Part 1

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Transcriber's note:

Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_Actissa_).

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REPORT ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER DURING THE YEARS 1873-76

Under the Command of Captain George S. Nares, R.N., F.R.S. and the Late Captain Frank Tourle Thomson, R.N.

Prepared Under the Superintendence of the Late Sir C. Wyville Thomson, KNT., F.R.S., &c. Regius Professor of Natural History in the University of Edinburgh Director of the Civilian Scientific Staff on Board and Now of John Murray One of the Naturalists of the Expedition

ZOOLOGY--VOL. XVIII.

PLATES

Published by Order of Her Majesty's Government

Printed for Her Majesty's Stationary Office and Sold by London:--Eyre & Spottiswoode, East Harding Street, Fetter Lane Edinburgh:--Adam & Charles Black Dublin:--Hodges, Figgis, & Co. 1887

Price (in Two Parts, with a Volume of Plates) £5, 10s.

CONTENTS.

REPORT on the RADIOLARIA collected by H.M.S. CHALLENGER during the years 1873-1876.

By ERNST HAECKEL, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Zoology in the University of Jena.

PLATES.

CONTENTS.

PLATES 1-50. SPUMELLARIA. " 51-98. NASSELLARIA. " 99-128. PHÆODARIA. " 129-140. ACANTHARIA. MAP, SHOWING THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE RADIOLARIA.

PLATE 1.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order COLLOIDEA.

Family THALASSICOLLIDA.

Fig. 1. _Actissa princeps_, n. sp., × 300 13

The entire living Spumellarium. _c_, The spherical central capsule containing finely granulated protoplasm, which is radially striated in the cortical zone; _v_, spherical vacuoles enclosed by the protoplasm; _n_, the spherical nucleus in the centre; _l_, the concentric nucleolus; _f_, the radial pseudopodia which pierce the calymma or the (yellowish) jelly-envelope of the central capsule and arise from the granular sarcomatrix.

Fig. 1_a_. Half of the central capsule of another specimen, in which the original central nucleus is cleft into numerous small nuclei, × 400

Fig. 1_b_. Half of the central capsule of another specimen, filled up by flagellate spores, × 400

Fig. 1_c_. Eight isolated flagellate spores, × 800

Fig. 2. _Thalassolampe maxima_, n. sp., × 8 17

The entire living Spumellarium. _c_, The big spherical central capsule; _a_, the large alveoles filling the central capsule and surrounding a central nucleus; _f_, the pseudopodia piercing the extracapsular calymma.

Fig. 2_a_. The nucleus alone, with numerous nucleoli, × 30

Fig. 3. _Thalassopila cladococcus_, n. sp., × 20 17

_c_, The big central capsule; _a_, numerous large alveoles contained in the central capsule; _k_, oil globules, many of which are placed in the radially striped cortical zone; the nucleus placed centrally, is covered with numerous radial apophyses or cæcal sacs. _f_, The radially striped calymma.

Fig. 4. _Thalassicolla maculata_, n. sp., × 100 21

_c_, The central capsule; _v_, vacuoles filling this capsule; _n_, the central nucleus; _l_, the concentric nucleolus; _g_, the voluminous calymma, a small radial piece of which is only represented; _a_, the large alveoles; _b_, peculiar exoplasmatic bodies; _p_, black pigment in the inner zone; _f_, the retracted pseudopodia in the outer zone.

Fig. 4_a_. An exoplasmatic body, × 300

Fig. 4_b_, Vacuoles in the endoplasm, × 300

Fig. 5. _Thalassicolla melacapsa_, n. sp., × 300 21

_n_, The large nucleus; _l_, numerous small nucleoli inside the nucleus; _v_, the vacuoles filling up the central capsule and separated by black pigment; _a_, large alveoles in the calymma; _k_, oil globules; _b_, exoplasmatic bodies; _f_, the retracted pseudopodia in the outer zone of the calymma.

Fig. 5_a_. An endoplasmatic vacuole, resembling a cell, × 600

Fig. 5_b_. A piece of the central capsule, × 600

PLATE 2.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order BELOIDEA.

Family THALASSOSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Lampoxanthium pandora_, n. sp., × 120 38

The central capsule exhibits distinct pore-canals in its membrane, and a clear interval between this and the coagulated and vacuolated protoplasm. The central nucleus contains numerous dark nucleoli. The spicula are scattered throughout the alveolate calymma.

Fig. 2. _Thalassoplancta brevispicula_, n. sp. (vel _Lampoxanthium brevispiculum_), × 120 36

The central capsule contains numerous clear vacuoles, and in the cortical zone a layer of large oil-globules. The central nucleus includes numerous dark nucleoli. The calymma is alveolate. The spicula lie only in the cortical zone.

Fig. 3. _Thalassoxanthium cervicorne_, n. sp., × 300 33

The central capsule is filled up by clear vacuoles and contains a large central nucleus, with a single nucleolus. The spicula surround the thin calymma.

Fig. 4. _Thalassoxanthium cervicorne_, n. sp., × 600 33

A single spiculum.

Fig. 5. _Thalassoxanthium medusinum_, n. sp., × 120 32

The central capsule is filled up by clear vacuoles and contains on its cortical zone a layer of large oil-globules. The central nucleus contains numerous dark nucleoli. The calymma is radially striped, contains numerous small xanthellæ, and is surrounded by the spicula.

Fig. 6. _Thalassoxanthium octoceras_, n. sp., × 400 34

Three isolated spicula.

PLATE 3.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order COLLOIDEA.

Family COLLOZOIDA.

Fig. 1. _Collozoum serpentinum_, n sp (vel _Collophidium serpentinum_, Hkl), × 10 26

A living coenobium, with expanded pseudopodia. The spherical calymma (or the common jelly-mass of the colony) is alveolate and contains numerous cylindrical, serpentine, central capsules. Numerous yellow cells or xanthellæ are scattered between the radial pseudopodia in the periphery.

Fig. 2. _Collozoum serpentinum_, n. sp., × 50 26

An isolated, cylindrical, worm-shaped, central capsule, with an axial series of oil-globules; the red points are nuclei.

Fig. 3. _Collozoum serpentinum_, n. sp., × 150 26

An isolated, cylindrical, serpentine, central capsule. _k_, Oil-globules forming an axial series; _n_, densely placed, red-coloured nuclei;, _c_, the capsule membrane under which are scattered small black pigment spots in the colourless cortical zone of the endoplasm; _a_, extracapsular alveoles; _x_, xanthellæ or "yellow cells."

Fig. 4. _Collozoum amoeboides_, n. sp., × 100 28

A spherical coenobium or jelly-colony. Each amoeboid central capsule contains an oil-globule; the small red points are nuclei.

Fig. 5. _Collozoum amoeboides_, n. sp., × 400 28

_c_, A single isolated central capsule; _n_, nuclei; _k_, oil-globule.

Fig. 6. _Collozoum vermiforme_, n. sp., × 30 27

_g_, A spherical coenobium or jelly-colony; _a_, large alveoles, forming a cortical zone; _c_, central capsules; _k_, oil-globules.

Fig. 7. _Collozoum vermiforme_, n. sp., × 100 27

_c_, A single isolated central capsule; _x_, xanthellæ surrounding this central capsule; _k_, oil-globules; _n_, nuclei.

Fig. 8. _Collozoum ellipsoides_, n. sp., × 2 26

A spherical colony; the red points are central capsules.

Fig. 9. _Collozoum ellipsoides_, n. sp., × 150 26

_c_, A single isolated central capsule; _k_, oil-globules; _n_, nuclei.

Fig. 10. _Collozoum inerme_, Hkl., × 2 25

An old, cylindrical, articulated coenobium; the red points are centralcapsules.

Fig. 11. _Collozoum inerme_, Hkl., × 2 25

A young cylindrical coenobium; the red points are central capsules.

Fig. 12. _Collozoum inerme_, Hkl., × 400 25

A piece of a young colony with eight small central capsules, without oil-globules. _n_, The central nucleus in different stages of division. Two capsules are also dividing. _x_, Xanthellæ in the jelly-like calymma (blue), which also contains numerous vacuoles.

PLATE 4.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Orders BELOIDEA.

Families Sphærozoida.

Fig. 1. _Sphærozoum trigeminum_, n. sp., × 50 43

An annular colony. The main mass of the jelly-colony is filled up by large alveoles; the entire surface is densely covered with spicula, and beyond this skeleton-cover lie the spherical central capsules, each with an oil-globule. This species is by mistake not mentioned in the text.

Fig. 2. _Sphærozoum alveolatum_, n. sp., × 50 43

Section through a spherical colony; displaying the inside of a hemisphere. All the central capsules lie in a single stratum on the surface of the jelly-sphere, each being surrounded by a thick-walled alveole. The spicula lie between the alveole and the capsule, which includes a central oil-globule.

Fig. 3. _Sphærozoum alveolatum_, n. sp., × 400 43

A single central capsule, filled up by crystal-spores. Numerous geminato-radiate spicula and spherical xanthellæ lie between the capsule and the including thick-walled alveole. In the jelly-calymma, between the capsule and the alveole, numerous thin ramified pseudopodia are expanded.

Fig. 4. _Sphærozoum geminatum_, n. sp., × 400 45

A single central capsule, with a central oil-globule, surrounded by numerous spicula and spherical xanthellæ. The jelly-substance of the calymma is expanded between the points of the spicula.

Fig. 5. _Sphærozoum variabile_, n. sp., × 300 45

Three isolated spicula.

Fig. 6. _Sphærozoum pandora_, n. sp. (vel _Rhaphidozoum pandora_), × 300 49

A group of various spicula.

Fig. 7. _Sphærozoum verticillatum_, n. sp., × 300 44

A single spiculum.

Fig. 8. _Sphærozoum arborescens_, n. sp., × 300 44

A single spiculum.

Fig. 9. _Sphærozoum armatum_, n. sp., × 300 43

A single spiculum.

PLATE 5.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order SPHÆROIDEA.

Family COLLOSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Trypanosphæra transformata_, n. sp., × 150 111

A living colony. The centre of the spherical coenobium contains a large alveole, surrounded by a net of sarcode. The entire calymma is filled up by smaller, thin-walled alveoles. Its inner part contains numerous small, young, central capsules (each with an oil-globule) without shells; in the cortical zone of the calymma lie larger capsules, each of which is enclosed by a fenestrated shell with from two to four or more dentated tubes. Between the radiant pseudopodia very numerous small yellow cells (xanthellæ), which are scattered everywhere.

Fig. 2. _Trypanosphæra transformata_, n. sp., × 300 111

A single shell.

Fig. 3. _Trypanosphæra coronata_, n. sp., × 300 110

Fig. 4. _Trypanosphæra trepanata_, n. sp., × 300 110

Fig. 5. _Odontosphæra monodon_, n. sp., × 300 102

Fig. 6. _Odontosphæra cyrtodon_, n. sp., × 300 102

Fig. 7. _Acrosphæra inflata_, n. sp., × 300 101

Fig. 8. _Mazosphæra hippotis_, n. sp., × 400 108

Fig. 9. _Mazosphæra lagotis_, n. sp., × 300 108

Fig. 10. _Pharyngosphæra stomodæa_, n. sp., × 400 98

Fig. 11. _Buccinosphæra invaginata_. n. sp., × 500 99

Each shell contains numerous larger and smaller crystals.

Fig. 12. _Tribonosphæra centripetalis_, n. sp., × 500 98

Each shell contains numerous large crystals.

Fig. 13. _Collosphæra polygona_, n. sp., × 200 96

PLATE 6.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order SPHÆROIDEA.

Family COLLOSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. Siphonosphæra socialis, n. sp., × 500 106

A small piece of the surface of a living coenobium, seen from the surface. Only four individuals are visible, the central capsule of which contains numerous small nuclei and a central oil-globule. The including spherical lattice-shell is provided with a few (one to four) larger apertures, which are prolonged into short cylindrical tubules. Through these latter radiate bundles of fine pseudopodia, branching and anastomosing, and forming a fine sarcode network between the alveoles of the calymma. On the surface of the alveolated jelly-sphere the pseudopodia form a dense radiating zone. Xanthella or yellow cells are everywhere scattered.

Fig. 2. _Siphonosphæra socialis_, n. sp., × 300 106

A small coenobium or colony in the state of alveolation, forming a jelly-sphere, composed of a great number of capsulated individuals, densely aggregated. Each central capsule contains an oil-globule, and is enclosed by a spherical lattice-shell, which bears a few (one to four) short cylindrical tubules. Each shell is again enveloped by a membranous polyhedral alveole and separated from it by structureless jelly. The thick cortical jelly-envelope, which surrounds the whole spherical colony, exhibits a fine radial striation, produced by radiating pseudopodia; many xanthellæ or yellow cells are scattered in the calymma.

Fig. 3. _Siphonosphæra pipetta_, n. sp., × 300 108

Fig. 4. _Siphonosphæra tubulosa_, J. Müller, × 300 105

The central capsule, enclosed in the cavity of the shell, has a central oil-globule, and is surrounded by a few xanthella.

Fig. 5. _Siphonosphæra chonophora_, n. sp., × 300 107

Fig. 6. _Siphonosphæra serpula_, n. sp., × 300 107

Fig. 7. _Siphonosphæra patinaria_, n sp., × 300 105

The central capsule, enclosed in the cavity of the shell, contains a central oil-globule, and is surrounded by a few xanthella.

Fig. 8. _Siphonosphæra patinaria_, n. sp., × 300 105

Fig. 9. _Siphonosphæra conifera_, n. sp., × 300 106

Fig. 10. _Siphonosphæra cyathina_, n. sp., × 300 105

PLATE 7.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order SPHÆROIDEA.

Family COLLOSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1 _Caminosphæra dendrophora_, n. sp., × 300 112

Fig. 2. _Caminosphæra dichotoma_, n. sp., × 300 112

Fig. 3. _Coronosphæra diadema_, n. sp., × 300 117

Fig. 4. _Coronosphæra calycina_, n. sp., × 300 117

Fig. 5. _Otosphæra auriculata_, n. sp., × 300 116

Fig. 6. _Otosphæra polymorpha_, n. sp., × 300 116

Fig. 7. _Solenosphæra serpentina_, n. sp., × 300 114

Fig. 8. _Solenosphæra cornucopia_, n. sp., × 300 115

Fig. 9. _Solenosphæra ascensionis_, n. sp., × 300 115

Fig. 10. _Solenosphæra pandora_, n. sp., × 300 113

Fig. 11. _Solenosphæra pandora_, n. sp., × 100 113

An entire spherical coenobium. The shells of the colony bear a variable number of fenestrated radial tubes and are densely crowded in the jelly-sphere of the calymma, the cortical zone of which is radially striped.

PLATE 8.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order SPHÆROIDEA.

Family COLLOSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Acrosphæra echinoides_, n. sp., × 400 100

Fig. 2. _Acrosphæra collina_, n. sp., × 300 101

Fig. 3. _Chænicosphæra nassiterna_, n. sp., × 400 103

Fig. 4. _Chænicosphæra murrayana_, n. sp., × 300 102

Fig. 5. _Chænicosphæra flammabunda_, n. sp., × 300 103

Fig. 6. _Clathrosphæra circumtexta_, n. sp., × 400 118

Fig. 7. _Clathrosphæra arachnoides_, n. sp., × 300 119

Fig. 8. _Clathrosphæra lamellosa_, n. sp., × 300 119

Fig. 9. _Xanthiosphæra erinacea_, n. sp., × 400 120

Fig. 10. _Xanthiosphæra lappacea_, n. sp., × 300 120

Fig. 11. _Xanthiosphæra lappacea_, n. sp., × 100 120

A complete spherical coenobium. The associated central capsules (each with a double shell) are densely crowded in the central part of the calymma, whilst its peripheral part is occupied by a layer of large alveoles. Numerous xanthellæ or yellow cells an scattered in the calymma.

PLATE 9.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order LARCOIDEA.

Family PYLONIDA.

Fig. 1. _Monozonium alatum_, n. sp., × 300 633

Dorsal view.

Fig. 1_a_. Apical view.

Fig. 2. _Dizonium pleuracanthum_, n. sp., × 400 636

Fig. 3. _Dizonium stauracanthum_, n. sp., × 300 636

Fig. 4. _Trizonium tricinctum_, n. sp., × 300 637

Dorsal view.

Fig. 4_a_. Lateral view.

Fig. 4_b_. Apical view.

Fig. 5. _Amphipyle tetraceros_, n. sp., × 400 642

Dorsal view.

Fig. 6. _Amphipyle callizona_, n. sp., × 300 644

Dorsal view.

Fig. 7. _Amphipyle amphiptera_, n. sp., × 300 642

Dorsal view.

Fig. 7_a_. Lateral view.

Fig. 8. _Tetrapyle circularis_, n. sp., × 300 645

Dorsal view.

Fig. 9. _Tetrapyle pleuracantha_, n. sp., × 400 646

Dorsal view. The lentelliptical central capsule is visible between medullary and cortical shell.

Fig. 10. _Tetrapyle turrita_, n. sp., × 400 649

Oblique view, half dorsal, half lateral.

Fig. 11. _Octopyle stenozona_, n. sp., × 400 652

Dorsal view.

Fig. 12. _Octopyle sexangulata_, n. sp., × 300 653

Dorsal view.

Fig. 13. _Octopyle decastyle_, n. sp., × 300 654

Dorsal view.

Fig. 13_a_. Lateral view.

Fig. 14. _Pylonium quadricorne_, n. sp., × 400 655

Dorsal view.

Fig. 15. _Tetrapylonium quadrangulare_, n. sp., × 300 658

Dorsal view.

Fig. 16. _Pylozonium octacanthum_, n. sp., × 300 660

Dorsal view.

PLATE 10.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order LARCOIDEA.

Family THOLONIDA.

Fig. 1. _Tholartus tricolus_, n. sp., × 200 664

Fig. 2. _Tholodes cupula_, n. sp., × 500 665

Fig. 3. _Amphitholus artiscus_, n. sp., × 400 666

Fig. 4. _Amphitholus panicium_, n. sp., × 500 668

Fig. 5. _Amphitholus acanthometra_, n. sp., × 300 667

Fig. 6. _Amphitholus acanthometra_, n. sp., × 300 667

Frontal section of the shell.

Fig. 7. _Amphitholonium tricolonium_, n. sp., × 300 669

Fig. 8. _Staurotholus tetrastylus_, n. sp., × 300 673

Fig. 9. _Staurotholus dodecastylus_, n. sp., × 400 674

Fig. 10. _Tholoma quadrigeminum_, n. sp., × 200 672

Fig. 11. _Staurotholonium octodoronium_, n. sp., × 300 676

Fig. 12. _Tholocubus tessellatus_, n. sp., × 200 677

Fig. 13. _Tholoma metallasson_, n. sp., × 300 672

Fig. 14. _Cubotholus regularis_, n. sp., × 200 680

Fig. 15. _Cubotholonium ellipsoides_, n. sp., × 300 682

Fig. 16. _Tholocubus tesseralis_, n. sp., × 400 678

Fig. 17. _Tholonium hexonium_, × 400 679

PLATE 11.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order SPHÆROIDEA.

Family ASTROSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Lychnosphæra regina_, n. sp., × 200 277

The entire shell and the central capsule. Numerous club-shaped radial apophyses or coecal sacs arise from the pink central capsule and are protruded through the pores of the medullary shell, which is completely hidden by them. The sarcomatrix in the calymma, surrounding the central capsule, exhibits a fine radial striation. Numerous retracted pseudopodia, bearing red granules, arise from the sarcomatrix and pierce the calymma radially. The interval between the two concentric shells is filled up by the hyaline calymma.

Fig. 2. _Lychnosphæra regina_, n. sp., × 400 277

A part of the cortical shell, with a radial spine.

Fig. 3. _Lychnosphæra regina_, n. sp., × 400 277

The medullary shell and the basal parts of the radial spines arising from it.

Fig. 4. _Lychnosphæra regina_, n. sp., × 400 277

Distal end of a radial spine.

Fig. 5. _Rhizoplegma lychnosphæra_, n. sp., × 200 276

The central capsule and the enclosed parts of the skeleton. The protoplasm is radially striped. The central nucleus (red) sends out numerous radial apophyses, which are protruded through the pores of the medullary shell.

PLATE 12.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Orders PHÆOSPHÆRIA ET SPHÆROIDEA.

Families OROSPHÆRIDA, ASTROSPHÆRIDA et LIOSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Orosphæra huxleyii_, n. sp. (vel _Oroscena huxleyii_), × 50 1599