Chapter 20

GENERAL SURVEY AND CONCLUSION 181

INDEX 193

ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG. PAGE

1. MECHANICAL LEVER RECORDER 3

2. ELECTRIC METHOD OF DETECTING NERVE RESPONSE 6

3. DIAGRAM SHOWING INJURED END OF NERVE CORRESPONDS TO 8 COPPER IN A VOLTAIC ELEMENT

4. ELECTRIC RECORDER 11

5. SIMULTANEOUS RECORD OF MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL 13 RESPONSES

6. NEGATIVE VARIATION IN PLANTS 19

7. PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD OF NEGATIVE VARIATION IN PLANTS 20

8. RESPONSE RECORDER 21

9. THE COMPENSATOR 22

10. THE SPRING-TAPPER 23

11. THE TORSIONAL VIBRATOR 24

12. RESPONSE IN PLANT TO MECHANICAL TAP OR VIBRATION 25

13. INFLUENCE OF SUDDENNESS ON THE EFFICIENCY OF 26 STIMULUS

14. THE METHOD OF BLOCK 28

15. RESPONSE IN PLANT COMPLETELY IMMERSED UNDER WATER 29

16. UNIFORM RESPONSES IN PLANT 36

17. FUSION OF EFFECT UNDER RAPIDLY SUCCEEDING STIMULI IN 36 MUSCLE AND IN PLANT

18. ADDITIVE EFFECT OF SINGLY INEFFECTIVE STIMULI ON 37 PLANT

19. 'STAIRCASE EFFECT' IN PLANT 37

20. APPEARANCE OF FATIGUE IN PLANT UNDER SHORTENED 39 PERIOD OF REST

21. FATIGUE IN CELERY 40

22. FATIGUE IN CAULIFLOWER-STALK 41

23. FATIGUE FROM PREVIOUS OVERSTRAIN 41

24. FATIGUE UNDER CONTINUOUS STIMULATION IN CELERY 42

25. EFFECT OF REST IN REMOVAL OF FATIGUE IN PLANT 43

26. DIPHASIC VARIATION IN PLANT 46

27, 28. ABNORMAL POSITIVE RESPONSES IN STALE PLANT 48, 49 TRANSFORMED INTO NORMAL NEGATIVE UNDER STRONG STIMULATION

29. RADIAL E.M. VARIATION 50

30. CURVES SHOWING THE RELATION BETWEEN INTENSITY OF 52 STIMULUS AND RESPONSE IN MUSCLE AND NERVE

31. INCREASING RESPONSES TO INCREASING STIMULI (TAPS) IN 52 PLANTS

32. INCREASING RESPONSES TO INCREASING VIBRATIONAL 53 STIMULI IN PLANTS

33. RESPONSES TO INCREASING STIMULI IN FRESH AND STALE 54 SPECIMENS OF PLANTS

34. APPARENT DIMINUTION OF RESPONSE CAUSED BY FATIGUE 57 UNDER STRONG STIMULATION

35. DIMINUTION OF RESPONSE IN EUCHARIS LILY AT LOW 61 TEMPERATURE

36. RECORDS SHOWING THE DIFFERENCE IN THE EFFECTS OF LOW 62 TEMPERATURE ON IVY, HOLLY, AND EUCHARIS LILY

37. PLANT CHAMBER FOR STUDYING THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE 64 AND ANÆSTHETICS

38. EFFECT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE ON PLANT RESPONSE 64

39. AFTER-EFFECT ON THE RESPONSE DUE TO TEMPERATURE 66 VARIATION

40. RECORDS OF RESPONSES IN EUCHARIS LILY DURING RISE 67 AND FALL OF TEMPERATURE

41. CURVE SHOWING VARIATION OF SENSITIVENESS DURING A 68 CYCLE OF TEMPERATURE VARIATION

42. RECORD OF EFFECT OF STEAM IN ABOLITION OF RESPONSE 69 AT DEATH OF PLANT

43. EFFECT OF CHLOROFORM ON NERVE RESPONSE 72

44. EFFECT OF CHLOROFORM ON THE RESPONSES OF CARROT 74

45. ACTION OF CHLORAL HYDRATE ON PLANT RESPONSES 75

46. ACTION OF FORMALIN ON RADISH 75

47. ACTION OF SODIUM HYDRATE IN ABOLISHING THE RESPONSE 78 IN PLANT

48. STIMULATING ACTION OF POISON IN SMALL DOSES IN 79 PLANTS

49. THE POISONOUS EFFECT OF STRONGER DOSE OF KOH 79

50. BLOCK METHOD FOR OBTAINING RESPONSE IN TIN 83

51. RESPONSE TO MECHANICAL STIMULATION IN A Zn-Cu COUPLE 85

52. ELECTRIC RESPONSE IN METAL BY THE METHOD OF RELATIVE 88 DEPRESSION (NEGATIVE VARIATION)

53. METHOD OF RELATIVE EXALTATION 89

54. VARIOUS CASES OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE VARIATION 90

55. MODIFICATIONS OF THE BLOCK METHOD FOR EXHIBITING 93 ELECTRIC RESPONSE IN METALS

56. EQUAL AND OPPOSITE RESPONSES GIVEN BY TWO ENDS OF 95 THE WIRE

57. TOP VIEW OF THE VIBRATION CELL 96

58. INFLUENCE OF ANNEALING IN THE ENHANCEMENT OF 101 RESPONSE IN METALS

59. UNIFORM ELECTRIC RESPONSES IN METALS 102

60. PERSISTENCE OF AFTER-EFFECT 105

61. PROLONGATION OF PERIOD OF RECOVERY AFTER OVERSTRAIN 106

62. MOLECULAR MODEL 107

63, 64. EFFECTS OF REMOVAL OF MOLECULAR SLUGGISHNESS IN 109, 110 QUICKENED RECOVERY AND HEIGHTENED RESPONSE IN METALS

65. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON RESPONSE IN METALS 111

66. DIPHASIC VARIATION IN METALS 113

67. NEGATIVE, DIPHASIC, AND POSITIVE RESULTANT RESPONSE 115 IN METALS

68. CONTINUOUS TRANSFORMATION FROM NEGATIVE TO POSITIVE 116 THROUGH INTERMEDIATE DIPHASIC RESPONSE

69. FATIGUE IN MUSCLE 118

70. FATIGUE IN PLATINUM 118

71. FATIGUE IN TIN 119

72. APPEARANCE OF FATIGUE DUE TO SHORTENING THE PERIOD 120 OF RECOVERY

73. FATIGUE IN METAL UNDER CONTINUOUS STIMULATION 121

74. 'STAIRCASE' RESPONSE IN MUSCLE AND IN METAL 122

75. ABNORMAL RESPONSE IN NERVE CONVERTED INTO NORMAL 124 UNDER CONTINUED STIMULATION

76, 77. ABNORMAL RESPONSE IN TIN AND PLATINUM CONVERTED INTO 125 NORMAL UNDER CONTINUED STIMULATION

78. GRADUAL TRANSITION FROM ABNORMAL TO NORMAL RESPONSE 126 IN PLATINUM

79. INCREASE OF RESPONSE IN NERVE AFTER CONTINUOUS 127 STIMULATION

80, 81. RESPONSE IN TIN AND PLATINUM ENHANCED AFTER 127, 128 CONTINUOUS STIMULATION

82. MAGNETIC ANALOGUE 132

83, 84. RECORDS OF RESPONSES TO INCREASING STIMULI IN TIN 134, 135

85. INEFFECTIVE STIMULUS BECOMING EFFECTIVE BY 135 SUPERPOSITION

86. INCOMPLETE AND COMPLETE FUSION OF EFFECTS 136

87. CYCLIC CURVE FOR MAXIMUM EFFECTS SHOWING HYSTERESIS 137

88. ACTION OF POISON IN ABOLISHING RESPONSE IN NERVE 139

89. ACTION OF STIMULANT ON TIN 141

90. ACTION OF STIMULANT ON PLATINUM 142

91. DEPRESSING EFFECT OF KBr ON TIN 143

92. ABOLITION OF RESPONSE IN METALS BY 'POISON' 143

93. 'MOLECULAR ARREST' BY THE ACTION OF 'POISON' 145

94. OPPOSITE EFFECTS OF SMALL AND LARGE DOSES ON THE 146 RESPONSE IN METALS

95. RETINAL RESPONSE TO LIGHT 150

96. RESPONSE OF SENSITIVE CELL TO LIGHT 152

97. TYPICAL EXPERIMENT ON THE E.M. VARIATION PRODUCED BY 154 LIGHT

98. MODIFICATION OF THE PHOTO-SENSITIVE CELL 155

99. RESPONSES IN FROG'S RETINA 156

100. RESPONSES IN SENSITIVE PHOTO-CELL 157

101. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE RESPONSE TO LIGHT 159 STIMULUS

102. EFFECT OF DURATION OF EXPOSURE ON THE RESPONSE 159

103. RESPONSES OF SENSITIVE CELL TO INCREASING 161 INTENSITIES OF LIGHT

104. RELATION BETWEEN THE INTENSITY OF LIGHT AND 162 MAGNITUDE OF RESPONSE

105. AFTER-OSCILLATION 163

106. TRANSIENT POSITIVE INCREASE OF RESPONSE IN THE 164 FROG'S RETINA ON THE CESSATION OF LIGHT

107. TRANSIENT POSITIVE INCREASE OF RESPONSE IN THE 165 SENSITIVE CELL

108. DECLINE UNDER THE CONTINUOUS ACTION OF LIGHT 166

109. CERTAIN AFTER-EFFECTS OF LIGHT 168

110. AFTER-EFFECT OF LIGHT OF SHORT DURATION 172

111. STEREOSCOPIC DESIGN FOR THE EXHIBITION OF BINOCULAR 176 ALTERNATION OF VISION

112. UNIFORM RESPONSES IN NERVE, PLANT, AND METAL 184

113. FATIGUE IN MUSCLE, PLANT, AND METAL 185

114. 'STAIRCASE' EFFECT IN MUSCLE, PLANT, AND METAL 186

115. INCREASE OF RESPONSE AFTER CONTINUOUS STIMULATION IN 186 NERVE AND METAL

116. MODIFIED ABNORMAL RESPONSE IN NERVE AND METAL 187 TRANSFORMED INTO NORMAL RESPONSE AFTER CONTINUOUS STIMULATION

117. ACTION OF THE SAME 'POISON' IN THE ABOLITION OF 189 RESPONSE IN NERVE, PLANT, AND METAL

RESPONSE

IN THE

LIVING AND NON-LIVING