CHAPTER XI.

NAVIGATION OF HUDSON BAY.

The question of the navigation of Hudson bay and Hudson strait has been before the Canadian public for a period extending back almost to the time of Confederation. An answer to this question has become more and more pressing, as the latent wealth of the grain-fields of the Northwest has been proved, and as the present means of transport of this great volume of grain to the eastward become yearly less capable of handling it expeditiously and cheaply.

Within the past few years the yield of Northwest grain has increased enormously, and a second line of rails is being laid across the continent to aid in the rapid transport of this wealth to the seaboard. If the increase in the area of land opened annually to cultivation continues as at present, a few years will show such a volume of grain to be transported that the new outlets will be unable to give free exit to it, and a new lane by which it can be taken to the European markets must be found.

The route by rail to the port of Churchill, on the western side of Hudson bay, and from thence to Europe in ships, is the shortest, and is likely to prove the best, of all those outside the present routes by rail to the headwaters of the St. Lawrence navigation.

Ships go wherever cargoes can be obtained, and all that is needed to open Hudson bay for ordinary commercial navigation is a line of rails to carry freight to one of its ports. At present the Hudson’s Bay Company and the Revillon Fur Company have ships going annually to the bay, and a greater amount of freight would attract more steamers.

As stated in the historical summary, the London merchants opened communication with northern Russia by ships trading in the White sea in the days of Queen Elizabeth. Spurred on by the success attending this adventure to the northeast, a few years later they sent vessels to the northwest, in the hopes of opening up a similar trade, and of discovering a short and safe passage to the rich markets of China and India.

Hudson’s voyage in 1610 resulted in the discovery of Hudson bay, and in the knowledge that no great opportunities existed there for extensive commerce, owing to the lack of civilized natives. James and Fox completed the exploration of the bay, without coming in contact with any of the natives residing on its shores.

The formation of the Hudson’s Bay Company was due to the knowledge of the French fur traders, that a profitable trade might be carried on with the natives frequenting the shores of the bay. This trade from its nature never required a large fleet of ships in its carrying trade, but since 1668 the company have sent annually one or more ships to supply its posts, and to bring back the valuable furs obtained from the inhabitants; and it is remarkable that with the imperfect charts of its waters so few ships have been lost in the last two hundred and fifty years; of these only a small number have met with disaster from contact with the ice in the bay or strait. From the time of the Treaty of Utrecht to the transfer of the lands of the Hudson’s Bay Company to the Dominion, the bay and strait were a closed sea belonging exclusively to the Company, and other ships entered these waters unlawfully, and navigation by outsiders was practically prohibited there. The American whalers visited the northern portions of the bay as early as 1860, and within a few years their number had increased to fourteen ships wintering in its northern waters. As these vessels did not directly interfere with the fur trade they were left undisturbed, and are only mentioned here to show that other ships besides those of the Hudson’s Bay Company have for a considerable period been navigating the bay, but being intent upon a paying enterprise did not herald their achievements to the public.

The Dominion Government, in 1885-86, sent out steamers under Commander Gordon to test the period of navigation of Hudson strait, and at the same time established observation stations along the length of the strait, where the action of the ice was studied during these two years. Commander Gordon reported that the strait was open for three or four months for navigation by specially constructed ships. In 1897 a second expedition was sent out under the charge of Commander Wakeham, who was accompanied by Mr. Fisher, a representative of the Manitoba government. Both reported on the navigation of the strait and bay, and practically upheld all the statements of Commander Gordon.

I was attached to the second expedition as a geologist, and performed some exploring duties on the southern coast of the strait in the late summer, having been on board the ship during her first passage through the strait. This experience in the navigation of these waters was further increased by a passage westward through the strait during the following summer in the Hudson’s Bay Company’s steamer _Erik_, and still further by the four trips of the past voyage.

Hudson strait has a length of nearly five hundred miles from Cape Chidley, on the south side of its eastern end, to Cape Wolstenholme on the same side of its western end. The general trend of the strait is a little north of west, so that the western cape is about a degree and a half to the northward of the eastern one, and is in 62° 30´ N. latitude. At its eastern entrance the strait has a practical channel nearly thirty-five miles wide between the outermost Button island off Cape Chidley, and the shores of Resolution island on the north side. Gray strait is a narrower channel between the Button islands and the southern mainland. Immediately to the westward of Cape Chidley the southern shore falls away to the southward to form the great bay of Ungava, which is one hundred and forty miles wide, and somewhat more than that distance in length. The large island of Akpatok lies in this bay, but as its north end is to the southward of a line drawn across the mouth of the bay, it does not seriously interfere with navigation in the strait.

From Cape Hopes Advance, the western point of Ungava bay, the southern shore of the strait has a northwest direction to Cape Weggs, situated one hundred and fifty miles beyond. The northern shore opposite has the same general trend, and the strait for this distance averages sixty miles across. Big island, situated on the north side in the western half of this portion, extends southward, so as to reduce the width to thirty miles.

To the westward of Cape Weggs the general trend of the south coast is nearly due west, while the opposite side continues northwest to form Gordon bay, after which it bends to the west and south, so that at its western end the strait is about one hundred miles from mainland to mainland, but of this distance the practical channel is limited to that portion between the south coast and the large island of Nottingham, a distance of thirty-five miles.

In the western half of the strait, Charles island, which lies about twenty-five miles beyond Cape Weggs, is the only obstruction to navigation. This island is twenty-five miles long, and lies nearly due east-and-west, some twenty miles from the south shore of the strait. The ship channel passes to the northward of the island, although there is a good channel on its south side.

The depth of water in the ship track through the strait varies from fifty to two hundred fathoms. There are no shoals, and with ordinary precautions, there is little danger from stranding on the bold shores of either side of the strait, or on the few islands that bound the channel.

A number of safe harbours easy of approach have been explored on the southern side of the strait, and others equally good and safe are known to be located on the north side, although they are at present unsurveyed.

The passage from the western entrance of the strait to the port of Churchill, on the western side of Hudson bay, is five hundred miles. From the mouth of the strait the course is due west for seventy miles to the eastern end of the wide channel between Coats and Mansfield islands. This channel is practically one hundred miles long, and varies in width from fifty miles at the eastern end, to over a hundred at the other.

The general course of the ship track from the eastern end of this channel to Churchill is nearly southwest, and there are nowhere any dangerous shoals or other obstructions to navigation.

In the track across Hudson bay the depth of water varies from fifty to two hundred fathoms, while the approach to the low shores of Coats and Mansfield and those of the western mainland is signalled by the gradual lessening of the depth of water, which gives ample warning to ships approaching the land.

It will be seen from the above description that there is no natural difficulty in the navigation of the bay and strait so far as the depth of water, presence of obstructions and width of channel are concerned, and if situated in a more southern region the route would be an ideal one for the navigator.

The western coast of Hudson bay is low and flat. It rises very slowly inland from swampy shores, while the water deepens slowly, and there are numerous shoals and bars that extend for a considerable distance from the shore-line and render coastwise navigation dangerous. This character of coast extends from the southern end of James bay to beyond the mouth of Churchill harbour. Further north the character of the coast changes somewhat, being still low, but much more uneven in outline, with a corresponding unevenness in the sea-bottom. Beyond Eskimo point, in 61° N. latitude, the straight shores of the southward give place to a ragged coast-line broken by large bays, and fringed with rocky islands having shallow water between them, and a broken bottom very dangerous to navigation. On this account, and because of the danger from outlying shoals and strong currents, the navigation of Chesterfield inlet and that of the other northern bays and harbours is debarred from consideration.

The mouths of all the large rivers to the southward of Churchill are more or less blocked by deposits of sand and clay brought down by the streams and deposited in the quieter waters at their mouths in the form of bars or flat shoals. In consequence of these obstructions, only small craft can enter the harbours inside the mouths of these rivers, and larger ships are obliged to lay in the dangerous roadsteads usually several miles away from the nearest dry land.

The approach to the harbour of Churchill, if aided by a few beacons and lights, would be comparatively safe, as the channel of approach is fairly deep and wide. Once inside the points of the mouth, the harbour extends up stream about a mile, and has an average width of half a mile, with a couple of shallow places in the upper part that might easily be removed by dredging; the general depth of the harbour being from four to four and a half fathoms.

Some knowledge of the currents is desirable in discussing the navigability of Hudson strait and Hudson bay, for on them depend largely the character and amount of ice met with in these northern waters. Observations on the drift of the ice that covers the Arctic seas point to a general law governing the currents. This law, briefly stated, is, that no matter what the size, shape or direction of one of these northern bodies of water may be, the direction of flow of the current will be such that one facing with it will have the land on the right hand. This may be differently stated by saying that with bodies of water having a general north-and-south trend, the current will flow north on the east side and south on the west, while in east-and-west bodies the direction of flow will be west on the north side and east on the south side. This law has been found to apply to the waters of Hudson strait and Hudson bay as well as to those of the more northern bays and straits visited on the _Neptune_. The mere statement of this law is made here, as the discussion of the causes producing it, be they due to the earth’s motion or wind action, is outside the province of this report.

The current from the eastward along the northern side of Hudson strait was known to the early navigators of those waters, who took advantage of it when passing through the strait from the Atlantic. The presence of icebergs in the northern waters of the strait can only be accounted for by this current, for they must all come from Davis strait, there being no glaciers to produce them on the lands fronting on the strait or bay. These icebergs have been seen as far west as the western end of Salisbury island, almost to the entrance of Hudson bay.

The east-flowing current of the south side of the strait was proved by the drift of the _Neptune_ when beset in the ice off Cape Wolstenholme, and later, off Cape Weggs. In the former instance the drift of the ship was thirty miles in twenty-four hours, while in the latter it was twenty miles in twenty hours. Driftwood borne north on the current of the east side of Hudson bay is not rare on the southern shores of the western part of the strait, while large quantities of it are found on the eastern shores of Ungava bay, having been drifted east and north from the mouths of the rivers emptying into the head of that bay.

The current flowing westward along the north side of the strait sweeps northward up the east side of Fox channel, rounds the head of that large northern bay, and then flows southward along the east side of Southampton, bringing with it the heavy ice from the northern parts of Fox channel, so that heavy drift ice is almost always found to the north of the eastern entrance to Evans strait, and often comes sufficiently south to partly block the channel between Mansfield and Coats islands.

The current from the north along the western shores of Hudson bay is not important as regards navigation, as it comes from the narrow waters of Roes Welcome and does not transport a large quantity of field ice.

Similar currents follow the shores of Baffin bay and Davis strait; on the east, or Greenland side, the flow is northward, while along the west side or that of the Arctic islands the current is southward, and carries on its surface great quantities of heavy field ice formed in these northern waters, together with extensive masses of Arctic ice which have passed south or east through the wide sounds connecting the northern parts of Baffin bay with the Arctic ocean. Many icebergs discharged from the northern glaciers are also found in this heavy ice of the ‘middle pack’ of Baffin bay and Davis strait. This Arctic current closely follows the eastern shores of Baffin island, branches of it sweeping into Cumberland gulf and Frobisher bay. When it reaches the latitude of the mouth of Hudson strait, the part adjacent to the land turns westward through the channel between Resolution island and the north shore of the strait, while another stream sweeps westward around the island of Resolution, where, meeting the current flowing out of the strait, the strong cross currents, tides and ‘overfalls’ noted by the earliest navigators are formed.

The main stream of the Arctic current passes southward across the mouth of Hudson strait, and forms the northern current of the Atlantic coast of Labrador. It bears on its surface the wide stream of ice which in the summer forms the ‘middle pack’ of Baffin bay, and which later in the year passes the mouths of Cumberland gulf and Frobisher bay, and in November, or early in December, closes the eastern entrance to Hudson strait. At that time a considerable area of this northern ice may enter the eastern part of the strait, but is prevented from completely filling the strait by the amount of locally formed ice already covering its waters. Continuing southward on the current, this stream of ice, often upwards of fifty miles in width, blocks the coast of Labrador during the early months of the year, and by the end of March arrives off the coasts of Newfoundland, bearing on its surface an immense number of newly-born seals to make the important seal fishery of Newfoundland. Part of this ice is carried through the Strait of Belle Isle into the northern portion of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, while the greater portion passes south along the east coast of Newfoundland to Cape Race. Here the western part of the ice is deflected to the westward along the southern shores of the island, and finally enters the southern part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, while the remainder is soon melted in the warmer waters of the Atlantic south of Newfoundland.

Ice commences to form in the smaller bays of the northern parts of Hudson bay and Hudson strait early in October, and by the end of that month the northern harbours are frozen over. The more southern ones, especially those at the mouths of the larger rivers, do not close until late in November or early in the following month. By the beginning of January, James bay is frozen across, and at the same time solid ice usually extends from the east coast of Hudson bay to the outer line of islands, some sixty or seventy miles from that coast. In other parts of Hudson bay, and in Hudson strait a margin of solid ice usually extends from one to five miles from the shore, except where the coast is high and bold with deep water close to the base of the cliffs. In such places, especially at headlands, solid ice does not form, and the natives in winter often have to make long and difficult detours inland to pass them.

The main body of Hudson bay does not freeze solid, and the same may be said of Hudson strait. Although this is the case, these waters are quite unnavigable for ordinary ships during the winter and spring months owing to the great sheets of heavy ice borne backwards and forwards by the tides and currents, and drifted about by the winter gales. There is little doubt that a specially constructed ship for ice navigation might pass through Hudson strait at any season, but the voyage would be a long one, and the difficulties and dangers would be great.

The ice of Hudson bay and the greater part of that of Hudson strait is of local origin, being formed by the freezing of the surface of the sea near-by. Observations on the growth in thickness of the ice were made in Fullerton harbour throughout the winter of 1903-04, and a record of the weekly observations is given later in the report. These observations show that the thickness increases steadily until the month of June, when a maximum of seventy-four inches was measured. The conditions under which this was obtained were very favourable for the ice, and only in similarly protected northern harbours does it attain such a thickness. In the larger bays and along the unprotected coasts, where the ice freezes later, and is frequently broken up by gales during the winter, the thickness rarely exceeds three or four feet. This thinner ice makes up the greater part of that found in the spring-time covering the waters of Hudson bay and strait.

As the ice continues to increase until June, winter conditions continue well into that month, and it is not until its last days that the heat of the sun is sufficiently strong and sustained to begin the melting process. With the advent of July this process is well under way, and the daily change in the condition and amount of the ice is then marvellous, so much so, that where everything was fast frozen in the beginning of the month, by the middle not a vestige of ice remains.

If a single thickness of sheet ice covered these northern waters they would be completely clear early in July, but unfortunately much of the floating ice is ‘rafted’ or piled up, sheet on sheet, and the whole cemented solidly together to form large masses often twenty feet or more in thickness. This rafting is caused by the pressure formed by large masses of ice driven together, or against ice attached to the shores, which causes the ice along the margins to break and buckle, cake on cake. These pressure areas are often of considerable size, and usually are many times longer than broad. They serve as a framework to hold together large fields of single sheet ice. When the thinner ice melts, these pressure masses remain, and are dangerous to shipping until the water has become sufficiently warm to melt the ice cementing the cakes together; then they are harmless, as the slightest shock causes the mass to fall to pieces with a great commotion but with little danger. This disintegration is known as ‘calving.’

The northern ice which occasionally enters Hudson strait in the early part of the winter as before described, is much more complicated and much heavier in character than the local ice. Some of this ice may be met with in the early period of navigation to the eastward of Big island, and should be treated with respect. The icebergs included with it often remain until late in the season, and form a source of danger in foggy weather, but they are usually so few as to be negligible, especially in the western half of the strait.

To summarize the foregoing: Hudson strait and Hudson bay do not freeze solid, but are so covered with masses of floating ice as to be practically unnavigable for at least seven months in the year. The ice does not begin to melt until well into the month of June, and is not sufficiently melted for safe navigation with ordinary steamers until the middle of July. No ice is formed in the strait and bay sufficiently heavy to obstruct ordinary navigation until the latter part of November, but towards the close of this period there is danger from the early passage of the northern pack across the mouth of the strait, and also, to a much less degree, from the ice from Fox channel partly closing the western entrance to the strait.

When the temperature of the air falls several degrees below zero, as it does in November, a thick mist or fog rises from the open water and renders navigation somewhat dangerous. In the early part of the season before the ice has completely melted, fogs are liable to occur in proximity to the ice fields. At other times fogs are not prevalent, and the weather is ordinarily fair.

The worst storms come from the south and east, and these are usually accompanied by rain in the summer, and by snow later in the season. Northerly winds bring clear cold weather as a rule.

The period of safe navigation for ordinary iron steamships through Hudson strait and across Hudson bay to the port of Churchill, may be taken to extend from the 20th of July to the 1st of November. This period might be increased without much risk by a week in the beginning of the season and by perhaps two weeks at the close.

Ships entering Hudson strait from the Atlantic during the early part of the season, when ice is present in the strait, should keep in the northern half of the channel between Resolution and the Button islands. Care should be taken to keep some miles from Resolution, as the strong currents close to the island cause the ice to come together and open again with considerable violence. The north side of the strait should be followed as far as Big island, keeping at a respectful distance from the land in order to avoid the pressure when the ice is pressed on the land by southerly winds. There are frequently large quantities of ice in the neighbourhood of Big island, with at times considerable pressure; on this account ships should not approach close to the island. From Big island the course should be so laid that the ship may pass a few miles to the northward of Charles island, and from there the middle channel should be followed to pass between Nottingham island and Cape Wolstenholme. The southern side of the channel between Mansfield and Coats is usually freer of ice than the north side.

In passing eastward through Hudson strait, advantage should be taken of the favourable current on the south side, and that shore followed to Charles island, where the channel to the south of the island may be used, taking care to keep well away from the mainland until Cape Weggs is passed. The southern half of the centre channel should then be followed to beyond Big island, when the mid channel across the mouth of Ungava bay will probably be found clear of ice.

The fur trade with the Indians and Eskimos living about Hudson bay or along interior routes tributary to it, has for a period extending over two centuries and a half furnished cargoes for two or more ships belonging to the Hudson’s Bay Company. At the present time two ships are engaged in this trade for the Company, while Revillon Bros. employ two more. The whale fishery now supports two ships. These four ships represent the developed trade of the bay and strait at the present time.

The undeveloped natural resources of the regions surrounding these waters appertain to mining and fisheries, and to the forestry of the territory surrounding the rivers flowing into the southern parts of the bay. Iron ores have been found on the islands and shores of the eastern side of Hudson bay, where they cover large areas and where valuable deposits corresponding to those of the hard ores of Lake Superior will be discovered when sought for. On the western shores of the bay between Chesterfield inlet and Churchill, extensive deposits of copper-bearing rocks have been located, and there is every prospect of valuable mines being discovered in that region when the ground has been properly prospected. A valuable mica mine is being worked at a profit on the north shore of Hudson strait, and the condition and character of the rocks there point to the discovery of similar deposits on that side of the strait. Iron ores are known to occur along the west side of Ungava bay, and the rocks of the southern side of the strait in many places are favourable to the occurrence of valuable minerals. The greater part of the coastal region has only been geologically examined in a hurried manner, while large stretches are practically unknown inland.

Nothing is at present known of the fisheries of the deeper waters of the strait and bay, and the knowledge of the fisheries of these waters is confined to the coasts and rivers. In the southern part of the bay, large quantities of sea-run trout and whitefish are taken by the natives. The Arctic salmon, a fish superior to the best Pacific salmon, is plentiful along the eastern side of the bay to the northward of James bay, as well as in the mouths of the rivers of the northern and northwest coasts, and also along both shores of the strait. Lake trout is a common fish in these northern rivers and lakes. Cod have been taken in several places along the east side of Hudson bay as far north as Cape Smith; on the western side little is known of this fish beyond the occurrence of a few in Roes Welcome, and some small specimens taken among the ice at Fullerton. A cod fishery has been carried on for a number of years at Cape Chidley, and these fish are said to be plentiful along the east side of Ungava bay, but do not appear to go farther westward through the strait from the Atlantic. Cod are reported to be abundant in some of the fiords of the south side of Frobisher bay.

The forestry of the southern rivers is outside the scope of this report, and it need only be mentioned that large areas of pulpwood and merchantable spruce occur along the banks of these streams, awaiting a suitable outlet to market by way of Hudson bay and strait.

These undeveloped resources of the north will no doubt when developed add greatly to the annual shipping of Hudson bay, but the main increase to the fleet will be due to the products of the great plains of the Northwest, now rapidly filling with robust settlers. These products of the western farms, grain, butter, and cattle, will naturally seek the shortest road to the European markets; a road not only shorter, but owing to its cool climate, capable of landing perishable products and grain in a better condition than the more southern routes.

Taking Regina as a convenient centre for these northwestern farming lands, the distance from there by way of Prince Albert to Churchill is about 800 miles, or the same distance as from Regina to Fort William on Lake Superior, and a thousand miles shorter than the distance from Regina to Montreal at the head of sea navigation on the St. Lawrence. The distance from Churchill to Liverpool is almost the same as that from Montreal to Liverpool; consequently there is a saving in distance of a thousand miles of rail or river carriage in favour of the northern route.

The question of the storage of the grain until the season following the harvest, is at first sight a serious one, but when it is known that not twenty per cent of the grain at present reaches the seaboard before the opening of navigation of the year following that in which it is harvested, this objection practically disappears, for the grain may be as well stored on the shores of Hudson bay as in the elevators on the plains, or at Fort William. The question of storage is reduced to the length of time between the opening of navigation of Hudson strait, and the time required to transport grain from Fort William to Montreal after the opening of navigation on the great lakes, and this difference in time may be measured by days.

The country through which a railway must run to reach the port of Churchill is known to offer no serious difficulties, and although the local freights between the bay and the head of Lake Winnipeg may be small, the district traversed is equal in fertility and natural resources to much of that through which the Canadian Pacific Railway runs to the northward of the great lakes. Given a good harbour, such as that of Churchill, and an adequate number of tramp steamships, there will be no difficulty in removing from that port during the season of safe navigation all the grain and other supplies that can be drawn there by a single line of rails.

The object of this article on the navigation of Hudson strait and Hudson bay is to point out the period of safe navigation, and the advantages and drawbacks of this route to Europe; other problems of transportation and usefulness being left to those in a better position to judge and pronounce upon them.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS TAKEN ON BOARD DOMINION GOVERNMENT STEAMER ‘NEPTUNE.’ (_By Messrs. C. F. King, L. E. Borden and G. B. Caldwell._)

━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━ Date.│Barometer: │Thermometer│Tem│ Direction │Anemome│ Clouds.│Location│Remarks. │ at Sea │ │per│ of Wind │ ter. │ │ . │ │ Level │ │atu│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │re │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │of │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Sea│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ . │ │ │ │ │ ────────┼───┬───┬───┼───┬───┬───┼───┼───┬───┬───┼───┬───┼──┬──┬──┼────────┼──────── 1903│ 7.│ 1.│ 7.│Mea│Max│Min│ │7. │1. │7. │Mil│Rat│7.│1.│7.│ │ │ │ │ │ n.│ .│ .│ │ │ │ │es │ e │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │per│p. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │day│hr.│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ . │ │ │ │ │ │ Aug. 26│ ..│ ..│29·│51·│ ..│ ..│.. │.. │.. │NE │.. │.. │..│..│ 3│Bay of │ │ │ │782│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Island│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ s, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Nfld. │ ” 27│29·│29·│30·│50·│60·│ 45│.. │ W │NE │NE │.. │.. │ 5│ 5│ 9│Strait │ │893│877│030│ 4│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ of │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Belle │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Isle. │ ” 28│30·│30·│29·│48·│55·│ ..│.. │ N │SSE│NW │.. │.. │ 4│ 1│ 8│ │ │038│003│987│ 5│ 8│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 29│29·│29·│30·│45·│54·│ ..│.. │NW │NW │NW │.. │.. │ 1│ 9│ 8│10 m. N │ │889│947│073│ 8│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Turnav│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ik │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Island│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ s. │ ” 30│30·│29·│30·│48·│51·│ ..│.. │NW │NW │WNW│.. │.. │ 2│ 5│..│C. │ │167│956│005│ 5│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Mugfor│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ d. │ ” 31│29·│29·│ ..│52·│52·│ ..│.. │ W │.. │.. │.. │.. │ 1│ 5│..│Nachvak.│ │961│948│ │ 0│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │High, │30·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │167│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Low, │29·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │782│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Average│29·│49·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │, │970│ 4│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Sept. 1│29·│ ..│29·│43·│56·│ ..│.. │.. │.. │.. │.. │.. │ 5│..│..│Port │ │945│ │939│ 5│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Burwel│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ l. │ ” 2│29·│ ..│29·│36·│52·│ ..│.. │ESE│.. │ESE│.. │.. │ *│..│..│Frobishe│ │926│ │844│ 6│ 8│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r Bay.│ ” 3│29·│ ..│29·│39·│39·│ ..│.. │SE │.. │.. │.. │.. │ *│..│10│Cumberla│ │763│ │828│ 3│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ nd │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ G’lf │ ” 4│29·│ ..│29·│37·│40·│ ..│.. │NE │.. │ESE│.. │.. │ *│..│10│ ” │ │799│ │749│ 7│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 5│29·│ ..│29·│38·│40·│ ..│.. │ E │.. │SE │.. │.. │10│..│ 6│ ” │ │714│ │731│ 8│ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 6│29·│ ..│29·│39·│41·│35·│.. │.. │.. │.. │.. │.. │ 8│..│ 3│ ” │ │786│ │831│ 3│ 5│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 7│29·│ ..│29·│44·│46·│33·│.. │.. │.. │SW │.. │.. │ 3│..│ 8│Cyrus │ │898│ │850│ 3│ 0│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Field │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Bay. │ ” 8│29·│ ..│29·│41·│48·│40·│.. │NW │.. │NW │.. │.. │ 5│..│ 3│Hall │Rain │819│ │928│ 0│ 0│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Is., │ shower │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Baffin│ s. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ . │ ” 9│29·│ ..│29·│36·│48·│35·│.. │.. │.. │SE │.. │.. │ 2│..│10│Icy │ ” │944│ │610│ 5│ 0│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Cove, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Baffin│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ . │ ” 10│29·│ ..│29·│44·│48·│42·│.. │ S │.. │ S │.. │.. │ 8│..│ 5│Charles │ ” │358│ │331│ 5│ 0│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Island│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ . │ ” 11│ ..│ ..│29·│41·│48·│38·│.. │.. │.. │ S │.. │.. │..│..│ 9│ ” │ ” │ │ │434│ 5│ 0│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 12│29·│ ..│29·│37·│ ..│36·│.. │NW │.. │WSW│.. │.. │10│..│ 7│Eric │ ” │686│ │766│ 7│ │ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Cove │ ” 13│29·│ ..│29·│37·│39·│34·│.. │ S │.. │ S │.. │.. │ 5│..│10│Nottingh│Snow. │642│ │565│ 5│ 0│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ am │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Isd. │ ” 14│29·│ ..│29·│33·│39·│32·│.. │NW │.. │NW │.. │.. │10│..│10│Bell │Fog. │797│ │924│ 8│ 0│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Island│ ” 15│30·│ ..│30·│32·│37·│27·│.. │NW │.. │NW │.. │.. │10│..│10│Fisher │ │041│ │198│ 9│ 0│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Str. │ ” 16│30·│ ..│29·│36·│37·│ ..│.. │NW │.. │SW │.. │.. │ 8│..│ 5│S. of C.│Snow │166│ │915│ 2│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Fuller│ flurri │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ton │ es. ” 17│ ..│ ..│29·│41·│43·│36·│.. │.. │.. │.. │.. │.. │..│..│10│Near │Rain. │ │ │675│ 0│ 0│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Whitne│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ y │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Inlet.│ ” 18│29·│ ..│29·│39·│41·│37·│.. │SW │.. │SW │.. │.. │10│..│ 8│ ” │ ” │656│ │650│ 9│ 0│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 19│29·│ ..│29·│38·│41·│37·│.. │WSW│.. │ S │.. │.. │10│..│ 9│Winchest│ │650│ │657│ 8│ 0│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ er │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Inlet.│ ” 20│29·│ ..│29·│35·│37·│35·│.. │ E │.. │NE │.. │.. │10│..│10│” │Rain and │514│ │499│ 5│ 0│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ snow. ” 21│29·│ ..│29·│36·│37·│35·│.. │ N │.. │ N │.. │.. │10│..│ 9│ ” │Rain. │537│ │688│ 2│ 0│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 22│ ..│ ..│30·│35·│40·│33·│.. │NE │.. │NE │.. │.. │ 8│..│10│ ” │Snow. │ │ │075│ 0│ 0│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 23│30·│ ..│30·│36·│40·│30·│.. │SE │.. │SE │.. │.. │..│..│..│Cape │ ” │149│ │176│ 0│ 0│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Fuller│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ton │ ” 24│30·│ ..│30·│26·│28·│25·│.. │Eby│.. │NE │.. │.. │..│..│..│ ” │ │084│ │057│ 5│ 0│ 0│ │ N │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 25│29·│ ..│29·│28·│33·│25·│.. │NE │.. │NE │.. │.. │..│..│..│ ” │ │892│ │890│ 0│ 0│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 26│29·│ ..│29·│27·│33·│25·│.. │NE │.. │NE │.. │.. │..│..│..│ ” │ │895│ │829│ 5│ 0│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 27│29·│ ..│29·│30·│35·│26·│.. │NE │.. │NE │.. │.. │..│..│..│” │Small │774│ │729│ 5│ 0│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ponds │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ frozen │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ . ” 28│29·│ ..│29·│29·│34·│27·│.. │NNE│.. │NNE│.. │.. │..│..│..│ ” │Snow. │695│ │675│ 5│ 0│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 29│29·│ ..│29·│29·│34·│22·│.. │ESE│.. │ESE│.. │.. │..│..│10│ ” │ ” │685│ │430│ 0│ 0│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 30│29·│ ..│29·│34·│39·│30·│.. │ S │.. │Sby│.. │.. │ ‡│..│ ‡│” │Rain and │131│ │068│ 5│ 0│ 0│ │ │ │ W │ │ │ │ │ │ │ snow. │Average│29·│36·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │, │763│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │High, │30·│ ..│56·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │198│ │ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Low, │29·│ ..│ ..│22·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │068│ │ │ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Oct. 1│29·│ ..│29·│33·│ 39│ 32│.. │ N │.. │WSW│.. │.. │..│..│..│N. W. │Rain and │136│ │368│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Hudson│ snow. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Bay. │ ” 2│29·│ ..│30·│20·│ 33│ 12│.. │NW │.. │NW │.. │.. │..│..│..│Chesterf│ │937│ │181│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ield │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Inlet.│ ” 3│30·│ ..│29·│23·│ 29│ 17│.. │NE │.. │ E │.. │.. │..│..│..│ ” │Snow. │234│ │926│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 4│29·│ ..│29·│32·│ 33│ 31│.. │ESE│.. │NE │.. │.. │..│..│..│” │Rain and │430│ │093│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ snow. ” 5│28·│ ..│28·│22·│ ..│ ..│.. │NW │.. │NW │.. │.. │..│..│ 8│ ” │ │843│ │990│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 6│29.│ ..│29·│22·│ 34│ 21│.. │ W │.. │WSW│.. │.. │ 5│..│ 8│ ” │Snow. │325│ │634│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 7│29·│ ..│29·│17·│ 26│ 13│.. │ W │.. │NW │.. │.. │ 2│..│ 3│ ” │Fog. │832│ │882│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 8│29·│ ..│29·│18·│ 21│ 14│.. │NW │.. │ N │.. │.. │ 3│..│ 8│ ” │ │797│ │707│ 8│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 9│29·│ ..│29·│21·│ 23│19·│.. │NNW│.. │SW │.. │.. │10│..│ 4│ ” │Snow. │430│ │513│ 5│ │ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 10│29·│ ..│30·│20·│ 26│ 16│.. │NW │.. │NW │.. │.. │ 8│..│ 2│Outside │ │779│ │017│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Fuller│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ton │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Harbou│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. │ ” 11│30·│ ..│30·│13·│ 24│ 13│.. │ W │.. │ N │.. │.. │ 2│..│..│Fullerto│ │333│ │444│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ n and │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ winter│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ quarte│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ rs │ ” 12│30·│ ..│30·│23·│27·│ 9│.. │SE │.. │SE │.. │.. │ 2│..│10│ ” │ │341│ │051│ 3│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 13│29·│ ..│29·│26·│30·│ 23│.. │ N │.. │ENE│.. │.. │ 7│..│10│ ” │ │889│ │785│ 5│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 14│29·│ ..│29·│30·│32·│ 23│.. │ E │.. │ E │.. │.. │10│..│10│ ” │Snow. │406│ │174│ 7│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 15│29·│ ..│29·│16·│24·│ 5│.. │NW │.. │WNW│.. │.. │10│..│..│ ” │ ” │179│ │523│ 8│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 16│29·│ ..│29·│3·0│15·│-3·│.. │NW │.. │NW │.. │.. │..│..│..│” │H’bour │684│ │924│ │ 0│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ frozen │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ over. ” 17│29·│ ..│29·│2·5│18·│-8·│.. │SE │.. │.. │.. │.. │ 5│..│..│ ” │ │839│ │765│ │ 0│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 18│ ..│ ..│29·│1·5│18·│-8·│.. │.. │.. │NW │.. │.. │..│..│..│ ” │ │ │ │331│ │ 0│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 19│29·│ ..│29·│6·5│10·│ -3│.. │NW │.. │ W │.. │.. │..│..│10│ ” │Snow. │340│ │111│ │ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 20│28·│ ..│29·│11·│14·│ 9│.. │WSW│.. │ W │.. │.. │10│..│10│ ” │ │765│ │032│ 0│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 21│29·│ ..│29·│8·5│14·│ 4│.. │ W │.. │.. │.. │.. │10│..│..│ ” │ ” │321│ │590│ │ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 22│29·│ ..│29·│2·0│6·0│ -3│.. │.. │.. │ W │.. │.. │..│..│..│ ” │ │774│ │973│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 23│29·│ ..│29·│11·│23·│ -2│.. │ E │.. │SE │.. │.. │..│..│10│ ” │ ” │971│ │352│ 0│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 24│29·│ ..│29·│23·│27·│ 8│.. │ESE│.. │NNE│.. │.. │10│..│ 3│ ” │ ” │383│ │714│ 5│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 25│ ..│ ..│30·│8·0│18·│5·5│.. │.. │.. │.. │.. │.. │..│..│..│ ” │ │ │ │234│ │ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 26│29·│ ..│29·│15·│19·│ 15│.. │ N │.. │NE │.. │.. │ 5│..│ 5│ ” │ ” │941│ │909│ 0│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 27│29·│ ..│29·│28·│30·│ 16│.. │SSE│.. │SSE│.. │.. │10│..│10│ ” │ │767│ │206│ 8│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 28│28·│ ..│29·│23·│32·│ 3│.. │SE │.. │NW │.. │.. │..│..│..│” │Rain and │969│ │213│ 7│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ snow. ” 29│29·│ ..│29·│1·0│15·│-6·│.. │NW │.. │NW │.. │.. │ 3│..│..│ ” │ │638│ │869│ │ 0│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 30│29·│ ..│29·│3·0│7·0│ 1│.. │NE │.. │NE │.. │.. │ 5│..│ 5│ ” │ │931│ │810│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 31│29·│ ..│29·│16·│25·│ 6│.. │NE │.. │ S │.. │.. │ 5│..│10│ ” │ │721│ │656│ 3│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Average│29·│16·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │, │648│ 4│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │High, │30·│ ..│39·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │444│ │ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Low, │28·│ ..│ ..│-8·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │765│ │ │ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Nov. 1│29·│ ..│29·│27·│ 30│ 25│.. │SW │ S │SE │219│9·1│10│10│10│Fullerto│ │704│ │372│ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ n. │ ” 2│ ..│29·│29·│27·│ 32│ 22│.. │ W │ W │ N │380│15·│10│ 5│10│ ” │Snow. │ │404│346│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 8 │ │ │ │ │ ” 3│29·│29·│29·│11·│ 26│ 5│.. │ W │NW │ W │360│15·│ 3│..│ 2│ ” │ │444│684│828│ 9│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 0 │ │ │ │ │ ” 4│29·│30·│30·│5·5│ 11│ -3│.. │ W │NW │NW │330│13·│ 1│..│ 1│ ” │ │957│094│220│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ ” 5│30·│29·│29·│10·│ 24│ -2│.. │NW │ W │SSW│410│17·│ 2│..│10│ ” │ │156│980│689│ 1│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 0 │ │ │ │ │ ” 6│29·│29·│29·│26·│ 30│ 21│.. │ W │SW │SW │650│27·│10│10│10│Fullerto│ ” │209│097│120│ 8│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 0 │ │ │ │ n │ ” 7│29·│ ..│29·│15·│ 29│ 6│.. │NW │.. │NE │150│6·2│10│ 3│..│ │ │255│ │350│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ ” 8│29·│29·│29·│8·0│ 10│ -2│.. │NE │NW │NW │70 │2·9│ 1│ 1│ 2│ │ │448│554│627│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 9│29·│29·│29·│6·3│ 8│ -2│.. │NW │NW │.. │80 │3·3│ 6│ 8│..│ │ │616│627│611│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 10│29·│29·│29·│9·3│ 12│ 5│.. │NE │NE │NE │100│4·1│10│10│10│ │ │654│721│715│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 6 │ │ │ │ │ ” 11│29·│29·│29·│6·8│ 11│ -2│.. │NE │NE │NE │770│32·│ 9│ 9│10│ ” │Blizzard │651│663│633│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │08 │ │ │ │ │ . ” 12│29·│29·│ ..│ 11│ ..│ ..│.. │NE │NE │.. │860│47·│10│10│..│” │Anemomet │523│393│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │77 │ │ │ │ │ er out │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ of │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ order. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Record │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ for 18 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ hours. ” 13│ ..│ ..│ ..│20·│ 24│ 12│.. │NE │NE │NE │.. │.. │10│10│ 8│ │ │ │ │ │ 1│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 14│29·│29·│ ..│14·│ 25│ 12│.. │NE │NE │NE │.. │.. │ 7│10│10│ │ │528│680│ │ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 15│30·│30·│30·│-4·│ 8│-15│.. │.. │.. │.. │.. │.. │..│..│..│” │Aurora. │156│220│247│ 1│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Snow. ” 16│30·│29·│29·│-8·│ 5│-16│.. │.. │ W │NW │295│32·│..│ 3│..│” │Anemomet │044│977│909│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │77 │ │ │ │ │ er │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ readin │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ g for │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 3 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ hours. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 13 in. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ice in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 17│29·│29·│29·│-1·│ 2│ -8│.. │ N │ N │NW │75 │3·1│..│ 2│..│ │ │730│728│756│ 8│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 2 │ │ │ │ │ ” 18│29·│29·│29·│-13│ 4│-18│.. │ N │NW │ N │90 │3·7│ 1│..│..│ ” │Aurora. │727│656│668│ ·1│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ ” 19│29·│29·│29·│-12│ -8│-18│.. │ W │ N │.. │90 │3·7│ 3│..│..│ ” │ ” │647│669│727│ ·8│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ ” 20│29·│29·│29·│-3·│ -1│-20│.. │NE │ N │.. │100│4·1│ 8│ 8│ 8│ │ │785│861│928│ 1│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 7 │ │ │ │ │ ” 21│29·│30·│30·│-2·│ 3│ -8│.. │ N │ N │.. │120│5·0│10│10│..│” │Snow. │988│072│122│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Aurora │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ . ” 22│30·│30·│30·│-15│ -4│-20│.. │NW │NW │NW │100│4·1│ 9│ 1│..│ │ │124│070│076│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 7 │ │ │ │ │ ” 23│29·│29·│30·│-9·│ -8│-20│.. │.. │.. │NW │105│4·3│ 5│ 2│..│ │ │942│025│025│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 7 │ │ │ │ │ ” 24│30·│30·│30·│-1·│ -1│-12│.. │NE │NE │NE │155│6·4│10│10│10│ │ │206│340│465│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 6 │ │ │ │ │ ” 25│30·│30·│30·│4·5│ 11│ -4│.. │NE │ S │SE │230│9·5│10│ 8│ 5│ │ │542│563│020│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 8 │ │ │ │ │ ” 26│30·│30·│29·│1·6│ 11│ -9│.. │NE │ E │ E │210│8·7│..│ 6│10│ │ │187│127│907│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ ” 27│29·│29·│29·│14·│ 15│ 0│.. │ S │SE │ S │560│23·│ 7│10│10│ │ │734│772│869│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 3 │ │ │ │ │ ” 28│30·│30·│30·│15·│ 19│ 12│.. │ E │ S │ E │205│8·5│10│10│10│ │ │100│281│392│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 4 │ │ │ │ │ ” 29│30·│30·│30·│6·1│ 11│ 0│.. │ N │ N │ N │75 │3·1│ 9│ 3│ 9│ │ │422│376│338│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 3 │ │ │ │ │ ” 30│30·│29·│29·│-6·│ 11│-10│.. │ N │NW │ W │230│9·5│..│..│..│” │21” ice │073│975│907│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 8 │ │ │ │ │ in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. │Highest│30·│ ..│ 32│-20│ │ │ │ │Gr’│Ave│ │ │ │ │ │, │563│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ate│rag│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │st │e, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │190│6·3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │mil│ 3 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │es │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 3 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │hou│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │rs.│ │ │ │ │ │ │Lowest,│29·│ ..│ ..│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │120│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Average│29·│4·8│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │, │609│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Dec. 1│29·│29·│29·│-8·│ -6│-12│.. │NW │NW │NW │130│5·4│..│ 2│..│Fullerto│Aurora. │746│638│616│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 1 │ │ │ │ n │ ” 2│29·│29·│29·│ 4·│ 9│-11│.. │NW │SE │NE │60 │2·5│ 4│10│10│ .. │Snow. │578│724│727│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 3│30·│30·│30·│-19│ 7│-24│.. │ N │ N │NW │220│9·1│ 1│..│..│ .. │ │124│750│261│ ·6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 4│30·│30·│29·│-5·│ 3│-25│.. │ W │SW │ E │260│10·│ 5│10│ 8│ .. │Aurora. │273│009│850│ 8│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │25 │ │ │ │ │ ” 5│29·│29·│29·│-7·│ 5│-25│.. │ N │ N │ N │330│13·│ 3│10│..│ .. │ │539│560│735│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │75 │ │ │ │ │ ” 6│29·│29·│29·│-26│-15│-29│.. │ N │NW │ N │415│17·│..│..│..│ .. │ │806│734│720│ ·0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │29 │ │ │ │ │ ” 7│29·│29·│29·│-18│-15│-26│.. │ N │ N │NW │435│18·│..│ 2│ 1│.. │24” ice │578│562│593│ ·3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │12 │ │ │ │ │ in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 8│29·│29·│29·│-13│-11│-20│.. │NW │NNW│NW │230│9·5│..│..│..│Fullerto│Aurora. │477│559│653│ ·6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 8 │ │ │ │ n │ ” 9│29·│29·│29·│-20│-15│-25│.. │NW │WNW│WNW│100│4·1│ 1│..│..│ .. │ │750│742│660│ ·6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 7 │ │ │ │ │ ” 10│29·│29·│29·│-17│-15│-26│.. │ N │NW │.. │135│5·6│ 3│ 1│..│ .. │ │586│594│585│ ·6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 2 │ │ │ │ │ ” 11│29·│29·│29·│-8·│ -2│-22│.. │ N │NE │WNW│215│9· │..│ 6│..│ .. │Snow. │641│613│480│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 12│29·│29·│29·│13·│ 15│ -5│.. │NNE│ N │ N │610│25·│10│ 4│10│ .. │ │329│112│256│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 4 │ │ │ │ │ ” 13│29·│29·│29·│11·│ 15│ 7│.. │ N │NE │ N │610│25·│ 8│10│10│ .. │ │366│492│542│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 4 │ │ │ │ │ ” 14│29·│29·│29·│ 2·│ 10│ -2│.. │ N │NE │ N │360│15·│10│ 8│10│ .. │ │698│743│858│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 15│29·│29·│29·│-3·│ 8│ -9│.. │.. │NW │NW │185│7·7│10│ 5│10│ .. │ │875│857│933│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 1 │ │ │ │ │ ” 16│29·│29·│29·│-1·│ 5│ -6│.. │NW │NW │NW │165│6·8│ 8│10│..│ .. │ │916│929│951│ 7│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 7 │ │ │ │ │ ” 17│29·│29·│29·│-0·│ 2│ -6│.. │NW │ N │NE │110│4·5│10│10│ 8│ .. │Snow. │930│937│935│ 1│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 8 │ │ │ │ │ ” 18│29·│29·│29·│9·4│ 15│ 0│.. │NE │NE │NE │550│22·│10│ 9│10│ .. │ │812│708│537│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 9 │ │ │ │ │ ” 19│29·│29·│29·│8·3│ 11│ 0│.. │NE │SE │ E │350│14·│..│ 2│10│ .. │ │532│562│525│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │58 │ │ │ │ │ ” 20│29·│29·│29·│3·8│ 12│ -2│.. │NE │NE │NE │510│21·│ 9│ 5│10│ .. │Aurora. │429│498│579│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │25 │ │ │ │ │ ” 21│29·│29·│29·│-1·│ 2│ -5│.. │ N │ N │NE │170│7·0│ 5│ 3│ 3│ .. │ │448│382│350│ 8│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 9 │ │ │ │ │ ” 22│29·│29·│29·│ -4│ 0│ -6│.. │ N │NNW│ N │300│12·│ 6│10│..│ .. │ │334│306│314│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │50 │ │ │ │ │ ” 23│29·│29·│29·│-15│ 3│-20│.. │ N │NW │.. │90 │3·7│ 2│..│..│ .. │Aurora. │346│418│414│ ·4│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 7 │ │ │ │ │ ” 24│29·│29·│29·│-17│ -8│-20│.. │.. │ N │.. │120│5· │ 2│ 1│10│ .. │ │530│609│654│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 25│ ..│29·│29·│-5·│ -5│-10│.. │.. │.. │.. │200│8·3│..│10│..│ .. │ │ │588│611│ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ ” 26│29·│29·│29·│-1·│ 3│ -6│.. │.. │.. │.. │280│11·│ 3│ 2│..│ .. │ │681│638│621│ 4│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 6 │ │ │ │ │ ” 27│29·│29·│29·│-12│ 3│-21│.. │.. │NW │.. │80 │3·3│ 2│ 3│..│ .. │ │619│603│602│ ·7│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 3 │ │ │ │ │ ” 28│29·│29·│29·│-19│-16│-22│.. │ W │ W │ W │150│6·2│..│..│..│.. │31” ice │575│600│715│ ·3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 29│ ..│29·│29·│-23│-19│-27│.. │ W │ W │ W │250│10·│..│ 3│..│ .. │ │ │630│548│ ·3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │41 │ │ │ │ │ ” 30│29·│29·│29·│-31│-21│-38│.. │ W │.. │ N │140│5·8│ 1│..│..│ .. │ │288│194│232│ ·7│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 3 │ │ │ │ │ ” 31│29·│29·│29·│-20│-15│-37│.. │ N │ N │ N │490│20·│ 3│..│..│ .. │ │382│505│625│ ·8│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 1 │ │ │ │ │ │Average│29·│-8·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │, │634│ 1│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │High, │30·│ │ H.│ L.│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │750│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Low, │29·│ ..│-15│-38│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │112│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Jan. 1│29·│29·│29·│-23│-19│-25│.. │.. │ W │.. │220│9·1│..│ 2│ 1│Fullerto│Aurora. │827│849│915│ ·3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 6 │ │ │ │ n. │ ” 2│30·│30·│30·│-27│-23│-33│.. │ N │ W │.. │70 │2·9│..│..│..│ .. │ │068│115│207│ ·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 3│30·│30·│29·│-22│-10│-35│.. │.. │.. │ESE│140│5·8│..│..│10│ .. │ │214│110│964│ ·4│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 3 │ │ │ │ │ ” 4│29·│29·│29·│-6·│ -2│ -9│.. │SE │SE │ E │330│13·│..│10│ 4│.. │33” ice │550│634│463│ 1│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │75 │ │ │ │ │ in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 5│29·│29·│29·│-22│ -8│-30│.. │ N │ W │ W │205│8·5│..│..│..│ .. │Aurora. │716│777│889│ ·8│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 6│29·│29·│29·│-10│ -3│-32│.. │ E │SE │ S │135│5·6│10│10│..│ .. │ │571│456│381│ ·7│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 2 │ │ │ │ │ ” 7│29·│29·│29·│-16│ -4│-30│.. │NE │NE │.. │505│2·1│..│..│..│ .. │ │457│654│714│ ·7│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 0 │ │ │ │ │ ” 8│29·│ ..│29·│-16│-10│-26│.. │.. │.. │.. │30 │1·2│..│..│..│ .. │ │829│ │845│ ·1│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ ” 9│29·│29·│29·│-0·│ 3│-12│.. │SE │SE │SE │285│11·│10│..│10│.. │Haze. │860│841│881│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │87 │ │ │ │ │ Aurora │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ . ” 10│29·│29·│29·│-1·│ 3│ -2│.. │ E │NE │ E │480│20·│ 5│10│..│ .. │ │900│917│786│ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 11│29·│29·│29·│9·1│ 12│ -1│.. │ E │ E │ E │470│19·│10│10│10│.. │38” ice │533│500│453│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 6 │ │ │ │ │ in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 12│29·│29·│29·│-6·│ 11│-19│.. │.. │.. │NW │130│5·4│ 1│..│..│.. │Sun dogs │411│446│534│ 1│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 10 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ a.m. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Aurora │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ . ” 13│29·│29·│29·│-25│ -5│-30│.. │NW │ W │ W │450│18·│..│..│..│ .. │Aurora. │757│833│899│ ·4│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 7 │ │ │ │ │ ” 14│29·│29·│29·│-30│-28│-34│.. │ W │ W │ W │310│12·│..│..│..│ .. │ ” │950│949│990│ ·1│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 9 │ │ │ │ │ ” 15│30·│30·│30·│-29│-26│-33│.. │ W │.. │.. │60 │2·5│..│..│..│ .. │ ” │014│042│088│ ·7│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 16│30·│30·│30·│-35│-26│-40│.. │NW │NW │NW │230│9·5│..│..│..│ .. │ ” │172│191│243│ ·4│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 8 │ │ │ │ │ ” 17│30·│30·│30·│-35│-32│-41│.. │ W │WSW│WSW│420│17·│..│..│..│ .. │ ” │284│367│294│ ·4│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ ” 18│30·│30·│30·│-25│-16│-41│.. │ W │NW │SW │250│10·│ 4│ 5│..│.. │39½” ice │278│214│070│ ·4│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 4 │ │ │ │ │ in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 19│30·│30·│30·│-26│-13│-38│.. │ E │ N │NE │410│17·│ 4│ 5│..│ .. │Aurora. │644│672│869│ ·3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │08 │ │ │ │ │ ” 20│30·│30·│30·│-39│-38│-42│.. │NE │ W │SW │70 │2·9│..│..│..│ .. │Snow. │390│115│152│ ·5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 2 │ │ │ │ │ ” 21│29·│29·│29·│-16│-12│-38│.. │ S │ S │ E │390│16·│ 5│10│10│ .. │Aurora. │961│887│844│ ·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │92 │ │ │ │ │ ” 22│29·│30·│30·│-14│-11│-18│.. │ E │NNE│NE │380│15·│ 6│ 9│ 8│ .. │ ” │890│014│087│ ·8│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │85 │ │ │ │ │ ” 23│30·│30·│30·│-25│-20│-29│.. │ N │NE │NE │360│15·│..│..│..│ .. │ ” │255│267│272│ ·5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │00 │ │ │ │ │ ” 24│30·│30·│30·│-29│-26│-33│.. │ N │.. │.. │100│4·1│..│..│..│ .. │ ” │237│215│166│ ·7│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 7 │ │ │ │ │ ” 25│29·│29·│29·│-26│-23│-34│.. │.. │ W │ W │80 │3·3│..│..│..│.. │41” ice │990│948│931│ ·5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 3 │ │ │ │ │ in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 26│29·│29·│29·│-30│-19│-34│.. │ W │ W │NW │30 │1·2│ 2│..│..│ .. │Aurora. │826│831│909│ ·1│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ ” 27│29·│29·│29·│-34│-28│-39│.. │.. │.. │ W │40 │1·6│..│..│..│ .. │ │996│942│861│ ·4│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 6 │ │ │ │ │ ” 28│29·│29·│29·│-22│-22│-38│.. │.. │ W │ W │160│6·6│..│10│..│ .. │Snow. │520│538│572│ ·4│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 6 │ │ │ │ │ ” 29│29·│29·│29·│-29│-26│-34│.. │ W │ W │ W │265│11·│..│ 3│..│ .. │Aurora. │595│536│497│ ·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │46 │ │ │ │ │ ” 30│29·│29·│29·│-33│-25│-40│.. │ N │.. │ N │135│5·6│..│..│..│ .. │ ” │492│500│545│ ·7│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 2 │ │ │ │ │ ” 31│29·│29·│29·│-33│-28│-40│.. │.. │.. │.. │80 │3·3│ 3│..│ 1│ .. │ │568│551│554│ ·4│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 3 │ │ │ │ │ │Average│29·│-23│-12│-42│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │, │906│ ·0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │High, │30·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │869│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Low, │29·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │361│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Feb. 1│29·│29·│29·│-35│-33│-42│.. │NE │ N │ N │150│6·2│ 3│..│..│Fullerto│45” ice │409│470│444│ ·7│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ n │ in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 2│29·│29·│29·│-32│-26│-43│.. │NNE│.. │.. │130│5·4│ 6│..│..│ .. │ │451│486│492│ ·7│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 1 │ │ │ │ │ ” 3│29·│29·│29·│-37│-35│-42│.. │NNE│NNE│ N │70 │2·9│..│..│ 7│ .. │ │494│515│565│ ·5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 1 │ │ │ │ │ ” 4│29·│29·│29·│-11│ 1│-38│.. │WNW│NW │ N │460│19·│10│..│..│ .. │Aurora. │691│032│165│ ·8│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │17 │ │ │ │ │ ” 5│29·│29·│30·│-23│-10│-30│.. │NE │NE │ N │400│16·│..│..│..│ .. │ ” │700│912│110│ ·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 6 │ │ │ │ │ Feb. 6│30·│30·│30·│-13│ 1│-32│.. │ W │ W │ N │170│7·0│ 5│ 7│10│Fullerto│Snow. │254│186│076│ ·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 8 │ │ │ │ n. │ ” 7│30·│30·│30·│1·3│ 7│ -4│.. │ N │ N │NE │440│18·│ 8│ 3│..│.. │Aurora. │105│211│255│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │33 │ │ │ │ │ 48” │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ice in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 8│30·│30·│30·│-3·│ 6│ -9│.. │NE │NE │.. │110│4·5│ 1│..│..│ .. │Aurora. │389│447│529│ 4│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 8 │ │ │ │ │ ” 9│30·│30·│30·│-12│ -2│-18│.. │NW │NW │ W │30 │1·2│ 1│ 1│..│.. │62” ice │618│650│678│ ·7│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ on │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ fresh │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ water │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ponds. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Au. ” 10│30·│30·│30·│-19│-17│-25│.. │ W │ W │ W │320│13·│..│ 4│10│ .. │Aurora. │516│450│421│ ·4│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │33 │ │ │ │ │ ” 11│ ..│30·│30·│-23│-17│-31│.. │.. │ W │ W │270│15·│..│..│..│ .. │ ” │ │322│343│ ·3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │41 │ │ │ │ │ ” 12│30·│30·│30·│-25│-22│-33│.. │ W │.. │NE │200│8·3│10│ 8│..│ .. │ │242│162│091│ ·7│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 3 │ │ │ │ │ ” 13│30·│30·│30·│-29│-22│-32│.. │ N │NE │.. │210│8·7│..│..│..│ .. │ ” │027│074│141│ ·3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ ” 14│30·│30·│30·│-34│-22│-37│.. │ N │ N │.. │120│5· │..│..│..│ .. │ │156│141│102│ ·4│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 15│29·│29·│29·│-33│-30│-39│.. │ W │ W │ W │90 │3·7│..│..│ 4│ .. │ │994│942│957│ ·7│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ ” 16│30·│30·│30·│-30│-26│-38│.. │ W │NE │.. │50 │2·0│..│..│..│ .. │Aurora. │118│313│408│ ·5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 8 │ │ │ │ │ ” 17│30·│30·│30·│-15│-10│-37│.. │ E │ E │SSE│210│8·7│ 9│10│ 9│ .. │Snow. │367│251│077│ ·8│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ ” 18│29·│29·│30·│-22│-12│-36│.. │NE │ N │ N │220│9·1│ 1│..│..│ .. │Aurora. │880│944│089│ ·1│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 7 │ │ │ │ │ ” 19│30·│30·│30·│-38│-29│-46│.. │WNW│WNW│NW │510│21·│..│..│..│ .. │ ” │185│240│232│ ·1│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │41 │ │ │ │ │ ” 20│30·│30·│30·│-34│-30│-44│.. │ W │ W │ W │370│15·│..│..│..│ .. │ ” │243│271│249│ ·4│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │41 │ │ │ │ │ ” 21│30·│30·│30·│-35│-27│-39│.. │ W │ W │ W │230│9·5│..│..│..│ .. │ │710│136│021│ ·5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 8 │ │ │ │ │ ” 22│29·│29·│29·│-29│-24│-35│.. │ W │ W │ W │240│10·│ 8│..│..│.. │53” ice │647│523│415│ ·5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 23│29·│29·│29·│-32│-26│-37│.. │ W │ W │ W │270│11·│ 1│ 1│..│ .. │ │298│305│223│ ·9│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │25 │ │ │ │ │ ” 24│ ..│29·│29·│-30│-22│-42│.. │.. │NW │NW │460│19·│..│..│..│ .. │Aurora. │ │313│446│ ·3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │17 │ │ │ │ │ ” 25│29·│29·│29·│-40│-38│-46│.. │NW │ W │ W │260│10·│..│ 1│..│ .. │ ” │457│556│649│ ·7│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │83 │ │ │ │ │ ” 26│29·│29·│29·│-37│-26│-46│.. │.. │.. │.. │70 │2·9│..│ 3│..│ .. │ │593│540│512│ ·5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 1 │ │ │ │ │ ” 27│29·│29·│29·│-37│-33│-43│.. │.. │ W │NW │110│4·5│ 1│..│..│ .. │ │520│564│687│ ·5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 8 │ │ │ │ │ ” 28│29·│29·│30·│-39│-35│-46│.. │ W │ W │NW │140│5·8│..│..│ 4│.. │55” ice │934│992│005│ ·1│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 3 │ │ │ │ │ in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 29│30·│29·│29·│-39│-36│-45│.. │ W │ W │.. │100│4·1│..│..│..│ .. │ │004│978│946│ ·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 7 │ │ │ │ │ │Average│29·│-27│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │932│ ·0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │High, │30·│ │ 7│-46│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │710│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Low, │29·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │032│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ March 1│29·│29·│29·│-38│-30│-46│.. │.. │NE │NE │80 │3·3│..│..│..│Fullerto│ │793│680│658│ ·4│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ n. │ ” 2│29·│29·│29·│-46│-40│-52│.. │ W │ W │ W │210│8·7│ .│ .│..│.. │Mercury │691│700│710│ ·5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ frozen │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ at │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ -50° ” 3│29·│29·│29·│-40│-32│ │.. │ W │ W │ W │650│27·│ .│ .│..│ .. │ │725│642│681│ ·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │85 │ │ │ │ │ 4│29·│29·│29·│-35│-35│-40│.. │ W │ W │ W │345│14·│ .│ .│..│ .. │Aurora. │738│718│730│ ·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │95 │ │ │ │ │ ” 5│29·│29·│29·│-33│-26│-41│.. │ W │ W │ W │185│7·7│ .│ .│..│ .. │ │828│966│953│ ·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 6│30·│30·│30·│-7·│ 1│-32│.. │ E │ E │SE │190│7·9│10│10│10│ .. │ │115│135│124│ 4│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 7│30·│30·│30·│ 0·│ 5│ -3│.. │SE │SE │SE │210│8·6│10│10│10│.. │58” ice │080│099│015│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 8│30·│30·│30·│-27│ -2│-34│.. │NE │ N │ N │440│18·│..│..│..│ .. │ │062│210│324│ ·1│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │35 │ │ │ │ │ ” 9│30·│30·│30·│-26│-13│-38│.. │ W │ W │ W │100│4·1│..│..│..│ .. │Aurora. │432│557│606│ ·4│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 8 │ │ │ │ │ ” 10│30·│30·│30·│-24│-13│-35│.. │ W │ W │.. │30 │1·2│..│..│..│ .. │ ” │758│767│804│ ·5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ ” 11│30·│30·│30·│-18│ -4│-32│.. │ W │.. │.. │10 │·42│..│..│ 1│ .. │ ” │733│825│835│ ·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 12│30·│30·│30·│-9·│ -3│-23│.. │.. │.. │.. │ 0 │ 0 │..│..│10│ .. │ │777│760│738│ 8│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 13│30·│30·│30·│-10│ 1│-19│.. │.. │ W │.. │15 │·62│ 4│ 6│..│.. │62” ice │630│614│628│ ·7│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 14│30·│30·│30·│-12│ -2│-25│.. │ W │.. │.. │ 5 │·28│..│..│..│ .. │ │655│583│613│ ·8│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 15│30·│30·│30·│-12│ -9│-17│.. │.. │SW │SW │45 │1·8│..│ 4│ 4│ .. │ │444│381│312│ ·4│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 16│30·│30·│30·│-8·│ -1│-19│.. │.. │NE │NNE│105│4·3│ 8│..│..│ .. │ │071│101│177│ 8│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 7 │ │ │ │ │ ” 17│30·│ ..│30·│-15│ 1│-26│.. │NNE│.. │ W │50 │2·0│..│..│ 1│ .. │ │142│ │010│ ·8│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 8 │ │ │ │ │ ” 18│29·│29·│29·│-22│-10│-33│.. │ W │.. │ W │45 │1·8│..│..│..│ .. │ │824│760│752│ ·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 19│29·│29·│29·│-26│-15│-34│.. │ W │ W │ W │235│9·8│ 5│ 3│..│ .. │ │614│564│648│ ·3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 20│29·│29·│30·│-28│-23│-38│.. │ W │NW │ W │350│15·│..│..│..│ .. │ │688│821│002│ ·6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 21│30·│30·│30·│-19│ -8│-36│.. │.. │ N │NE │120│5· │..│..│ 2│.. │64” ice │224│240│282│ ·6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 22│30·│29·│29·│-2·│ 4│-20│.. │ N │NE │NE │200│8·3│..│ 7│..│ .. │ │008│910│857│ 8│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 6 │ │ │ │ │ ” 23│29·│29·│29·│-8·│ -2│-16│.. │NE │NE │.. │250│9·1│..│..│ 3│ .. │ │807│847│907│ 7│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 7 │ │ │ │ │ ” 24│30·│30·│30·│-26│-11│-34│.. │NE │NW │NW │200│8·3│..│..│ 1│ .. │ │049│200│330│ ·8│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 6 │ │ │ │ │ ” 25│30·│30·│30·│-29│-20│-40│.. │SW │NE │NW │150│6·2│10│..│..│ .. │ │146│041│031│ ·6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ ” 26│29·│29·│29·│-26│-17│-41│.. │NW │NW │ W │200│8·3│..│..│ 3│ .. │Aurora. │882│822│771│ ·7│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 6 │ │ │ │ │ ” 27│29·│29·│29·│-18│-10│-41│.. │ E │SE │NW │245│10·│ 8│ 5│ 3│ .. │ │369│369│208│ ·4│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 2 │ │ │ │ │ ” 28│29·│29·│29·│-21│-14│-29│.. │ W │ W │ W │145│6·4│..│..│ 2│.. │68” ice │327│361│505│ ·7│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 29│29·│29·│29·│-26│-15│-37│.. │ W │ W │ E │80 │3·3│..│..│ 1│ .. │ │646│668│731│ ·6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 30│29·│29·│29·│-9·│ 2│-32│.. │ E │ E │ E │110│4·5│ 8│ 8│10│ .. │ │770│772│831│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 31│29·│29·│30·│-7·│ 1│-16│.. │NE │ E │ N │330│13·│10│..│..│ .. │ │716│824│120│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ │Average│30·│-20│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │, │036│ ·6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │High, │30·│ │ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │835│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Low, │29·│ │ │-53│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │176│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ April 1│30·│30·│30·│-14│ -2│-30│.. │ W │ W │SW │30 │1·2│..│..│ 6│Fullerto│ │474│469│361│ ·6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ n. │ ” 2│30·│29·│29·│4·0│ 8│ -9│.. │SW │ S │SE │290│12·│ 9│ 9│10│ .. │ │102│968│556│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │00 │ │ │ │ │ ” 3│29·│29·│29·│ 14│ 18│ 7│.. │.. │ E │NW │150│6·2│..│10│10│ .. │ │354│262│096│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ April 4│29·│29·│29·│-13│ 18│-18│.. │NW │NW │NW │665│27·│..│..│..│Fullerto│70” ice │602│781│963│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 7 │ │ │ │ n. │ in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 5│30·│30·│30·│-10│ 2│-18│.. │ W │ W │ W │290│12·│..│..│..│ .. │Aurora. │170│227│219│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 9 │ │ │ │ │ ” 6│30·│30·│30·│-1·│ 9│-10│.. │.. │.. │.. │20 │0·8│..│..│ 5│ .. │ │267│387│244│ 7│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 3 │ │ │ │ │ ” 7│30·│30·│30·│1·3│ 11│ -8│.. │ W │ W │ W │130│5·4│10│..│..│ .. │ ” │115│169│177│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 2 │ │ │ │ │ ” 8│30·│30·│30·│ 3│ 16│-11│.. │ W │.. │ E │208│8·6│ 8│ 4│ 9│ .. │ │227│252│244│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 6 │ │ │ │ │ ” 9│30·│30·│30·│ 4│ 7│ -2│.. │NE │ E │ E │307│12·│10│10│10│ .. │ │329│166│154│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 8 │ │ │ │ │ ” 10│30·│30·│30·│ -2│ 5│ -5│.. │ E │NE │NE │388│16·│ 5│ 2│ 1│ .. │ │141│131│223│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 2 │ │ │ │ │ ” 11│30·│30·│30·│3·3│ 12│ -9│.. │.. │NE │.. │144│6·0│10│ 3│..│.. │71” ice │223│194│261│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 12│30·│30·│30·│5·3│19·│-20│.. │ N │.. │NW │69 │2·9│..│..│..│ .. │ │275│307│352│ │ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 13│30·│30·│30·│8·3│ 26│-11│.. │NW │.. │.. │ 6 │0·2│..│..│..│ .. │ │296│287│331│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ ” 14│30·│30·│30·│7·6│ 25│ -9│.. │ W │ W │NW │128│5·3│..│ 1│..│ .. │ │375│342│363│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 3 │ │ │ │ │ ” 15│30·│29·│29·│8·3│ 14│ -2│.. │ W │ W │SW │281│11·│10│10│10│ .. │ │100│897│526│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 7 │ │ │ │ │ ” 16│29·│29·│29·│11·│ 16│ -4│.. │ N │ N │ N │280│11·│10│10│ 1│ .. │ │355│462│603│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │66 │ │ │ │ │ ” 17│29·│29·│30·│5·6│ 12│ -9│.. │ N │ N │ N │299│12·│ 3│ 5│..│ .. │ │723│847│186│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │46 │ │ │ │ │ ” 18│30·│30·│30·│8·3│ 21│-10│.. │ N │ N │NW │123│5·2│ 6│ 5│ 5│.. │73” ice │232│121│129│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 1 │ │ │ │ │ in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 19│29·│29·│29·│10·│ 17│-10│.. │ W │SW │ W │237│9·8│ 5│ 9│..│ .. │ │952│935│742│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 7 │ │ │ │ │ ” 20│29·│30·│30·│5·0│ 12│ -2│.. │NE │NE │NE │290│12·│..│..│..│ .. │ │914│031│149│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │09 │ │ │ │ │ ” 21│30·│30·│30·│7·3│ 13│-11│.. │NE │ E │SE │238│9·8│ 2│ 9│10│ .. │ │198│123│002│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 7 │ │ │ │ │ ” 22│29·│30·│30·│11·│ 16│ 5│.. │NE │NE │NE │312│13·│10│10│ 6│ .. │ │948│027│070│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 0 │ │ │ │ │ ” 23│30·│30·│30·│8·6│ 19│ -9│.. │.. │NE │.. │90 │3·7│..│..│..│ .. │ │244│312│364│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ ” 24│30·│30·│29·│12·│ 18│-13│.. │ W │SW │SW │260│10·│10│10│10│ .. │ │316│112│915│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 8 │ │ │ │ │ ” 25│30·│30·│30·│13·│ 19│ 2│.. │NE │NE │ E │230│9·5│..│ 9│10│.. │74” ice │166│202│172│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 8 │ │ │ │ │ in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 26│30·│30·│30·│17·│ 20│ 11│.. │NE │ E │ E │400│16·│10│10│10│ .. │ │112│058│056│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 6 │ │ │ │ │ ” 27│29·│29·│29·│20·│ 28│ 15│.. │SE │SE │.. │450│18·│10│10│..│ .. │ │811│596│534│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │75 │ │ │ │ │ ” 28│29·│29·│29·│23·│ 30│ 19│.. │ W │ W │ W │380│15·│10│ 9│ 1│.. │Ptarmiga │444│496│712│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 8 │ │ │ │ │ n │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ first │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ seen. ” 29│30·│30·│30·│15·│ 20│ ..│.. │NE │ E │ E │248│10·│ 6│10│10│ .. │ │078│128│143│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 3 │ │ │ │ │ ” 30│29·│29·│29·│25·│ 31│ 13│.. │ E │SE │SE │510│21·│ 4│10│10│ .. │ │941│778│650│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │25 │ │ │ │ │ │Average│30·│7·1│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │, │101│ 7│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │High, │30·│ │ 31│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │474│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Low, │29·│ │ │-30│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │096│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ May 1│29·│30·│30·│22·│ 30│ 8│.. │NW │NW │NW │283│11·│ 1│ 3│10│Fullerto│ │940│017│077│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 8 │ │ │ │ n. │ ” 2│30·│30·│30·│21·│ 30│ 14│.. │SW │ W │ W │385│16·│10│10│..│.. │74” ice │081│015│066│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 0 │ │ │ │ │ in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 3│30·│30·│30·│7·3│ 15│ -3│.. │NW │NW │NW │427│17·│..│..│..│ .. │ │149│176│143│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 8 │ │ │ │ │ ” 4│30·│30·│30·│12·│ 20│ -7│.. │.. │NW │ W │255│10·│..│..│10│ .. │ │164│219│226│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │62 │ │ │ │ │ ” 5│30·│30·│30·│21·│ 31│ 9│.. │NW │.. │NE │202│8·4│ 9│10│10│ .. │ │177│177│117│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 2 │ │ │ │ │ ” 6│29·│29·│29·│18·│ 20│ 14│.. │NE │NE │NE │386│16·│10│10│10│.. │Solar │965│825│632│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │08 │ │ │ │ │ corona │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ , 4.30 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ p.m. ” 7│29·│29·│29·│20·│ 23│ 16│.. │NE │NE │ N │654│27·│10│10│10│ .. │ │444│479│552│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │25 │ │ │ │ │ ” 8│29·│29·│29·│11·│ 19│ 10│.. │ N │ N │NW │660│27·│10│10│10│.. │70½” ice │626│630│656│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 9│29·│29·│29·│14·│ 19│ 9│.. │NW │ W │NW │480│20·│10│10│10│ .. │ │577│548│558│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 0 │ │ │ │ │ ” 10│29·│29·│30·│11·│ 15│ 0│.. │ W │ W │ W │745│31·│..│ 9│10│ .. │ │813│974│121│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │04 │ │ │ │ │ ” 11│30·│30·│30·│13·│ 15│ 7│.. │ W │.. │ W │305│12·│10│10│10│ .. │ │226│276│226│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 7 │ │ │ │ │ ” 12│30·│30·│30·│18·│ 28│ 14│.. │ W │ W │ W │236│9·8│10│ 2│ 3│ .. │ │149│106│050│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 3 │ │ │ │ │ ” 13│30·│30·│29·│12·│ 19│ 4│.. │ W │ W │ W │264│11·│ 9│ 8│..│ .. │ │103│005│946│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 0 │ │ │ │ │ ” 14│29·│29·│29·│13·│ 22│ -2│.. │.. │ W │ W │130│5·4│..│..│10│ .. │ │867│838│890│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 15│30·│30·│30·│26·│ 37│ 5│.. │.. │.. │ N │50 │2·0│..│..│10│ .. │ │020│045│154│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 8 │ │ │ │ │ ” 16│30·│30·│30·│18·│ 24│ 3│.. │NE │ E │ E │140│5·8│..│ 1│10│.. │71½” ice │296│347│378│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 3 │ │ │ │ │ in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 17│30·│30·│29·│23·│ 27│ 9│.. │ E │ E │SE │510│21·│10│10│10│ .. │ │277│130│978│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │25 │ │ │ │ │ ” 18│29·│29·│29·│27·│ 34│ 22│.. │ S │SW │ W │370│15·│10│ 3│ 2│ .. │ │891│832│895│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │41 │ │ │ │ │ ” 19│30·│30·│30·│31·│ 40│ 14│.. │.. │ E │NE │165│6·8│10│10│10│.. │Gulls, │062│164│126│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 7 │ │ │ │ │ geese │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ & │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ shore │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ larks │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ first │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ seen. ” 20│30·│30·│29·│24·│ 31│ 16│.. │ E │.. │SW │155│6·4│10│10│10│.. │Hawk │145│067│973│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ first │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ seen. ” 21│29·│29·│29·│30·│ 32│ 25│.. │SW │SW │SW │270│11·│10│10│10│ .. │ │686│546│410│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │25 │ │ │ │ │ ” 22│29·│28·│28·│31·│ 33│ 29│.. │ S │ S │ W │370│15·│..│..│10│ .. │ │076│925│942│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │41 │ │ │ │ │ ” 23│28·│29·│29·│29·│ 38│ 23│.. │SW │NE │ N │360│15·│..│10│ 5│.. │75 in. │994│105│123│ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 0 │ │ │ │ │ ice in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 24│29·│29·│29·│19·│ 23│11·│.. │NW │NW │ W │650│27·│..│ 6│10│ .. │ │184│143│141│ 3│ │ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ 1 │ │ │ │ │ ” 25│29·│29·│29·│20·│ 22│ 17│.. │SW │SW │SW │400│16·│..│10│10│ .. │ │182│252│370│ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 6 │ │ │ │ │ ” 26│29·│29·│29·│23·│ 24│ 15│.. │.. │ S │SW │150│6·2│10│10│10│ .. │ │412│459│514│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ ” 27│ ..│29·│29·│27·│ 32│ 22│.. │ S │ E │.. │150│6·2│10│10│10│ .. │ │ │523│568│ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ ” 28│29·│29·│29·│28·│ 31│ 15│.. │NE │ E │NE │320│13·│10│10│10│ .. │ │532│543│569│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 3 │ │ │ │ │ ” 29│29·│29·│29·│31·│ 38│ 23│.. │.. │.. │ W │32 │1·3│ 9│ 4│ 2│.. │Fresh │658│688│718│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 3 │ │ │ │ │ water, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ pools │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ open. ” 30│29·│29·│29·│29·│ 31│ 16│.. │.. │ E │ E │88 │3·6│10│10│10│.. │72 in. │765│822│775│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 6 │ │ │ │ │ ice in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 31│29·│29·│29·│30·│ 35│ 22│.. │.. │SE │ E │90 │3·7│ 9│10│10│.. │Snow │815│836│848│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ geese │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ seen. │Average│29·│21·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │, │802│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │High, │30·│ │ 40│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │378│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Low, │28·│ │ │ -7│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │925│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ June 1│29·│29·│29·│28·│ 34│ 24│29·│NE │NNE│ N │340│14·│10│10│10│Fullerto│Snow. │740│673│676│ 6│ │ │ 2 │ │ │ │ │17 │ │ │ │ n. │ ” 2│29·│29·│29·│35·│ 44│ 29│29·│NNW│ N │.. │225│9·3│ 7│ 5│ 5│ .. │ │838│911│978│ 6│ │ │ 6 │ │ │ │ │ 7 │ │ │ │ │ ” 3│30·│30·│30·│32·│ 37│ 29│29·│NNE│NE │NE │125│5·2│10│10│ 9│ .. │ │110│137│433│ 5│ │ │ 7 │ │ │ │ │ 1 │ │ │ │ │ ” 4│30·│30·│30·│33·│ 38│ 21│29·│ E │.. │SE │60 │2·5│10│ 1│ 8│ .. │Snow. │273│525│377│ 3│ │ │ 9 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 5│29·│29·│29·│29·│ 47│ 25│29·│ S │ S │.. │370│15·│10│10│10│ .. │ │992│968│883│ 3│ │ │ 9 │ │ │ │ │42 │ │ │ │ │ ” 6│29·│ ..│30·│35·│ 47│ 25│29·│NE │.. │.. │25 │1·0│ 9│ 5│ 2│.. │70” ice │994│ │070│ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 4 │ │ │ │ │ in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 7│29·│29·│29·│29·│ 33│ 20│29·│SE │ S │ S │405│16·│10│10│10│ .. │Rain. │820│780│473│ 8│ │ │ 3 │ │ │ │ │ 9 │ │ │ │ │ Fog. ” 8│29·│29·│29·│37·│ 38│ 31│29·│ N │ N │SW │395│15·│..│ 5│ 4│ .. │Snow. │707│839│962│ 5│ │ │ 8 │ │ │ │ │62 │ │ │ │ │ ” 9│30·│30·│30·│34·│ 37│ 28│.. │SW │ S │ S │250│10·│ 3│ 9│ 9│ .. │ ” │176│212│186│ 8│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 4 │ │ │ │ │ ” 10│30·│30·│30·│35·│ 42│ 28│29·│ S │ E │ E │285│11·│ 5│..│ 4│ .. │ │100│176│213│ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ 9 │ │ │ │ │ ” 11│30·│30·│30·│33·│ 46│ 29│29·│ E │ E │ E │520│21·│10│10│10│ .. │Rain. │164│110│045│ 6│ │ │ 7 │ │ │ │ │66 │ │ │ │ │ ” 12│29·│29·│29·│32·│ 36│ 29│29·│NE │NE │.. │735│30·│ 4│10│10│ .. │ ” │938│952│921│ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │62 │ │ │ │ │ ” 13│29·│29·│29·│30·│ 32│ 27│29·│NNE│NE │NE │695│28·│10│10│10│.. │66” in │712│631│606│ 3│ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │96 │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 14│29·│29·│29·│30·│ 37│ 28│29·│NNE│NNE│ N │340│16·│10│ 8│ 6│.. │Anemomet │590│556│621│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 1 │ │ │ │ │ er │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ readin │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ g for │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 21 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ hours. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Sleet. ” 15│29·│29·│29·│34·│ 38│ 28│29·│ N │ N │NNE│225│9·3│ 5│ 4│ 6│ .. │ │729│752│810│ 2│ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ 7 │ │ │ │ │ ” 16│29·│29·│30·│36·│ 42│ 28│29·│ N │ N │.. │105│4·3│ 4│..│10│ .. │ │845│912│211│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 7 │ │ │ │ │ ” 17│30·│30·│30·│35·│ 46│ 29│29·│SW │SW │SSW│50 │2·0│10│ 8│..│ .. │Rain and │081│095│089│ 6│ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ 9 │ │ │ │ │ Sleet. ” 18│30·│29·│29·│31·│ 35│ 27│29·│ S │ S │ S │245│10·│10│10│10│ .. │ │614│868│810│ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │21 │ │ │ │ │ ” 19│29·│29·│29·│36·│ 49│ 32│29·│SW │SW │NW │325│13·│ 7│ 5│ 4│.. │58” ice │713│704│666│ 3│ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │54 │ │ │ │ │ in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 20│29·│29·│29·│49·│ 60│ 30│30·│ W │ W │NW │350│14·│ 4│ 3│ 3│ .. │ │679│678│729│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 6 │ │ │ │ │ ” 21│29·│29·│29·│54·│ 63│ 34│30·│ W │ W │ W │100│4·1│ 4│ 6│ 4│ .. │Rain. │753│753│746│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 6 │ │ │ │ │ ” 22│29·│29·│29·│43·│ 46│ 32│29·│.. │.. │NW │205│8·5│10│..│ 8│ .. │ │724│616│725│ 6│ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ 4 │ │ │ │ │ ” 23│29·│29·│29·│42·│ 50│ 31│30·│NNE│NNE│ E │275│11·│ 3│ 3│ 3│ .. │ │729│750│837│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │46 │ │ │ │ │ ” 24│30·│30·│30·│40·│ 48│ 29│30·│ E │ E │SE │85 │3·5│ 6│ 6│ 9│Fullerto│ │219│419│438│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 4 │ │ │ │ n │ ” 25│29·│29·│ ..│37·│ 41│ 33│29·│.. │.. │SSE│115│4·8│ 6│..│10│.. │Fog. │897│810│ │ 5│ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ (high) │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ . │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Rain. ” 26│29·│29·│29·│41·│ 48│ 33│31·│ W │ W │NW │100│4·1│ 4│ 9│ 3│ .. │ │793│720│715│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 6 │ │ │ │ │ ” 27│29·│29·│29·│43·│ 47│ 34│30·│NE │NE │ N │165│6·9│ 3│ 2│ 5│.. │45” ice │669│619│698│ 3│ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. ” 28│29·│29·│29·│42·│ 44│ 36│30·│NW │ N │ N │185│7·7│ 8│ 8│ 3│ .. │ │723│619│637│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 29│29·│ ..│29·│42·│ 43│ 36│30·│ N │.. │ N │130│5·4│ 2│..│ 3│ .. │ │679│ │915│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 30│29·│29·│30·│44·│ 49│ 33│31·│ W │NW │ W │170│7·8│..│..│..│ .. │ │936│957│021│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Average│29·│37·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │, │894│ 4│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │High, │30·│ │ 63│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │614│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Low, │29·│ │ │ 20│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │473│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ July 1│30·│29·│29·│45·│ 48│ 33│31·│ W │ W │ W │160│6·6│ 1│ 1│ 3│Fullerto│ │015│866│965│ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ n │ ” 2│30·│30·│30·│46·│ 51│ 32│30·│ S │SW │ W │80 │3·3│ 2│ 1│ 4│ ” │ │522│506│453│ 3│ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 3│30·│30·│30·│44·│ 57│ 34│31·│ E │ E │.. │90 │3·7│ 1│ 3│..│ ” │ │013│029│448│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ ” 4│29·│29·│29·│46·│ 52│ 34│31·│.. │NW │NE │140│5·8│ 5│ 6│ 3│ ” │22” to │926│821│671│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 3 │ │ │ │ │ 45” │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ice in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Mirage │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ . ” 5│29·│29·│29·│43·│ 51│ 38│31·│NE │ E │.. │165│6·8│ 3│ 4│ 3│ ” │ │678│684│718│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 7 │ │ │ │ │ ” 6│29·│29·│29·│40·│ 47│ 33│31·│ E │ E │ E │100│4·1│ 4│ 5│ 5│ ” │Rain. │758│774│740│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 6 │ │ │ │ │ ” 7│29·│29·│29·│33·│ 38│ 32│31·│ E │SE │ S │205│8·5│ 9│10│10│ ” │ ” │768│772│710│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 4 │ │ │ │ │ ” 8│29·│29·│29·│35·│ 37│ 32│31·│SE │SE │SE │190│7·9│10│10│10│ ” │Fog. │713│769│597│ 6│ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 9│29·│29·│29·│42·│ 43│ 34│32·│NE │NE │NE │160│6·6│10│ 9│10│ ” │Rain. │417│309│322│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 10│29·│29·│29·│42·│ 46│ 36│31·│NE │ N │NE │160│6·6│10│10│10│ ” │ ” │211│152│197│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 11│29·│29·│29·│37·│ 41│ 35│31·│ E │.. │.. │180│7·5│10│10│10│” │30” ice │220│727│341│ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ in │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ harbou │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Rain. ” 12│ ..│29·│29·│41·│ 47│ 33│31·│ N │.. │ E │300│12·│ 5│..│10│ ” │Showers. │ │561│867│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ ” 13│29·│29·│29·│40·│ 42│ 31│31·│ E │ E │ E │230│9·5│10│10│10│ ” │ │492│504│447│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 14│29·│29·│29·│39·│ 43│ 33│32·│ E │ E │NE │.. │.. │ 9│ 4│ 3│ ” │ │406│467│512│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 15│29·│ ..│29·│39·│ 42│ 33│32·│ S │SW │ S │.. │.. │ 9│ 5│ 6│ ” │ │514│ │543│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 16│29·│29·│29·│41·│ 46│ 34│31·│SW │SW │.. │.. │.. │ 4│..│ 4│ ” │ │629│717│745│ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 17│29·│29·│29·│48·│ 50│ 31│32·│.. │.. │.. │.. │.. │ 2│..│ 2│ ” │ │814│803│779│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 18│29·│29·│29·│47·│ 52│ 34│35·│NNW│.. │ N │.. │.. │ 2│ 2│ 2│Southamp│ │733│715│686│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ton I.│ ” 19│29·│29·│29·│44·│ 47│ 35│34·│NNE│NNE│ N │.. │.. │ 3│..│ 3│Fisher │ │615│528│630│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ strait│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ . │ ” 20│29·│29·│29·│39·│ 43│ 34│30·│ N │ N │.. │.. │.. │ 6│ 3│..│Digges │In ice. │679│566│422│ │ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ island│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ . │ ” 21│29·│29·│29·│34·│ 38│ 31│32·│.. │WSW│SW │.. │.. │10│10│10│ ” │ ” │393│467│570│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 22│29·│29·│29·│41·│ 54│ 37│.. │ W │SW │ S │.. │.. │ 5│ 3│10│ .. │ ” │480│480│445│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 23│29·│29·│29·│39·│ 46│ 34│.. │ S │NW │NW │.. │.. │ 9│ 6│ 4│ .. │Showers. │414│478│441│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 24│29·│29·│29·│36·│ 39│ 36│.. │NW │ N │NW │.. │.. │10│ 8│10│ .. │Rain and │655│729│747│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ fog. ” 25│29·│30·│ ..│39·│ 43│ 31│36·│WNW│WNW│.. │.. │.. │ 1│..│..│Port │ │879│418│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Burwel│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ l. │ ” 26│30·│ ..│29·│49·│ 64│ 39│37·│.. │.. │.. │.. │.. │..│..│..│ ” │ │422│ │815│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 27│29·│ ..│29·│66·│ 72│ 42│37·│.. │.. │.. │.. │.. │..│..│..│ ” │ │797│ │703│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 28│29·│29·│29·│54·│ 68│ 47│36·│.. │.. │.. │.. │.. │ 8│ 9│..│ ” │Showers. │672│649│650│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ July 29│29·│29·│29·│45·│ 53│ 39│36·│SW │ W │.. │.. │.. │10│ 7│ 3│Port │Rain. │751│773│810│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Burwel│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ l. │ ” 30│29·│29·│29·│46·│ 46│ 36│35·│NE │NE │ N │.. │.. │10│10│10│ ” │ ” │572│495│522│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 31│ ..│29·│29·│48·│ 60│ 36│35·│.. │ N │NW │.. │.. │ 4│ 3│ 4│ ” │ ” │ │567│406│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Average│29·│43·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │, │683│ 07│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │High, │30·│ │ 72│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │522│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Low, │29·│ │ │ 31│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │152│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Aug. 1│29·│29·│29·│44·│ 50│ 42│.. │ S │ S │.. │.. │.. │10│10│10│ │ │327│428│506│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 2│29·│29·│29·│42·│ 47│ 35│36·│.. │ S │ S │.. │.. │ 5│ 5│ 5│Resoluti│ │526│521│568│ 3│ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ on │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Isd. │ ” 3│ ..│29·│29·│38·│ 42│ 27│33·│SE │SE │.. │.. │.. │..│ 5│..│ │ │ │771│820│ 5│ │ │ 0 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 4│29·│29·│29·│39·│ 42│ 35│37·│.. │.. │.. │.. │.. │ *│ *│..│ │ │896│895│910│ 0│ │ │ 0 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 5│29·│29·│29·│41·│ 42│ 32│.. │.. │.. │.. │.. │.. │ *│ *│ 7│ │ │930│929│926│ 0│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 6│29·│29·│29·│40·│ 48│ 34│40·│.. │.. │.. │.. │.. │ *│ *│..│Off │ │924│934│940│ 3│ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Disko,│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Greenl│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ and. │ ” 7│29·│ ..│29·│42·│ 45│ 30│40·│.. │.. │.. │.. │.. │..│..│..│Devils │ │951│ │433│ 5│ │ │ 0 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Thumb.│ ” 8│ ..│29·│29·│39·│ 43│ 25│34·│SW │SW │SW │.. │.. │10│10│10│N. of │Rain. │ │892│935│ 0│ │ │ 0 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Cape │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ York │ ” 9│30·│29·│30·│47·│ 53│ ..│36·│WSW│WSW│WSW│.. │.. │..│ 4│..│Parkers │ │001│995│009│ 0│ │ │ 0 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Snow │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ bay. │ ” 10│ ..│29·│29·│46·│ 53│ 38│36·│.. │.. │.. │.. │.. │..│..│..│Englefie│ │ │912│917│ 5│ │ │ 0 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ld’s │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ gulf. │ ” 11│29·│29·│29·│36·│ 43│ 31│38·│.. │.. │.. │.. │.. │..│..│ 5│Cape │ │929│928│877│ 3│ │ │ 0 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Sabin.│ ” 12│29·│29·│29·│39·│ 42│ 23│36·│.. │.. │.. │.. │.. │10│10│10│Lancaste│ │684│618│554│ 3│ │ │ 0 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ r │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Sound.│ ” 13│29·│ ..│29·│42·│ 50│ 34│37·│.. │.. │.. │.. │.. │10│10│10│Cuming │ │442│ │424│ 3│ │ │ 0 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Creek.│ ” 14│29·│29·│29·│40·│ 47│ 37│35·│Strong │.. │.. │.. │10│10│10│ ” │ │136│215│343│ 0│ │ │ 0 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” │ ” 15│ ..│ ..│ ..│ ..│ 48│ 30│32·│Moderat│.. │.. │.. │..│..│..│Beechey │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 0 │ ing │ │ │ │ │ │ │ island│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ . │ ” 16│29·│29·│29·│40·│ 43│ 36│32·│ Gale │SW │.. │.. │..│..│..│Pt. │ │457│592│687│ 0│ │ │ 0 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Leopol│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ d. │ ” 17│29·│29·│29·│34·│ 40│ 30│32·│SW │SW │SW │.. │.. │ 5│ 7│ 8│Prince │Fog. │758│770│832│ 3│ │ │ 0 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Regent│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ s │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ inlet.│ ” 18│30·│30·│30·│37·│ 39│ 30│32·│Various│.. │.. │.. │..│ 2│..│Byan │Rigging │001│032│023│ 6│ │ │ 0 │ . │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Martin│ coated │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Is. │ with │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ice. ” 19│ ..│29·│29·│37·│ 44│ 30│36·│Various│.. │.. │.. │..│10│10│Ponds │ │ │996│881│ 6│ │ │ 0 │ . │ │ │ │ │ │ │ inlet.│ ” 20│29·│29·│29·│43·│ 48│ 35│34·│Various│.. │.. │.. │10│10│10│ ” │ │881│838│749│ 6│ │ │ 0 │to gale│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 21│ ..│29·│ ..│43·│ 48│ 35│32·│.. │.. │.. │.. │.. │..│10│10│ ” │Fog. │ │693│ │ 0│ │ │ 0 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 22│29·│29·│29·│35·│ 38│ 32│32·│.. │.. │.. │.. │.. │ *│ *│..│ ” │ │773│772│777│ 0│ │ │ 0 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 23│29·│29·│29·│32·│ 37│ 27│32·│ E │.. │.. │.. │.. │..│..│..│ ” │Snowstor │771│694│640│ 6│ │ │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ m. ” 24│29·│29·│29·│35·│ 39│ 25│31·│ N │.. │.. │.. │.. │ 5│ 8│ 8│ ” │ │720│735│754│ 3│ │ │ 0 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 25│29·│29·│29·│38·│ 42│ 29│34·│.. │.. │.. │.. │.. │ 2│ 3│..│ ” │ │701│709│756│ 0│ │ │ 0 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ” 26│29·│29·│29·│36·│ 42│ 21│36·│.. │.. │ S │.. │.. │..│10│10│ ” │Rain and │837│813│811│ 6│ │ │ 0 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ fog. ” 27│29·│29·│ ..│34·│ 35│ 31│.. │NNW│ N │ N │.. │.. │10│ 9│10│ ” │Fog. │717│680│ │ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Average│29·│38·│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │, │475│ 02│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │High, │30·│ │ 53│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │032│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Low, │29·│ │ │ 21│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │136│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │

Key to symbols: * Fog. ‡ Partly.

APPENDIX II.

LIST OF BIRDS AND EGGS IDENTIFIED OR COLLECTED ON THE VOYAGE OF THE ‘NEPTUNE’ TO HUDSON BAY AND NORTHWARD.

Skins and eggs of a large number of the following species were collected and preserved by Mr. Andrew Halkett, naturalist to the expedition. He has been assisted in the identification by Prof. Macoun and the Rev. Mr. Eifrig.

The notes on the distribution, etc., are supplied by Mr. Low.

_Gavia arcticus_ (Linn.).—Black-throated Loon.

Skins and eggs collected at Fullerton and Southampton island, Hudson bay. Very common in the waters of Roes Welcome, especially on the east side along Southampton island. Seen in the bays of Baffin island. Breeds abundantly on Southampton; nests built on islands or along the swampy edges of ponds not far from the coast. Feeds in the sea.

_Gavia lumme_ (Gunn.).—Red-throated Loon.

Common along the shores and islands of Hudson bay and Hudson strait, to the northward of James bay. Seen on the north coast of Greenland and in all the northern waters. Breeds on islands or shores of ponds, not far from coast. Feeds in the sea and fresh water. Skins and eggs from Fullerton and Southampton.

_Cepphus mandtii_ (Licht.).—Mandt Guillemot.

Common everywhere in Hudson Bay and in smaller numbers northward. Breeds on islands under large broken rocks, usually talus, at the bottom of cliffs. Skins and eggs collected at Fullerton and obtained at Cape Chidley.

_Uria lomvia_ (Linn.).—Brunnich Murre.

Common everywhere in the north where the coasts are sufficiently high to afford nesting places. Not common in the northwest part of Hudson Bay, owing to the low shores. Seen in numbers at the mouth of Fox channel and in Hudson strait. Plentiful on the Greenland coast as far north as Smith sound. Common along Ellesmere and North Devon and southward along east coast of Baffin. Breeds in great numbers at Cape Wolstenholme, Digges islands and other places in Hudson strait. Remains in the open water of Hudson bay throughout the winter, numbers having been killed at that time at Fullerton. Skins and eggs, the latter from Cape Chidley.

_Alle alle_ (Linn.).—Dovekie.

Not common in Hudson bay or strait. Found there in the winter, but rarely seen in the summer. Very abundant along the north Greenland coast, less so along the western side of Baffin bay. Seen in Lancaster sound. Eggs from Cary island in Smith sound.

_Megalestris skua_ (Brunn.).—Skua.

Common in Davis strait and Baffin bay; also seen in the eastern part of Hudson strait. Not seen in Hudson bay.

_Stercorarius parasiticus_ (Linn.).—Parasitic Jaeger.

Common about Roes Welcome, where it preys on the Arctic terns; less common farther north. Eggs from Southampton. Nest on islands in ponds. Skins from Roes Welcome.

_Stercorarius longicaudus_, Vieill.—Long-tailed Jaeger.

Less common than the former species in Roes Welcome, and seen occasionally in the waters to the northward. Skins from Fullerton and Southampton; eggs from Southampton and Cape Chidley.

_Pagophila alba_ (Gunn.).—Ivory Gull.

Occasional birds of this species are seen in the early summer among the heavy ice on the Atlantic coast of Labrador and in Hudson strait. A specimen of the young in full plumage was shot at Fullerton in the end of September.

_Rissa tridactyla_ (Linn.).—Kittiwake.

Not very common in the northern part of Hudson bay or elsewhere in the north. Specimen from Fullerton.

_Larus glaucus_, Brunn.—Glaucous Gull.

The common big gull of the north. Common about Fullerton and frequently seen along the northern coasts. Skins and eggs from Fullerton and Cape Chidley.

_Larus marinus_ (Linn.).—Great Black-backed Gull.

A large colony seen on the high cliffs of Cuming creek, North Devon, and in other inaccessible places on the northern islands. Eggs from the islands off Cape Chidley.

_Larus argentatus_, Brunn.—Herring Gull.

Very common everywhere in Hudson bay; less so in the northern waters, where its place appears to be taken by the Fulmars and Skuas. Skins and eggs from Fullerton.

_Xema sabinii_ (Sab.).—Sabine Gull.

Common in Roes Welcome, about Whale point and on the Southampton side. Flies with the Arctic Terns and also builds its nest along with those birds on the small islands in the ponds of Southampton. Skins and eggs from Southampton island.

_Sterna paradisœa_, Brunn.—Arctic Tern.

Very common along both sides of Roes Welcome. Breeds on the islands along the west coast and on islands in the ponds of Southampton island.

Common in Roes Welcome, about Whale point and northward.

_Fulmarus glacialis_ (Linn.).—Fulmar.

Very common along the Atlantic coast of Labrador, especially about Cape Chidley. Common northward to Smith sound; very numerous off Hall island, on the north side of Frobisher bay.

_Harelda hyemalis_ (Linn.).—Old-squaw.

Very common in the northern parts of Hudson bay and on the Arctic islands. Breeds on the islands of the ponds. Remains in the open water of Hudson bay throughout the winter. Numbers killed at that season at Fullerton. Skins and eggs from Fullerton and Southampton.

_Somateria mollissima borealis_ (Brehm.).—Northern Eider.

A number shot along with the American Eider, in the neighbourhood of Fullerton. Skins from Fullerton.

_Somateria dresseri_, Sharpe.—American Eider.

Common everywhere in Hudson bay and to the northward, wherever small islands are found along the shores suitable for breeding. Very common on the west side of Roes Welcome, but rare on the opposite side owing to the absence of small islands fringing Southampton. Skins and eggs from Fullerton.

_Somateria spectabilis_ (Linn.).—King Eider.

Common in the northern part of Hudson bay, especially so about the limestone islands, where they breed on the islands of the numerous ponds. Do not breed on the islands like the American Eider. Very numerous on the east side of Roes Welcome. Skins and eggs from Fullerton and Southampton.

_Branta canadensis hutchinsii_ (Rich.)—Hutchins Goose.

Numerous in the spring about Fullerton. Found breeding on Southampton in end of June. Nests in swampy ground, built up of moss and grass. Skins and eggs from Southampton.

_Branta canadensis hutchinsii_ (Rich.).—Hutchins Goose.

Common about Fullerton in the spring. Breeds along with the Lesser Snow Goose on Southampton. Skins from Fullerton and Southampton.

_Olor columbianus_ (Ord.).—Whistling Swan.

Common on Southampton island, where it breeds in a large nest of moss and grass in the swampy ground about the ponds. Skins and eggs from Southampton.

_Grus canadensis_ (Linn.).—Little Brown Crane.

Several pairs seen on Southampton island. Breeds there. Skins from Southampton.

_Crymophilus fulicarius_ (Linn.).—Red Phalarope.

Very common about Fullerton and on Southampton island, breeding in swampy ground. Skins and eggs from Fullerton and Southampton.

_Tringa fusicollis_, Vieill.—White-rumped Sandpiper.

Breeds in the swampy ground about Fullerton. Skins and eggs.

_Tringa minutilla_, Vieill.—Least Sandpiper.

Found breeding about Fullerton. Skins and eggs.

_Tringa alpina pacifica_ (Coues).—Red-backed Sandpiper.

Found breeding about Fullerton. Skins and eggs.

_Ereunetes pusillus_ (Linn.).—Semipalmated Sandpiper.

Common everywhere in Hudson Bay. Skins and eggs from about Fullerton.

_Calidris arenaria_ (Linn.).—Sanderling.

Found breeding about Fullerton. Skins and eggs from Fullerton.

_Squatarola squatarola_ (Linn.).—Black-bellied Plover.

Found at Whale point, Roes Welcome, evidently breeding there.

_Arenaria interpres_ (Linn.).—Common Turnstone.

A few small flocks seen about Fullerton.

_Lagopus ruspestris_ (Gmel.).—Rock Ptarmigan.

The Rock Ptarmigan is found throughout the year in the neighbourhood of Fullerton, but only in small numbers during the winter, the main body migrating southward early in October. Thousands at that date were seen crossing Chesterfield inlet, in flocks numbering up to several hundreds. They return from the south in May, usually in pairs or small flocks. Skins from Fullerton. Eggs from Cape Chidley.

_Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis_ (Gmel.).—Rough-legged Hawk.

A few seen about Fullerton in the spring. A young bird remained on board the ‘Neptune’ for two days, coming aboard several miles off Cape Chidley, in a dense fog.

_Falco islandus_, Brunn.—White Gyrfalcon.

Seen along the highlands of the south side of Hudson strait. Skins and eggs from Cape Chidley.

_Falco peregrinus anatum_ (Bonap.).—Duck Hawk.

The Duck Hawk is more common than the Gyrfalcon, breeding on the face of steep cliffs, and making its presence known by its shrill cries. Skin from Fullerton. Eggs from Cape Chidley.

_Nyctea nyctea_ (Linn.).—Snowy Owl.

A few specimens were seen in the early spring about Fullerton. They are reported by the natives to breed inland. At Cape Dufferin on the east side of Hudson bay, upwards of thirty of these birds were caught by placing fox traps on the top of short poles, at intervals along the coast, during the southern migration of the birds in October, 1901.

_Octocoris alpestris hoyti_, Bishop.—Hoyt Horned Lark.

This species was common at Fullerton in June, feeding along with Snowflake and Longspur on the garbage about the ship. A number were caught in traps. Skins and eggs from Fullerton.

_Corvus corax principalis_, Ridgw.—Northern Raven.

The Raven is found sparingly everywhere in the north. A pair remained throughout the winter in the neighbourhood of Fullerton. Skin from Fullerton. Eggs from Cape Chidley.

_Acanthis linaria_ (Linn.).—Redpoll.

A few seen about the ship in the spring at Fullerton. Common on the east side of Hudson bay, to the northern tree-limit. Skins and eggs from Cape Chidley.

_Passerina nivalis_ (Linn.).—Snowflake.

Very common everywhere in the north. Comes from the south at the first signs of spring. Nests everywhere; nests, on grass and feathers, usually hidden beneath a large boulder. Skins and eggs from Fullerton and Cape Chidley.

_Calcarius lapponicus_ (Linn.).—Lapland Longspur.

Found everywhere along with the Snowflake. Eggs and skins from Fullerton. Nest of grass with few feathers, not hidden.

_Anthus pensilvanicus_ (Lath.)—Pipit.

The Pipit is common along the shores of Hudson bay. Skins and eggs from Fullerton.

APPENDIX III.

LIST OF PLANTS COLLECTED IN 1904 DURING THE CRUISE OF THE NEPTUNE. (_By L. E. Borden, M.D., and named by Mr. J. M. Macoun._)

The letters after the species indicate the localities at which they were collected. The localities and dates at which collections were made are shown below.

July 10, Fullerton island F. ” 28-29, Port Burwell.... D. Aug. 9, Parker Snow bay. S. ” 11, Cape Sabine..... A. ” 13, Cuming creek.... C. ” 15, Beechey island.. B. ” 20, Ponds inlet..... P. Sept. 31, Wakeham bay..... W.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━┯━━┯━━┯━━┯━━┯━━┯━━┯━━ │F.│D.│S.│A.│C.│B.│P.│W. ───────────────────────────────┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼── Ranunculus nivalis, L. │..│..│* │..│* │..│* │* ” pygmæus, Wahl │..│* │..│..│..│..│..│.. Arabis alpina, L. │..│* │..│..│..│..│..│.. Draba alpina, L. │..│..│..│* │* │* │* │.. ” Bellii, M. H. M. │..│* │..│..│..│..│* │.. ” Wahlenbergii, Hartm. │* │..│..│..│* │..│..│.. Cochlearia Groenlandica, L. │* │..│..│..│..│..│..│* Cerastium alpinum, L. │* │* │* │..│..│..│* │.. Lychnis apetala, L. │..│* │..│* │..│..│* │.. Silene acaulis, L. │* │..│* │..│..│..│..│.. Stellaria longipes, Goldie. │* │* │..│..│..│..│* │.. Astragalus alpinus, L. │..│* │..│..│..│..│* │.. Oxytropus Bellii, (Britt.) │* │..│..│..│..│..│..│.. ” leucantha, Pers. │..│..│..│..│..│..│* │.. Dryas integrifolia, Ch. & Schl.│* │* │..│..│* │* │* │.. Potentilla emarginata, Pursh. │..│* │..│..│..│..│* │.. ” maculata, Pour. │..│* │..│..│..│..│..│.. Saxifraga Aizoon, Jacq. │..│..│..│..│..│..│* │.. ” caespitosa, L. │* │..│..│..│..│..│..│.. ” cernua, L. │..│* │..│..│..│* │* │.. ” flagellaris, Willd. │..│..│..│* │..│..│..│.. ” Hirculus, L. │..│..│..│..│* │..│* │.. ” oppositifolia, L. │* │..│* │* │..│..│* │.. ” rivularis, L. │* │..│..│..│..│..│..│* ” tricuspidata, Retz. │..│..│* │..│..│..│* │.. Sedum Rhodiola, DC. │..│* │..│..│..│..│..│.. Epilobium latifolium, L. │..│* │..│..│..│..│* │.. ” spicatum, Lam. │..│* │..│..│..│..│..│.. Antennaria alpina, Gaertn. │..│* │..│..│..│..│..│.. Arnica alpina, L. │..│..│..│..│..│..│* │.. Erigeron uniflorus, L. │..│* │..│..│..│..│..│.. ” debilis, Gray. │..│* │..│..│..│..│..│.. Taraxacum ceratophorum, Lange. │..│* │..│..│..│..│..│.. Campanula uniflora, L. │..│* │..│..│..│..│* │.. Arctostaphylos alpina, Spreng. │..│* │..│..│..│..│..│.. Cassiope tetragona, Don. │* │..│..│..│..│..│* │.. Bryanthus taxifolius, Gray. │..│* │..│..│..│..│..│.. Pyrola pumila, Hook. │..│* │..│..│..│..│* │.. Vaccinium uliginosum, L. │* │* │..│..│..│..│* │.. Diapensia Lapponica, L. │..│* │..│..│..│..│..│.. Armeria vulgaris, Willd. │..│* │..│..│..│..│..│.. Pedicularis hirsuta, L. │..│..│* │..│* │..│* │.. ” flammea, L. │..│* │..│..│..│..│..│.. ” lanata, Cham. │* │..│..│..│..│..│..│.. Veronica alpina, L. │..│* │..│..│..│..│..│.. Oxyria digyna, Hill. │..│* │..│..│..│..│* │.. Polygonum viviparum, L. │..│* │..│..│..│..│* │.. Empetrum nigrum, L. │..│* │..│..│..│..│..│.. Salix anglorum, Cham. │* │* │* │..│* │..│* │.. ” herbacea, L. │..│* │..│..│..│..│..│.. ” Labradorica, Rydb. │..│* │..│..│..│..│* │.. ” reticulata, L. │..│* │..│..│..│..│* │.. ” Uva-ursi, Pursh. │..│* │..│..│..│..│..│.. Tofieldia borealis, Wahl. │..│* │..│..│..│..│..│.. Luzula campestris, DC. │..│..│* │..│..│..│..│.. Carex hyperborea, Drej. │..│* │..│..│..│..│..│.. Eriophorum capitatum, Host. │..│..│* │..│..│..│..│.. ” polystachyon, L. │* │..│* │..│* │..│* │.. ” vaginatum, L. │..│* │..│..│..│..│..│.. Alopecurus alpinus, L. │..│..│..│..│..│..│* │.. Colpodium latifolium, R. Br. │..│..│* │..│..│..│* │.. Hierochloa alpina, R. & S. │* │* │* │..│..│..│* │.. Poa arctica, R. Br. │..│* │* │..│..│..│..│.. Equisetum arvense, L. │* │..│..│..│..│..│..│* Lycopodium Selago, L. │* │..│..│..│..│..│..│* ───────────────────────────────┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──

APPENDIX IV.

NOTES ON THE FOSSIL CORALS COLLECTED BY MR. A. P. LOW AT BEECHEY ISLAND, SOUTHAMPTON ISLAND AND CAPE CHIDLEY, IN 1904. (_By Lawrence M. Lambe, F.G.S., F.R.S.C._)

BEECHEY ISLAND, LANCASTER SOUND.

_Acervularia austini_ (Salter). 1852. Sutherland’s voyage*, appendix, p. ccxxx, Strephodes? Austini, pl. 6, figs. 6, 6a.

The type specimens of this species were obtained at Cornwallis, Beechey and Griffiths islands. A number of corals in Mr. Low’s collection, from Beechey island, appear to belong to this species, judging from Salter’s description and figures and those of Houghton in the Journal of the Royal Dublin Society, vol. 1, 1856-57 (1858), p. 246, pl. X., figs. 2, 2a.

In Mr. Low’s specimens the inner structure is fairly well shown. The larger septa pass to the centre of the corallites where they are slightly twisted, and together with the arched, rather vesicular tabulæ, form a definite central area that appears at the bottom of the cups as a more or less distinct boss. The septa (averaging from thirty to forty in number) bear arched carinæ on their sides. The corallites are slightly larger than those of _A. gracilis_† (Billings), from Grand Manitoulin island, Lake Huron (Niagara group), otherwise the specimens could with equal propriety be referred to the Lake Huron species. The size of the corallites varies in _A. austini_ from about 3 to 8 mm. in diameter, in Mr. Low’s specimens up to about 10 mm. across, but in _A. gracilis_ the corallites seldom reach a diameter of 7 mm. If by a direct comparison it is found that Mr. Low’s specimens are without doubt properly referable to _A. austini_, and if it can be shown that the size of the corallites cannot be relied on as a specific character, then _A. gracilis_ may have to be regarded as identical with _A. austini_.

Two specimens of corals from Beechey island are not referable to any genus with which the writer is acquainted. In these specimens the structure is revealed, by weathering at the calicular surface and in horizontal and longitudinal sections, as well as in sections obtained by rubbing down and polishing. As the writer is unable to place this coral, to his satisfaction, in any described genus, it is thought best to establish a new genus for its reception. The main generic characters are enumerated below with a brief description of the species which the writer has much pleasure in naming after Mr. Low.

* Journal of a voyage in Baffin’s bay and Barrow straits in the years 1850-1851 by Peter C. Sutherland, M.D., M.R.C.S.E., 1852.

† _Strombodes gracilis._ 1865 Geological Survey of Canada, Palæozoic Fossils, vol. 1, p. 113, fig. 94, by E. Billings; and _Acervularia gracilis_, 1900, Contributions to Canadian Palæontology, vol. IV, pt. II, pl. XIV, figs. 2, 2a, by Lawrence M. Lambe.

_Boreaster._ Gen. nov.

Corallum composite, massive (or thickly incrusting), made up of intimately connected polygonal corallites communicating with each other by means of mural pores. Septa in the form of longitudinal lamellæ, twelve in number. Tabulæ simple.

This genus resembles _Favosites_ in having numerous pores in the walls of the corallites, but differs from it in the possession of lamellar septa somewhat similar to those of _Columnaria_, _Nyctopora_ and _Lyopora_. From these three genera, however, _Boreaster_ differs in having 12 septa only, of two alternating sizes, to a corallite. _Columnaria_ and _Lyopora_ are without mural pores. _Nyctopora_ was described by Nicholson as having pores, but in well preserved specimens from the type locality, examined by the writer, mural pores were not seen; it possesses 16 septa of two orders. _Boreaster_ and _Calapœcia_ resemble each other in both having pores, but in the latter genus the corallites are not intimately united under any circumstances, and the septa are in the form of spine-bearing ridges.

This interesting coral may be conveniently grouped, with the _Favositidæ_, as its generic affinities appear to place it close to _Calapœcia_.

_Boreaster lowi._ Sp. nov.

Corallum growing in irregularly shaped masses with an unevenly undulating surface; composed of small, polygonal corallites so closely united that all trace of the line of contact between contiguous walls is apparently lost. Corallites opening at right angles to the surface, averaging about 75 mm. in diameter and generally five or six sided, as seen in transverse section, the sides of the polygons being distinctly unequal. Walls of corallites thin but less so where they bound the calyces. Septa lamallar, apparently 12 in number, of two sizes, primary and secondary, alternating, the former stout and relatively large, the latter rudimentary and observed with difficulty, especially in the calyces where the six primary septa are paramountly evident, are slightly exsert and apparently connect with the nearest and corresponding ones of contiguous corallites. Pores relatively large, oval, their greater diameter vertical, in a single longitudinal row between each pair of primary septa so as to interrupt the continuity of the secondary septa which are greatly reduced and in transverse sections are only observed in places. Tabulæ not numerous, in the form of simple, flat transverse diaphragms.

The two type specimens have a maximum length of 50 and 70 mm. with a thickness or height of 25 and 30 mm. respectively.

_Favosites gothlandica_, Lamarck.

There are three examples of this coral, of which two show spiniform septa in the corallites. The smaller of the two specimens, in which septa are seen, is preserved with a small corallum of _Acervularia austini_ in the same piece of limestone.

The horizon indicated by the first and last of the above three species of corals from Beechey island would be about that of the Niagara formation.

SOUTHAMPTON ISLAND, HUDSON BAY.

_Streptelasma robustum_, Whiteaves.

This large and well marked species, described originally from the Galena-Trenton of the Lake Winnipeg region, is represented by a number of more or less fragmentary specimens. The inner structure is well shown in transverse and longitudinal sections.

_Favosites gothlandica_, Lamarck.

Over forty specimens from this locality are referable to this well known species. In many of them are seen the spiniform septa, characteristic of all Silurian favosites, and distinguishing them from all Devonian forms which apparently without exception possess linguiform septa. It is possible that more than one species may be here represented. The range in size of the corallites in _F. gothlandica_ has been noticed by the writer in his ‘Revision of the genera and species of Canadian Palæozoic corals*,’ 1899-1900, but in the present collection the fragmentary condition of most of the specimens does not admit of characters dependent on the outward form of the corallum being used with any degree of certainty.

* In this report the reader will find extended references to the structure of the majority of the species mentioned in these notes.

_Syringopora verticillata_, Goldfuss.

A single specimen of this species was obtained at Southampton island. Its corallites average about 4 mm. in diameter and are rather lax and irregular in their growth, the result of which is that the connecting tubes are poorly developed and comparatively distant. This particular mode of growth is admirably shown in specimens, in the possession of the Survey, from the north end of Lake Timiskaming.

_Halysites catenularia_, L.

Represented by a small corallum, round which has grown a stromatopora. This coral exhibits the structure characteristic of the typical form of the Niagara formation, viz., moderate sized corallites, oval in transverse section with narrow tubules intervening. Four corallites are included in a space of 8 mm.

This form also occurs in the Guelph limestone of Ontario.

A second and particularly interesting specimen was obtained by Mr. Low at Southampton island. It differs from the typical form in having corallites of noticeably large size, and agrees in this particular with a specimen from the Guelph limestone at Durham, Ont. (J. Townsend, 1884), in the museum of the Survey. The Durham fossil has not the finer details of structure sufficiently well preserved to show the minute tabulæ of the tubules, but in Mr. Low’s specimen longitudinal sections of the tubules clearly reveal the highly arched, close set tabulæ within. There are three corallites in a space of 12 mm., as in the Durham specimen, and the tubules have a width of about ·75 mm.

_Plasmopora follis_, M.-E. and H.

To this species is referred a small specimen showing the inner structure fairly well. The corallites vary in diameter from slightly under to a little over 1 mm., and they are mostly less than their own diameter apart with from one to three tubules, in the shortest line, between neighbouring corallites. This species is generally considered to be typical of the Niagara group.

_Pycnostylus elegans_, Whiteaves.

A few specimens weathered so as to show only the inside of the corallites which vary in diameter from 7 to 15 mm. An interesting feature of these specimens is the preservation of the free edges of the septa which are seen to be denticulated, about seven denticles occurring in a space of 2 mm. A re-examination of the type material reveals the presence of these denticles, although they are poorly preserved. Mr. Low’s specimens are referable to the species from the Guelph limestone of Ontario with large corallites (from 13 to 17 mm. in diameter) as in the other and type species from the same horizon and district, the corallites are generally smaller (from 3 to 7 mm. in diameter). As suggested by Dr. Whiteaves in his original description, additional material with corallites of intermediate size may prove the two forms to be specifically identical.

Of the corals from Southampton island, _Streptelasma robustum_ indicates the presence of beds at this locality that belong to the same horizon as those that have been assigned to the Galena-Trenton in the Lake Winnipeg region, and similar beds exposed over a large area to the west of Hudson bay. The beds from which the other species from the same island are derived belong to higher horizons which are, on the evidence of these species, of about the same geological age as those of the Niagara and Guelph formations of Ontario.

CAPE CHIDLEY, HUDSON STRAIT.

A single coral from this locality is represented by two fragments that have apparently been broken from a larger mass. The exact form of the corallum is unknown, but the structure of the corallites is well preserved and clearly seen in longitudinal and traverse sections. Its structural characteristics are quite different from those of any form known to the writer, and it is regarded as representing a new genus and species named and characterized as follows:—

_Labyrinthites._ Gen. nov.

Corallum massive, made up of very slender, long, columnar corallites, upwardly directed and parallel, each one connected along the whole of its length with two or three adjacent corallites in tortuous series separated by narrow interspaces. Tabulæ, complete, distant. No septa nor tubules.

Although the manner of growth of this coral resembles somewhat that of _Halysites_ it could scarcely be referred to that genus, on account of the absence of septa and tubules, although in _Halysites catenularia_ var. _gracilis_ tubules are apparently wanting. The small size of the corallites would not necessarily be considered a character sufficient to constitute generic distinction. Another genus, _Fletcheria_, may be considered, but _Labyrinthites_ has little in common with it. In both, the tabulæ are distant and simple, practically the only point of resemblance unless we notice the small size of the corallites of _Fletcheria_ and the stated rudimentary condition of its septa.

As the want of septa in the Cape Chidley specimens may be due to imperfect fossilization, _Labyrinthites_ is, on account of its mode of growth, provisionally classed with the _Halysitidæ_.

_Labyrinthites chidlensis._ Sp. nov.

Corallum massive, composed of slender, straight, upright corallites with numerous interspaces. Corallites a little less than ·33 mm. in average diameter, quadrangular or five or six sides in transverse outline, with rather thick walls. Each corallite coalesces along its entire length with two or three adjacent ones, giving rise to a meandering succession of tubes inclosing narrow spaces not wider than the corallites themselves. In the specimens examined the corallites reach a maximum length of ·30 mm. In longitudinal sections tabulæ, in the form of thin, flat, transverse plates across the corallites, are observed, between ·5 and 1·5 mm. apart. There are no tubules between contiguous corallites, and the mural union appears to be complete.

Dr. Ami, who is studying the groups of fossils, other than the corals, obtained by Mr. Low at Cape Chidley, informs me that the majority of the Cape Chidley fossils are referable to the Ordovician, whilst two specimens are of Silurian age. The lithological character of the rock in which the coral is preserved appears to more nearly approach that of the Ordovician specimens.

PRELIMINARY LIST OF ORGANIC REMAINS FROM BEECHEY ISLAND, LANCASTER SOUND, IN THE DISTRICT OF FRANKLIN. (_Determined by H. M. Ami, Assistant-Palæontologist._)

(_A_)—From the bluish-gray impure limestones.

COELENTERATA.

1. _Acervularia austini_ (Salter).

2. _Boreaster lowi_, Lambe.

3. _Clathrodictyon? franklinense._ N. sp.

ECHINODERMATA.

4. Crinoidal fragments.

BRACHIOPODA.

5. _Hindella phoca_, (Salter).

GASTEROPODA.

6. _Hormotoma arctica_, N. Sp.

7. _ ” affinis_, N. Sp.

8. _Lophospira salteri_, (Haughton)

9. _Loxonema rossi_, Haughton.

10. _Holopea borealis_, N. Sp.

11. _Euomphalus beechiensis_, N. Sp.

PELECYPODA.

12. _Orthonota? desiderata_, N. Sp.

TRILOBITA.

13. _Encrinurus arcticus_, (Salter).

OSTRACODA.

14. _Leperditia hisingeri_, Schmidt.

15. _ ” balthica_, (Hisinger) var. _arctica_, Salter.

16. _Isochilina grandis_, (Schrenk) Jones, var. _canadensis_, N. var.

17. _Primitia mundula_, Jones, var. _arctica_, N. Var.

18. _Beyrichia kloedeni_, McCoy.

Besides the above, there are remains of the tracks and trails of Annelida which cannot be identified with any described form, and to them have been given specific designations as follows:—

19. _Eugyrichnites lowi_, N. Sp.

20. _Planolites arcticus_, N. Sp.

(_B_)—From the yellowish-gray, semi-crystalline, limestone:

COELENTERATA.

1. _Strephodes pickthornii_, Salter.

2. Obscure remains of some form of hydroid which appears to indicate the presence of a species of graptolite, too imperfectly preserved for identification.

ECHINODERMATA.

3. Crinoidal fragments.

BRACHIOPODA.

4. _Orthothetes donnettii_, (Salter).

5. _Rafinesquina_? sp. indt.

6. _Hindella phoca._ (Salter).

7. _Glassia_? sp. indt.

8. _Plectambonites_? sp. indt.

GASTEROPODA.

9. _Hormotoma arctica_, N. Sp. Resembles the form figured by Salter in his ‘Geology’ in the Appendix to Sutherland’s ‘Journal of a Voyage,’ &c. Pl. V., fig. 18, 1852.

10. _Hormotoma_, sp., cf. H. _affinis_, N. Sp.

11. _Loxonema_, sp. Resembles some of the forms classed under the designation _L. rossi_, Haughton, but separable from the narrower types to which the species is restricted.

TRILOBITA.

12. _Proetus_, sp. indt. Pygidium.

13. _Encrinurus_??, sp. indt. Portion of the head of an individual, not sufficient for identification.

OSTRACODA.

14. _Primitia_, sp. A very elongate form resembling _P. cylindrica_, (Hall).

15. _Primitia_, sp. No. 2. Distinct from above.

PRELIMINARY LISTS OF THE SPECIES OF ORGANIC REMAINS FROM BLOCKS OF LIMESTONE FROM SOUTHAMPTON ISLAND.

(_A_)—From a piece of yellowish limestone:

ECHINODERMATA.

1. Crinoidal fragments.

BRACHIOPODA.

2. A strongly camerate form of strophomenoid shell, probably a _Strophodonta_.

3. _Orthothetes_? sp.

4. _Camarotœchia ekwanensis_, Whiteaves.

5. ” sp.

6. _Retzia_, sp.

GASTEROPODA.

7. _Pleurotomaria_, sp. of the type of _P. alta._ Hisinger.

8. ” sp. of the type of _P. perlata_, Hall.

TRILOBITA.

9. _Encrinurus_, sp., cf. _Encrinurus punctatus_, Emmrich.

10. _Proetus_, sp. indt.

OSTRACODA.

11. _Primitia_, sp. indt.

(_B_)—From a small piece of drab coloured dolomitic limestone:

BRACHIOPODA.

1. _Orthis_, sp. of the type of _Orthis (Dinorthis) subquadrata_, Hall.

2. _Rhynchonella_, sp.

3. _Glassia_?, sp. indt.

OSTRACODA.

4. _Primitia_, sp. indt.

(_C_)—From a small piece of dark-brown bituminous shale:

PISCES.

1. Obscure remains of some species of fish, too imperfectly preserved for identification. This shale appears to resemble the Niobrara-Benton shale of the Manitoban region.

(_D_)—In a small piece of buff limestone:

BRACHIOPODA.

1. Small shell of the type of _Glassia_, possibly the same as the _Glassia variabilis_, (Whiteaves) from the Silurian of the Ekwan river district.

2. _Rhynchospira_, sp. or _Retzia_, sp. A finely ribbed shell, not sufficiently well-preserved to be identified with any degree of certainty.

3. _Conchidium_, sp. a small and immature form of what appears to be the _Conchidium decussatum_, Whiteaves.

GASTEROPODA.

4. _Murchisonia_ (_Hormotoma_), sp. indt.

5. _Loxonema_, sp. An imperfect individual with seven whorls preserved, having an apical angle of 10°, and would require at least three more volutions to complete the shell at this stage.

(_E_)—In impure limestone: BRACHIOPODA.

1. _Strophomena (Rafinesquina) alternata_, (Emmons) Conrad. Three valves of this species appear to be represented in this small slab of rock, and exhibit the characteristic sculpture and other surface characters.

(_F_)—In cream-coloured dolomite:

BRACHIOPODA.

1. _Camarotœchia_, sp. possibly the same as the _Camarotœchia ekwanensis_, Whiteaves.

OSTRACODA.

2. A very large Ostracod, which is not in a good state of preservation, but which, from its size and general characters appears to be close to _Isochilina grandis_.

(_G_)—In a drab-coloured limestone.

BRACHIOPODA.

1. _Strophomena_, sp. of the type of _Strophomena euglypha_, Sowerby. The sculpture of this shell is very much like that of _Strophomena (Rafinesquina) alternata_, Conrad.

2. Pentameroid shell, not sufficiently well preserved to state definitely whether it is _Pentamerus oblongus_ or not, but it strongly resembles a dorsal valve of this well-known form from the Silurian of Europe and North America.

This rock resembles strongly the rock of Mansfield island, where Dr. Bell obtained a number of fossils, determined by the writer to be Silurian, and possibly homotaxial with the Wenlock and Niagara formations.

(_H_)—In a dark dolomitic limestone.

BRYOZOA.

Some species of bryozo appear in the collection.

BRACHIOPODA.

1. _Strophomena_. sp.

2. _Strophomena_, sp., cf. _S. acanthoptera_, Whiteaves.

3. A rhynchonelloid form which appears to be the _Camarotœchia ekwanensis_, Whiteaves.

4. A smooth form of shell which may be the _Glassia variabilis_, Whiteaves.

OSTRACODA.

5. Undetermined forms or imperfectly preserved forms.

(_I_)—In a rather dark buff-weathering limestone:

BRACHIOPODA.

1. _Leptæna (Plectambonites) sericea_, Sowerby. A form with winged extremities of hinge area.

2. _Strophomena_, of the type of _S. nitens_, Billings.

3. _Orthis_ (_Dalmanella_), sp., cf. _D. testudinaria_, Dalman.

4. _Rhynchonella_, sp. type of _R. neglecta_, Hall. This may be the _Camarotœchia ekwanensis_, Whiteaves.

5. A smooth brachiopod which may be a _Glassia_.

(_J_)—In a small slab of drab-coloured limestone.

1. Obscure remains of _algæ_ or other plants.

(_K_)—In a slab of yellow weathering dolomite:

1. _Camarotœchia ekwanensis_, Whiteaves.

2. Smooth and small _Glassia_-like brachiopod, too imperfect for identification.

3. Obscure remains of a trilobite, indeterminable.

(_L_)—In a drab-coloured limestone:

1. _Pentamerus oblongus_, Sowerby. These forms resemble closely those determined by the writer in Dr. Bell’s collections from Mansfield island.

(_M_)—In a dark mottled buff and gray dolomitic limestone:

BRACHIOPODA.

1. _Strophomena_, sp., of the type of _S. hecuba_, Billings.

2. ” _(Rafinesquina) alternata_, (Emmons) Conrad. This limestone appears to be homotaxial with the Trenton of Ontario and the Galena-Trenton of the Manitoba region.

(_N_)—In a yellow weathering dolomitic limestone:

BRACHIOPODA.

1. _Strophomena_, sp., or strophomenoid shell with _alternata_-type of sculpture.

2. _Camarotœchia_, sp., cf. _C. ekwanensis_, Whiteaves.

3. _Glassia_?, sp. indt.

OSTRACODA.

4. _Leperditia_, sp., cf. _Leperditia hisingeri_, Schmidt.

5. _Primitia_, sp. indt.

(_O_)—In a drab coloured dolomitic limestone:

CEPHALOPODA.

1. A portion of some gyroceran or orthoceratite shell; resembles in some respects the external characters of _Orthoceras nicolleti_ figured in Vol. iii., part 11, of the Palæontology of Minnesota, Pl. 55, fig. 1.

(_P_)—In a yellowish-gray dolomitic limestone:

CEPHALOPODA.

1. _Actinoceras keewatinense_, Whiteaves. Several siphuncles of this species recently described by Dr. Whiteaves occur in the collections from Southampton island.

(_Q_)—Collections of Stromatoporoids from Southampton Island:

Sixty-three microscopic sections have been submitted to a preliminary examination, and the following species among others, appear to occur:—

1. _Clathrodictyon regulare_, Rosen.

2. ” _fastigiatum_, Nicholson.

3. ” sp., cf. _C. striatellum_, Nicholson.

4. ” (?) _crassum_, Nicholson.

Some of these are parasitic on _Favosites Gothlandicus_, Lamarck. They are referable to the Silurian, about the age of the Niagara.

PRELIMINARY LIST OF ORGANIC REMAINS FROM LOOSE BLOCKS OF LIMESTONE, CAPE CHIDLEY.

(_A_)—From the drab-coloured limestone:

POLYZOA.

1. _Pachydictya_, sp. indt.

BRACHIOPODA.

2. A strophomenoid shell with sculpture of _Strophomena varistriata_ type occurs in the collection with _Sieberella galeata_.

3. _Trematospira_, sp. indt.

4. _Conchidium decussatum_, Whiteaves.

5. _Clorinda_, sp. probably a new form which I would designate, _Clorinda lowi_, N. Sp.

6. _Sieberella galeata_, Dalman. A form which is very near the type of this cosmopolitan species. If it prove a variety or mutation, I should designate the same as var. _Chidleyensis_, N. var.

The above are all of Silurian age.

(_B_)—From a dark gray impure limestone resembling that of the Black River and Trenton formations of southern Canada:

CEPHALOPODA.

1. _Eurystomites undatus,_ Emmons.

2. _Plectoceras obscurum_, Hyatt; or some closely related species.

3, 4 and 5. Three species of _Orthoceras_, as yet undetermined. They are not well preserved and require better specimens before they can be identified. These are probably of the age of the Trenton of southern Canada.

(_C_)—From a slab of bituminous shale:

1. _Asaphus latimarginatus_, Hall. I cannot distinguish this form from the species usually designated in Canada as _Asaphus canadensis_, Chapman, from the Utica shale.

APPENDIX V.

=List of the Principal Works and Papers Consulted in the Preparation of the Report on the Dominion Expedition to Hudson Bay and the Arctic Islands.=

In the following list are included the full titles and dates of publication of works and papers affording information which has been embodied in the foregoing pages or in the accompanying map:—

A Voyage of Discovery, for the Purpose of Exploring Baffin’s Bay, etc., by Sir John Ross, in 1818, London, 1819. Geological appendix by Dr. McCulloch.

Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar sea in the years 1819-22, by Capt. J. Franklin, London, 1823. Appendix i., by J. Richardson, M.D.

Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage, etc., 1821-23, by Captain Parry, London, 1824.

A Supplement to the Appendix to Capt. Parry’s Voyage for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage in the year 1819-20 (Natural History), London, 1824. Notes on Rock Specimens by Charles Koning.

A Brief Account of an Unsuccessful Attempt to reach Repulse Bay, etc., by Capt. G. F. Lyon, London, 1825.

Journal of a Third Voyage for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage, etc., by Capt. W. E. Parry, London, 1826. Appendix by Prof. Jameson on Geology of Countries discovered during Capt. Parry’s Second and Third Expeditions.

Narrative of a Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea in the years 1825-27, by Capt. J. Franklin, London, 1828. Appendix i., by J. Richardson.

Narrative of Discovery and Adventure in the Polar Seas and Regions, by Professors Leslie, Jameson and Hugh Murray, Edinburgh, 1830.

Narrative of a Second Voyage in Search of a Northwest Passage, etc., 1829-33, by Sir John Ross, London, 1835. Appendix on Geology, by Sir J. Ross.

Narrative of the Discoveries on the North Coast of America, etc., 1836-39, by Thomas Simpson, London, 1843.

Narrative of an Expedition to the Shores of the Arctic Sea in 1846-47, by Dr. John Rae, London, 1850.

Journey from Great Bear Lake to Wollaston Land and Explorations along the South and East Coast of Victoria, by Dr. J. Rae, Journ. Royal Geog. Soc., vol. xxii., 1852.

Journal of a Voyage in Baffin’s Bay and Barrow Straits in 1850-51, by P. C. Sutherland, M.D., London, 1852. Geological appendix, by J. W. Salter.

On the Geological and Glacial Phenomena of the Coasts of Davis’ Strait and Baffin’s Bay, by P. C. Sutherland, M.D., Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. ix., 1853, p. 296.

On Arctic Silurian Fossils, by J. W. Salter, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. ix., 1853, p. 312.

A Summer Search for Sir J. Franklin, by Capt. Inglefield, 1853. [Contains a geological appendix. I have seen only the notices derived from this work in the “Arctic Manual” of 1875.]

The Last of the Arctic Voyages, etc., 1852-54, by Sir E. Belcher, London, 1855. Appendix by J. W. Salter on Arctic Carboniferous Fossils, and by Prof. Owen, on Remains of Ichthyosaurus, from Exmouth Island. (See also notes on the Discovery of Ichthyosaurus and other Fossils in the Late Arctic Searching Expedition, by Capt. Sir E. D. Belcher. Report of British Association, 1855.)

On Some Additions to the Geology of the Arctic Regions, by J. W. Salter. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1855.

Further Papers Relative to the Recent Arctic Expeditions in search of Sir John Franklin, etc. London, Government, 1855.

On the Geology of the Hudson’s Bay Territories and of Portions of the Arctic and Northwestern Regions of America, by A. K. Isbester, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xi. (Also reprinted, without map, in Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, second series, vol. xxi., 1856, p. 313.)

The Discovery of a Northwest Passage by H.M.S. “Investigator,” Capt. R. M’Clure, 1850-54, London, 1857. Geological appendix by Sir R. Murchison.

A Personal Narrative of the Discovery of the Northwest Passage, by A. Armstrong, M.D., late surgeon and naturalist to H.M.S. “Investigator,” London, 1857.

Arctic Explorations by Dr. E. K. Kane, Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, second series, vol. xxiv., 1857, p. 235.

Report from the Select Committee on the Hudson’s Bay Company, etc., London, Government, 1857. (Geological map.)

A Narrative of the Discovery of the Fate of Sir John Franklin, by Captain M’Clintock, London, edition of 1859. Geological appendix by Prof. Samuel Haughton. (Geological map.) [Notes on the geological results of M’Clintock’s voyages were first published in the Journ. Royal Dublin Society, vol. i., 1857, and vol. iii., 1860. The first mentioned paper is accompanied by a geological map which formed the basis of that subsequently produced in connection with the Appendix to M’Clintock’s “Narrative.” I have seen only the abstract of these papers by Prof. Haughton, which appears in the “Arctic Manual” of 1875.]

The Polar Regions, by Sir John Richardson, Edinburgh, 1861. (Reprinted from Encyclopedia Britannica. Eighth Edition, 1860)

Report on the Geological and Mineralogical Specimens collected by C. F. Hall in Frobisher Bay, Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, second series, vol. xxv., 1863.

Preliminary notice of a small collection of Fossils found by Dr. Hayes on the West Shore of Kennedy Channel, by F. B. Meek, Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, second series, vol. xl., 1865, p. 31.

Flora Fossilis Arctica, Dr. Oswald Heer, vol. i., 1868; vol. ii., 1871, Fossile Flora des Baren Insel; vol. v., 1878, Die Miocene Flora des Grinnell-Landes; vol. vi., 1880, Beiträge zur Miocenen Flora von Nord-Canada.

Scientific Results of the “Polaris” Arctic Expedition. Nature, vol. ix., 1874, p. 404.

A Whaling Cruise to Baffin’s Bay, etc., by A. H. Markham, London, 1874. Appendix C., List of Geological Specimens, by R. Etheridge.

Manual of the Natural History, Geology and Physics of Greenland and neighbouring Regions, etc., edited by Prof. T. R. Jones, London, 1875. [This volume, prepared for the use of Nares’ expedition under the direction of the Arctic Committee of the Royal Society, contains reprints of portions of several of the works and papers above referred to, with occasional important remarks and memoranda by the editor.]

Arctic Geology, by C. E. De Rance. Nature, vol. xi., 1875. (Geological map.)

On a Fossil Silurian Vertebra from the Arctic Regions, by Prof. A. L. Adams, Proc. Royal Irish Acad., second series, vol. ii., 1875.

L’Expédition Polaire Américaine, sous les ordres du Capitaine Hall. Letter by Dr. E. Bessels. Bul. Soc. Géog., Paris, vol. ix., 1875, p. 297.

Narrative of a Voyage to the Polar Sea During 1875-76, etc., by Capt. Sir G. S. Nares, London, 1878, Appendix xv., Geology, by C. E. De Rance and H. W. Fielden.

Geology of the Coasts of the Arctic visited by the late British Expedition under Capt. Sir George Nares, etc., by Capt. H. W. Fielden and C. E. De Rance, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxiv., 1878, p. 556. (Geological map)

Palæontology of the Coasts of the Arctic Lands, visited by the late British Expedition, etc., by R. Etheridge, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxiv., 1878, p. 568. (Abstracts of this and the foregoing paper appear in Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, third series, vol. xvi., p. 139.)

Notes on Fossil Plants Discovered in Grinnell Land, by Capt. H. W. Fielden, etc., by Prof. O. Heer, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxiv., 1878, p. 66.

Narrative of the Second Arctic Expedition made by C. F. Hall, Washington, Government, 1879. Appendix iii., by Prof. B. K. Emmerson.

Dr. Franz Boas, Baffin Land. Petermanns Mitteilungen, Ergänzungsheft, Nr. 80, 1885.

Die Geographische Verbreitung der Juraformation, by Neumeyr. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akadamie der Wissenschaften, Vienna, vol. l., 1885.

Encyclopedia Britannica (ninth edition), Greenland, by Robert Brown. Polar Regions, by C. R. Markham. (Geological sketches appended to both these articles.)

Three Years of Arctic Service, an Account of the Lady Franklin Bay Expedition, by Lieut A. W. Greely, New York, 1886.

The Eskimo of Baffin Land and Hudson Bay, by Franz Boaz. Bul. Am. Mus. of Nat. Hist., vol. xix.

On the Lower Silurian (Trenton) Fauna of Baffin Land, by Chas. Schurchert. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. xxii., p. 143-177.

A Biological Investigation of the Hudson Bay Region, by Edward A. Prebles, U.S. Biological Surv. North American Fauna, No. 22, 1902.

The Second Norwegian Polar Expedition in the Fram, 1898-1902, by Capt. Otto Sverdrup. Roy. Geog. Journ., vol. xxii., No. 1, pp. 38-56, 1903.

Field Work of the Peary Arctic Club, by Com. R. E. Peary. Bul. Geo. Soc. of Phila., vol. iv., with map.

New Land, Four Years in the Arctic Regions, by Capt. Otto Sverdrup, 1904.

Report on the Hudson Bay Expedition, by Lieut A. R. Gordon, Dept. Marine and Fisheries, 1884-5.

Report on the Second Hudson Bay Expedition, by Com. W. Wakeham, Dept. Marine and Fisheries, 1897.

_Reported by the Staff of the Geological Survey of Canada_:—

Report on an Exploration of the East Coast of Hudson Bay, by Dr. R. Bell, 1877-8.

Report on the Churchill and Nelson Rivers, by Dr. R. Bell, 1878-9.

Report on Hudson Bay and some of the Lakes and Rivers lying to the West of it, by Dr. R. Bell, 1879-80.

Observations on the Labrador Coast, and on Hudson Strait and Bay, with appendices i-v., Dr. R. Bell, Part DD, 1882.

Observations on the Labrador Coast, and on Hudson Strait and Strait and Bay, with Appendices i-iv. A. P. Low, Part J., vol. iii, 1887-8.

Report on the Labrador Peninsula, A. P. Low, Part L., vol. viii., 1895.

Report on the Doobaunt, Kasan and Ferguson Rivers, and the Northwest Coast of Hudson Bay. J. B. Tyrrell, Part F., vol. ix., 1896.

Report on a Traverse of the Northern Part of the Labrador Peninsula. A. P. Low, Part L., vol. ix, 1896.

Reports on Explorations of the Coasts of Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay. Dr. R. Bell and A. P. Low, Parts L. and M., vol. xi, 1898.

Report on an Exploration of the East Coasts of Hudson Bay and James Bay. A. P. Low, Part D., vol. xiii., 1900.

Report on the Geology and Physical Characters of the Nastapoka Islands, Hudson Bay. A. P. Low, Part DD., vol. xiii.

APPENDIX VI.

NOTES ON PHYSICAL CONDITION OF ESKIMOS. (_By L. E. Borden, M.D., Surgeon to the Neptune._)

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ │Aivillingmiut. │Aivillingmiut. │Aivillingmiut. │ (Male.) │ (Female.) │ (Male.) ──────────────────────┼──────────────────┼──────────────────┼────────────────── Age. │ 30 years. │ 25 years. │ 35 years. Weight. │ 168 lb. │ 142 lb. │ 177 lb. Height. │5 ft., 4·375 in. │ 4 ft., 11 in. │5 ft., 6·25 in. Chest expanded. │ 43 inches. │ 3 ft., 4 in. │ 42 inches. ” contracted. │ 40 ” │ .. │ 37 ” Girth at navel. │ 32·5 ” │ .. │ .. Neck circumference. │ 14·5 ” │ 12·5 inches. │ 14 ” Upper arm—length. │ 15 ” │ 12 ” │ 15 ” ” circumference. │ 13 ” │ 10·5 ” │ .. Forearm—length. │ 17·5 ” │ 15·5 ” │ 17·75 ” ” circumference.│ 11·5 ” │ 9·5 ” │ 11·5 ” Leg—length. │ 35·5 ” │ 30 ” │ 29·5 ” ” calf │ 14·5 ” │ .. │ 14·5 ” circumference. │ │ │ ” thigh ” │ 20·5 ” │ .. │ 22·5 ” Foot—length. │ .. │ .. │ .. Head—circumference. │ 22·5 inches. │ 21·5 inches. │ 22 ” Remarks. │About average │A fair average │Rather taller and │ height in region│ young married │ heavier than the │ and of good │ woman of this │ average. │ build, of fair │ tribe; lips │ │ intelligence and│ rather thick, │ │ a good hunter. │ forehead low, │ │ Abundance of │ nose short, ears│ │ heavy black hair│ rather small, │ │ worn, according │ hair heavy and │ │ to custom, │ black. │ │ falling over │ │ │ shoulders, and │ │ │ protects ears. │ │ ──────────────────────┴──────────────────┴──────────────────┴──────────────────

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ │Kenipitumiut. │Kenipitumiut. │Kenipitumiut. │ (Male.) │ (Female.) │ (Male.) ──────────────────────┼──────────────────┼──────────────────┼────────────────── Age. │ 20 years. │ 65 years. │ 35 years. Weight. │ 172 lb. │ 136 lb. │ 158 lb. Height. │5 ft., 8·5 in. │4 ft., 11·5 in. │5 ft., 7 in. Chest expanded. │ 40·5 inches. │ 38·5 inches. │ 41 inches. ” contracted. │ 37·5 ” │ 37 ” │ 39·5 ” Girth at navel. │ 33·5 ” │ .. │ 35 ” Neck circumference. │ 14 ” │ 11·5 inches. │ 13·5 ” Upper arm—length. │ 13·5 ” │ 11 ” │ 13 ” ” circumference. │ 11·75 ” │ 11 ” │ 10·5 ” Forearm—length. │ 19 ” │ 16 ” │ 17·5 ” ” circumference.│ 11 ” │ 9 ” │ 10 ” Leg—length. │ 36·5 ” │ .. │ .. ” calf │ 14 ” │ .. │ .. circumference. │ │ │ ” thigh ” │ 22 ” │ .. │ .. Foot—length. │ 9·75 ” │ 7·5 inches. │ .. Head—circumference. │ 22·5 ” │ 21 ” │ 22 inches. Remarks. │Tallest of the │Typical old woman,│Teeth perfect, │ band at 5 ft., │ two-thirds teeth│ though large; │ 8·5 in., and │ remaining and │ eyes bad, due to │ muscular and │ perfect; hair, │ snow-blindness; │ well built, but │ slightly gray, │ eyebrows heavy, │ slow mind and │ no baldness; │ black; slight │ limb. │ eyebrows, arched│ moustache; nose, │ │ and thin; eyes │ straight, well │ │ sight fairly │ formed except │ │ well preserved; │ bridge, low; │ │ nose-bridge low │ forehead, low │ │ and lumpy and │ but broad and │ │ prominent; │ square; an │ │ forehead, low, │ intelligent man │ │ narrow, arched; │ and a good │ │ cheek bones │ workman as kyak │ │ project forward;│ builder, &c.; │ │ lower jaw │ unable to hunt, │ │ prominent; chin,│ owing to │ │ pointed and │ rheumatism; │ │ short; breasts, │ ears, large and │ │ long and flabby;│ stand out from │ │ no hair on body │ head. │ │ except in │ │ │ axillæ; arteries│ │ │ hard. │ ──────────────────────┴──────────────────┴──────────────────┴──────────────────

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ │ Kenipitumiut. │ Kenipitumiut. │ Kenipitumiut. │ (Male.) │ (Female.) │ (Female.) ──────────────────────┼──────────────────┼──────────────────┼────────────────── Age. │ 60 years. │ 30 years. │ 17 years. Weight. │ 138 lb. │ 123 lb. │ 117 lb. Height. │4 ft., 11·5 in. │ 5 ft. │4 ft. 10·5 in. Chest expanded. │ 37 inches. │ 32·5 inches. │ 32·5 inches. ” contracted. │ 33 ” │ 31 ” │ 29 ” Girth at navel. │ 33 ” │ .. │ 23·5 ” Neck circumference. │ 14 ” │ 11·5 inches. │ 12·5 ” Upper arm—length. │ 11·12” │ 11 ” │ 11 ” ” circumference. │ 12 ” │ 10·5 ” │ 10 ” Forearm—length. │ 16 ” │ 15·5 ” │ 16 ” ” circumference.│ 10 ” │ 9 ” │ 9 ” Leg—length. │ .. │ 33 ” │ ... ” calf │ .. │ 12 ” │ 13·5 ” circumference. │ │ │ ” thigh ” │ .. │ .. │ ... Head—circumference. │ 21 inches. │ 21·5 inches. │ 21 ” ” width of face. │ 5·06 ” │ 4·75 ” │ 4·5 ” ” length of face. │ .. │ 6·75 ” │ ... Foot—length. │ .. │ 8 ” │ 7·5 ” Remarks. │Very shrewd and │Typical young │Typical girl; │ reliable native;│ married woman; │ teeth, │ well preserved; │ teeth, │ irregular; │ head, very well │ discoloured and │ cheeks, not very │ shaped; eyes, │ large, though │ prominent; face, │ bright; hair, │ sound; eyes, │ flat; nose, │ black and heavy;│ good; nose, │ small; ears, │ nose, straight; │ flat; cheek │ left, small, │ cheeks, │ bones, low and │ right, no │ prominent; chin,│ prominent, │ external opening │ square and not │ making face look│ and all external │ short; eyebrows,│ square; no hair │ ear except lobe │ heavy, black; │ on body except │ wanting; eyes, │ ears, large, │ slight trace in │ good, dark │ prominent. │ axillæ; ears, │ brown; hands and │ │ large; chin, │ feet well │ │ short; mouth, │ formed; breasts │ │ large, wide, │ well developed; │ │ corners │ no hair on body. │ │ drooping; lips, │ │ │ not thick; hands│ │ │ and feet well │ │ │ formed and │ │ │ small; breasts, │ │ │ very flabby and │ │ │ hang down 4½ │ │ │ inches; instep, │ │ │ arched. │ ──────────────────────┴──────────────────┴──────────────────┴──────────────────

INDEX

Aberdeen, 250 Actinolite, 198 _Active_, 40, 68, 245, 252 Acworth cape, 214 Adams, Capt., 3, 59, 229, 239 Admiralty, 3, 85, 90 Admiralty inlet, 56, 115, 121-123 _Advance_, 99, 103 _Advice_, 99 Aivillingmiut, 27, 32, 34, 135-138, 155, 160, 162, 177-180 Akolingmiut, 134, 137 Akpatok island, 76, 113, 120, 187, 211, 286 Akudnairngmiut, 34 Alaska, 132 Albanel, Charles, 82 _Albert_, 59, 60 Alderman Jones sound, 78 Aldrich, Lieut., 107 _Alert_, 106, 107 _Alexander_, 88 Alexander cape, 44, 88 Alpine Triassic, 188 Amadjuak lake, 123, 162, 212 American whalers, 285 Ami, H. M., fossils, 211, 329 _Amphitrite_, 100 Amund Ringes, 226 Anautelik, 167 Anderson, John, 101 Anderson island, 244 Angeakatille, 170 Angekok, 163, 164, 169, 172, 173 Angello, Baptista, 73 Anian strait, 72, 84 Anorthosites, 192 Apatite, 200 Archæan, 115, 127, 184, 186, 190-209, 211-220 Archer, Lieut., 107 Archer fiord, 107, 228 _Arctic_, 70, 251 Arctic circle, 43, 77 Arctic ice— Smith sound, 45 Cape Sabine, 48 Kennedy channel, 64 drift, 111 Arctic islands, The— description and geology of, 112-130 Arctic Research— historical summary of, 71-111 amount expended on, 102 Arctic trout, 11 salmon, 59, 157 Armstrong, Dr., 225, 226, 230 Arsenopyrite, 238 Asbestus, 198 _Assistance_, 99, 100 Atholl cape, 44 Austin, Capt. Horatio, 99, 102 Axel Heiberg island, 114, 129, 226

Bache peninsula, 186 Back, Capt. R. W., 90, 93, 95, 190 Back river, 136 Baffin, William, 77, 78, 103, 249 Baffin bay, 99, 102, 113-121, 185, 186 currents, 290, 291 fisheries, 249, 253, 255, 271 shipping fatalities, 255 Baffin island, 13, 59, 73, 113-116, 120-123 geology, 185-189, 200-203, 211, 233-239, 246 Eskimos, 58, 134, 136 Baird bay, 198 Baker lake, 21 _Balaena_, 60, 258 Banks island, 99, 100, 114 geology, 115, 125, 205, 213, 222, 226 Baring island, 223, 224, 230 Barlow, Dr., 231 Barlow, Capt., 84 Barrow, Sir John, 88 Barrow strait, 54, 113, 114, 128 Bartlett, Capt., 23, 70 Bathurst island, 89, 114, 129 geology, 223-226, 247 Bayly, Charles, 81 Beaches, 189, 206 Beacon island, 26 Bears, 16, 58, 65, 128 Beaumont, Lieut., 107, 108 Beechey, Capt., 92 Beechey island, 2, 51, 52, 103, 221 fossils, 322, 329 Belcher, Capt. Sir Ed., 101, 102 Belcher channel, 110 Bell, Dr. R., 184, 190, 191, 199, 201, 202, 231, 234, 240 Bell island, 18 Belle Isle strait, 6 Bellot strait, 124, 214 Bering sea, 99, 111 strait, 99, 100, 114 Bernier, Capt., 70 Beryl, 198 Bibliography, Appen. V. Big island, 40, 118, 122, 137 geology, 201, 202 Big seal, 280 Biotite, 209 Bird, Capt. E. J., 99 Birds, 76, 127, Appen. II. Blaamanden, 227 Blacklead island, 8, 9, 62, 204 Blue crane, 34 Boas, Dr. Franz, 133, 134, 163, 201, 212 _Bonaventure_, 83 Booth, Sir Felix, 92 Boothia peninsula, 124 geology, 205, 213, 214 Borden, Dr., 28, 32, 60 botany, 320 meteorology, Appen. I. Boring machine, 29 Bornite, 200 Botany, Appen. III. Boulders, 205, 206, 229, 230 clay, 8, 19, 43 drift, 81 Bourdon, Jean, 82 Bowell island, 21 Bowhead whale, 249 Brainard, Lieut., 227, 228 _Breadalbane_, 100 British whalers, 249, 250 Brooke Cobham (Marble island), 79 Burgomaster gulls, 51 Button, Sir Thomas, 76, 77 Button islands, 7, 76 Button point, 57, 59 Byam Martin channel, 89 island, 114, 223, 224 Bylot, —, 76, 77 Bylot island, 56, 58, 59, 113, 115, 123 geology, 200, 205, 229, 246

Cabot, Sebastian, 72 Cabot strait, 6 Calc-spar, 198 Caldwell, G. F., 29, 31, 191-195, 245, 300 meteorology, 300 Cambrian, 186, 193, 215, 226, 230 Cambridge bay, 99, 102 Cambro-Silurian, 184, 186, 187, 211 Cape Chidley, 6, 70, 76, 139, 211 fossils, 327, 336 Cape Haven, 9, 12, 63 Cape of God’s Mercy, 74 Cape Rawson series, 226, 228 Carboniferous, 115, 125, 126, 128, 184, 188, 221, 222, 225, 246 lower, 213 Caribou, 23, 126, 127, 128, 159 hunting, 27 Carnelian, 206 Cary islands, 78, 88 Carys Swans Nest, 76, 79 Chalcopyrite, 238 Charles island, 14, 38, 113-118, 190, 191, 287 Charleton island, 79 Charting— Frobisher bay, 104 Jones sound, 110, 111 Chert, 193 Chesterfield inlet, 2, 20, 22, 86, 87, 135, 195-198, 232, 288 Chidley, John, 74 Chippewyan Indians, 133 Chouart, _dit_ Groseilliers, 80, 81 Christianity, 139 Christopher, Capt., 86 Chromic ore, 198 Churchill, 131, 135, 198, 284, 287, 288, 297, 298 Churchill river, 79, 85 Clarence cape, 54 Clarke island, 244 Clay, 59, 188, 228, 288 ironstone, 223, 224 slate, 198, 213 Climate, 126, 188, 253 Clyde river, 120 Coal, 116, 129, 200, 222-228, 240, 247 Coats, Capt. W., 132 Coats island, 17, 68, 76, 113, 119, 120, 187, 190, 211, 287 Coccolite, 198 Cockburn island, 197 Collison, Capt. Richard, 99, 102 Comer, Capt. George, 3, 23, 24, 27, 31, 32, 69, 135, 136, 163 Comfort cape, 77 Conglomerate, 219 Conical island, 43 Constitution cape, 103 Copper, 230, 237-239 pyrite, 199 Coppermine river, 87, 90, 98, 230 Corals, 217, Appen. IV. Corbets (or Rankin) inlet, 87 Cornwallis island, 28, 89, 114, 128-129 geology, 214, 221-224 Countess of Warwick island, 74 Couture, Sieur de la, 82 Creswell bay, 124 Crew of _Neptune_, xvii. Crocker bay, 50 mountains, 88, 89 Crossman, M., 29 Cumberland gulf, 8, 62, 63, 74, 121, 122, 137, 204, 245 strait, 200 Cuming creek, 50, 51, 209 Cunningham nord, 77 Currents, 7, 40, 49, 67, 253-255, 288-292, 295 Cyrus Field bay, 11, 64, 200, 204, 205

Dablon, Claude, 82 Danes, 77 Danish expedition, 79 settlement, 104 Dangerous point, 22 D’Argenson, Pierre, 9, 82 Davieau island, 242, 244 Davis, John, 74, 75 Davis strait, 102, 120, 185, 200 currents, 67 tribes on, 134 whaling, 249, 253 Dawson, Dr. G. M., 197, 205, 227, 229 Dease, Peter Warren, 93, 94 Deception bay, 38, 66, 67 Dee, Staff-Sergeant, 69 Deer, 21, 58 hunting, 159, 160 Depot island, 20, 24 De Rance, 214, 216, 225, 226 Desire Provoketh (Akpatok island), 76 Devil’s Thumb island, 42 Devonian, 116, 129, 187, 188, 213, 219, 221, 222 Upper, 220 Diabase, 198, 199, 204, 207, 215, 237, 238 Diallage, 198 _Diana_, 59, 60, 255 Diatoms, 257 D’Iberville, 83 Diers cape, 74 Digges, Sir Dudley, 75 Digges cape, 76, 78 Digges island, 16, 37 Dikes, 193, 197, 207, 237 _Diligence_, 100 _Discovery_, 75, 100, 107 Discovery bay, 108 harbour, 106 Disko island, 41, 88, 109, 207, 227 Dobbs, Arthur, 85, 86, 89 Dogs, 142-145 Dog-sled, 146-148 Dolomite, 185, 193 Dominoe, 6 Douglas, Admiral Sir A. L., 2 Douglas harbour, 14, 38, 65, 191, 194 Drift, 229-231 Driftwood, 290 Ducks, 79, 157 Duck islands, 42 mountains, 231 Duncan, Capt., 87 Dundee, 250 Duquet, Sieur, 82 Durban cape, 200 island, 229 Dutch whaler, 249

_Eclipse_, 59, 255 Economic minerals, 197, 236-247, 296 Eggs, sea fowl, 157, Appen. II. Eglinton island, 114, 128 Eider ducks, 158 Eifrig, Rev., 314 Ellef Ringnes, 114, 129, 226 Ellesmere island, 47-49, 104, 108, 110-116, 126, 127, 236, 246, 184-189, 207, 215, 222-227, 234, 236, 246 Elliott, Lieut., 100 Emerson, Prof. B. K., 200 _Enterprise_, 99 _Era_, 3, 69, 265-267 _Erebus_, 95, 96, 101 Erebus harbour, 52, 54 Erik cove, 15, 16, 37 harbour, 57, 60, 61, 234 Erratics, 224, 230, 231 Eskimos— areas inhabited by, 131 Baffin island population, 57, 58 clothes, 177-180 customs, 141, 165-169, 174-177 character, 136, 138, 163, 170, 171, 182, 272 dwellings, 45, 60, 142-145, 153, 154 education, 139, 140 food, 145, 181, 261 history, 66, 73-78, 87, 132, 133 population, 131-141 physical condition, Appen. VI. religion, 9, 138, 139 Esquimaux cape, 198 Etah, 44, 45 Evans strait, 18, 39, 120 Exeter sound, 74 Exmouth island, 226

Faribault, Dr. G. B., 28, 30 Fauna, 216 Fawckner, William, 100 Feilden, Capt., 214, 216, 227 Feldspar, 190, 195, 201, 204 _Felix_, 99 Fish, 76, 79 Fish river, 98 Fisher, Mr., 285 Fisher bay, 194 Fisheries, 296, 297 _See_ also ‘Whaling and Seals.’ Fisher strait, 39, 120 Flint island, 241 Floeberg beach, 106, 108 Flora, Appen. III. Fog, 41, 42, 48, 54, 56, 60, 64, 294 Ford, H., 7 Forestry, 296, 297 Forsyth, Capt. C. C., 99 Fort Churchill, 87 Fort Conger, 247 Fort Rupert, 81 Fossils, 51, 186, 187, 201, 210-228, 234, Appen. IV. plants, 188, 220 wood, 226, 228 Foulke fiord, 104, 208 Fox, Capt. Luke, 79, 80, 284 _Fox_, 101 Fox channel, 16, 67, 79, 86, 89, 119-122, 138, 197, 256 Fox hunting, 151 _Fram_, 71, 110, 129 Franklin, Lady, 96, 99, 100 Franklin, Sir John— expeditions, 90, 97 memorial, 52, 53 record of death, 125 Franklin Pierce bay, 216 Franklin sound, 107 strait, 125 Frederick, Capt. Charles, 100 French Fur Co., 65 Frenchman cove, 12 Fresh water pools, 257 Frobisher, Sir Martin, 71-74 Frobisher bay, 13, 64, 73-75, 121-123, 200 Fullerton— _Neptune_ in winter quarters, 25-34 _Neptune’s_ return to, 69 ice in harbour, 292-293 shoals, 26 Fur trade, 296 _Fury_, 56, 89 Fury beach, 69-93 Fury and Hecla strait, 89, 92, 94, 121, 122

Gaasefjord, 218, 219 Gabbro, 198 Galena, 237 Galena-Trenton, 184, 187 Lower, 211 Gales, 43, 56, 60-64, 70, 103-105 Gama, Vasco de, 72 Game, 128, 157 Ganoid scales, 219 Garnet, 192-198, 201, 203, 230, 231 Gasteropods, 216 Geese, 127, 157 Geology, 183-287 Geological Survey of Canada— work by, in Arctic regions, 341 George river, 140, 191, 192 Gilbert, 21 Gilberts sound, 74 Gillies island, 244 Gillam, Zachariah, 81 _Gjoa_, 53 Glacial striæ, 185, 230-233 Glaciation, 8, 9, 184, 188, 189, 229-235 Glaciers— Disko island, 41, 42 Parker Snow bay, 43 Ellsmere island, 49 Lancaster sound, 50 North Devon, 51 Erik harbour, 60, 61 other references, 116, 122-128, 236, 253, 254 Gneiss, 8, 12, 17, 43, 115, 190-208 Godhaab, 74 Gods Mercies island, 76 Gold, 73, 77, 197, 237 Goldener’s Patent, 52, 97 Goodsir, Dr. R. A., 99, 259 Gordon, Commander, 7, 285 Gore, Lieut. Graham, 97 Graham Moore cape, 57 Grain shipment, suggested route, 283, 298 Granite, 185-298 Cumberland gulf, 8 Frenchman cove, 12 Cyrus Field bay, 12 Seahorse point, 17 Salisbury island, 67 Granite cape, 297 Graphite, 190-204, 243, 245 Gravel, 188, 288 Gray strait, 7 Great Bear lake, 92 Great Fish river, 93, 94, 101 Great Slave lake, 87, 91, 93 Greely, Capt. A. W., 108, 113, 227, 228, 247 Greene, Henry, 76 Greenland, 74, 75, 77, 109, 110 Greenland whale, 249, 258 Greenstone, 197, 204 Grenville series, 190, 202 Griffin, S. P., 99 Grinnell, Henry, 103 Grinnell glacier, 14, 122 land, 227, 228 peninsula, 127, 222 _Griper_, 88, 94 Gripper shoal, 14 Guelph, 211 Guy, Capt., 3 Gypsum, 212

Halifax, 4, 5, 70 Halkett, Andrew, 314 Hall, Charles F., 104, 105, 200, 202, 251 Hall, James, 77 Hall island, 13, 73 Harbour seal, 278-279 Hares, 125-128 Harp seal, 279, 280 Haughton, Prof., 213, 222-224, 30 Hawkes cape, 104 Haven, Lieut D., 99 Havnefjord, 17 Hayes, Dr. I. I., 103, 104 Hearne, Samuel, 85, 87, 133 _Hecla_, 89 Heer, Prof., 226, 227 Hell Gate, 218 Hematite, 223, 224 _Herald_, 99 Herbert island, 44 Herschel cape, 47, 48, 208 Historical Summary of Arctic Research, 71-111 Home bay, 121 Hood, Lieut., 96 Hooded seal, 280 Hope cape, 86 Hopes Advance bay, 193 cape, 194 Hopes Checked, 76 _Hopewell_, 75 Hoppner, Capt., 89 Hornblende, 195, 201 Horn sound, 78 Horsbury cape, 50 Hudson, Henry, 75, 76, 82, 284 Hudson’s Bay Co.— fisheries, 85, 251, 274 Franklin expeditions, 99-101 history, 80-87, 92 posts, 6, 83, 91 surveys, 93, 94 trading, 284, 285, 296 Hudson bay— depths, 67, 288 Eskimos, 134, 135 fisheries, 249, 251, 256, 271, 274, 281 geology, 185-211 history, 79-84, 90, 284 islands, 113, 117, 119 iron, 239, 240 ice, 39, 285 navigation (bay and strait) 283-298 policing, 3 resources, 296 trade, 296 Hudson Bay and strait— climate, 297 currents, 73, 288-290 explorations, 73-89 fisheries, 259, 296, 297 glaciation, 231 ice, 39, 292, 293 minerals, 237 navigation, 283-298 Hudson strait— Eskimos, 134 ice, 37, 40, 285, 292 navigation, 285, 286 tides, 13 whaling, 252 Humboldt glacier, 101, 103, 230 Huronian, 184-208, 215, 236-238 Hutchen’s goose, 34 Hyalrosfjord, 217

Ice— Bylot island, 57 Coats island, 36 Cumberland gulf, 61-63 Fox channel, 67-69, 256 Fullerton and Port Burwell, 39, 40 Fury and Hecla strait, 89 Hudson strait, 37, 40, 285, 292 Ponds inlet, 59 Resolution island, 94 Sabine cape, 45, 47 Smith sound, 48, 49 Southampton island, 94 Whale point, 59 formation, 292, 294 movement, 254, 255 middle pack, 75, 78, 254, 258, 291 Icy cape, 201 Iglulingmiut, 135, 136, 160 Indians, 87, 296 Indra Eide, 218 Inglefield, Capt. E. A., 100, 102 Inglefield gulf, 44 Interpreter, 6 _Intrepid_, 100 _Investigator_, 99 Iron ore, 156, 192, 198, 238-245 Iroquois, 82, 132, 133 _Isabel_, 100, 102 _Isabella_, 88 Isacksen, 110 Island bay, 196 Itivimiut, 134

Jackson, Capt., 11, 63 Jaegar, 34 James, Capt., 79, 80, 284 Jameson, Prof., 197, 198 James bay, 188, 292 Jenkins, Commander, 100 _Jesuits, Relations of_, 82 Jones cape, 131 sound, 88, 103, 111 Joy island, 65 Juet, Robert, 76

Kane, Dr. Elisha Kent, 101, 103 Kane basin, 103, 105 Kaxodliun, 204 Kedlingmiut, 134 Kekerten harbour, 10, 11, 204 Kellett, Capt. Henry, 99, 102 Kelsey, Henry, 84 Kendall, Lieut., 92 Kendall cape, 33 Kenipitumiut, 27, 135, 136, 155, 159, 162-180 Kennedy, William, 100 Kennedy channel, 103, 108 King, C. F., 2, 30 meteorology, 300 King, John, 76 Kingaite, 200 King cape, 122 King Charles cape, 137 King Charles His Promontory, 79 King Christian island, 114, 129 King George sound, 65 King Oscar island, 226 King William island, 98, 114, 124, 125, 205, 213 Kittoktangmiut, 134 Knight, Capt., 75, 84 Knight, James, 251 Kobbebugten, 217 Koguangmiut, 134 Koksoak river, 274 Koning, 200 Kuamangmiut, 134 Kyaks, 154-156

Labrador Eskimos, 131-135, 138 _Lady Franklin_, 99 Lady Franklin island, 13 Lake harbour, 68, 236, 245 Lakes, 123, 201 Lake Superior, 193, 240, 243, 245 Lambe, Lawrence M., 211 on Corals, Appen. IV. Lancaster sound, 50, 88, 93-101 L’Anglois, Jean, 82 Laurentian, 184, 186, 197-209, 236, 237, 246 Leopold, Capt. Francis, 100 Leopold island, 54 Liddon, Lieut. M., 88 Lignite, 188, 226-228, 246 Lockwood, Lieut., 108, 109 _Lord Weston’s Portland_, 79 Low, A. P., viii., ix., xvii. Lower Heidelberg formation, 211 Lyon, Capt. G. F., 18, 89 Lumlie inlet, 74

McCulloch, Dr., 200 Mackenzie river, 90, 92, 93, 99 McClintock, Admiral Sir F. L., 53, 96, 98, 101, 102, 206, 214, 223, 226 McClure, Sir R., 99, 102, 223, 226 McClure strait, 129 McCormick, Dr. R., 100 McCormick bay, 44 Macoun, Prof. J., 314 Macoun, J. M., 320 McTavish island, 242, 244 _Magna Britannia_, 76 Magnetic Pole, 93, 124 Magnetic iron ore, 198-201, 238 Maguire, Capt. Rochfort, 100 Manitoba, 186, 231 Mansfield island, 36, 37, 69, 77, 113, 187 Mansell island, 77 Marble island, 79, 84, 85 quartzites, 198, 199 Marine shells, 222 terraces, 189, 234-236 Markham, Commander, 107 Matty island, 213 Melville bay, 42, 88, 105 channel, 89 island, 89, 100, 114, 128, 223, 224, 236, 246 peninsula, 197, 211 Mesozoic, 116, 117, 130, 184, 188, 226 _Meta Incognita_, 73 Meteorological stations, 108, 285 Meteorology, Appen. I. Mica, 69, 83, 160, 201, 204, 236, 245, 252, 296 Middleton, Capt., 85, 86, 89 Mill islands, 67 Milne, Capt., 3, 59 Miocene, 188, 226, 227 Tertiary, 126, 128 Mission work, 9 Molybdenite, 198, 246 Montreal island, 98, 101 Monumental island, 13 Moodie, Major J. D., 3, 8, 25, 41, 70 _Moonshine_, 74 Moore, Capt. Thomas, 98 Moravian missionaries, 138, 139 Morton, William, 103 Mudflats, 11 Munck, Jens, 79, 235 Murray, Capt., 3, 68 Muscovy Company of London, 72, 75, 79 Musk oxen, 58, 126, 127, 128

Nachvak bay, 6 _Nancy Dawson_, 99 Nansen, 109 Nares, Capt. G., 106, 107, 109 Narwhals, 275, 276 Nastapoka islands— iron ores, 240, 254 Nastapoka river, 245 Nathorst, Prof., 220 Navigation— Hudson bay, 16-24, 35-37, 283-296 strait, 13-16, 37-40, 283-296 Lancaster sound, 50 Melville bay, 45 Ponds inlet, 57 Port Burwell to Cumberland gulf, 8-13 Port Burwell to Fullerton, 64-69 Port Leopold, 54 Smith sound, 44 Navy Board inlet, 120 Nechilliks, 135, 136, 138, 160, 164 Nelson river, 76, 84 _Neptune_, officers and crew, xvii. description, 3-5 mishap off Cape Herschel, 47 recall, 70 summer cruise, 35-70 winter quarters, 25-34 voyage north, 524 Netilling lake, 123 Newfoundland seal fishery, 291 Niagara, 211, 221 _Nimrod_, 251 Noble, Mr., 10, 11 Norman Lockyer island, 216 North Devon, 50, 51, 89, 114, 115, 127, 207, 208, 220, 222 North Pole, 126 North Omenak, native caches, 103 North Somerset island, 89, 114, 124, 205, 214 _North Star_, 99, 100 Northumberland island, 44 North-West Company, 87, 90, 92 grain fields, 283, 284 Passage, 75, 86, 88, 89 North-West Mounted Police, List of, xvii. Norton, Mr., 86, 87 Norway, 273 Norwegian expedition, 53, 129 Nottingham island, 113-119, 137, 190, 191 Nugumiut, 134, 136 Nuliayok, 167, 168, 169, 172 Nuvungmiut, 134 Nye Hernhut, 74 Observation stations, 108, 285 O’Connel, James, 29 Officers of _Neptune_, xvii. Okomingmiut, 134 Okommiut, 134 Ommaney, Capt., 99 Osborn, Lieut. Sherard, 100 Ouhowjawtil, 190

Padlimiut, 135, 160 Palaeozoic, 115, 116, 126, 184, 188, 221 Paleocrystic ice, 106 Parker Snow bay, 43 Parr, Lieut., 107 Parry, Sir W. E., 88-90, 129, 136, 190, 197, 211, 214, 224, 246 Parry cape, 44, 103 Parry islands, 114-116, 129, 184, 226, 246 Payer harbour, 45 Payne river, 193 Peabody, George, 103 Peary, Lieut. R. E., 45, 46, 109, 110, 113 expedition, 201 Peck, Rev. J., 3, 9, 62, 65, 137, 163 Peel sound, 101, 124 Pegmatite, 190, 192, 195 Penny, William, 99 _Perseverance_, 251 Perthite, 205 Petiwik glacier, 43 Philpot island, 50, 208 _Phœnix_, 100 Pilot, 57, 65 Pioneer, 100 Plants, 51, 60, Appen. III. _Plover_, 98, 100 _Polaris_, 104, 105, 230 Police, North-West Mounted, xvii. Ponds inlet, 57, 117, 121 Porphyry, 198 Porpoises, 274-276 Port Burwell, 6, 8, 38, 41, 64 Port de Boucherville, 191 Port Logan, 213 Port Leopold, 54-56 Post-Glacial, 184 Post-Tertiary, 229-234 Potter and Wrightington, Messrs, 12 Préfontaine, Hon. Raymond, 4 cape, 36 Pricket, Abacuk, 76 _Prince Albert_, 99, 100 Prince Arthur island, 100 Prince Henry, 77 Prince of Wales island, 114, 125, 205, 207, 214 Prince Patrick island, 114, 129, 226 Prince Regent inlet, 56, 120-124 Princess Royal island, 223, 230 Promise island, 21, 24 _Proteus_, 108, 109 Pukimma, 168 Pullen, Capt. W. J. S., 99, 100 Pyrite, 31, 190-204, 238

Quartzite, 198, 199 Quartz, smoky, 190 Queen Elizabeth, 72 foreland, 73

Radisson, 80, 81 Rae, Dr. John, 94, 98-99, 100, 102, 197, 213, 237, 251 Ranken inlet, 135 Red phalarope, 34 Reefs and shoals— Cyrus Field bay, 12, 13 Fox channel, 256 Fullerton, 26 Kendall cape, 34 Winchester inlet, 19 Regent inlet, 93, 100, 102 Rendalen, 217 Rensselaer bay, 103 Repulse bay, 68, 85, 89, 100, 105, 107, 138 _Reserve_, 99 _Resolute_, 99, 100 Resolution island, 13, 75, 95, 113, 118, 190, 191 Revillon Fur Co., 284, 296 Rhomb-spar, 198 Richardson, Sir John, 98, 101 Richardson, Dr., 90, 92 Right whale, 123, 246, 249 Ringed seal, 279 Robeson channel, 107 Rock crystal, 198 Rocky mountains, 92 Roes Welcome, 26, 33, 79 Ross, Capt. Sir James Clark, 93, 99, 213 Ross, Rear Admiral Sir John, 88, 90-93, 99 Ross, Mr., 30 Rosse bay, 47 Rupert river, 81 Ryswick, Treaty of, 83

Sabine cape, 45, 208 Sabine’s gull, 34 Saddle-back islands, 14 Sagdlingmiut, 138 Saguenay river, 82 St. Paul island, 6 Salisburies Foreland, 76 Salisbury island, 66, 113-119, 190, 191 Salmon, 59, 140 Salmon river, 203 Sandstone, 185, 193, 206-227 Saskatchewan river, 84, 87 Saunders, James, 99 Sausserite, 238 Scenery, 6, 41, 56, 57, 127, 202 Schel, P., 184, 186, 189, 214-226, 234, 235 Schuebert, C., 201 Scoresby, Capt., 88 Scott inlet, 121 Scotty, 21 Scroggs, John, 84 Scurvy, 107, 108 _Seaford_, 83 Seahorse point, 16, 17, 77 Seal river, 198 Seals, 44, 51, 149-152, 157, 278-280 Sedlingmiut, 134 Sedna, 167 Serpentine, 198 Shannuktungmiut, 135, 136 Shedden, Robert, 99 Sherard Osborne fiord, 107 Shoals. _See also_ ‘Reefs’— Cape Haven, 12 Chesterfield inlet, 21, 288 Hudson bay, 288 Wakeham bay, 64 Sikosilingmiut, 134, 137, 160 Sillimans Fossil Mount, 201, 212 Silurian, 115, 120-128, 187, 190, 201, 206, 210-221 Lower, 200, 216 Middle, 217, 220 Upper, 216, 217, 222 Silver, 237 Simpson, Thomas, 93, 94 Sinimiut, 136 Sir James Lancaster sound, 78 Sir Thomas Roes Welcome. _See_ ‘Roes Welcome.’ Skrabdalen, 218, 219 Slate, 228 Smith, Sir Thomas, 78 Smith sound, 88, 101-110, 185 Snow goose, 34 Snow-houses, 142-144 Soapstone, 144, 145 _Sophia_, 99 Southampton island, 16, 33, 34, 77, 79, 86, 113, 115, 119, 187, 190, 210, 211 fossils, 325, 331, 335 Sovereign Council of Quebec, 82 Specular iron, 193, 198 Spicer harbour, 137 Spring explorations, 30, 31 Stein expedition, 46 Stephenson, Capt., 106 Stewart, Rev., 139 Stewart, Alex., 99 _Strom_, 65 Sugluk bay, 66, 194 Sulphides, 194 _Sunshine_, 74 Surveys, 48, 51, 66, 92, 93, 94, 107, 195 Sutherland, Dr. P. C., 200, 207, 208 Sverdrup, Capt., 71, 110-113, 128, 214, 215 islands, 114, 116, 129, 184, 188 Swan, whistling, 34 Syenite, 191

_Talbot_, 100 Talus, 233 Taylor island, 244 Tern, Arctic, 34 _Terror_, 95, 96, 101 Tertiary, 116, 117, 184, 185, 226-229, 246, 247 Tides— Blacklead, 62, 63 Chesterfield inlet, 22 Cyrus Field bay, 13 Deception bay, 66 Hudson strait, 13, 40, 74 Wolstenholme cape, 67 Ungava bay, 7 Tom island, 18 Tourmaline, 198 Trading returns— Cumberland gulf, 63, 64, 68 Repulse bay, 68 Transition valley, 206 Trap, 185, 194-208 Tree limit, 135 Trees, 125, 126 Tremolite, 198 Trilobites, 216 Troyes, Chevalier, 83 Tunungmiut, 134 Tunurusungmiut, 134 Tyrrell, J. B., 31, 190, 198, 231, 232, 237, 238

Ungava bay— fishery, 274 geology, 191-193 graphite, 245 iron ores, 239 tides, 7 United States expeditions, 102 mountains, 126 _United States_, 104 Upernivik, 42, 104, 108 Utrecht, Treaty of, 83, 84, 285

Vallière, Druillette de, 82 Van Hise, 243 Vaughan, Capt., 84 _Vega_, 225 Vegetation, 12, 33-37, 51, 52, 58, 60, 123, 128, 202, 227 Victoria island, 99, 114, 205, 213, 222 _Victory_, 92, 93 Vœux, Charles des, 97

Wager inlet, 85, 197, 237 Wakeham, Commander, 285 Wakeham bay, 64, 194 Walker cape, 89 Walrus, 44, 51, 58, 65, 78, 128 description of, 280-282 hunt, 14, 15 Walrus island, 18 Walsingham cape, 74, 75 Warwicks foreland, 74 Weggs cape, 14, 65 Wellington channel, 97, 100 Weymouth, George, 75 _Whalebone_, 84 Whales, 11, 124 general description of, 256-261 whalebone, 249, 260 Whaling, 248-278 statistics of catch, 272 of British fleet, 277 of American, 277, 278 stations, 8-12, 32, 58, 78, 136-138, 160, 271 Whale point, 32, 196, 232 river, 237 sound, 44 White sea, 284 Wittersted lake, 214 Winnipeg basin, 187, 188, 210 lake, 87 Winter island, 89 Winchester inlet, 19, 20, 31, 195, 196 Wind register, 43 _Windward_, 46, 55 Wollaston islands, 56 Wolstenholme, Sir John, 75 Wolstenholme cape, 66, 190, 192, 245 Wolstenholm island, 44 sound, 99

York cape, 42, 88, 104 Factory, 90, 94

Zircon, 198

TRANSCRIBER NOTES

Mis-spelled words and printer errors have been fixed.

Old style spellings for such words as _kyak_ and _iglo_ as well as older forms of geological and metallurgical terms have been left as is.

Inconsistency in hyphenation has been retained.

Illustrations have been relocated due to using a non-page layout.

Some photographs have been enhanced to be more legible.

Appendix I and IV were in landscape mode, and have been reformatted to be usable in this eBook form.

[The end of _Report on the Dominion Government Expedition to Hudson Bay and The Arctic Islands On Board the D. G. S. Neptune [The Cruise of the Neptune]_ by A. P. Low]