tyrolean rings, 353

Tyszkiewicz Collection, 121

U

Ulysses, ring of, 8

United States National Museum, 85

University Galleries, Oxford, 60

University of Pennsylvania, excavations at Nippur by, 4

V

Valens, Emperor, 299

Vandyke, Anthony, 62

Vergil, Polydore, 342

Verney, Sir Edmund, ring given to, by Charles I, 190

Verres, seal ring stolen by, 126

Victoria, Queen, 156, 225

Victoria and Albert Museum (South Kensington Museum), 217, 269, 271

Virgin, betrothal ring of, at Perugia, 100, 222, 258–261

Visigoths, law of, concerning betrothal rings, 200

Vyse, Colonel, 118

W

Wada, T., x

Waddesdon Bequest, 88

Wade, Mr. and Mrs. J. Homer, 90

Wales, Prince of, ring among insignia of, made by Welsh gold, 283, 284

Walwyn, Francis, engraver of Henrietta Maria’s diamond signet, 154

Warbeck, Perkin, 180

Ward, William Hayes, ix, 3 anecdote of ring bought by, 3, 4

Washington rings, 77, 191, 192

Watch rings, 40, 87, 353

Watelet, M., 147

Waterton, Edmund, 34, 214

Waterton Collection, 217, 269–271

Wearing of rings, methods of, 50–66

Wedding or betrothal rings sent by Clovis I, 201 conditional gift of, 205 diamond, in Shakespeare’s Cymbeline, 221 on which finger placed, 194–197, 203, 215, 222 George IV’s with portrait of Mrs. Fitzherbert, 224, 225 in ancient Germany, 208 in modern Germany, 209 gimmal rings as, 218, 219 gold, already used by Romans in 2d. century, 199 gold, surrendered for iron in Germany, 228 in Greek Church, 202–204 of Sir Thomas Gresham, 219 Hebrew use of, 213, 214 of iron, in early Roman times, 199 of Dr. Samuel Johnson, 223 loss of a, Scotch legend regarding, 216 of Queen Louisa of Prussia, 224 commemorating Luther’s marriage, 216, 217 Manx custom as to, 205 of Mary Queen of Scots, 217 for men, 230 mottoes on, 209, 211, 221, 233–248 with names formed by initial letters of precious stones, 227 obligation involved in giving a, 204 ominous substitute for one, in a Scotch legend, 226 of Cola di Rienzi, 214 rush-ring as, 206 Shylock’s turquoise perhaps in betrothal ring, 220 story of a, in “Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles,” 215 turquoise used for in Germany, 221

Week-day gems for ring-setting, 331

Weininger, Leopold, x

Weir, J. Alden, viii

Wellington, Duke of, 224

Welsh gold used for Prince of Wales’ ring, 284

Widowhood,” “Ring of, 286, 287 order of, 286, 287

Wier, J. Alden, on rings in portraits, 64

Wild-ass, healing rings made from hoof of, 352

William the Conqueror, tomb of, at Caen destroyed by Huguenots, 179

William Rufus, ring found in tomb of, 179

William I of Germany, 172 signet of used by William II, 158

William IV, of England, Coronation Ring of, 283

William de St. Barbara, ring of, 275

Wilson, President Woodrow, signet-ring of, vi, 161

Winslow, Isaac, memorial ring of, 47

Winslow, Josiah, 47

Wiseman, Cardinal, manuscript describing Solessing of “cramp rings,” owned by, 344, 345

Wiser, David, 108

Wissler, Clark, viii

“Wolfdietrich,” story of magic ring in, 305, 306

Wolter, Charlotte, ring of, 90

Woodford, General Sir John, 165

Woodland, Theodore M., viii

Writing with diamond ring, 168–170

Wu Ting Fang, jade rings of, 107, 108

Wykeham, Bishop, ring of, 275

Wyman, Walter C., viii

Wytlesey, Archbishop of Canterbury, ring of, 275

X

Xerxes, signet of, 122

Y

“Ywaine and Gawin,” romance, magic ring in, 310

Z

Zerubbabel, ring of, 135

Zick, Stephan, ivory ring made by, 75

Zircon (jacinth,) 78, 86, 124, 340

Zodiacal rings, 85, 328, 329

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Grandchild.

[2] Great grandchild.

[3] Signet of the author, reading George F. Kunz, New York. Engraved upon a dark red sard, in Teheran, Persia, in 1895.

[4] Fossey, “La magie assyrienne,” Paris, 1902, p. 83.

[5] Délégation en Perse, Mémoires publiés sous la direction de M. J. de Morgan, vol. viii, “Recherches archéologiques,” 3d ser., Paris, 1905, pp. 321, 322; figured on p. 320.

[6] Communicated by the late Dr. William Hayes Ward.

[7] Communicated by the late Dr. William Hayes Ward.

[8] Hilprecht and Clay, “Business Documents of Murashû Sons of Nippur”: The Babylonian expedition of the University of Pennsylvania, Series A: Cuneiform texts, vol. ix, Philadelphia, 1898, p. 30.

[9] F. H. Marshall, “Catalogue of Finger Rings, Greek, Etruscan and Roman, in the ... British Museum,” London, 1907, pp. 1, 2, 997 (see pl. xx); also the same author’s Catalogue of the Jewellery Greek, Etruscan and Roman, in the ... British Museum, London, 1911, p. xvii.

[10] Max Ohnefalsch-Richter, “Kypros, the Bible, and Homer,” London, 1893, vol. i, p. 367, and vol. ii, plate xxxii, fig. 32.

[11] Strena Helbigena, 73; Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. xxi, p. 155, fig. 33; p. 159, fig. 39; Schliemann Mycenæ and Tiryns, pp. 354, 360.

[12] See F. H. Marshall, _op. cit._, p. 3; rings from Enkomi, Cyprus.

[13] Pauly’s Real Encyclopädie der Altertumswissenschaft, vol. ix, pt. i, col: 827; Stuttgart, 1914; Marshall, Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman, in the British Museum, London, 1907, No. 574.

[14] Corpus inscriptionum Græcarum, 3137, i, 87 sq.

[15] Le Brun-Dalbanne, “Les Pierres gravées du trésor de la cathédrale de Troyes,” Paris, 1880, p. 32.

[16] Aristophanes, “Knights,” Act II, sc. 4.

[17] Æliani, “Varia historia,” Lib. I, cap. xxi.

[18] Lib. xxxiii, cap. iv.

[19] _Ibid., loc. cit._

[20] M. Deloche, “Le port des anneaux dans l’antiquité romaine, et dans les premiers siècles du moyen âge”; extrait des Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, vol. xxxv, Paris, 1896, pp. 4, 5.

[21] Titi Livii, “Ab urbe condita,” lib. xxiii, cap. xii.

[22] Sat. iii, lines 153–156.

[23] Titi Livii, “Ab urbe condita,” lib. xlii, cap. xvi.

[24] Valerii Maximi, “Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri IX,” lib. viii, cap. i.

[25] See Plinii, “Naturalis Historia,” lib. xxxiii, cap. xxiii.

[26] “Naturalis Historia,” lib. xxxiii, cap. xi.

[27] F. H. Marshall, “Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Greek, Etruscan and Roman,” in the ... British Museum, London, 1907, p. xix, citing Macrobius, Saturnalia III, 14, 13, and Cicero, Ad. Fam. X, 32, 2.

[28] Clementis Alexandrini, “Pædagogus,” lib. iii, cap. ii.

[29] Beck, “Corpus juris civilis,” vol. ii, pp. 406, 407.

[30] “Cimeliotheca Musei Nationalis Hungarici, sive catalogus historico-criticus antiquitatum, raritatum, et pretiosorum--eius instituti,” Budæ, 1825, p. 136.

[31] Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum, vol. i, No. 1107.

[32] _Ibid._, vol. xi, No. 1235.

[33] Suetonii: “Vita Augusti,” 72.

[34] Cicero, “In Verrem,” iv, 25, 26.

[35] Deloche, “Le port des anneaux dans l’antiquité romaine, et dans les premiers siècles du moyen âge,” Paris, 1896, pp. 46, 47; extrait des Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, vol. xxxv, part ii.

[36] Jesse Walter Fewkes, “Two Summers’ Work in Pueblo Ruins,” Bureau of American Ethnology, vol. xxii, pt. i, p. 91. Also the same writer’s “Casa Grande, Arizona,” Bureau of American Ethnology, vol. xxviii, pp. 143, 144; rings figured on pl. lxxv, fig. _A_, and in text cut, fig. 49.

[37] Communications from Prof. George Grant McCurdy, Curator, Anthropological Section of Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, and from Dr. Frank S. Daggett, Director, Museum of History, Science and Art, Los Angeles, Cal.

[38] Communicated by Dr. William C. Mills, Curator and Librarian of the Museum.

[39] W. W. Blake, “The Antiquities of Mexico,” New York, 1891, p. 74, figure.

[40] _Ibid._, p. 73, figures.

[41] Warren K. Moorehead, “Primitive Men in Ohio,” New York, 1892, p. 148; see plate xxvi, p. 152.

[42] Warren K. Moorehead, “Stone Age in North America,” Boston and New York, 1910, vol. i, p. 440, fig. 385, ring in Collection of B. H. Young, Louisville, Kentucky.

[43] See the writer’s “Magic of Jewels and Charms,” Philadelphia and London, 1915, pp. 352, 353; colored plate opp. p. 352.

[44] Warren K. Moorehead, “A Narration of Exploration in New Mexico, Arizona, Indiana, etc.,” Andover, Mass., 1906, p. 89, fig. 45.

[45] Not named after Charles L. Tiffany.

[46] Communicated by Walter Hough, Acting Head Curator, Dept. of Anthropology, United States National Museum, Washington, D. C.

[47] Communicated by Joseph K. Dixon, Secretary of the National American Indian Memorial Association.

[48] The details in this and the following paragraphs are taken from Washington Matthews, “Navajo Silversmiths,” in the Second Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1880–1881, Washington, 1881, pp. 171–178.

[49] _Op. cit._, between pp. 174 and 175, plate showing silversmith’s shop set up near Fort Wingate.

[50] “An Ethnologic Dictionary of the Navaho Language,” published by the Franciscan Fathers, Saint Michaels, Arizona, 1910, p. 271.

[51] This is a well-printed octavo of 536 pages, with a most comprehensive index.

[52] _Op. cit._, pp. 283, 284.

[53] Communicated by Admiral Peary in a letter to the author, February 13, 1916.

[54] C. W. King, “Antique Gems,” London, 1860, p. 281; citing Ælian, iii, 19.

[55] Frederick William Fairholt, “Rambles of an Archæologist,” London, 1871, p. 86, with figure of ring.

[56] J. P. Mariette, “Traité des pierres gravées,” Paris, 1750, vol. i, p. 18.

[57] See Marshall, “Catalogue of the finger rings, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman, in the departments of antiquities, British Museum,” London, 1907, p. xxvi, note.

[58] Archæological Journal, London, 1863, vol. xx, p. 75.

[59] London, 1853, p. 6.

[60] O. M. Dalton, “Franks Bequest, Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Early Christian, Byzantine, Teutonic, Mediæval and Later” (British Museum), London, 1912, p. 122, No. 792, pl. xi.

[61] X. Barbier de Montault, “Le costume et les usages ecclésiastiques selon la tradition romaine,” Paris, 1897, vol. i, pp. 176, 177.

[62] Historical Manuscripts Commission, Report of MSS. in various collections, vol. iv, Dublin, 1907, p. 59.

[63] Plinii, Hist. Nat., lib. xxxiii, cap. xxv.

[64] “Neuhebräisches und Chaldäisches Wörterbuch,” by Jacob Levy, Leipzig, 1879, vol. ii, p. 139, s. v. tabba’ath.

[65] Artemidorus, “Oneirocritica,” ii, 5.

[66] Davenport, “Jewelry,” Chicago, 1908, pp. 127, 128.

[67] Frederick William Fairholt, “Rambles of an Artist,” London, n. d. (1865?), p. 144, fig. 177.

[68] John Lathrop Motley, “The Rise of the Dutch Republic,” New York, 1856, Vol. iii, pp. 558, 559, citing a curious Dutch pamphlet published at Leyden in 1582 and consisting of two letters, one from Bruges, dated July 25, 1582, the other written two days later from Antwerp.

[69] C. J. S. Thompson, “Poison Romance and Poison Mysteries,” London, n.d., 2d. ed., p. 123.

[70] O. M. Dalton, “Catalogue of the Finger-rings, Early Christian, Byzantine, Teutonic, Mediæval, and Later [British Museum],” London, 1912, p. lv.

[71] O. M. Dalton, “Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Early Christian, Byzantine, Mediæval and Later,” bequeathed by Sir Augustus Wollaston Franks (British Museum), London, 1912, p. 243, No. 1698, pl. xxiii.

[72] O. M. Dalton, “Franks Bequest, Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Early Christian, Byzantine, Teutonic, Mediæval and Later” (British Museum), London, 1912, p. 245, No. 1708, pl. xxiii.

[73] “Memorial Rings, Charles the Second to William the Fourth, in the Possession of Frederick Arthur Crisp,” privately printed (London). The data in this and succeeding paragraphs treating of memorial rings, are (unless otherwise noted) derived from this valuable and interesting work.

[74] Crisp Collection, No. 334, p. 115.

[75] No. 632, p. 197.

[76] Crisp Collection, No. 981, p. 317.

[77] No. 165, p. 69.

[78] Notes and Queries, 11th ser., No. 311, December 11, 1915, p. 469.

[79] A. E. Cropper, “Some Notes On Three Classes or Types of Rings,” in The Connoisseur, London, vol. xix, p. 184, September to December, 1907.

[80] Communicated by L. Weininger, of Vienna.

[81] O. M. Dalton, “Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Early Christian, Byzantine, Teutonic, Mediæval and Later,” bequeathed by Sir Augustus Wollaston Franks, K.C.B. (British Museum, London, 1912, p. xxxiii, footnote.)

[82] O. M. Dalton, “Franks Bequest, Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Early Christian, Byzantine, Teutonic, Mediæval, and Later [British Museum],” London, 1912, p. 204, No. 1417.

[83] Communicated by Waldo Lincoln, the owner of the ring.

[84] O. M. Dalton: “Franks Bequest, Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Early Christian, Byzantine, Teutonic, Mediæval and Later [British Museum],” London, 1912, p. 232, No. 1628.

[85] Szendrei, “Catalogue de la collection de bagues de Mme. de Tarnóczy,” Paris, 1889, pp. 142, 143.

[86] Charles Edwards, “The History and Poetry of Finger-Rings,” New York, 1855, pp. 86–90.

[87] Hon. R. C. Neville (4th baron Braybrooke), “The Romance of the Ring, or the History and Antiquity of Finger Rings,” Saffron Walden, 1856, pp. 25, 26.

[88] Londesborough Collection: Catalogue of a collection of ancient and mediæval rings and personal ornaments, London, 1853, p. 7. Privately printed.

[89] Compte rendu de la Commission Arch. de St. Pétersbourg, 1864, p. 182.

[90] Macrobii, “Saturnalia,” Lipsiæ, 1868, p. 446, lib. vii, cap. 13.

[91] “Historia Naturalis,” liber xxxiii, 24.

[92] Sancti Isidori Hispalensis Episcopi, “Opera Omnis,” vol. iv, col. 702, Etymologiæ, lib. xix, cap. 33, vol. lxxxii of Migne’s Patrologia Latina, Paris, 1850.

[93] “Historia Naturalis,” lib. xxxiii, cap. 6.

[94] Duffield Osborne, “Engraved Gems,” New York, 1912, p. 107.

[95] Plinii, “Naturalis Historia,” lib. xxxvii, cap. 11.

[96] Martialis, “Epigrammata,” xi, 59.

[97] Martial, Bk. XIV, No. cxxiii; from “Martial translated into English prose,” London, George Bell & Sons, 1897.

[98] Hardy, “Rotuli litterarum patentium in tursi Londinensi asseverati,” London, 1835, vol. i, pt. i, p. 55.

[99] Rymer, “Fœdera,” London, 1727, vol. i, pp. 878, 879.

[100] _Op. cit._, vol. ii, pp. 249, 250, No. 760, illustration.

[101] Schaumi, “De annulis,” Francofurti, 1620, cap. ix.

[102] Col. T. C. Hendley, “Indian Jewellery,” London, 1909, p. 79. Journal of Indian Art and Industry.

[103] Luciani, “Opera Omnia,” Paris, 1615, p. 712.

[104] Juvenal Sat. I, ll, 26–30.

[105] Schaumi, “De annulis,” Francofurti, 1620, cap. iv.

[106] Tristia, Lib. i, el. vii.

[107] Julii Capitolini, “Maximini duo,” cap. vi; Scriptores hist. August., vol. ii, p. 7.

[108] Deloche, “Le port des anneaux dans l’antiquité et dans les premiers siècles du moyen âge,” pp. 61–63.

[109] O. M. Dalton, “Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Early Christian, Byzantine, Teutonic, Mediæval and Later, bequeathed by Sir Augustus Wollaston Franks, K.C.B. (British Museum),” London, 1912, pp. xxv, xxvii, 1, figs. 6, 15.

[110] Berthold Laufer, “Notes on Turquoise in the East,” Field Museum of Natural History, Pub. 169, Anthrop. Ser., vol. xiii, No. 1, plate 1; Chicago, July, 1913.

[111] Communicated by J. Alden Weir, N.A., in letter of March 15, 1916.

[112] Journal of Archæology, vol. iii, p. 268.

[113] John Ogilby, Africa, London, 1671, p. 559.

[114] Vogelstein and Rieger, “Geschichte der Juden in Rom,” vol. i, p. 337.

[115] Sir John Gardner Wilkinson, “Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians,” vol. iii, p. 373.

[116] F. H. Marshall, “Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman, in the Departments of Antiquities, British Museum,” p. 50, Nos. 278–281; pl. vii, No. 281.

[117] See F. H. Marshall, “Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman, in the Departments of Antiquities, British Museum,” London, 1907, pp. xxxvii-xlix.

[118] Figured in Caylus, “Receuil d’antiquités,” vol. ii, p. 310.

[119] Sancti Isidori Hispalensis Episcopi, “Opera Omnia,” vol. iv, col. 702, Etymologiæ, lib. xix, cap. 32; vol. lxxxii of Migne’s Patrologia Latina, Paris, 1850.

[120] C. D. E. Fortnum, “Additional Notes on Finger Rings and on Some Engraved Gems of the Early Christian Period,” Archæological Journal.

[121] Dom Bernard de Montfaucon, “L’Antiquité expliqué,” Paris, 1724, Suppl., vol. viii, p. 40; pl. xiv, opp. p. 43, two views, side and front.

[122] M. Deloche: “Étude historique et archéologique sur les anneaux sigillaires,” Paris, 1900, pp. 225, 226, figs.

[123] Friedrich Henkel, “Der Lorscher Ring,” Trier, 1896.

[124] C. W. King, “Notices of Glyptic Archæology exhibited by the Archæological Institute in June, 1861,” London (Report from Archæological Journal), p. 12.

[125] “Catalogue of the Special Exhibition of Works of Art at the South Kensington Museum, June, 1862,” section 32, “Rings,” by Edmund Waterton, p. 622.

[126] De Laborde, “Notice des émaux du Musée du Louvre,” 2d Part, “Documents et Glossaire,” p. 131, s. v. Anel.

[127] Cyril Davenport, “Jewellery,” Chicago, 1908, p. 118.

[128] William Jones, “Finger-Ring Lore,” London, 1877, pp. 487, 488.

[129] T. N. Mukharji, “Art Manufactures of India,” Calcutta, 1888, pp. 105–107.

[130] T. N. Mukharji, “Art Manufactures of India,” pp. 124–128, Calcutta, 1888.

[131] O. M. Dalton, “Franks Bequest, Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Early Christian, Byzantine, Teutonic, Mediæval, and Later [British Museum],” London, 1912, p. 247, fig.

[132] Col. T. H. Hendley, “Indian Jewellery,” Journal of Indian Art and Industry, vol. xii, pp. 4, 5; 1907–1909. Figs. on plates 6, 7, 8, 15, 18.

[133] _Ibid._, p. 103.

[134] Communicated by Dr. Berthold Laufer, Curator of Anthropology, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.

[135] Communicated by Mr. F. W. Partridge, through Mr. Walter C. Wyman.

[136] O. M. Dalton, “Franks Bequest: Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Early Christian, Byzantine, Teutonic, Mediæval and Later [British Museum],” London, 1912, p. 336, No. 2422, Pl. xxx.

[137] Communicated by Dr. T. Wada, of Tokio.

[138] Hiram Bingham, “The Story of Machu Picchu,” in The National Geographic Magazine, February, 1915, pp. 172–217.

[139] Communicated by Prof. Frederick Starr, of the University of Chicago.

[140] Charles Edwards, “The History and Poetry of Finger-Rings,” New York, 1885, pp. 42–44; quoting from Gleason’s Pictorial Newspaper, December 25, 1852.

[141] Communicated by Dr. Leonard J. Spencer, Curator of the Department of Mineralogy, British Museum (Nat. Hist.).

[142] Figured in _Journal der Goldschmiede Kunst_, 30 Jahrg., No. 27, Leipzig, July 3, 1909, p. 220.

[143] See also p. 353 of the present work.

[144] Communicated by L. Weininger, of Vienna.

[145] O. M. Dalton, “Catalogue of Finger Rings, Early Christian, Byzantine, Teutonic, Mediæval and Later [British Museum],” London, 1912, p. 243, No. 1700, Plate xxiii.

[146] Sir Charles Hercules Read, “The Waddesdon Bequest: Catalogue of the Works of Art Bequeathed to the British Museum by Baron Ferdinand Rothschild, M.P.,” 1898; London, 1902, p. 94.

[147] O. M. Dalton, “Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Early Christian, Byzantine, Teutonic, Mediæval, and Later [British Museum],” London, 1912, p. 87, No. 571, fig.

[148] Communicated by L. Weininger, of Vienna.

[149] The Cleveland Museum of Art, Catalogue of the Inaugural Exhibition, June 6 to September 20, 1916, Cleveland, 1916, p. 68, No. 109.

[150] Frederick William Fairholt, “Rambles of an Artist,” London, n. d., p. 77, fig. 88. A later edition of this book, dated 1871, bears the title, “Rambles of an Archæologist.”

[151] From the collection of W. Gedney Beatty, New York City.

[152] “Les bagues des tranchées,” _L’Illustration_, July 3, 1915, p. 20, with cuts showing soldiers at work and specimens of their rings.

[153] Frederick William Fairholt, “Rambles of an Artist,” London, 1880, p. 141, fig. 171.

[154] Morris Jastrow, Jr., “The Civilization of Babylonia and Assyria,” Philadelphia and London, 1915, pp. 459, 460.

[155] Sir J. Gardner Wilkinson, “Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians,” revised by Samuel Birch, New York, 1879, vol. ii, p. 340, note by Birch.

[156] Juvenal, sat. vi, 1, 382.

[157] Persius, sat. i, l, 16.

[158] Juvenal, sat. vii, ll, 143, 144.

[159] _Idem_, sat. xiii, ll, 138, 139.

[160] Ulpian, L., 6 _sqq._, De bon. damnat.

[161] F. H. Marshall, “Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Greek, Etruscan and Roman, in the Departments of Antiquities, British Museum,” London, 1907, pp. 127–129, pl. xx, 778, 785, 790, and text figures 106, 107 on p. 129.

[162] From a personal letter to the writer, dated February 21, 1916.

[163] C. W. King, “Antique Gems and Rings,” London, 1872, p. 373.

[164] See pp. 222, 258–261 of present work, and plate opposite p. 316 of the writer’s, “The Curious Lore of Precious Stones,” Philadelphia and London, 1913.

[165] F. H. Marshall, “Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman, in the Departments of Antiquities, British Museum,” London, 1907, p. 110, No. 654, pl. xvii.

[166] Bosio, “Roma Sotteranea,” Romæ, 1672, vol. i, p. 211.

[167] Gorlæi, “Dactyliotheca,” 1672, vol. i, p. 211; cited in “Dictionnaire d’Archéologie Chrétienne et de Liturgie,” Paris, 1907, vol. ii, col. 2194, figures.

[168] King, “Natural History of Precious Stones,” London, 1870, p. 297.

[169] Blochmann, “Ain-i-Akbari,” Calcutta, 1871, p. 414 and Wills, “The Land of the Lion and the Sun,” London, 1883, p. 376; cited in Ball, “A Description of Two Large Spinel Rubies,” Dublin, 1894, p. 390; reprint from Proc. of the Roy. Ir. Soc., 3d ser., vol. iii, No. 2.

[170] T. H. Hendley, “Indian Jewellery,” _Journal of Indian Art and Industry_, vol. xii, 1907–1909, p. 166; pl. 141. Gul-Begum, “The History of Humâyûn,” translated by Annette S. Beveridge, London, 1902, p. 121, note; Orient Trans. Fund, n. s., vol. i.

[171] Hodder M. Westropp, “A Manual of Precious Stones and Antique Gems,” London, 1874, p. 120. No. 1627 of British Museum Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Greek, Etruscan and Roman, in the Dept. of Antiquities, by F. H. Marshall, London, 1907.

[172] Oneirocritica, lib. ii, cap. 5.

[173] F. H. Marshall, “Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman, in the Departments of Antiquities, British Museum,” London, 1907, p. xxxvii; see plate xxiv, Nos. 1621, 1624.

[174] Figured in Leviticus, “Geillustreerde encyclopedie der diamantnijverheid,” Haarlem, 1907, p. 229.

[175] “The Heber R. Bishop Collection of Jades,” New York, vol. ii, p. 259, illustration.

[176] Science, vol. iv, No. 82, pp. 172, 173, with cut of the ring; vol. iv, No. 85, pp. 270, 271, communication by Edward S. Morse on the subject; vol. vi, No. 126, July 3, 1885, reply of George F. Kunz, citing letter of Lieut. G. C. Foulke, U.S.N., of U. S. Legation at Seoul, Corea.

[177] Communicated by Stewart Culin, Brooklyn Institute.

[178] Heinrich Fischer, “Nephrit und Jadeit,” Stuttgart, 1880, pp. 39, 334, fig. 52 on page 39.

[179] George H. Pepper, “The Exploration of a Burial Room in Pueblo Bonito, New Mexico,” Putnam Anniversary Volume, New York, 1909, p. 244, fig. 7.

[180] F. H. Marshall, “Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Greek, Etruscan and Roman, in the ... British Museum,” London, 1907, p. xxxii.

[181] A natural or artificial mixture of gold and silver found native at Vorospotak, Transylvania, and elsewhere, mentioned by Herodotus. The electros, ἧλεκτρος, of Homer and Strabo; Pliny, xxxiii, 23; although this word was most frequently used to designate amber. Varying in specific gravity from 15.5 to 12.5. The ratio of gold to silver is 1:1. Specific gravity of gold, 19.33; silver, pure, 10.5; correspond to 35.3 per cent. of silver, gold 64.7 per cent. Pliny states that when the proportion of silver to gold is 1:4 (20 per cent.), it is called electra.

[182] Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum, ii (5), 767 b, 1, 19.

[183] J. H. Marshall, “Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Greek, Etruscan and Roman, in the ... British Museum,” London, 1907, p. xxxi.

[184] “Heliodorou Aithiopikôn, biblia deka,” Parisiois, 1804, pt. i, pp. 190–192.

[185] C. W. King, “The Natural History of Precious Stones and Gems,” London, 1865, p. 64.

[186] F. H. Marshall, “Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman, in the Departments of Antiquities, British Museum,” London, 1907, pp. xxxv, xxxvi.

[187] “Cimeliotheca Musei Nationalis Hungarici sive catalogus historico-criticus antiquitatum raritatum et pretiosorum eius instituti,” Budæ, 1825, p. 136.

[188] Francis Cohen, “St. Martin’s rings,” Archæologia, vol. xviii, pt. i, London, 1815, pp. 55, 56.

[189] Communicated by Prof. A. V. Williams Jackson, of Columbia University, who cites G. B. Browne’s “Literary History of Persia” (London and New York, 1906), vol. ii, p. 123, note 3, and Louisa Stuart Costello, “Rose Garden of Persia,” London, 1887, p. 33.

[190] British Museum, Fourth Egyptian Room, No. 201 (Table Case J).

[191] British Museum, Fourth Egyptian Room, No. 202.

[192] British Museum, Fourth Egyptian Room, No. 204.

[193] British Museum, Fourth Egyptian Room, No. 217.

[194] W. M. Flinders Petrie, “A History of Egypt During the XVII and XVIII Dynasties,” London, 1904, pp. 9, 10.

[195] W. M. Flinders Petrie, “A History of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the XVI Dynasty,” New York, 1895, p. 42.

[196] New York Historical Society, “Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities,” New York, 1915, p. 63; No. 1046, figs. 1, 2 and 3.

[197] Adolph Furtwängler, “Die Antiken Gemmen,” Leipzig and Berlin, 1900, vol. iii, p. 31.

[198] A descriptive atlas of the Cesnola Collection of Cypriote Antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, by Louis P. di Cesnola, vol. iii, pt. i, New York, 1903, pl. xxiv, Nos. 12 and 13.

[199] _Ibid_., pl. xxv, figs. 10 and 12.

[200] Alexander Palma di Cesnola, “Salaminia (Cyprus), The History, Treasures and Antiquities of Salamis in the Island of Cyprus,” London, 1884, p. 73, figs. 7 and 13 on pl. vii.

[201] Lib. iii, caps. 40–43.

[202] Pædagogus, lib. iii, cap. ii.

[203] Adolf Furtwängler, “Die Antiken Gemmen,” Berlin, 1900, vol. ii, p. 273, vol. iii, p. 81; see vol. i, plate lxi, No. 11.

[204] Reinach, “Cultes, Mythes et Religions,” Paris, 1906, vol. ii, p. 214.

[205] Duffield Osborne, “Gem Engraving,” New York, 1912, p. 287.

[206] Luciani, “Opera,” vol. iii, Lipsiæ, 1881, pp. 119, 120. Philopseudes, 37.

[207] Plutarchi, “Vitæ,” vol. ii, Lipsiæ, 1879, p. 32. Timoleon, 31.

[208] “De rebus gestis Alexandri Magni, regis Macedoniæ,” lib. vi, No. 6.

[209] Justini, “Historiarum phillipicarum libri XLIV,” lib. xv, cap. 4.

[210] Adolf Furtwängler, “Die antiken Gemmen,” Leipzig and Berlin, 1900, vol. iii, p. 150.

[211] “Le Cabinet de la Bibliothèque de Sainte Geneviève,” by the Rev. Father Claude du Molinet, Paris, 1692, p. 29.

[212] “The Natural History, Ancient and Modern, of Precious Stones and Gems,” London, 1865, pp. 60, 61; Anthology ix, 752; ix, 748.

[213] M. Tullii Ciceronis, “In Verrem, lib. iv,” Oratio nona, cap. 26.

[214] Ciceronis, “In Catilinam,” iii, cap. v.

[215] Georgii Longi, “De annulis signatoriis antiquorum,” Francofurti et Lipsiæ, 1709, p. 24, citing Plutarch’s life of Pompey.

[216] _Ibid._, p. 40.

[217] _Ibid._, p. 115.

[218] Edward T. Newell, “Historia numorum,” Oxford, 1911, p. 159.

[219] W. J. Andrew, “A Remarkable Hoard of Silver Pennies and Halfpennies of the Reign of Stephen, found at Sheldon, Derbyshire, in 1867,” in _The British Numismatic Journal_, 1st ser., vol. vii (1911), pp. 52, 56; see pl. ii, fig. 27.

[220] P. J. Mariette, “Traité des pierre gravées,” Paris, 1750, vol. i, pp. 23, 24.

[221] P. J. Mariette, “Traité des pierre gravées,” Paris, 1750, vol. i, p. 20.

[222] Georgii Longi, “De anulis signatoriis antiquorum,” p. 25; Artemidori, “Oneirocriticon,” lib. v, cap. 32, i, 709.

[223] Josephus, “History of the Jews,” book xix, chap. 2.

[224] Act II, sc. i, ver. 58.

[225] Vopisci, “Divus Aurelianus,” in Scriptores hist. August., vol. ii, p. 184.

[226] Abbé Barrand, “Des bagues à toutes les époques,” Paris, 1864, p. 177; reprint from _Bulletin Monumental_, vol. xxx.

[227] Plinii, “Naturalis Historia,” lib. xxxiii.

[228] Suetonii, “Vita Cæsarum,” Tiberius.

[229] Lib. iv, No. vii.

[230] Albert G. Mackey, “The Book of the Chapter: or Monitorial Instructions in the Degrees of Mark, Past and Most Excellent Master and the Royal Arch,” New York, 1858, p. 128.

[231] “Le Cabinet de la Bibliothèque de Sainte Geneviève,” by the Rev. Father Claude du Molinet, Paris, 1692, p. 3, pl. 8, fig. 5, impression of seal; the letters are rather irregularly disposed.

[232] Clementis Alexandrini, “Pædagogus,” lib. iii, cap. ii.

[233] O. M. Dalton, “Franks Bequest, Catalogue of Finger Rings, Early Christian, Byzantine, Teutonic, Mediæval and Later (British Museum),” London, 1912, p. 120, No. 778.

[234] SS. Zenonis et Optati, “Opera omnia,” in Migne’s Patrologia Latina, vol. xi, Paris, 1845; S. Optati, “De schismate Donatistiarum,” lib. i, cap. 10, note.

[235] Philippi Labbæi and Cossarti, “Sacrosancta concilia,” vol. iv, col. 1403.

[236] Deloche, “Le port des anneaux dans l’antiquité romaine, et dans les premiers siècles du moyen âge,” Paris, 1896, pp. 108, 109; from Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, vol. xxxv.

[237] M. Deloche in Revue archéologique, 3d Series, 1886, vol. ii, p. 141 and 1893, vol. i, p. 269.

[238] See also the same writer’s “Étude historique et archéologique sur les anneaux sigillaires,” Paris, 1900, p. 203, fig. This ring was found at Laon, dept. Aisne.

[239] “Anastasis Childerici I Francorum regis, sive Thesaurus sepulchralis Tornaci Nerviorum effossus et commentario illustratus,” Antverpis, ex officina Plantaniana Balthazaris Moreti, 1655. This is a quarto of 367 pages, with 27 plates and copper-plate engravings.

[240] Deloche “Anneaux Sigillaires,” Paris, 1900, pp. 192, 193.

[241] C. W. King, “On the Use of Antique Gems in the Middle Ages.”

[242] “Prolégomènes Historiques,” of Ibn. Kaldoun, in Notices et Extraits des Manuscripts de la Bibliothèque Impériale, vol. xx, pt. i, pp. 61–62, Paris, 1865.

[243] Burton, “Supplementary Nights,” 1868, vol. v, p. 52.

[244] Hammer-Purgstall, “Abhandlung über die Siegel der Araber, Persen und Türken,” Denkschriften der Kaiserl. Akad. der Wissenschaften, Phil.-Hist. Kl., Wien, 1850, p. 29.

[245] _Ibid._, p. 1.

[246] Garzoni, “Piazza Universale,” German transl., Franckfurt am Main, 1641, p. 697.

[247] Jean Baptiste Tavernier, “Relation du Serrail,” Paris, 1702, pp. 480, 481.

[248] O. M. Dalton, “Byzantine Art and Archæology,” Oxford, 1911, p. 540; figs. 319, 320 on p. 537.

[249] Nicetas, “Histoire de l’Empire Grec, Règne de John Comnénus,” Paris, 1693, p. 7.

[250] P. J. Mariette, “Traité des pierres gravées,” Paris, 1750, vol. i, p. 21.

[251] “Catalogue of the Special Exhibition of Works of Art at the South Kensington Museum, June, 1862,” section 32, “Rings,” by Edmund Waterton, p. 622.

[252] C. W. King, “Antique Gems and Rings,” London, 1872, p. 399.

[253] Jules Labarte, “Dissertation sur l’abandon de la glyptique en Occident au Moyen Age et sur l’époque de la renaissance de cet art,” Paris, 1871, pp. 12–18.

[254] Labarte, “Inventaire du mobilier de Charles V,” Paris, 1879, p. 86, No. 555.

[255] Joannis Cantacuzeni, “Historiæ,” vol. i, lib. iii, cap. xlvii.

[256] Migne’s Patrologia Græca, vol. cliii, Paris, 1866.

[257] Emil Hannover in “Politikon” Kjobenhavn, April 10, 1911.

[258] C. Drury Fortnum, “Notes On Some of the Antique and Renaissance Gems and Jewels in Her Majesty’s Collection at Windsor Castle,” London, 1876, pp. 12, 13; cut double linear size on p. 13.

[259] _Ibid._, p. 15.

[260] O. M. Dalton, “Franks Bequest, Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Early Christian, Byzantine, Teutonic, Mediæval and Later (British Museum),” London, 1912, p. xxxi.

[261] “Catalogue of the Special Exhibition of Works of Art at the South Kensington Museum, June, 1862,” section 32, “Rings,” by Edmund Waterton, p. 623.

[262] O. M. Dalton, “Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Early Christian, Byzantine, Teutonic, Mediæval and Later, bequeathed by Sir Augustus Wollaston Franks, K.C.B. (British Museum),” London, 1912, p. li, footnote.

[263] Franks Bequest, Catalogue of Finger Rings, Early Christian, Byzantine, Teutonic, Mediæval and Later (British Museum), London, 1912, p. 53.

[264] See also Catalogue of the Books, Manuscripts, Works of Art and Relics, at present exhibited in Shakespeare’s Birthplace, with 61 illustrations, Stratford-upon-Avon, 1910.

[265] Halliwell, “Life of William Shakespeare,” London, 1848, p. 334.

[266] “Catalogue of an Exhibition Illustrative of the Text of Shakespeare’s Plays,” New York, The Grolier Club, 1916, plate opposite p. 96, from a mezzotint by G. F. Storm, 1847.

[267] See Archæologia, vol. xlvii, 393, and vol. 1, p. 114.

[268] Vol. xlvii, London, 1883, p. 393. The original document is in the privy seal books of the Clerk of the Pells, now in the Public Record Office, No. 11, p. 142.

[269] “Les six voyages de Jean Bapiste Tavernier,” La Haye, 1718, vol. i, pp. 540, 541.

[270] H. Clifford-Smith, “The King’s Gems and Jewels at Windsor Castle,” _The Connoisseur_, 1903, vol. v, p. 244.

[271] Fortnum, “Collection at Windsor Castle,” London, 1876, p. 141.

[272] C. Drury Fortnum, “Notes on Some of the Antique and Renaissance Gems and Jewels in Her Majesty’s Collection at Windsor Castle,” London, 1876, pp. 26, 27.

[273] George Frederick Kunz, “The Etiquette of Gems,” _Saturday Evening Post_, June 27, 1908, p. 5.

[274] Augusta Huiell Seaman, “The Sapphire Signet,” New York, The Century Co., 1916.

[275] C. W. King, “The Natural History of Precious Stones,” London, 1870, p. 254; Duffield Osborne, “Engraved Gems,” New York, 1912, p. 293. First published by Ducange, in the seventeenth century.

[276] From letters of Ex-President Taft and of Private Secretary Tumulty to the author.

[277] Chabouillet, “Catalogue général et raisonné des camées et pierres gravées de la Bibliothèque Nationale,” Paris, 1858, p. 388, 389; Nos. 2636, 2639.

[278] M. Deloche, “Étude historique et archéologique sur les anneaux sigillaires et autres des premiers siècles du moyen âge,” Paris, 1900, pp. 90–92, figure.

[279] “The Gulistân or Rose Garden,” trans. by Edward B. Eastwick, London, 1880, p. 148.

[280] Francisci Petrarchæ, “De remediis,” Genevæ, 1613, p. 151.

[281] Francisci Petrarchæ, _op. cit._, p. 147.

[282] Labarte, “Inventaire du mobilier de Charles V,” Paris, 1879, p. 83, No. 524.

[283] _Ibid._, p. 80, No. 491.

[284] _Ibid._, p. 16, note; for the ruby of the dukes of Brittany, see p. 80, No. 492.

[285] Szendrei, “Catalogue de la collection de bagues de Mme. Tarnóczy,” Paris, 1889, pp. xxvii, xxviii.

[286] Chroniques d’Enguerrand de Monstrelet, Paris, 1596, vol. ii, “Autres nouvelles chroniques,” f. 55 recto. These “new chronicles” are from various sources, and were composed by one of the continuators of Monstrelet’s work.

[287] _Ibid._, f. 78 recto.

[288] Communicated by L. Weininger, of Vienna.

[289] See for original accounts Lettres inédites de la Reine Marguerite, pt. i; Brantôme, ed. Lalanne, vol. ix, p. 715 and also Bermier, Hist. de Blois, Paris, 1682, p. 8.

[290] Cyril Davenport, “Jewellery,” Chicago, 1908, p. 126.

[291] Theodore Andrea Cook, “Old Touraine,” New York, 1895, p. 195.

[292] Catalogue of a collection of ancient and mediæval rings and personal ornaments, London, 1853, p. 15. Privately printed.

[293] Cyril Davenport, “Jewellery,” Chicago, 1908, p. 127.

[294] S. D. C. in _The Boston Chronicle_, Feb. 17, 1769, from a copy in the Union League Club Library, New York City.

[295] C. W. King, “Notices of Collections of Glyptic Art exhibited by the Archæological Institute in June, 1861,” pp. 20, 21; reprint from Archæological Journal.

[296] See Schneider, “Aus dem Leben Kaiser Wilhelms,” Berlin, 1888, vol. i, pp. 154–161.

[297] Communication by Mrs. Isabel Moore, formerly of Woodstock, N. Y., now in the Azores.

[298] O. M. Dalton, “Franks Bequest, Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Early Christian, Byzantine, Teutonic, Mediæval and Later (British Museum),” p. 206.

[299] O. M. Dalton, “Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Early Christian, Byzantine, Teutonic, Mediæval and Later, Bequeathed by Sir Augustus Wollaston Franks, K.C.B. (British Museum),” London, 1912, pp. xvi, 29, 30, pl. ii (Nos. 179, 180).

[300] See pp. 342, 343, in chapter on Rings of Healing.

[301] Fourth Report of the Royal Commission on Manuscripts, London, 1874, p. 191.

[302] Idem., _loc. cit._

[303] _Idem, loc. cit._

[304] See pp. 341–345.

[305] King, “Precious Stones and Metals,” London, 1870, p. 319, note.

[306] O. M. Dalton, “Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Early Christian, Byzantine, Teutonic, Mediæval and Later, Bequeathed by Sir Augustus Wollaston Franks, K.C.B.” (British Museum), London, 1912, p. xiii.

[307] Hon. R. C. Neville (4th baron Braybrooke), “The Romance of the Ring, or the History and Antiquity of Finger Rings,” Saffron Walden, 1856, p. 19.

[308] On the toadstone, see the present writer’s “The Magic of Jewels and Charms,” Philadelphia and London, 1915, pp. 162–167.

[309] Migne’s Patrologia Latina, vol. ccxiv, cols. 179, 180.

[310] Archæologia, vol. xix, London, 1821, pp. 411, 412.

[311] A fine, thin silk stuff, plain, but especially valued for its softness.

[312] Sir Joseph Ayloffe, “An Account of the Body of King Edward the First As It Appeared in the Tomb in the Year 1774,” Archæologia, vol. iii, London, 1775, pp. 389–391. See also Rhymer’s “Foedera,” vol. viii, p. 75.

[313] “Issues of the Echequer,” from Henry III to Henry VI, ed. by Frederick Devon, London, 1837, p. 170.

[314] Rhymer, “Fœdera,” London, 1727, vol. xi, p. 76.

[315] William Jones, “Finger-Ring Lore,” London, 1877, p. 197.

[316] Archæologia, vol. xxxiii, p. 335 _sqq._, London, 1849.

[317] William Jones, “Finger-Ring Lore,” London, 1877, p. 478.

[318] Gasquet, “Henry VIII and the English Monasteries,” London, 1906, p. 409. Cott. MS. Tib. e. viii, f. 269.

[319] Third Report of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, London, 1872, p. 231.

[320] Camdeni, “Annales rerum Anglicarum et Hibernicarum regnante Elizabetha,” Francofurti, 1616, pp. 151, 152.

[321] In Thoms’ “Anecdotes and Traditions,” London, 1839, p. 107 (Camden Soc. Pub.).

[322] Buchanan, “Poems,” St. Andrews, 1594, p. 117.

[323] Agnes Strickland, “History of Mary, Queen of Scots,” London, 1873, vol. ii, p. 446.

[324] James Anthony Froude, “History of England,” London, 1899, vol. xii, chap. 69, pp. 248, 249.

[325] C. Justi, “Felipe II amigo del arte”; España moderna, April, 1914, pp. 26, 27.

[326] See Dictionary of National Biography, vol. xiv, London, 1888, pp. 437, 438; in Sir Sidney Lee’s article on Essex.

[327] Catalogue of the Loan Exhibition of Ancient and Modern Jewellery and Personal Ornaments, 1872, London, 1873, p. 33, No. 137.

[328] Historical Manuscripts Commission, Report of MSS. in various collections, vol. iv, Dublin, 1907, p. 323.

[329] South Kensington Museum: Catalogue of the Loan Collection, 1872; London, 1873, p. 72, No. 838. The ring is figured in the _Gentleman’s Magazine_ for 1797, vol. lxvii, pt. ii (Oct.), on plate opposite p. 827, figs. 5 and 6; see also pp. 830 and 1017.

[330] “Catalogue of the Special Exhibition of Works of Art at the South Kensington Museum, June, 1862,” section 33, “Miscellaneous Rings,” by R. H. S. Smith, p. 637.

[331] Gilbert Barnet (Bishop of Salisbury), “History of His Own Time,” London, 1724, 1736. First published by his son Thomas, after the bishop’s death in 1715.

[332] Archæologia, vol. ii, pp. 32-35, London, 1773. Figured on plate i, figs. 1 and 2.–

[333] George Frederick Kunz and Charles H. Stevenson, “The Book of the Pearl,” New York, 1908, p. 438.

[334] Federici Augusti Junii, “De annulo Romanorum sponsalitio,” Lipsiæ, 1744, citing Ovidii, lib. ii, Amor. Eleg. xv.

[335] Saturnalia, lib. vii, cap. 13.

[336] See page 222.

[337] Isidori, “De ecclesiasticis officiis,” lib. xx, cap. 8, in Migne’s “Patrologia Latina,” vol. lxxxiii, cols. 811, 812.

[338] Deloche, “Le port des anneaux dans l’antiquité romaine, et dans les premiers siècles du moyen âge,” Paris, 1896, pp. 96–98; Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, vol. xxxv, pt. 2.

[339] Naturalis Historia, lib. xxxiii, cap. 24.

[340] John Yonge Akerman, “An Account of Excavations in an Anglo-Saxon Burial Ground at Harnham Hill Near Salisbury,” in Archæologia, vol. xxxv, p. 266, and Plate XII (opp. p. 278).

[341] “The Sarum Missal done into English by A. Harford Pearson,” London, 1844, p. 552. The directions and blessings are translated from the Latin; the vows of the bride and bridegroom are from an old English version.

[342] O. M. Dalton, “Byzantine Art and Archæology,” Oxford, 1911, p. 544, fig. 329.

[343] _Ibid._, p. 546.

[344] Marshall, “Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman, in the Departments of Antiquities, British Museum,” London, 1907, pp. 99, 100; No. 579, pl. xvii.

[345] Federici Augusti Junii, “De annulo Romanorum sponsalitio,” Lipsiæ (1744), pp. xiii, xiv; citing Pliny’s “Hist. Nat.,” lib. xxxiii, cap. i, and Clement’s “Pædogogus,” lib. iii, cap. xi.

[346] Tertulliani, “Opera Omnia,” ed. Migne, Parisiis, 1879, vol. i, col. 353. Apol. adv. gen.

[347] August. Epist. 119 ad Januar. cap. 18.

[348] C. Drury Fortnum, “On Finger Rings of the Early Christian Period,” in Journal of Archæology, vol. xxviii, pp. 266–292; figured on p. 291.

[349] Fredegari, “Historia Francorum epitomata,” cap. xviii; in Patrologia Latina, ed. J. P. Migne, Parisiis, 1879, vol. lxxi, col. 584.

[350] Hucher, “Sigillographie du Maine,” _Bulletin Monumental_, vol. xviii, p. 308.

[351] Symeonis Thessalonicensis Archiepiscopi, “Opera Omnia,” in Migne’s Patrologia Græca, vol. clv, Paris, 1866, cols. 505, 508, “De honesto et legitimo conjugio.”

[352] Coloniæ, 1509, cap. 11.

[353] Communicated by Mrs. Isabel F. Hapgood.

[354] Petri Mülleri, “De annulo pronubo,” Jenæ, 1734, p. 22.

[355] Petri Mülleri, “De annulo pronubo,” Jenæ, 1734, p. 31.

[356] Cyril Davenport, “Jewellery,” Chicago, 1908, p. 114.

[357] Cap. 55.

[358] “Glossarium ad scriptores mediæ et infimæ Latinitatis,” Parisiis, 1733, vol. i, col. 457.

[359] Cited in H. R. D. Anders, “Shakespeare’s Books,” Berlin, 1904, p. 189.

[360] Deloche, “Le port des bagues dans l’antiquité romaine et dans les premiers siècles du moyen âge,” Paris, 1896, pp. 61–63; from Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, vol. xxxv.

[361] Jacob Grimm, “Deutsche Rechtsalterhümer,” Berlin, 1854, pp. 177, 178.

[362] This recalls Juvenal’s “digito pignus fortasse dedisti” (perhaps thou hast set a pledge on a finger). Sat. vi, 27.

[363] Fairholt, “Rambles of an Artist,” London, n.d., p. 90, fig. 97.

[364] _Ibid._, p. 124, fig. 124.

[365] Communicated by L. Weininger, of Vienna.

[366] _Anima magis est ubi amat quam ubi animat._

[367] Barbier de Montault, “Un anneau du XVe siècle,” Tours, 1876.

[368] Jean Szendrei, “Catalogue de la collection de bagues de Madame Gustave de Tarnóczy,” Paris, 1889, p. xlviii.

[369] Barbier de Montault, “Un anneau du XVe siècle,” Tours, 1876, pp. 14–17. For additional “posies” see pp. at end of this chapter.

[370] Shown in Fairholt’s “Rambles of an Artist,” p. 127, figs. 152, 153.

[371] _Ibid._, p. 128, fig. 154.

[372] Kircheri, “Œdipus Ægyptiacus,” Romæ, 1652, vol. i, p. 283.

[373] Jewish Encyclopædia, vol. x, art. Rings by Albert Wolf, of Dresden, Saxony.

[374] “Catalogue of the Special Exhibition of Works of Art at the South Kensington Museum, June, 1862,” section 32, “Rings,” by Edmund Waterton, pp. 630, 631.

[375] See Gregorovius, “Lucrezia Borgia,” pp. 375, 376, of Ital. translation.

[376] Robert de Berquen, “Les Merveilles des Indes Orientales et Occidentales,” Paris, 1661, pp. 14, 15. Robert de Berquen writes of Louis (Lodowyk) as “one of his ancestors.”

[377] Alfred Maury, “Croyances et Legendes du Moyen Age,” Paris, 1896, p. 277, note.

[378] Fairholt, “Rambles of an Artist,” p. 128, fig. 155. The authenticity of the ring may be regarded as somewhat doubtful.

[379] Julius Köstlin, “Life of Luther,” trans. from the German, New York, 1883; pp. 334, 335.

[380] Fairholt, “Rambles of an Artist,” p. 132, fig. 165.

[381] Burgon, “The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Gresham,” London, 1839, vol. i, p. 51.

[382] Catalogue of a collection of ancient and modern rings and personal ornaments formed for Lady Londesborough, London, 1853, pp. 8, 9. Privately printed.

[383] Cited in Furness, “Variorum Shakespear,” vol. vii (Othello), Phila., 1888, p. 132.

[384] Evans, “Posy Rings,” London, 1892, p. 13.

[385] _Ibid._, p. 13.

[386] Thomas Joseph Pettigrew, “On Superstitions Connected With the History and Practice of Medicine and Surgery,” London, 1844, pp. 36, 37.

[387] Col. T. H. Hendley, “Indian Jewellery,” “Journal of Indian Art and Industry,” vol. xii, p. 5, 1907–1909.

[388] G. Bapst, “Les Joyaux de la Couronne,” Paris, 1889, p. 18.

[389] Cyril Davenport, “Jewellery,” Chicago, 1908, p. 112.

[390] William Tegg, “The Knot Tied: Marriage Ceremonies of All Nations,” London, 1877, p. 314.

[391] Fuller, “Holy State,” chap. xxii, Of Marriage.

[392] Jahrbuch der Kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses, vol. i, Pt. II, p. xxi, Wien, 1883.

[393] Johnson, “Tunis of To-day”; in the National Geographic Magazine, vol. xxii, p. 747; No. 8, Aug., 1911.

[394] Historical Manuscripts Commission, Twelfth Report, Appendix, Pt. IV, MSS. of Duke of Rutland at Belvoir Castle, vol. i, London, 1888, p. 6.

[395] A number of posies of the list comes from Joseph Maskell’s excellent little monograph, “The Wedding-Ring,” London, 1888, pp. 31–35.

[396] From the “Card of Courtship, or the Language of Love,” published in 1653; cited in Tegg’s “The Knot Tied,” London, 1877.

[397] From “The Mysteries of Love and Eloquence,” London, 1658; in Tegg’s “The Knot Tied.”

[398] T. Wada, “Die Schmuck- und Edelsteine bei den Chinesen,” Tokyo, 1904, reprint from the “Mitteilungen” of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Natur- und Volkeskunde Ostasiens, vol. x, Pt. I.

[399] Pompei Fasti, “De verborum significatu,” lib. xx, s. v. Edera, ed. of Ed. Thewrewk de Ponor, Budapest, 1889, p. 58.

[400] Adolf Furtwängler, “Die Antiken Gemmen,” Leipzig and Berlin, 1900, vol. iii, p. 446.

[401] F. G. Frazer, “The Golden Bough,” vol. iii, London, 1911, p. 314.

[402] F. H. Marshall, “Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman, in the ... British Museum,” London, 1907, pp. xxix, xxx, Nos. 629, 640.

[403] Montfaucon, “L’antiquité expliqué,” vol. ii, Pt. II, Paris, 1719, pp. 324, 325; Plate 136.

[404] Communicated by Prof. Cyrus Adler of the Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning, in Philadelphia, the information being derived from the Hebrew Encyclopædia entitled “Ozar Yisrael,” vol. v, p. 6, col. i, s. v. Tabaath. Prof. Richard Gottheil of Columbia University confirms the views expressed by Prof. Cyrus Adler that the ring was never the distinguishing mark of a Rabbi.

[405] Abbé Barraud, “Des bagues à toutes les époques,” Bulletin Monumental, vol. xxx, pp. 624–641.

[406] Raoul Rochette, “Tableau des Catacombes de Rome,” Paris, 1837, pp. 235, 236.

[407] S. Augustini, “De trinitate,” lib. viii, cap. 5, 6. Figured in Raoul Rochette, “Tableau des Catacombes de Rome,” Paris, 1837, title page.

[408] Ruinart, “Acta sanctorum martyrum sincera et selecta,” Paris, 1689, p. 40.

[409] Gregorii episcopi nysseni, “Opera,” vol. iii, in Migne’s Patrologia Græca, vol. xli, Parisiis, 1858, col. 990.

[410] See Rev. I, viii.

[411] C. W. King, “Antique Gems,” London, 1860, p. 358.

[412] King, “The Gnostics,” London, 1864, p. 139.

[413] O. M. Dalton, “Franks Bequest, Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Early Christian, Byzantine, Teutonic, Mediæval and Later [British Museum],” London, 1912, p. 7, No. 39.

[414] M. Deloche, “Étude historique et archéologique sur les anneaux sigillaires,” Paris, 1900, pp. 139–142, figs.

[415] Mercati, “Metallotheca Vaticana,” Romæ, 1719, p. 185.

[416] Giacinto Gimma, “Delia storia naturale delle gemme,” Napoli, 1730, vol. i, p. 39.

[417] Pauli Aringhi, “Roma subterranea,” Romæ, 1651, p. 701.

[418] Santi Aurelii Augustini, “Opera Omnia,” ed. Migne, Parisiis, 1884, cols. 226, 227.

[419] Communicated by L. Weininger, of Vienna.

[420] Platina “De vitis Pontificorum”; “Vita Clementis IV.”

[421] Edmund Waterton, “On the Annulus Piscatoris, or Ring of the Fisherman”; Archæologia, vol. xl, figures on pp. 140 and 142.

[422] Edmund Waterton, “On the Annulus Piscatoris, or Fisherman’s Ring,” Archæologia, vol. xl, pp. 138–142, London, 1866.

[423] Abbé Barraud, “Des Bagues à toutes les époques et en particulier de l’anneau des évêques et des abbés,” Bulletin Monumentale, vol. xxx, pp. 390, 391, 1864.

[424] X. Barbier de Montault, “Le costume et les usages ecclésiastiques selon la tradition romaine,” Paris, n.d., vol. i, p. 161.

[425] _Ibid._, pp. 158, 159.

[426] Sancti Aviti, Epist. lxxviii, Migne, “Patrologia Latina,” vol. lix, col. 280.

[427] Isidori, “De ecclesiasticis officiis,” lib. ii, cap. v, 12.

[428] Migne, “Patrologia Latina,” vol. lxxxiii, cols. 783, 784.

[429] Philippe Labbé and Cossart, “Sacros. concil.,” vol. v, cols. 1618, 1714.

[430] Wetzer and Welte’s “Kirchenlexikon,” 2d ed., Freiburg im Breisgau, 1897, vol. x, p. 211, art. Ringe by K. Schrod.

[431] Ed. Merati, p. 1737.

[432] Edmund Waterton, “On Episcopal Rings,” _The Archæological Journal_, vol. xx, London, 1863, p. 228.

[433] Rot. Pat. Hen. III. m. 20 d.

[434] Liber 28, Ed. I; fol. 278, p. 344.

[435] Philippi Labbei et Cossarti, “Sacrosancta concilia,” vol. viii, col. 878.

[436] Edmund Waterton, “Episcopal Rings,” in _The Archæological Journal_ vol. xx, p. 227, fig. p. 228.

[437] Ph. Labbei et Cossarti, “Sacrosancta Concilia,” vol. ix, col. 395, of the Council of Nimes.

[438] Edmund Waterton, “Episcopal Rings,” in _The Archæological Journal_, vol. xx, p. 235, figs. 6, 7 and 8 on plate opposite that page.

[439] “De sacro altaris mysterio,” Migne’s Patrologia Latina, vol. ccxvii, col. 796.

[440] Arnaud, “Notice sur les objets trouvés dans plusieurs cercueils de pierre à la cathédral de Troyes,” Troyes, 1844, p. 13.

[441] Catalan, “Pontificale romanum,” vol. iii, p. 358, citing the annals of Abraham Begovius, ad annum 1303, num. 8.

[442] R. Rucklin, “Das Schmuckbuch,” Leipzig, 1871, vol. ii, pl. 56, fig. 5.

[443] See also Hefner, “Trachten,” pl. 9.

[444] _Op. cit._, vol. i, p. 167.

[445] Edmund Waterton, “On Episcopal Rings,” _Archæological Journal_, vol. xx, p. 228, London, 1863; citing Dart, “Hist. of Cant. Cath.,” p. 346, fol. 279, and Duranti, “De ritibus,” lib. ii, cap. ix, sec. 37.

[446] O. M. Dalton, “Franks Bequest, Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Early Christian, Byzantine, Teutonic Mediævel, and Later [British Museum],” London, 1912, pp. xxxvii, xxxviii.

[447] Catalogue of the special exhibition of works of art ... at the South Kensington Museum, June, 1862, London, 1863, p. 636.

[448] Maurice Faucon, “Les arts à la cour d’Avignon sous Clément V et Jean XXII,” in Mélanges d’Archéologie et d’Histoire II^{ème} Année, pp. 76, 77; IV^{ème} Année, p. 107.

[449] Italian XIV Century MSS. in the author’s library. What appears to be a topaz ring is on the fourth finger of the right hand in Titian’s portrait of Archbishop Filippo Archinto, painted in the middle of the sixteenth century.

[450] Edinburgh Review, July, 1866, p. 247.

[451] X. Barbier de Montault, “Le costume et les usages ecclésiastiques selon la tradition romaine,” Paris (1897), vol. i, p. 162.

[452] _Ibid._, vol. i, p. 159.

[453] This ring is figured as frontispiece to the writer’s “Curious Lore of Precious Stones,” Philadelphia and London, 1913.

[454] From a letter written by Bishop Greer to the author, September 22, 1916.

[455] Kirchmann, “De anulis,” Lugd. Bat., 1672, p. 185.

[456] Tractatus de officio episcopi, ad Henricum Senonensem episcopum, cap. ix.

[457] H. Druitt, Costume in Brass, p. 98.

[458] “Dictionnaire d’archéologie chrétienne et de liturgie,” ed. by Dom Fernan Cabrol, vol. i, Paris, 1907, col. 2187, art. _anneau_ by Leclercq.

[459] X. Barbier de Montault, “Le costume et les usages ecclésiastiques selon la tradition romaine,” Paris (1897), vol. i, pp. 163, 164.

[460] _Ibid._, vol. i, pp. 164–170.

[461] _Ibid._, vol. i, pp. 175, 176.

[462] The complete ceremonies and procedures observed at the coronation of the kings and queens of England, London (1902), p. 30.

[463] Debrett’s Dictionary of the Coronation, London (1902), pp. 38, 126.

[464] Cyril Davenport, “Jewellery,” Chicago, 1908, Plate xvi, opp. p. 110.

[465] Abbé Barraud, “Des bagues à toutes les époques, et en particulier de l’anneau des évêques et des abbés,” Bulletin Monumental, vol. xxx, p. 17.

[466] Abbé Barraud, “Des bagues à toutes les époques et en particulier de l’anneau des évêques et des abbés,” Bulletin Monumentale, vol. xxx, p. 32.

[467] X. Barbier de Montault, “Le costume et les usages ecclésiastiques selon la tradition romaine,” Paris, (1897), vol. i, p. 174, note.

[468] Cited by William Jones, “Finger-Ring Lore,” London, 1877. pp. 236, 237.

[469] Henry Harrod “On the Mantle and Ring of Widowhood,” Archæologia, vol. xl, pt. 2, p. 308; London 1864.

[470] Op. cit., p. 309, citing Gough, “Sepulchral Monuments,” vol. i, p. cxix.

[471] Giovanni B. Rampolli, “Annales Musulmani,” vol. viii, Milano, 1824, p. 544 _sqq._, note 90.

[472] Burton “Supplementary Nights,” London, 1886, vol. iii, p. 72, note.

[473] The poems of Mohammed Hafiz of Shiraz, translated by John Payne, London, 1901, vol. iii, p. 230; epodes II, 2.

[474] Lib. ii, cap 3; Platonis Dialogi, ed. Hermann, vol. iv, Lipsiæ, 1883, pp. 37, 38.

[475] Cæselii, “Commentarii antiquorum lectionum,” Venetiis, 1516, p. 141; lib. iii, cap. xxv.

[476] Hygini, “Astronomica,” ed. by Emile Chatelain and Paul Legendre, Paris, 1909, p. 19. Bibliothèque de l’École des Hautes Études, Fasc. 168.

[477] King, “Handbook of Engraved Gems,” London, 1866, p. 184, citing Ptolemy Hephaistion, bk. ii, and Suidas.

[478] This may have been the ring supposed to have been given by Apollo, before the birth of Seleucus.

[479] Abrahami Gorlæi, “Dactyliotheca,” Delphi Batavorum, 1601, p. 3.

[480] F. H. Marshall “Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Greek, Etruscan and Roman, in the British Museum,” London, 1907, pp. xxiii, xxxiii, 131, Plate XX, fig. 801.

[481] F. H. Marshall. “Catalogue of Finger Rings, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman, in the Departments of Antiquities, British Museum,” London, 1907, p. xxxiii, No. 386; see Plate XII.

[482] Suetonii, “Nero,” cap. xlvi.

[483] Suetonii, “Galba,” cap. x.

[484] Flavii Josephi, “Antiquitates Judeorum,” Basileæ, 1540, p. 203.

[485] Luciani, “Opera Omnia,” ed. Jocobitz, Lipsiæ, 1881; Navigium, 42, 43, 44.

[486] Philopseudos, 17.

[487] Clementis Alexandrini, “Stromata,” lib. i.

[488] Longi, “De annulis signatoriis” Francofurti et Lipsiæ, 1709, p. 39.

[489] “Dictionnaire d’archéologie chrétienne et de liturgie,” ed. by Dom Fernan Cabrol, vol. i, Pt. II, Paris, 1907, cols. 2215, 2216, s. v. anneaux.

[490] Artemidori Daldiani et Achametis Sereini “Oneirocritica,” Lutitiæ, 1603, p. 259.

[491] Rev. Oswald Cockayne, “Anglo-Saxon Leechdom,” vol. iii, London, 1866, pp. 199, 205, 215 in “A Book of Dreams by the Prophet Daniel.”

[492] Lebeau, “Histoire du Bas-Empire,” livre XIX; vol. iv, p. 307, ed. Desaint et Saillant, Paris, 1759.

[493] St. Augustine, “De doctrina christiana,” lib. ii, cap. 20.

[494] Communicated by L. Weininger, of Vienna.

[495] Scheuzeri, “Itinera per Helvetiæ alpinas regiones,” Lug. Bat., 723, vol. iii, pp. 381–383.

[496] See the present writer’s “The Magic of Jewels and Charms,” Philadelphia and London, 1915, pp. 238, 239.

[497] Petrarchæ, Epistolarum libri, Lugduni, 1601, pp. 10, 11.

[498] Annales Lamberti, in Monum. Germ., vol. iii, p. 91.

[499] Monum. Germ. Script., vol. vii, p. 106.

[500] “The Edda,” by Winchell Faraday, Pt. II, London, 1903, pp. 16, 17.

[501] The history of “Reynard the Fox,” trans. and pub. by William Caxton, 1481; ed. by Edmund Goldsmid, Edinburgh, 1884, vol. ii, pp. 55, 56. Privately printed.

[502] “Lapidario del Rey D. Alfonso X, codice original,” Madrid, 1881, folios 3 recto, col. 2; 14 recto, col. 2; 106, verso, col. 2.

[503] Mauricii Pinder, “De adamante,” Berolini, 1829, p. 68.

[504] “Der grosse Wolfdietrich,” ed. Holtzmann, Heidelberg, 1865, pp. 243, 271.

[505] C. W. King, “Antique Gems and Rings,” London, 1872, p. 393; citing “La vie, état et condition du pape Maleface, racontés par des gens de foi.”

[506] “Die Gesta Romanorum,” ed. Wilhelm Dick, Erlangen, 1890, pp. 10, 11.

[507] Wirt Sikes: “British Goblins: Welsh folklore, fairy myths, legends and traditions,” London, 1880, pp. 365–366.

[508] Pierre Lacroix, “Sciences et Lettres au Moyen Age,” Paris, 1877, p. 238.

[509] Mason in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1865, Pt. II, p. 200; Bastian, “Oestliches Asien,” vol. i, p. 146.

[510] Bishop Percy’s Folio Manuscript, ed. by John W. Hales and Frederick J. Furnivall, London, 1868, Vol. II, p. 363.

[511] Slay.

[512] Ritson, “Ancient English Medical Romances,” London, 1802, vol. I, p. 65.

[513] Jacobi Gaffarelli, “Curiositates inauditæ,” Hamburgi, 1706, p. 112; Latin trans. citing Alberti, “De mirabilibus,” tr. 3, cap. 3.

[514] Konrad von Megenberg, “Buch der Natur,” ed. by Dr. Franz Pfeiffer, Stuttgart, 1861, p. 472.

[515] Catalogue of a collection of ancient and mediæval rings and personal ornaments, London, 1853, p. 5. Privately printed.

[516] William Jones, “Credulities, Past and Present,” London, 1880, pp. 208–210.

[517] The Venetian artist, Paris Bordone (1500–1570) painted a picture depicting the gondolier in the act of delivering St. Mark’s ring to the Doge.

[518] Johannes Tritheim’s “Wunder-Buch,” Passau, 1506 (Reprint, p. 275).

[519] Luke iv, 30: “But he passing through the midst of them went his way.” This refers to his escape at Nazareth from those who sought to cast him down from the hill.

[520] O. M. Dalton, “Franks Bequest, Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Early Christian, Byzantine, Teutonic, Mediæval and Later [British Museum],” London, 1912, p. 138, Nos. 877, 878, 879; see Plate XV.

[521] Petri Lambeccii, “De Augustissima Bibliotheca Cæsarea” Vindobonæ, 1665, p. 28.

[522] Jacobi Gaffarelli, “Curiositates inauditæ,” Hamburgi, 1706, p. 118; Latin trans.

[523] William Jones, “Credulities Past and Present,” London, 1880, p. 211.

[524] Citing Beckmann, “Geschichte des Fürstentums Anhalt,” Dessau, 1722.

[525] William Jones, “Credulities Past and Present,” London, 1880, p. 177.

[526] “Cimeliotheca Musei Nationalis Hungarici,” Budæ, 1825, p. 55.

[527] Communicated by Mr. George Osborn.

[528] Berthold Laufer, “Jade, a Study in Chinese Archæology and Religion,” Chicago, 1912, pp. 284, 285.

[529] Berthold Laufer, “Jade, a Study in Chinese Archæology and Religion,” Chicago, 1912, pp. 210, 211; Field Museum of Natural History, Pub. 154, Anthropological Series, Vol. X, citing A. Conrady in preface to Stentz, “Beiträge zur Volkskunde Süd-Schantung’s,” p. 10.

[530] _Ibid._, p. 210.

[531] Communicated through Prof. Austin F. Rogers, Leland Stanford University, by Mr. Wah S. Lee.

[532] Personal communication from Kien Taw Sein Ko, of Rangoon, Burma.

[533] Arthur A. Macdonel, “A History of Sanskrit Literature,” New York, 1914, pp. 354–358.

[534] Butler, “Court Life in Egypt,” London, 1880, pp. 238–242.

[535] Du Chaillu, “The Viking Age,” New York, 1889, vol. ii, pp. 310, 326.

[536] Torsten Kolmodin, “Lapparne och deres Land: Skildringar och Studier,” Stockholm, 1914, Pt. III, p. 30.

[537] John Sterling, “The Onyx Ring,” Boston, 1850, xxii 263 pp. 8 vo.

[538] Catalogue of the Collection formed by Henry Philip Hope Esq., arranged and described by B. Herz, London, 1839, 6 + 112 p., 42 pl., folio; see p. 38, No. 3. Plate XI.

[539] _Ibid._, p. 86, No. 5.

[540] Communicated by the Rev. John Baer Stoudt, of Northampton, Pa.

[541] Jacobi Wolfii, “Curiosus amuletorum scrutator,” Francofurti & Lipsiæ, 1692, pp. 660, 661.

[542] Julius Ruska, “Das Stienbuch des Aristoteles,” Heidelburg, 1912, p. 6.

[543] Communicated by Mrs. Isabel Moore, formerly of Woodstock, N. Y., now in the Azores.

[544] O. M. Dalton, “Franks Bequest, Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Early Christian, Byzantine, Teutonic, Mediæval and Later [British Museum],” London, 1912, p. 347, No. 2514, fig.

[545] George F. Kunz, “On five new American Meteorites,” American Journal of Science, 3rd Series, vol. 40, pp. 320–322.

[546] George F. Kunz, “On three masses of meteoric iron from Glorietta Mountain near Canoneito, Santa Fé Co., New Mexico,” Amer. Journal of Science, 3rd Series, vol. 30, p. 238; vol. 32, pp. 311–313.

[547] See p. 296.

[548] Cassius Dio, lib. liii.

[549] Plinii, “Historia Naturalis,” lib. xxviii, cap. 15.

[550] Marcelli Empirici, “De medicamentis,” cap. 17.

[551] Plinii, “Naturalis historia,” lib. xxix, cap. 38.

[552] Jacobi Wolfii, “Curiosus amuletorum scrutator,” Francofurti & Lipsiæ, 1692, pp. 388, 392.

[553] Alexandri Tralliani, “De medicamentis,” Basileæ, 1556, p. 593; lib. x, cap. 1.

[554] G. Schlumberger in the Mém. de la Soc. des antiq. de France, 1882, vol. xliii, pp. 135 _sq._

[555] William Hamper, “Observations on a Gold Ring with a Runic Inscription,” Archæologia, vol. xxi, London, 1827, pp. 24–30.

[556] Cited in Johannis de Cuba, “Ortus Sanitatis” (Strassburg, ca. 1483); “De lapidibus,” cap. cix.

[557] Havard, “Historie de l’orfévrerie,” Paris, 1896, p. 358.

[558] Johannis de Cuba, “Ortus Sanitatis,” “De lapidibus,” cap. lx.

[559] Johannis de Cuba, “Ortus Sanitatis,” (Strassburg, ca. 1483). “De lapidibus,” cap. lxv.

[560] Jacobi Wolfii, “Curiosus amuletorum scrutator,” Francofurti & Lipsiæ, 1692, pp. 408, 409, 419.

[561] Edmund Waterton on Cramp Rings in the “Archæological Journal,” vol. xxi, pp. 103–113.

[562] “Ancient and Modern Gold and Silver Smiths’ Work in the South Kensington Museum,” with introduction by John Hungerford Pollen, London, 1878, p. cxlix.

[563] See also pp. 174, 175.

[564] Polydori Vergilii, “Historiæ Anglicæ,” Lug. Bat., 1651, p. 187.

[565] The fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge made by Andrew Borde of Physcycke Doctor; ed. by Furnivall, London, 1870. Early English Text Series; Extra Series No. X.

[566] Burton, “History of the Reformation,” Oxford, 1829, vol. II, Pt. II (Collection of Records, bk. II, No. 24) pp. 413, 414.

[567] _Ibid._, vol. ii, p. 645.

[568] _Ibid._, vol. ii, Pt. II (Collection of Records, Bk. II, No. 24) pp. 415, 416.

[569] William Jones, “Crowns and Coronations,” London, 1883, p. 474.

[570] Konrad von Megenberg, “Das Buch der Natur,” ed. Pfeiffer, Stuttgart, 1866, p. 470.

[571] “Die Gesta Romanorum,” ed. Wilhelm Dick, Erlangen, 1890, pp. 65, 66.

[572] “Nathan der Weise,” Act III, sc. 7, 11. 395 _sqq._

[573] Jacobi Wolffii, “Curiosus amuletorum scrutator,” Francofurti et Lipsiæ, 1692, p. 574.

[574] M. Deloche, Revue archéologique, 2d Ser., 1880, vol. ii, pp. 1 _sqq._

[575] “Etude historique et archéologique sur les anneaux sigillaires,” Paris, 1900, pp. 239–242, fig.

[576] Quicherat, “Procès de condemnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d’Arc,” vol. i, Paris, 1841, pp. 86, 87.

[577] Thomas Sharp, “An account of an ancient gold ring found in Coventry Park in the year 1802,” Archæologia, vol. xviii, pp. 306–308. The “Coventry Ring” as it has been called is now in the British Museum.

[578] C. W. King, in _Archæological Journal_, vol. xxvi, p. 234.

[579] Pettigrew, “On Superstitions Connected with the History and Practice of Medicine and Surgery,” London, 1844, p. 67. This letter is among the Harleian MSS, and was read before the Soc. of Antiquaries, Nov. 12, 1772, according to the Minute Book of the Society.

[580] Arthur Collins, “The English Baronage,” London, 1727.

[581] Thomas Joseph Pettigrew, “Superstitions Connected with the History and Practices of Medicine and Surgery.” London, 1844. pp. 61, 62.

[582] Jacobi Wolfii, “Curiosus amuletorum scrutator,” Francofurti & Lipsiæ, 1692, p. 460.

[583] _Ibid._, p. 570.

[584] Blumentritt, “Das Stromgebiet des Rio Grande de Mindañao,” in Petermann’s Geographische Mitteilungen, vol. xxxvii, p. 111, 1891.

[585] Blackwood’s Magazine for February, 1886, p. 238.

[586] Jacobi Wolfii, “Curiosus amuletorum scrutator,” Francofurti et Lipsiæ, 1692, pp. 390, 392.

[587] _Ibid._, p. 32; Sec. I, cap. ii.

[588] “Illustrated Catalogue of Mr. A. W. Drake’s famous collections,” New York, 1913, Pt. I, Nos. 1757, 1758, 1759, 1760.

[589] Communicated by L. Weininger, of Vienna.

[590] Patent application filed April 3, 1912, by Monroe Engelsman, and serial number 688,244.

[591] George Frederick Kunz, “The Etiquette of Gems,” the Saturday Evening Post, June 27, 1908, p. 29.

[592] U. S. Patent, No. 1,179,025, April 11, 1916.

[593] H. Wilson, “Silverware and Jewelry,” New York, 1903, pp. 110, 111.

[594] The word “ring” belongs to the Teutonic language group, and etymologically it is what is termed common Teutonic.

[595] Archer’s thumb ring.

[596] Plain ring.

[597] Ring set with a stone.

[598] The word used here and also in Num. xxxi: 50 is _glilim_. _ḥotham_ means a seal-ring in Jeremiah xxii: 24.

[599] Mitteilungen and Nachrichten des deutschen Palästina-Vereins, 1904, pp. 1 sqq.

Transcriber’s Notes: 1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been corrected silently.

2. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have been retained as in the original.

3. Where hyphenation is in doubt, it has been retained as in the original.

4. Superscripts are represented using the caret character, e.g. D^r. or X^{xx}.

5. Italics are shown as _xxx_.