Part 70
┌────────┬─────────────────────────────────────────────────┬────────┐ │ Age. │ Females. │ Prison │ │ │ │ of │ │ │ │Salford.│ ├────────┼──────────┬──────────┬───────┬─────────┬─────────┼────────┤ │ │Total No. │ Daily │ Total │ Average │ Actual │Average │ │ │ of │ average │No. of │ No. of │sickness,│duration│ │ │Prisoners.│ No. of │Days in│ Days in │Prison of│ of │ │ │ │Prisoners.│Prison.│ Prison. │Salford. │Sickness│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ per │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ annum │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ for │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ every │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Female. │ ├────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────┼─────────┼─────────┼────────┤ │ Years. │ │ │ │ Days & │ Days. │ │ │ │ │ │ │Decimals.│ │ │ │Under 16│ 58│ 12·93│ 3,353│ 57·81│ 4│ ·44│ │16 to 21│ 279│ 37·52│ 13,701│ 49·1│ 372│ 9·91│ │21 to 26│ 264│ 31·96│ 11,681│ 44·24│ 239│ 7·46│ │26 to 31│ 185│ 26·69│ 9,748│ 52·7│ 409│ 15·31│ │31 to 36│ 120│ 17·33│ 6,329│ 52·74│ 316│ 18·22│ │36 to 41│ 90│ 8·49│ 3,238│ 36·│ 56│ 6·31│ │41 to 46│ 58│ 9·98│ 3,647│ 62·89│ 213│ 21·31│ │46 to 51│ 46│ 6·36│ 2,325│ 50·54│ 55│ 8·63│ │51 to 56│ 17│ 2·83│ 1,034│ 60·82│ │ │ │56 to 61│ 9│ 1·07│ 393│ 43·60│ 80│ 74·3│ │61 to 66│ 4│ ·05│ 192│ 38·│ 29│ 55·13│ │66 to 71│ 1│ │ 14│ 14·│ │ │ │71 to 76│ │ │ 30│ 30·│ │ │ │76 to 81│ │ │ │ │ │ │ ├────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────┼─────────┼─────────┼────────┤ │ Total │ 1,132│ 155·21│ 55,635│ 49·37│ 1,773│ 11·6│ └────────┴──────────┴──────────┴───────┴─────────┴─────────┴────────┘
┌────────┬─────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Age. │ Males. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ├────────┼──────────┬──────────┬───────┬─────────┬─────────┤ │ │Total No. │ Daily │ Total │ Average │ Actual │ │ │ of │ average │No. of │ No. of │sickness,│ │ │Prisoners.│ No. of │Days in│ Days in │Prison of│ │ │ │Prisoners.│Prison.│ Prison. │Salford. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ├────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────┼─────────┼─────────┤ │ Years. │ │ │ │ Days & │ Days. │ │ │ │ │ │Decimals.│ │ │Under 16│ 542│ 89·52│ 32,690│ 60·31│ 69│ │16 to 21│ 1,072│ 155·2│ 56,671│ 52·86│ 623│ │21 to 26│ 935│ 118·2│ 43,166│ 46·16│ 293│ │26 to 31│ 590│ 78·07│ 28,507│ 47·67│ 182│ │31 to 36│ 371│ 43·39│ 15,847│ 42·71│ 135│ │36 to 41│ 316│ 41·14│ 15,023│ 47·54│ 210│ │41 to 46│ 170│ 19·98│ 7,298│ 42·93│ 55│ │46 to 51│ 117│ 13·11│ 4,818│ 41·18│ 77│ │51 to 56│ 75│ 9·42│ 3,443│ 45·09│ 51│ │56 to 61│ 47│ 4·24│ 1,547│ 32·93│ 7│ │61 to 66│ 20│ 3·08│ 1,127│ 56·35│ 83│ │66 to 71│ 9│ ·07│ 267│ 29·66│ 2│ │71 to 76│ 4│ ·27│ 101│ 25·25│ │ │76 to 81│ │ │ │ │ │ ├────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────┼─────────┼─────────┤ │ Total │ 4,276│ 574·53│210,503│ 49·23│ 1,787│ └────────┴──────────┴──────────┴───────┴─────────┴─────────┘
┌────────┬─────────┬──────────╥────────────────┬─────────────────────┐ │ Age. │Prison of│East India║ Highland │ Prison of Salford. │ │ │Salford. │Company’s ║ Society. │ │ │ │ │Labourers.║ │ │ ├────────┼─────────┼──────────╫──────┬─────────┼─────────┬───────────┤ │ │ Average │ Average ║ Age. │ Average │ No. │ Deaths. │ │ │duration │ duration ║ │duration │liberated│ │ │ │ of │ of ║ │ of │ on │ │ │ │Sickness │ Sickness ║ │Sickness │ account │ │ │ │per annum│per annum ║ │per annum│ of │ │ │ │for every│for every ║ │for every│Sickness.│ │ │ │ Male. │ Man. ║ │ Man, as │ │ │ │ │ │ ║ │shown by │ │ │ │ │ │ ║ │Tables of│ │ │ ├────────┼─────────┼──────────╫──────┼─────────┼────┬────┼─────┬─────┤ │ Years. │ Days & │ Days & ║Years.│ Days & │ M.│ F.│ M.│ F.│ │ │Decimals.│Decimals. ║ │Decimals.│ │ │ │ │ │Under 16│ ·77│ ║ 21│ 4·0│ │ │ │ │ │16 to 21│ 4·01│ 4·02║ 46│ 7·0│ │ │ │ │ │21 to 26│ 2·4│ 5·40║ 57│ 14·0│ │ │ 1│ │ │26 to 31│ 2·33│ 4·49║ 83│ 21·0│ │ │ │ 1│ │31 to 36│ 3·1│ 4·55║ 85│ 30·8│ │ │ 2│ 1│ │36 to 41│ 5·1│ 5·57║ 66│ 37·8│ │ │ 1│ │ │41 to 46│ 2·75│ 5·18║ 67│ 46·2│ │ │ 1│ │ │46 to 51│ 5·83│ 5·43║ 68│ 56·0│ │ │ 1│ │ │51 to 56│ 5·43│ 6·80║ 69│ 63·0│ │ │ │ │ │56 to 61│ 1·65│ 7·21║ 70│ 70·0│ │ │ │ │ │61 to 66│ 2·67│ 10·24║ │ │ │ │ 1│ │ │66 to 71│ 2·69│ 9·93║ │ │ │ │ 1│ │ │71 to 76│ │ 10·60║ │ │ │ │ │ │ │76 to 81│ │ 12·67║ │ │ │ │ │ │ ├────────┼─────────┼──────────╫──────┼─────────┼────┼────┼─────┼─────┤ │ Total │ 3·098│ ║ │ │ │ │ 8│ 2│ └────────┴─────────┴──────────╨──────┴─────────┴────┴────┴─────┴─────┘
28.—_Experience of Sickness in the Wynds of Edinburgh._
Table showing the Sickness experienced by 334 Persons, from 10th November, 1840, to 10th November, 1841, in some of the Wynds and Closes of Edinburgh, compared with the Sickness experienced in the Edinburgh Prison, by the East India Company’s Labourers, and by the Members of Benefit Societies, as shown in the Highland Society’s Tables.
┌────────┬──────────────────┬─────────╥──────────┐ │ Age. │ Females. │ Closes ║Prison of │ │ │ │ and ║Edinburgh.│ │ │ │ Wynds. ║ │ ├────────┼────────┬─────────┼─────────╫──────────┤ │ │ No. of │ Actual │ Average ║ Average │ │ │Persons.│Sickness,│duration ║ duration │ │ │ │ Closes │ of ║ of │ │ │ │and Wynds│Sickness ║ Sickness │ │ │ │ of │per Annum║per Annum │ │ │ │Edinburgh│for every║for every │ │ │ │ │ Female. ║ Female. │ │ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ │ │ ║ │ ├────────┼────────┼─────────┼─────────╫──────────┤ │ Years. │ │ Days. │Days and ║ Days and │ │ │ │ │Decimals.║Decimals. │ │Under 12│ 12│ 98│ 8·1║ │ │12 to 16│ 19│ 244│ 12·8║ ·90│ │16 to 21│ 19│ 112│ 5·9║ ·60│ │21 to 26│ 18│ 273│ 15·1║ 2·87│ │26 to 31│ 23│ 215│ 9·3║ 2·90│ │31 to 36│ 12│ 133│ 11·0║ 2·01│ │36 to 41│ 30│ 199│ 6·6║ 1·17│ │41 to 46│ 9│ 84│ 9·3║ 8·25│ │46 to 51│ 11│ 477│ 43·3║ ·93│ │51 to 56│ 5│ 81│ 16·2║ 2·21│ │56 to 61│ 10│ 71│ 7·1║ ·00│ │61 to 66│ 5│ 56│ 11·2║ ·00│ │66 to 71│ 1│ 0│ ·0║ ·00│ │71 to 76│ 2│ 365│ 182·5║ ·00│ │76 to 81│ 1│ 35│ 35·║ ·00│ ├────────┼────────┼─────────┼─────────╫──────────┤ │ Total. │ 177│ 2,443│ 13·8║ 1·9│ └────────┴────────┴─────────┴─────────╨──────────┘
┌────────┬──────────────────┬─────────╥──────────┬──────────┐ │ Age. │ Males. │ Closes ║Prison of │East India│ │ │ │ and ║Edinburgh.│Company’s │ │ │ │ Wynds. ║ │Labourers.│ ├────────┼────────┬─────────┼─────────╫──────────┼──────────┤ │ │ No. of │ Actual │ Average ║ Average │ Average │ │ │Persons.│Sickness,│duration ║ duration │ duration │ │ │ │ Closes │ of ║ of │ of │ │ │ │and Wynds│Sickness ║ Sickness │ Sickness │ │ │ │ of │per Annum║per Annum │per Annum │ │ │ │Edinburgh│for every║for every │for every │ │ │ │ │ Male. ║ Male. │ Male. │ │ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ │ │ │ ║ │ │ ├────────┼────────┼─────────┼─────────╫──────────┼──────────┤ │ Years. │ │ Days. │Days and ║ Days and │ Days and │ │ │ │ │Decimals.║Decimals. │Decimals. │ │Under 12│ 6│ 21│ 3·5║ │ │ │12 to 16│ 21│ 49│ 2·3║ 1·23│ │ │16 to 21│ 19│ 98│ 5·1║ 3·10│ 4·02│ │21 to 26│ 7│ 77│ 11·0║ 1·64│ 5·40│ │26 to 31│ 16│ 133│ 8·3║ 2·72│ 4·49│ │31 to 36│ 17│ 70│ 4·1║ 2·63│ 4·55│ │36 to 41│ 19│ 287│ 15·1║ ·85│ 5·57│ │41 to 46│ 13│ 393│ 30·0║ ·51│ 5·18│ │46 to 51│ 15│ 243│ 16·2║ 2·31│ 5·43│ │51 to 56│ 5│ 152│ 30·4║ 8·71│ 6·80│ │56 to 61│ 9│ 385│ 42·7║ 13·09│ 7·21│ │61 to 66│ 5│ 321│ 64·2║ 4·27│ 10·24│ │66 to 71│ 2│ 82│ 41·0║ ·00│ 9·93│ │71 to 76│ 3│ 251│ 83·6║ ·00│ 10·60│ │76 to 81│ │ │ ║ 18·25│ 12·67│ ├────────┼────────┼─────────┼─────────╫──────────┼──────────┤ │ Total. │ 157│ 2,562│ 16·3║ 2·4│ │ └────────┴────────┴─────────┴─────────╨──────────┴──────────┘
┌────────┬────────────────┬───────┬──────────┐ │ Age. │ Highland │Closes │Prison of │ │ │ Society. │ and │Edinburgh.│ │ │ │Wynds. │ │ ├────────┼──────┬─────────┼───────┼──────────┤ │ │ Age. │ Average │Deaths.│ Deaths. │ │ │ │duration │ │ │ │ │ │ of │ │ │ │ │ │Sickness │ │ │ │ │ │per Annum│ │ │ │ │ │for every│ │ │ │ │ │ Man, as │ │ │ │ │ │shown by │ │ │ │ │ │Tables of│ │ │ ├────────┼──────┼─────────┼───┬───┼────┬─────┤ │ Years. │Years.│Days and │M. │F. │ M. │ F. │ │ │ │Decimals.│ │ │ │ │ │Under 12│ │ │ 1│ │ │ │ │12 to 16│ 21│ 4·0│ │ │ │ │ │16 to 21│ 46│ 7·0│ │ │ 1│ │ │21 to 26│ 57│ 14·0│ │ 2│ │ │ │26 to 31│ 63│ 21·0│ │ │ │ │ │31 to 36│ 65│ 30·8│ │ │ │ │ │36 to 41│ 66│ 37·8│ │ │ │ │ │41 to 46│ 67│ 46·2│ │ 1│ │ │ │46 to 51│ 68│ 56·0│ │ │ 1│ │ │51 to 56│ 69│ 63·0│ │ │ 1│ │ │56 to 61│ 70│ 70·0│ 1│ │ │ │ │61 to 66│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │66 to 71│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │71 to 76│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │76 to 81│ │ │ │ │ 1│ │ ├────────┼──────┼─────────┼───┼───┼────┼─────┤ │ Total. │ │ │ 2│ 3│ 4│ │ └────────┴──────┴─────────┴───┴───┴────┴─────┘
29.—_Suggested Form of Notification to Owners or Occupiers for the distribution of the Expense of permanent Alterations, and the avoidance of Overcharges on persons enjoying only portions of the benefit._
The Commissioners of Sewers appointed to superintend the execution of the Act of Victoria, passed for the protection of the public health, which requires that every inhabited tenement shall be provided with proper means of drainage, and cleansing, and the removal of refuse, have caused a survey to be made of the houses and tenements in—[court or street, as the case may be]. On this survey it appears that your house, with others in the same place, are without the requisites required by law; that they are without proper sewers, without drainage from the house, and without water or proper means for the constant removal of night-soil, or conveniences for cleansing.
By the section of the Act the several requisites hereunder described are directed to be provided and completed within months after this date.
The Commissioners have directed tenders for contracts upon specifications to be taken for the execution of the required works, under a civil engineer, in the most beneficial manner and at the lowest cost.
They are also prepared to take loans on the security of the rates for defraying the expenses of the execution of the works contracted for.
It will be at your option either to repay at once the cost of the requisite works by which the property will be benefited, or to repay it by annual instalments in 30 year, paying 5 per cent. interest on the principal sum expended, or on that part of it that may, from time to time, remain unpaid.
To save the trouble and expense of a double collection, annual instalments and the interest on the principal sums expended will be collected from the tenant with rates. Where the landlord is under any agreement or obligation to cleanse the cesspools, the tenant will be entitled to deduct from the rent the charge for the drainage and apparatus for cleansing. Where the tenant pays rent weekly, or at shorter periods than quarterly, and does not pay rates, the charge for the works in question is required by the statute to be paid by the owner of the tenement, who will levy the amount with the rent, or make his own terms with the tenant for the improvement in question.
The cost of the required improvements or principal sum, which will be charged at the contract prices, together with the annual instalments and interest thereon, and the weekly charge or improved rent that may be due or charged on the weekly tenant, will be as follows:—
┌───────────────────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┐ │ │ │ Annual │ │ │ │ │ Interest, │ │ │ │ │commuted at 5│Weekly Charge│ │ │ Annual │per cent. on │ to the │ │First Outlay per Tenement. │ Instalment │ Outlay, │ Tenant, or │ │ │for Repayment│ charged as │ Increased │ │ │in 30 years. │ Rent on │ Rent. │ │ │ │ Tenant, and │ │ │ │ │ Annual Rent │ │ │ │ │ of Water. │ │ ├───────────────────────────┼──────┬──────┼──────┬──────┼──────┬──────┤ │ £. _s._ _d._│ _s._ │ _d._ │ _s._ │ _d._ │ _s._ │ _d._ │ │Water-closet │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Water-tank 10 8 6│ 6│ 11│ 6│ 8│ 0│ 3│ │ Drain │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Main Sewer 5 12 0│ 3│ 9│ 3│ 6│ 0│ 1½│ │Water │ │ │ 5│ 0│ 0│ 1│ ├───────────────────────────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┼──────┤ │ Total │ 10│ 8│ 15│ 2│ 0│ 5½│ └───────────────────────────┴──────┴──────┴──────┴──────┴──────┴──────┘
If the landlord undertake to cleanse the cesspools, then the additional weekly charge on the occupier for the supplies of water and drainage will be 2½_d._ weekly, involving, as the occupier should be informed, the conveniences, cleanliness, and security to health, and saving of medical expenses.
Persons having only interests in property for years or for determinate periods may, by means of the above table, distribute amongst the persons successively interested in the property the portions of the charge to which they are liable.
The surveyor and officers of sewers are charged with the duty of from time to time inspecting and seeing to the sufficiency of the means of drainage and cleansing. By the terms of the contract the contractor is bound to make good the drains for years, but the tenant will be liable to make good any wanton damage.
The Act gives to the owner of the beneficial interest in the premises the option of executing the prescribed works himself, on giving notice on or before the of such his intention, and entering into his surety to execute them within the time prescribed and according to the contract specifications, to the satisfaction of the officer charged with the superintendence of the work.
30.—_Extracts from Evidence on the Moral and Physical Evils which may be created by the mode of Hiring and Paying Workmen._
(Extract from Evidence given before a Committee of the House of Commons.)
CHARLES SAUNDERS.
What is your occupation?—Coal-whipper.
Have the goodness to state to the Committee the manner in which coal whippers are engaged and paid?—I have been in the habit of obtaining a living by coal whipping for the last 10 years, and when I want employment, (me and the likes of me of course,) I have to go to the publican to get a job, to ask him for a job; and he tells me to go and sit down, and he will give me an answer by and by. I go and sit down, and if I have 2_d._ in my pocket, of course I am obliged to spend it, with a view of getting a job; and, probably, when two or three hours have elapsed, by that time there is about 50 or 60 people come on the same errand to the same person for a job. He keeps us three or four hours there; and then he comes out, and he looks round among us, and he knows those well that can drink the most, and those are the people that obtain employment first. Those that cannot drink a great deal, and think more of their family than others do, cannot obtain any employment; those that drink the most get the most employment. When the men are made up for the ship, we go to work the next day morning, but we have to take what the publican calls the allowance, such as a quartern of rum, or three half-quarterns, or a pot of beer, or what not; then they have to take a pot of beer off in a bottle on board,—what he calls beer, but not fit for a man to drink, generally speaking, what I call poison: I have actually teemed it overboard myself, before I could drink it; I could not drink it, although I have been sweating and as thirsty as a man could be, and have put it overboard, and gone and dipped my bottle in a bucket of water.
In the after part of the day, when your work was over, where did you go then?—Then, when we have done our day’s work, we came on shore, and we had to go into the house again; and perhaps we might want a shilling or two to get our families a little support; the landlord would tell us to go and sit down in the tap-room, and he would give us some by and by, and he would keep us there until nine or ten at night; first, we would go for a pint or a pot, or what not, to see whether he was getting ready, for we dare not go empty-handed, without a pot or pint, or to call for something by way of excuse; after keeping us there until nine or ten at night, then he would give us 2_s._ 6_d._ or 3_s._
Were you obliged to spend money in drink?—Yes.
Could you not avoid it by any means?—No.
What would have happened if you had refused to spend money in drink?—Then we could have no employment; and moreover than that, if you had had what you thought was requisite, if he did not think it was sufficient, he would add more than what you had actually contracted for; and if you refused to pay this, and you said, “I have not had but so much, I won’t pay it.” “Oh, won’t you; if you do not, here is your money, what you say it is; go out, and never come in here again.”
Have you known anybody refused employment because they would not contribute to the publican’s demand for drink?—Yes, I could find 50.
Who have lost their employment because they would not drink so much as the publican wished?—Yes, I could.
Could you not engage yourself to the captain of the ship without going to the publican?—No, for the publicans are some of them shipowners, and they are all intermixed through the trade by one thing and another, so that the captain or owner of the ship gives the favour to the publican to employ the whippers.
MR. CLAYDON, _Master of the Limehouse Workhouse, belonging to the Stepney Union_.
With respect to the labouring classes, have you observed whether, with respect to any of them, these ill-regulated inclinations are subjected to unnecessary temptations?—The practice of paying men at public houses, and making the obtaining employment dependent in a certain measure upon drinking, which is the case with the coal-whippers.
Have you ever had occasion as respects the coal-whippers to investigate those cases?—We did at one period, having an opportunity, investigate upwards of 40 cases of coal-whippers.
Those were 40 applicants for relief?—The greater part of them were; 22 of them were in the immediate receipt of relief at the time the others were applicants.
What was the result in those cases?—We took their earnings over a considerable period, and we found that they had earned, taking the average, 18_s._ 10_d._ per week. The utmost we could make out that their families had received of that, in any shape, was 12_s._ 10_d._ per week. Whatever might have been their family, one-third of it had gone in drink and those charges which were brought against them.
Had any of those men earned more than that?—There were instances in which they had earned 20_s._ a-day.
And all came upon the pauper list just the same?—Yes, just as destitute as the rest, saving never seems to enter into their calculation at all.