Part 27

No. of WHITECHAPEL UNION. Average Deaths. Age of Deceased.

37 Gentlemen and persons engaged in professions, and their families 45 years.

387 Tradesmen and their families 27

1,762 Mechanics, servants, and labourers, and their families 22

To judge of the comparative mortality amongst the average of a town population, I obtained the following returns; the one from the clerk of the Strand union, the other from the clerk of the Kensington union:—

No. of STRAND UNION. Average Deaths. Age of Deceased.

86 Gentry and persons engaged in professions and their families 43 years.

221 Tradesmen and their families 33

674 Mechanics, labourers, servants, and their families 24

No. of KENSINGTON UNION. Average Deaths. Age of Deceased.

331 Gentlemen and persons engaged in professions, and families 44 years.

348 Tradesmen and their families 29

1,258 Labourers, artisans, and others similarly circumstanced, and their families 26

The remarkable result obtained from the examination of the mortuary registries of the county of Rutland induced me to have them examined for different periods. They have accordingly been examined for three complete years, 1838, 1839, and 1840, and it is found that the same general law of mortality obtains with little variation for each period.

As the climate or soil of that county might possess some peculiarities, I caused an examination to be made of the average periods of death amongst the agricultural population of all the unions in the county of Wilts during 1840. In this examination the registries of deaths in the towns were excluded, and only those of persons included who were described as agricultural labourers, or as farmers and graziers, or as gentry and professional persons resident in the rural districts. The results of this examination are as follow:—

No. of UNIONS IN THE COUNTY OF WILTS. Average Deaths. Age of Deceased.

119 Gentlemen and persons engaged in professions, and their families 50 years.

218 Farmers and their families 48

2,061 Agricultural labourers and their families 33

The following table exhibits the mortality prevalent amongst the different classes, partly mining and manufacturing, and partly agricultural, returned by the clerk of the Kendal union:—

No. of KENDAL UNION. Average Deaths. Age of Deceased.

52 Gentlemen and persons engaged in professions, and their families 45 years.

138 Tradesmen and their families 39

413 Operatives, labourers, servants, and their families 34

The following tables exhibit the results of such returns of mortality as have been made for quinquennial and decennial periods, from an examination of upwards of 25,000 cases for this inquiry. They show in the mean ratios for large numbers of the like class the steady influence of the different circumstances under which each class is placed. The labouring classes, it is generally known, become old the soonest, and the effects of the unfavourable influences in the adolescent and adult stages is shown in the smaller proportions who attain extreme old age, and also in the periods of the deaths of heads of families of this class, by which widowhood is produced. These last will be shown in subsequent tables.

_Tabular Views of the Ages at which Deaths have occurred in Different Classes of Society._[18]

┌───────────────────────────┬──────┬───────────────────────┬──────────┐ │ CLASSES. │Total │ │ │ │ │No. of│ │ │ │ │Deaths│ │Proportion│ │ │under │ │of Deaths │ │ │ 20 │ Proportion of Deaths │ under 20 │ │ │Years │ which occurred at the │ Years to │ │ │ of │under-mentioned periods│ Total │ │ │ Age. │ of Age. │ Deaths. │ ├───────────────────────────┼──────┼───────┬───────┬───────┼──────────┤ │ │ │Between│Between│Between│ │ │ │ │ 0–5 │ 5–10 │ 10–20 │ │ ├───────────────────────────┼──────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼──────────┤ │ _Gentry and Professional │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Persons, Children of._ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Manchester │ 21│1 in 3│1 in 24│1 in 54│ 1 in 3 │ │Leeds │ 20│1 in 5│1 in 26│1 in 40│ 1 in 4 │ │Liverpool │ 61│1 in 3│1 in 11│1 in 23│ 1 in 2½ │ │Bath │ 32│1 in 11│1 in 12│1 in 31│ 1 in 4½ │ │Bethnal Green │ 33│1 in 5│1 in 20│1 in 13│ 1 in 3 │ │Strand Union │ 21│1 in 6│1 in 29│1 in 29│ 1 in 4 │ │Kendal Union │ 15│1 in 7│1 in 26│1 in 9│ 1 in 3 │ │County of Wilts (Unions of)│ 25│1 in 9│1 in 40│1 in 13│ 1 in 5 │ │County of Rutland (Unions │ │ │ │ │ │ │ of) │ 4│1 in 4│ │ │ 1 in 7 │ ├───────────────────────────┼──────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼──────────┤ │ Total │ 232│1 in 5│1 in 19│1 in 19│ 1 in 3½ │ ├───────────────────────────┼──────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼──────────┤ │ _Farmers, Tradesmen, and │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Persons similarly │ │ │ │ │ │ │ circumstanced, Children │ │ │ │ │ │ │ of._ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Manchester │ 444│1 in 2│1 in 18│1 in 27│ 1 in 2 │ │Leeds │ 425│1 in 2│1 in 18│1 in 18│ 1 in 2 │ │Liverpool │ 1,033│1 in 2│1 in 19│1 in 33│ 1 in 1¾ │ │Bath │ 78│1 in 4│1 in 24│1 in 30│ 1 in 3 │ │Bethnal Green │ 142│1 in 2│1 in 20│1 in 28│ 1 in 2 │ │Strand Union │ 99│1 in 3│1 in 20│1 in 25│ 1 in 2 │ │Kendal Union │ 47│1 in 4│1 in 35│1 in 14│ 1 in 3 │ │County of Wilts (Unions of)│ 54│1 in 7│1 in 27│1 in 15│ 1 in 4 │ │County of Rutland (Unions │ │ │ │ │ │ │ of) │ 174│1 in 3│1 in 30│1 in 17│ 1 in 3 │ ├───────────────────────────┼──────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼──────────┤ │ Total │ 2,496│1 in 2¼│1 in 20│1 in 23│ 1 in 2 │ ├───────────────────────────┼──────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼──────────┤ │ _Agricultural and other │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Labourers, Artisans, and │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Servants, Children of._ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Manchester │ 3,106│1 in 2 │1 in 22│1 in 19│ 1 in 1½ │ │Leeds │ 2,245│1 in 2 │1 in 14│1 in 14│ 1 in 1½ │ │Liverpool │ 4,004│1 in 1½│1 in 15│1 in 33│ 1 in 1¼ │ │Bath │ 508│1 in 2 │1 in 19│1 in 18│ 1 in 1¾ │ │Bethnal Green │ 908│1 in 2 │1 in 15│1 in 30│ 1 in 1½ │ │Strand Union │ 367│1 in 2 │1 in 14│1 in 23│ 1 in 2 │ │Kendal Union │ 186│1 in 3 │1 in 19│1 in 11│ 1 in 2 │ │County of Wilts (Unions of)│ 954│1 in 3 │1 in 21│1 in 14│ 1 in 2 │ │County of Rutland (Unions │ │ │ │ │ │ │ of) │ 293│1 in 3 │1 in 18│1 in 18│ 1 in 2¼ │ ├───────────────────────────┼──────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼──────────┤ │ Total │12,571│1 in 2 │1 in 17│1 in 20│ 1 in 1½ │ └───────────────────────────┴──────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴──────────┘

┌──────────────┬────────┬──────────────────────────────────┬──────────┐ │ CLASSES. │ │ │Proportion│ │ │ Total │ │of Deaths │ │ │ No. of │ │ from 20 │ │ │ Deaths │ │ Years to │ │ │between │ Proportion of Deaths which │ 60 to │ │ │ 20 and │ occurred at the under-mentioned │ Total │ │ │ 60. │ periods of Age. │ Deaths. │ ├──────────────┼────────┼───────┬───────┬────────┬─────────┼──────────┤ │ │ │Between│Between│Between │ Between │ │ │ │ │ 20–30 │ 30–40 │ 40–50 │ 50–60 │ │ ├──────────────┼────────┼───────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼──────────┤ │ _Gentry and │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Professional │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Persons and │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ their │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Families._ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Manchester │ 13│1 in 18│1 in 14│1 in 18 │ 1 in 18 │ 1 in 4 │ │Leeds │ 28│1 in 11│1 in 10│1 in 16 │ 1 in 10 │ 1 in 3 │ │Liverpool │ 34│1 in 46│1 in 15│1 in 23 │ 1 in 9 │ 1 in 4 │ │Bath │ 29│1 in 29│1 in 24│1 in 24 │ 1 in 12 │ 1 in 5 │ │Bethnal Green │ 21│1 in 25│1 in 17│1 in 25 │ 1 in 14 │ 1 in 5 │ │Strand Union │ 37│1 in 9│1 in 9│1 in 10 │ 1 in 11 │ 1 in 2¼ │ │Kendal Union │ 18│1 in 13│1 in 13│1 in 7 │ 1 in 17 │ 1 in 3 │ │County of │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Wilts │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ (Unions of) │ 32│1 in 15│1 in 15│1 in 17 │ 1 in 13 │ 1 in 4 │ │County of │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Rutland │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ (Unions of) │ 7│1 in 14│1 in 14│1 in 14 │ 1 in 28 │ 1 in 4 │ ├──────────────┼────────┼───────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼──────────┤ │ Total │ 219│1 in 17│1 in 14│1 in 16 │ 1 in 12 │ 1 in 4 │ ├──────────────┼────────┼───────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼──────────┤ │ _Tradesmen, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Farmers, &c._ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Manchester │ 220│1 in 14│1 in 11│1 in 13 │ 1 in 18 │ 1 in 3¼ │ │Leeds │ 238│1 in 12│1 in 14│1 in 14 │ 1 in 19 │ 1 in 3½ │ │Liverpool │ 481│1 in 22│1 in 13│1 in 14 │ 1 in 13 │ 1 in 3½ │ │Bath │ 109│1 in 11│1 in 7│1 in 9 │ 1 in 9 │ 1 in 2¼ │ │Bethnal Green │ 92│1 in 15│1 in 11│1 in 12 │ 1 in 11 │ 1 in 3 │ │Strand Union │ 71│1 in 16│1 in 22│1 in 10 │ 1 in 9 │ 1 in 3 │ │Kendal Union │ 43│1 in 8│1 in 14│1 in 17 │ 1 in 17 │ 1 in 3 │ │County of │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Wilts │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ (Unions of) │ 65│1 in 22│1 in 14│1 in 10 │ 1 in 12 │ 1 in 3½ │ │County of │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Rutland │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ (Unions of) │ 108│1 in 15│1 in 16│1 in 19 │ 1 in 19 │ 1 in 4 │ ├──────────────┼────────┼───────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼──────────┤ │ Total │ 1,427│1 in 15│1 in 12│1 in 13 │ 1 in 14 │ 1 in 3½ │ ├──────────────┼────────┼───────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼──────────┤ │_Agricultural │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Labourers, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Operatives, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Servants, &c._│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Manchester │ 1,149│1 in 16│1 in 14│1 in 18 │ 1 in 17 │ 1 in 4 │ │Leeds │ 773│1 in 14│1 in 16│1 in 20 │ 1 in 22 │ 1 in 4½ │ │Liverpool │ 1,205│1 in 17│1 in 18│1 in 17 │ 1 in 24 │ 1 in 4¼ │ │Bath │ 258│1 in 12│1 in 14│1 in 13 │ 1 in 17 │ 1 in 3 │ │Bethnal Green │ 228│1 in 18│1 in 23│1 in 21 │ 1 in 31 │ 1 in 5½ │ │Strand Union │ 212│1 in 13│1 in 12│1 in 13 │ 1 in 13 │ 1 in 3 │ │Kendal Union │ 113│1 in 13│1 in 14│1 in 18 │ 1 in 14 │ 1 in 3¾ │ │County of │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Wilts │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ (Unions of) │ 492│1 in 13│1 in 18│1 in 18 │ 1 in 19 │ 1 in 4 │ │County of │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Rutland │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ (Unions of) │ 157│1 in 12│1 in 18│1 in 18 │ 1 in 27 │ 1 in 4 │ ├──────────────┼────────┼───────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼──────────┤ │ Total │ 4,587│1 in 15│1 in 17│1 in 18 │ 1 in 20 │ 1 in 4 │ └──────────────┴────────┴───────┴───────┴────────┴─────────┴──────────┘

┌──────────────┬────────┬──────────────────────────────────┬──────────┐ │ CLASSES. │ Total │ │ │ │ │ No. of │ │ │ │ │ Deaths │ │Proportion│ │ │ which │ │of Deaths │ │ │occurred│ Proportion of Deaths which │ above 60 │ │ │ above │ occurred at the under-mentioned │ to Total │ │ │ 60. │ periods of Age. │ Deaths. │ ├──────────────┼────────┼───────┬───────┬────────┬─────────┼──────────┤ │ │ │Between│Between│Between │ 90 and │ │ │ │ │ 60–70 │ 70–80 │ 80–90 │ upwards │ │ ├──────────────┼────────┼───────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼──────────┤ │ _Gentry and │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Professional │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Persons and │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ their │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Families._ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Manchester │ 20│1 in 6│1 in 8│1 in 14│ │ 1 in 2¾ │ │Leeds │ 31│1 in 7│1 in 7│1 in 13│1 in 79│ 1 in 2½ │ │Liverpool │ 42│1 in 7│1 in 7│1 in 34│ │ 1 in 3¼ │ │Bath │ 85│1 in 5│1 in 6│1 in 5│1 in 146│ 1 in 1¾ │ │Bethnal Green │ 47│1 in 6│1 in 5│1 in 9│1 in 101│ 1 in 2 │ │Strand Union │ 28│1 in 7│1 in 9│1 in 22│1 in 86│ 1 in 3 │ │Kendal Union │ 19│1 in 17│1 in 7│1 in 6│1 in 52│ 1 in 2¾ │ │County of │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Wilts │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ (Unions of) │ 62│1 in 5│1 in 4│1 in 12│1 in 119│ 1 in 2¼ │ │County of │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Rutland │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ (Unions of) │ 17│1 in 9│1 in 4│1 in 6│1 in 28│ 1 in 1¾ │ ├──────────────┼────────┼───────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼──────────┤ │ Total │ 351│1 in 6│1 in 6│1 in 10│1 in 115│ 1 in 2¼ │ ├──────────────┼────────┼───────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼──────────┤ │ _Farmers and │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Tradesmen, and│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Families._ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Manchester │ 61│1 in 21│1 in 38│1 in 145│1 in 242│ 1 in 12 │ │Leeds │ 161│1 in 13│1 in 12│1 in 34│1 in 824│ 1 in 5 │ │Liverpool │ 224│1 in 16│1 in 22│1 in 51│1 in 869│ 1 in 8 │ │Bath │ 57│1 in 9│1 in 12│1 in 40│1 in 122│ 1 in 4¼ │ │Bethnal Green │ 44│1 in 13│1 in 15│1 in 93│1 in 278│ 1 in 6¼ │ │Strand Union │ 51│1 in 9│1 in 13│1 in 22│ │ 1 in 4¼ │ │Kendal Union │ 48│1 in 6│1 in 10│1 in 13│ │ 1 in 3 │ │County of │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Wilts │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ (Unions of) │ 99│1 in 7│1 in 6│1 in 10│1 in 31│ 1 in 2¼ │ │County of │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Rutland │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ (Unions of) │ 168│1 in 8│1 in 7│1 in 9│1 in 90│ 1 in 2¾ │ ├──────────────┼────────┼───────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼──────────┤ │ Total │ 913│1 in 12│1 in 14│1 in 29│1 in 122│ 1 in 5 │ ├──────────────┼────────┼───────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼──────────┤ │_Agricultural │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Labourers, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Operatives, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Servants, &c._│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Manchester │ 374│1 in 20│1 in 43│1 in 149│1 in 772│ 1 in 12⅓ │ │Leeds │ 377│1 in 20│1 in 23│1 in 62│1 in 485│ 1 in 9 │ │Liverpool │ 385│1 in 27│1 in 47│1 in 102│1 in 1865│ 1 in 15 │ │Bath │ 130│1 in 16│1 in 19│1 in 45│1 in 149│ 1 in 6¾ │ │Bethnal Green │ 122│1 in 21│1 in 28│1 in 97│1 in 419│ 1 in 10¼ │ │Strand Union │ 95│1 in 12│1 in 23│1 in 84│1 in 225│ 1 in 7 │ │Kendal Union │ 114│1 in 11│1 in 9│1 in 15│1 in 207│ 1 in 3¾ │ │County of │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Wilts │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ (Unions of) │ 615│1 in 11│1 in 9│1 in 11│1 in 108│ 1 in 3½ │ │County of │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Rutland │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ (Unions of) │ 227│1 in 10│1 in 8│1 in 10│1 in 75│ 1 in 3 │ ├──────────────┼────────┼───────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼──────────┤ │ Total │ 2,439│1 in 18│1 in 23│1 in 43│1 in 338│ 1 in 8 │ └──────────────┴────────┴───────┴───────┴────────┴─────────┴──────────┘

On comparing the proportion of deaths amongst all classes between one district and another, as well as between class and class, the general influence of the locality becomes strikingly apparent. The difference of mortality between one large district of the metropolis and another is shown in the following tabular view, made up by Mr. Alexander Finlaison, from the superintendent-registrar’s weekly returns of the mortality prevalent in the chief registration districts of the metropolis during the different seasons of the year. But the extremes of difference are more strikingly exhibited in smaller districts:—

Table of the Comparative Mortality of the Five following Divisions of the Metropolis:—

┌────────┬──────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐ │Seasons.│Weeks.│ West │ North │ Central │ East │ South │ │ │ │District.│District.│District.│District.│District.│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ├────────┼──────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤ │Winter │ 13 │ 2,127│ 2,588│ 3,064│ 3,227│ 3,542│ │Spring │ 13 │ 1,611│ 2,066│ 2,264│ 2,264│ 2,682│ │Summer │ 13 │ 1,486│ 1,817│ 2,064│ 2,220│ 2,458│ │Autumn │ 13 │ 1,518│ 1,959│ 2,144│ 2,476│ 2,655│ ├────────┼──────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤ │ Totals │ 52 │ 6,742│ 8,430│ 9,536│ 10,187│ 11,337│ ├────────┴──────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤ │Population │ 300,705│ 365,660│ 373,806│ 392,496│ 438,060│ │ enumerated, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 1841. │ │ │ │ │ │ ├───────────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤ │Deaths out of │ 224│ 231│ 255│ 260│ 259│ │ 10,000 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ inhabitants │ │ │ │ │ │ │No. of │ 44·60│ 43·38│ 39·20│ 38·53│ 38·64│ │ Inhabitants │ │ │ │ │ │ │ out of which │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 1 death │ │ │ │ │ │ │ happened │ │ │ │ │ │ └───────────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘

┌────────┬──────┬───────────┬────────┐ │Seasons.│Weeks.│ Whole │ Deaths │ │ │ │Metropolis.│ in the │ │ │ │ │ Four │ │ │ │ │Seasons │ │ │ │ │ out of │ │ │ │ │ 10,000 │ │ │ │ │Persons.│ ├────────┼──────┼───────────┼────────┤ │Winter │ 13 │ 14,548│ 78│ │Spring │ 13 │ 10,887│ 58│ │Summer │ 13 │ 10,045│ 54│ │Autumn │ 13 │ 10,752│ 57│ ├────────┼──────┼───────────┼────────┤ │ Totals │ 52 │ 46,232│ 247│ ├────────┴──────┼───────────┼────────┤ │Population │ 1,870,727│ │ │ enumerated, │ │ │ │ 1841. │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────┼────────┤ │Deaths out of │ 247│ │ │ 10,000 │ │ │ │ inhabitants │ │ │ │No. of │ 40,464│ │ │ Inhabitants │ │ │ │ out of which │ │ │ │ 1 death │ │ │ │ happened │ │ │ └───────────────┴───────────┴────────┘

The West District comprises Kensington, St. George, Hanover Square, Westminster, St. Martin-in-the-Fields, St. James.

The North District comprises St. Marylebone, St. Pancras, Islington and Hackney.