Refraction and muscular imbalance, as simplified through the use of the ski-optometer

HOW THE SKI-OPTOMETER ASSISTS IN REFRACTION 17 The Use of the Ski-optometer in Skioscopy 17 A Simplified Skioscopic Method 20 Employing Spheres and Cylinders in Skioscopy 22 Use...

IMPORTANT POINTS IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OF THE SKI-OPTOMETER 30 Elimination of Trial-Frame Discomfort 30 Rigidity of Construction 31 How to Place the Ski-optometer in Positi...

THE BINOCULAR MUSCLE TEST 48 Made with the Maddox Rod and Phorometer 48 Esophoria and Exophoria 50 Making Muscle Test Before and After Optical Correction 52 When to Consider Cor...

THE MONOCULAR DUCTION MUSCLE TEST 58 Made with Both Rotary Prisms 58 Locating the Faulty Muscle 58 Adduction 59 Abduction 61 Superduction 62 Subduction 63 Procedure for Monocula...

SECOND METHOD OF TREATMENT—MUSCULAR EXERCISE 75 Made with Two Rotary Prisms and Red Maddox Rod 75 Exophoria 75 An Assumed Case 78 Effect of Muscular Exercise 80 Home Treatment f...

A CONDENSATION OF PREVIOUS CHAPTERS ON THE PROCEDURE FOR MUSCLE TESTING WITH THE SKI-OPTOMETER 87 Four Methods of Treating an Imbalance Case when the Preceding One Fails 90 Pris...

LAW OF PROJECTION 114 Suppression of Image 115 Monocular Diplopia 115 Table of Diplopia 116 Movement of Each Eye Singly 117 Subsidiary Actions 118 Field of Action of Muscles 120...

The present volume, dealing with the instrument’s distinctive operative features, has been prepared not only for Ski-optometer users, but also for those interested in the simpli...

A far better understanding of the instrument will be secured if the refractionist possessing a Ski-optometer will place it before him, working out each operation and experiment...

The automatic cylinder, one of the Ski-optometer’s latest and distinctly exclusive features, not only overcomes this annoyance but also avoids the need of individually transferr...

The construction of the Ski-optometer has now been fully explained, and the reader realizes that since the instrument contains all the lenses necessary in making an examination,...

The Ski-optometer is equipped with an adjustable head-rest, permitting its lenses to be brought as close as possible to the eye without touching the patient’s lashes, a matter o...

Notwithstanding various methods employed, for both subjective and objective refraction, the following synopsis of the previous chapters will unquestionably prove most valuable t...

The purpose of the present chapter is to acquaint the refractionist with the operation of the Ski-optometer as “a scientific instrument for muscle testing”—the subject being tre...

Directing the patient’s attention to the usual muscle testing spot of light, the _red_ Maddox rod should be placed in operative position before the eye, with the single _white_...

While the previously described binocular muscle test made with the phorometer and Maddox rod, only determines the existence and amount of esophoria, exophoria, and hyperphoria,...

The mere determination of the degree of an imbalance, or even the diagnosis of a patient’s trouble, is not sufficient. If relief is to be secured, something more must be accompl...

If a case is one of exophoria of six degrees, where the second method of treatment or muscular exercise is in line of routine, it is essential to first determine through a ducti...

As stated in the preceding chapter, on ascertaining the failure of the second muscular treatment or method, prisms are employed for constant wear. When prism lenses are used, wh...

The present chapter, intended for those desiring a synopsis or condensed summary of muscular imbalance work, should prove of the utmost assistance to the busy refractionist. Mus...

Cyclophoria, a condition affecting the oblique muscles of the eye, is caused by its rotation. It is detected in the following manner by the combined use of the red and white Mad...

Having determined that cyclophoria exists, as previously outlined, the next step would be to make a cycloduction test, or a test of the oblique muscles individually. Maddox rods...

It should be remembered that it is only the general utility of the instrument, _plus_ one’s knowledge of refraction and individual diagnosis that enables the refractionist to at...

The movements of the eye are designed primarily to effect fixation—that is, to bring upon the macula the image of the object that we wish to look at. When this has been accompli...

_Defective Vision._ The first class may be present, even though each eye has a normal visual acuity; since, even when compensation is very good, the brain gets the impression of...