Chapter 1

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LIBRARY OF ABORIGINAL AMERICAN LITERATURE.

No. VIII.

EDITED BY D.G. BRINTON

BRINTON'S LIBRARY OF ABORIGINAL AMERICAN LITERATURE. NUMBER VIII.

RIG VEDA AMERICANUS.

SACRED SONGS OF THE ANCIENT MEXICANS, WITH A GLOSS IN NAHUATL.

EDITED, WITH A PARAPHRASE, NOTES AND VOCABULARY,

BY DANIEL G. BRINTON

1890

PREFACE.

In accordance with the general object of this series of volumes--which is to furnish materials for study rather than to offer completed studies--I have prepared for this number the text of the most ancient authentic record of American religious lore. From its antiquity and character, I have ventured to call this little collection the RIG VEDA AMERICANUS, after the similar cyclus of sacred hymns, which are the most venerable product of the Aryan mind.

As for my attempted translation of these mystic chants I offer it with the utmost reserve. It would be the height of temerity in me to pretend to have overcome difficulties which one so familiar with the ancient Nahuatl as Father Sahagun intimated were beyond his powers. All that I hope to have achieved is, by the aid of the Gloss--and not always in conformity to its suggestions--to give a general idea of the sense and purport of the originals.

The desirability of preserving and publishing these texts seems to me to be manifest. They reveal to us the undoubtedly authentic spirit of the ancient religion; they show us the language in its most archaic form; they preserve references to various mythical cycli of importance to the historian; and they illustrate the alterations in the spoken tongue adopted in the esoteric dialect of the priesthood. Such considerations will, I trust, attract the attention of scholars to these fragments of a lost literature.

In the appended Vocabulary I have inserted only those words and expressions for which I can suggest correct--or, at least, probable--renderings. Others will have to be left to future investigators.

CONTENTS.

Preface

Introduction

I. Hymn of Huitzilopochtli

II. War Song of the Huitznahuac

III. Hymn of Tlaloc

IV. Hymn to the All-Mother

V. Hymn to the Virgin Mother

VI. Hymn to the God of Fire

VII. Hymn of Mixcoatl

VIII. Hymn to the God of Flowers

IX. Hymn to the Goddess of Artists

X. Hymn to the God of Fishing

XI. Hymn of the Otomi Leader

XII. Hymn to the Goddess of Childbirth

XIII. Hymn to the Mother of Mortals

XIV. Hymn Sung at a Fast every Eight Years

XV. Hymn to a Night God

XVI. Hymn to the Goddess of Food

XVII. Hymn to the Gods of Wine

XVIII. Hymn to the Master of Waters

XIX. Hymn to the God of Flowers

XX. Hymn to the God of Merchants

Glossary

Index

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Xippe Totec, God of Silversmiths, in Full Costume, Frontispiece

Priest of Xippe Totec, Drinking and Playing on a Drum, Hymn XV

Chicomecoatl, Goddess of Food and Drink, Hymn XVI

Totochtin, the Rabbits, Gods of the Drunkards, Hymn XVII

Atlaua, Singing and Dancing, Hymn XVIII

INTRODUCTION.

As in a previous number of the Library of Aboriginal American Literature I have discussed in detail the character of the ancient Mexican poetry, I shall confine myself at present to the history of the present collection. We owe its preservation to the untiring industry of Father Bernardino de Sahagun, one of the earliest missionaries to Mexico, and the author of by far the most important work on the religion, manners and customs of the ancient Mexicans.

By long residence and close application Sahagun acquired a complete mastery of the Nahuatl tongue. He composed his celebrated _Historia de las Cosas de la Nueva España_ primarily in the native language, and from this original wrote out a Spanish translation, in some parts considerably abbreviated. This incomplete reproduction is that which was published in Spanish by Lord Kingsborough and Bustamente, and in a French rendering with useful notes by Dr. Jourdanet and M. Rémi Simeon.

So far as I know, the only complete copy of the Nahuatl original now in existence is that preserved in the Bibliotheca Laurentio-Mediceana in Florence, where I examined it in April, 1889. It is a most elaborate and beautiful MS., in three large volumes, containing thirteen hundred and seventy-eight illustrations, carefully drawn by hand, mostly colored, illustrative of the native mythology, history, arts and usages, besides many elaborate head and tail pieces to the chapters.

There is another Nahuatl MS. of Sahagun's history in the private library of the King of Spain at Madrid, which I examined in May, 1888, and of which I published a collation in the _Mémoires de la Sociétè Internationale des Américanistes_, for that year. It is incomplete, embracing only the first six books of the _Historia_, and should be considered merely as a _borrador_ or preliminary sketch for the Florentine copy. It contains, however, a certain amount of material not included in the latter, and has been peculiarly useful to me in the preparation of the present volume, as not only affording another reading of the text, valuable for comparison, but as furnishing a gloss or Nahuatl paraphrase of most of the hymns, which does not appear in the Florentine MS. As evidently the older of the two, I have adopted the readings of the Madrid MS. as my text, and given the variants of the Florentine MS. at the end of each hymn.

Neither MS. attempts any translation of the hymns. That at Madrid has no Spanish comment whatever, while that at Florence places opposite the hymns the following remarks, which are also found in the printed copies, near the close of the Appendix of the Second Book of the _Historia_:--

"It is an old trick of our enemy the Devil to try to conceal himself in order the better to compass his ends, in accordance with the words of the Gospel, 'He whose deeds are evil, shuns the light.' Also on earth this enemy of ours has provided himself with a dense wood and a ground, rough and filled with abysses, there to prepare his wiles and to escape pursuit, as do wild beasts and venomous serpents. This wood and these abysses are the songs which he has inspired for his service to be sung in his honor within the temples and outside of them; for they are so artfully composed that they say what they will, but disclose only what the Devil commands, not being rightly understood except by those to whom they are addressed. It is, in fact, well recognized that the cave, wood or abysses in which this cursed enemy hides himself, are these songs or chants which he himself composed, and which are sung to him without being understood except by those who are acquainted with this sort of language. The consequence is that they sing what they please, war or peace, praise to the Devil or contempt for Christ, and they cannot in the least be understood by other men."

Lord Kingsborough says in a note in his voluminous work on the _Antiquities of Mexico_ that this portion of Sahagun's text was destroyed by order of the Inquisition, and that there was a memorandum to that effect in the Spanish original in the noble writer's possession. This could scarcely have referred to a translation of the hymns, for none such exists in any MS. I have consulted, or heard of; and Sahagun intimates in the passage quoted above that he had made none, on account of the obscurity of the diction. Neither does any appear in the Florentine MS., where the text of the hymns is given in full, although the explanatory Gloss is omitted. This last-mentioned fact has prevented me from correcting the text of the Gloss, which in some passages is manifestly erroneous; but I have confined myself to reproducing it strictly according to the original MS., leaving its correction to those who will make use of it.

The Florentine MS. has five colored illustrations of the divinities, or their symbols, which are spoken of in the chants. These are probably copied from the native hieroglyphic books in which, as we learn from Sahagun, such ancient songs were preserved and transmitted. These illustrations I had copied with scrupulous fidelity and reproduced by one of the photographic processes, for the present work.

Such is the history of this curious document, and with this brief introduction I submit it to those who will have the patience and skill to unravel its manifold difficulties.

RIG VEDA AMERICANA

I. _Vitzilopochtli icuic._

1. Vitzilopuchi, yaquetlaya, yyaconay, ynohuihuihuia: anenicuic, toçiquemitla, yya, ayya, yya y ya uia, queyanoca, oya tonaqui, yyaya, yya, yya.

2. Tetzauiztli ya mixtecatl, ce ymocxi pichauaztecatla pomaya, ouayyeo, ayyayya.

3. Ay tlaxotla tenamitl yuitli macoc mupupuxotiuh, yautlatoa ya, ayyayyo, noteuh aya tepanquizqui mitoaya.

4. Oya yeua uel mamauia, in tlaxotecatl teuhtla milacatzoaya, itlaxotecatl teuhtla milacatzoaya.

5. Amanteca toyauan xinechoncentlalizquiuia ycalipan yauhtiua, xinechoncentlalizqui.

6. Pipiteca toyauan xinechoncentlalizquiuia: ycalipan, yautiua, xinechoncentlalizqui.

_Var._ 6. This verse is omitted in the Medicean MS.

_Gloss._

1. In ivitzilopochtli ayac nouiui, _id est_, ayac nechneneuilia, ayac iuhqui, in iuhqui. Anenicuic, _id est_, amo ca nen nonicuic, in quetzali, in chalchihuitl in ixquich ynotlatqui, toçiquemitl. Queyanoca oya tonaqui, _id est_, onocatonat, onocatlatuit.

2. _Q.n._, tetzauiztli, _id est_, oquintetzauito, in mixteca inic oquiyaochiuhqui: oquimanilito in imicxi in pichauazteca, ioan in mixteca.

3. Ay tlaxotla tenamitl, _q.n._, quitepeua inin tena in aquique yauchiuallo. Iuitli macoc, _q.n._, oncan quitema in tiçatl in ihuitl. Mopopuxotiuh yauhtlatuaya, _q.n._, inic mopopuxoticalaqui yauc, ioan, _q.n._, yeuatl quitemaca y yauyutl quitemaceualtia, tepanquizqui, mitoayaqui yehuatl quichioa yauyutl.

4. Oya yeua huel mamauia, _q.n._, çan oc momamauhtiaya in aya momochiua yauyutl. Teuhtla milacatzoaya _q.n._, in noteuh in opeuh yauyutl, aocac momauhtica iniquac ynoteuhtli moquetza ynoteuhtica tlayoa(lli).

5. Amanteca toyauan, _q.n._, yn iyaoan yn aquique in cani omocentlalique ca in calipan in yautioa ca tlatlaz ynin cal.

6. Pipiteca, toyaoan, xinechoncentlalizque, _q.n._, in pipiteca y yaoan mochiuhque. Yn calla in mochiua yauyutl in i calipan.

_Translation._

_The Hymn of Huitzilopochtli._

1. Huitzilopochtli is first in rank, no one, no one is like unto him: not vainly do I sing (his praises) coming forth in the garb of our ancestors; I shine; I glitter.

2. He is a terror to the Mixteca; he alone destroyed the Picha-Huasteca, he conquered them.

3. The Dart-Hurler is an example to the city, as he sets to work. He who commands in battle is called the representative of my God.

4. When he shouts aloud he inspires great terror, the divine hurler, the god turning himself in the combat, the divine hurler, the god turning himself in the combat.

5. Amanteca, gather yourselves together with me in the house of war against your enemies, gather yourselves together with me.

6. Pipiteca, gather yourselves together with me in the house of war against your enemies, gather yourselves together with me.

_Notes._

Huitzilopochtli was the well-known war-god of the Azteca, whose functions are described by Sahagun (_Historia_, Lib. I., cap. 1) and many other writers. The hymn here given is probably the _tlaxotecuyotl_, which was chanted at the celebration of his feast in the fifteenth month of the Mexican calendar (see Sahagun, _Historia_, Lib. II., cap. 34). The word means "his glory be established." It was commenced at sunset and repeated till sunrise.

1. "In the garb of our ancestors" (_to-citli-quemitl_). The high priest appeared in the insignia of Quetzalcoatl, which, says Sahagun, "were very gorgeous." (_Hist._, Lib. II., Appendix.)

2. Mixteca, plural of Mixtecatl, an inhabitant of Mixtecapan, near the Pacific. The Huasteca, a nation of Maya lineage, lived on the Gulf coast.

3. The god was called the Hurler, as he was believed to hurl the lightning serpent (the _xiuhcoatl_).

5. Sahagun recites the legends about the Amanteca (_Historia_, Lib. IX., cap. 18). Here the name refers to the inhabitants of the quarter called Amantlan.

6. _Pipiteca_, a _nomen gentile_, referring doubtless to a certain class of the hearers.

This hymn may be compared to another, descriptive of the same divinity, preserved in Sahagun's MS. in Madrid. It is as follows, with my translation by its side.

Vitzilopuchtli Huitzilopochtli,

Can maceualli Only a subject,

Can tlacatl catca. Only a mortal was.

Naualli A magician,

Tetzauitl A terror,

Atlacacemelle A stirrer of strife,

Teixcuepani A deceiver,

Quiyocoyani in yaoyotl A maker of war,

Yautecani An arranger of battles,

Yautlatoani; A lord of battles;

Ca itechpa mitoaya And of him it was said

Tepan quitlaza That he hurled

In xiuhcoatl His flaming serpent,

Immamalhuaztli His fire stick;

Quitoznequi yaoyotl Which means war,

Teoatl tlachinolli. Blood and burning;

Auh iniquac ilhuiq'xtililoya And when his festival was celebrated,

Malmicouaya Captives were slain,

Tlaaltilmicoaya Washed slaves were slain,

Tealtilaya impochteca. The merchants washed them.

Auh inic mochichiuaya: And thus he was arrayed:

Xiuhtotonacoche catca With head-dress of green feathers,

Xiuhcoanauale Holding his serpent torch,

Xiuhtlalpile Girded with a belt,

Matacaxe Bracelets upon his arms,

Tzitzile Wearing turquoises,

Oyuvale. As a master of messengers.

When in Florence, in 1889, I had an accurate copy made of the Nahuatl text and all the figures of the first book of Sahagun's History. The colored figure of Huitzilopochtli is in accordance with the above description.

II. _Uitznaoac yautl icuic._

1. Ahuia tlacochcalco notequioa ayayui nocaquia tlacatl, ya nechyapinauia, ayaca nomati, nitetzauiztli, auia, ayaca nomati niya, yautla, aquitoloc tlacochcalco notequioa, iuexcatlatoa ay nopilchan.

2. Ihiya quetl tocuilechcatl quauiquemitl nepapan oc uitzetla.

3. Huia oholopa telipuchtla, yuiyoc yn nomalli, ye nimauia, ye nimauia, yuiyoc yn nomalli.

4. Huia uitznauac telepochtla yuiyoc, yn nomalli, ye nimauia, ye nimauia yuiyoc, ynomalli.

5. Huia ytzicotla telipochtla, yuiyoc, yn nomalli, ye nimauia, ye nimauia, yuiyoc yn nomalli.

6. Uitznauac teuaqui, machiyotla tetemoya, ahuia oyatonac, yahuia oyatonac, machiyotla tetemoya.

7. Tocuilitla teuaqui, machiyotla tetemoya, ahuia oyatonac, yahuia oyatonac uia, machiyotla tetemoya.

_Var._ 6. Vitzanaoac teuhoaqui machiotla. _MS. Med._

_The War Song of the Huitznahuac._

1. What ho! my work is in the hall of arms, I listen to no mortal, nor can any put me to shame, I know none such, I am the Terror, I know none other, I am where war is, my work is said to be in the hall of arms, let no one curse my children.

2. Our adornment comes from out the south, it is varied in color as the clothing of the eagle.

3. Ho! ho! abundance of youths doubly clothed, arrayed in feathers, are my captives, I deliver them up, I deliver them up, my captives arrayed in feathers.

4. Ho! youths for the Huitznahuac, arrayed in feathers, these are my captives, I deliver them up, I deliver them up, arrayed in feathers, my captives.

5. Youths from the south, arrayed in feathers, my captives, I deliver them up, I deliver them up, arrayed in feathers, my captives.

6. The god enters, the Huitznahuac, he descends as an example, he shines forth, he shines forth, descending as an example.

7. Adorned like us he enters as a god, he descends as an example, he shines forth, he shines forth, descending as an example.

_Notes._

There is no Gloss to this hymn, but its signification seems clear. _Huitznahuac_ was a name applied to several edifices in the great temple at Tenochtitlan, as we are informed at length by Sahagun. The word is a locative from _huitznahua_. This term means "magicians from the south" or "diviners with thorns," and was applied in the Quetzalcoatl mythical cyclus to the legendary enemies of Huitzilopochtli, whom he is said to have destroyed as soon as he was born. (See my discussion of this myth in _Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society_ for 1887.) Apparently to perpetuate the memory of this exploit, the custom was, at the festival of Huitzilopochtli, for the slaves who were to be sacrificed to form two bands, one representing the Huitznahua and the other the partisans of the god, and to slaughter each other until the arrival of the god Paynal put an end to the combat (Sahagun, _Historia_, Lib. II., cap. 34). The song here given belongs to this portion of the ancient rite.

1. The _tlacochcalli_, "house of arrows" (_tlacochtli_, arrow, _calli_, house), was a large hall in the temple of Huitzilopochtli where arrows, spears and other arms were kept (Sahagun, Lib. VIII., cap. 32).

2. The "adornment from the south" refers to the meaning of the name _Huitznahua_. (See Glossary.)

3. Sahagun (_ubi sup._) informs us that the slaves condemned to die fought against free warriors, and when any of the latter were captured they were promptly put to death by their captors.

III. _Tlalloc icuic._

1. Ahuia Mexico teutlaneuiloc amapanitla anauhcampa, ye moquetzquetl, aoyequene y chocaya.

2. Ahuia anneuaya niyocoloc, annoteua eztlamiyaual, aylhuiçolla nic yauicaya teutiualcoya.

3. Ahuia annotequiua naualpilli aquitlanella motonacayouh tic yachiuh quitla catlachtoquetl, çan mitziyapinauia.

4. Ahuia cana catella nechyapinauia anechyaca uelmatia, anotata yn oquacuillo ocelocoatl aya.

5. Ahuia tlallocana, xiuacalco aya quizqui aquamotla, acatonalaya.

6. Ahuia xiyanouia, nahuia xiyamotecaya ay poyauhtla, ayauh chicauaztica, ayauicalo tlallocanaya.

7. Aua nacha tozcuecuexi niyayalizqui aya y chocaya.

8. Ahuia queyamica xinechiuaya, temoquetl aitlatol, aniquiya ilhuiquetl, tetzauhpilla niyayalizqui aya y chocaya.

9. Ahuia nauhxiuhticaya itopanecauiloc ayoc ynomatia, ay motlapoalli, aya ximocaya ye quetzalcalla nepanauia ay yaxcana teizcaltequetl.

10. Ahuia xiyanouia, ahuia xiyamotequaya ay poyauhtla, ayauh chicauaztlica ayauicallo tlalloca.

_Var._ 1. Amopanitl.

_Gloss._

1. Auia Mexico teutlanauiloc, _q.n._, yn Mexico onetlanauiloc in tlaloc. Amapanitl annauhcampa ye moquetzquetl, _q.n._, amapanitl nauhcampa omoquequetz. Aoyeque naichocaya, _id est_, itlaocuyaya.

2. Auia anneuaya niyocoloc, _q.n._, ynehuatl ni tlalloc oniyocoloc. Annoteua eztlamiyaual, _q.n._, noteu eztlamiyaualtitiuh. Aylhuiçolla, _q.n._, yn umpa ilhuiçololo. Inic yauicaya teuitualcoya, _q.n._ in teuitualoc.

3. Auia annotequiua naualpilli, _q.n._ in tinoteuh naualpilli, _i.e._, tlalloc. Aquitlanella motonacayouh, _q.n._, ca nelli teuatl ticmochiuilia in motonacayouh. Catlachtoquetl, _q.n._, teuatl ticmochiuilia auh in aquin timitzpinauia.

4. Ahuia cana catella nechyapinauia, _q.n._, catel nechpinauia ca monechuelmati. Annotata ynoquacuillo ocelocoatl aya, _q.n._, yn notaua ioan yna quacuiloa yn oceloquacuili.

5. Ahuia tlallocana xiuacalco, _q.n._, in tlalocan xiuhcalco, _id est_, acxoyacalco. Ayaquizqui, _q.n._, umpa ualquizque. Aquamotla acatonalaya, _q.n._, y notauan yn oquacuiloan acatonal.

6. Ahuia xicanouia nauia xiyamotecaya, _q.n._, xiuian ximotecati. Ay poyauhtlan, _q.n._, in umpa poyauhtlan tepeticpac. Ayauh chicauaztica ayauicalo tlalocana, _q.n._, ayauh chicauaztica in auicalo tlalocan.

7. Aua nach tozcuecuexi niyayalizqui, _q.n._, y nach tozcuecuex y ye niauh niman ye choca.

8. Ahuia queyamica xinechiuaya, _q.n._, quenamican y ya niauh aço anechtemozque. Aniquiya ilhuiquetl tetzapilla niyayalizqui ayaichocaya, _q.n._, onquilhui yn tetzapilli ye niyauh niman ye choca.

9. Ahuia nauhxiuhticaya nitopanecauiloc, _q.n._, nauhxiuhtica in topanecauiloz, _id est_, in tepan mochiuaz. Ayoc inomatia ay motlapoalli, _q.n._, aocmo nomatia iniquin motlapoalpan. Ca oximoac ye quetzalcalla nepanauia, _q.n._, ye qualcan ye netlamachtiloyan ynemca. Ay yaxcana teizcaltiquetl, _q.n._, iniaxca inic oteizcalli.

10. Ahuia xiyanouia, _q.n._, xiuia. Auia xiya motecaya ay poyauhtla, _q.n._, ximotecati in umpa poyauhtla. Ayauh chicauaztica auicallo tlalocan, _q.n._, ayauh chicauaztica in auicallo in umpa tlallocan.

_The Hymn of Tlaloc._

1. In Mexico the god appears; thy banner is unfolded in all directions, and no one weeps.

2. I, the god, have returned again, I have turned again to the place of abundance of blood-sacrifices; there when the day grows old, I am beheld as a god.

3. Thy work is that of a noble magician; truly thou hast made thyself to be of our flesh; thou hast made thyself, and who dare affront thee?

4. Truly he who affronts me does not find himself well with me; my fathers took by the head the tigers and the serpents.

5. In Tlalocan, in the verdant house, they play at ball, they cast the reeds.

6. Go forth, go forth to where the clouds are spread abundantly, where the thick mist makes the cloudy house of Tlaloc.

7. There with strong voice I rise up and cry aloud.

8. Go ye forth to seek me, seek for the words which I have said, as I rise, a terrible one, and cry aloud.

9. After four years they shall go forth, not to be known, not to be numbered, they shall descend to the beautiful house, to unite together and know the doctrine.

10. Go forth, go forth to where the clouds are spread abundantly, where the thick mist makes the cloudy house of Tlaloc.

_Notes._

The god Tlaloc shared with Huitzilopochtli the highest place in the Mexican Pantheon. He was the deity who presided over the waters, the rains, the thunder and the lightning. The annual festival in his honor took place about the time of corn-planting, and was intended to secure his favor for this all-important crop. Its details are described at great length by Diego Duran, _Historia de Nueva España_, cap. 86, and Sahagun, _Historia_, Lib. II., cap. 25, and elsewhere. His name is derived from _tlalli_, earth. _Tlalocan_, referred to in v. 5, "the place of Tlaloc," was the name of a mountain east of Tenochtitlan, where the festival of the god was celebrated; but it had also a mythical meaning, equivalent to "the earthly Paradise," the abode of happy souls.

It will be observed that v. 10 is a repetition of v. 6. The word _ayauicalo_ refers to the _ayauhcalli_, "house of mist," the home of the rain god, which Sahagun informs us was represented at the annual festival by four small buildings near the water's edge, carefully disposed to face the four cardinal points of the compass (Sahagun, _ubi supra_).

In v. 8 the expression _tetzauhpilli_ (_tetzauhqui_, to frighten) may be explained by the figure of Tlaloc, whose statue, says Duran, was that of _un espantable monstruo, la cara muy fea_ (_ibid._).

The compound in v. 10, _nauhxiuhtica_, "after four years," appears to refer to the souls of the departed brave ones, who, according to Aztec mythology, passed to the heaven for four years and after that returned to the terrestrial Paradise,--the palace of Tlaloc. (See my paper, _The Journey of the Soul_, in _Proceedings of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia, 1883_.)

IV. _Teteuynan ycuic._

1. Ahuiya coçauic xochitla oya cueponca yeua tonana teumechaue moquiçican tamoanchan, auayye, auayya, yyao, yya, yyeo, aye ayo, ayy ayyaa.

2. Coçauic xochitla oya moxocha yeua tonana, teumechaue, moquiçica tamoanchan, ouayye, auayya, yyao, yya, yyeo, ayo aye, ayya, ayyaa.