Part 21

ALLOW, "these words be greatly to _allow_" (N59,_a_), approve, sanction: American by survival. "First, whether ye _allow_ my whole device--And if ye like it, and _allow_ it well."--Norton and Sackville, _Gorboduc_ (1570. 1), 94,_a_ and _b_ (E.E.D.S.).

ALL THING, "_all thing_ hath prospered" (R201,_b_)--"_All_ _thing_ I tell you" (R202,_c_)--"_all thing_ should soon be well" (R208,_d_), everything.

ALOFT, "look _aloft_ with th' hands under the side" (R192,_d_), _i.e._ Insolence when presented to Respublica as the captain of the marauding crew is to assume a butter-will-not-melt-in-my-mouth expression.

AMICALLY, "he hath _amically_' directed" [(R237,_d_), amicably, in a friendly fashion. "An _amical_ call to repentance and the practical belief of the Gospel."--W. Watson, M.A., 1691, in A. Wood, _Ath. Ox._, 2nd ed., vol. ii., col. 1133.

AMICES, "th' albs and _amices_" (R221,_d_), a piece of fine linen worn by officiating priests: it was oblong-square in form, folded diagonally. It covered the head, neck, and shoulders, and was buckled or clasped before the breast, and when the altar was reached was thrown back upon the shoulders. It forms the uppermost of the six sacerdotal garments, the others being the alb, cingulum, stole, manipulus, and the planeta. The amice is still worn under the alb.

AMONG, "follow his appetite _among_" (N49,_c_), in company--elliptical: see other volumes of this series.

AMROMES, "books _Amromes_" (JE356,_b_), so in original. I can suggest nothing beyond a misprint for "amorous"; but, in that case, why the capital _A_? A line (or lines) may also be missing at this point, the connection being not at all obvious. However, there is nothing to suggest a break, the printing being unusually regular and clear at this point in the original.

ANCH, "_anch_ hear om" (R230,_b_)--"_anch_ can spy my time" (R231,_c_), for _an ich_ = if I.

ANGEL, (_a_) "an _angel_ for a reward" (R264,_b_). Mr. Magnus thinks that here is enshrined a play on the proper meaning of the word, and _angel_ = a coin of the realm.

(_b_) see Angelot.

ANGELOT (R216,_d_). Mr. Magnus in his note (E.E.T.S. ed., p. 67, line 768) seems to identify this coin with the angel. He may be right; but on the other hand, it is not out of place to point out that in numismatics an angelot is generally regarded as an ancient French coin first struck at Paris when that capital was in English occupation (1420). It bore on it the figure of an angel supporting the escutcheon of England and France. The angel of Edward VI. was a gold coin, named from the fact that on one side of it was a representation of the Archangel Michael in conflict with the Dragon (Rev. xii. 7). The reverse had a ship with a large cross for the mast, the letter E on the right side and a rose on the left; whilst against the ship was a shield with the usual arms. Angels were first struck in France in 1340, and were introduced into England by Edward IV. in 1465. Between his reign and that of Charles I. it varied in value from 6s.8d. to 10s. The last struck in England were in the reign of Charles I.--H. Noel Humphreys, _Coins of England_, 5th ed., 1848; and other authorities. _Angelots_ (_i.e._ half the value of an angel), were also struck by Edward VI. in 1550: see Edwards.

ANNEXION, "the soul hath his _annexion_" (M38,_c_), conjunction: Shakespeare in _The Lover's Complaint_ employs it in the sense of _addition_.

ANOINTED, "two knaves _anointed_" (N113,_d_), thorough-paced, "out-and-out"; a double pun is intended the references being to _anointed_ = beaten, with an eye on _anointed_ = consecrated by the pouring on of oil. "Then thay put hym hout, the kyng away fly, Which so well was _anoynted_ indede, That no sleue ne pane had he hoe of brede."--_The Romans of Partenay_ (ed. Skeat), 5652-4.

APAID, "very well _apaid_" (WH280,_c_), glad, satisfied, pleased, paid. "They buy thy help: but sin ne'er gives a fee, He gratis comes; and thou art well _appay'd_, As well to hear as grant what he hath said."--Shakespeare, _Rape of Lucrece_ (1594), l. 913.

APPAIR, "I say his wealth doth mend, he saith it doth _appair_" (R226,_b_), becomes worse, degenerates. "All that liveth _appaireth_ fast."--_Everyman_, Anon. Pl. 1 S. (E.E.D.S.), 94,_d_.

APPLE (19,_d_), in original _a nappyl_.

APPLIED, "to Him should be _applied_" (M3,_b_), given, rendered, one's heart or mind fixed upon: the only sense of _apply_ in the English Bible.

APPLY, see Aged.

APPREHENSIBLE, "was not _apprehensible_" (M33,_a_), competent.

APPROPRIATIONS, "bare parsonages of _appropriations_" (R218,_d_), technically, at law (according to Blackstone, I. 11) an _appropriation_ is the transference to a religious house, or spiritual corporation, of the tithes and other endowments designed for the support of religious ordinances in a parish; also these when transferred. When the monastic bodies were in their glory in the Middle Ages they begged, or bought for masses and obits, or in some cases even for actual money, all the advowsons which they could get into their hands. In obtaining these they came under the obligation either to present a clergyman to the church, or minister there in holy things themselves. They generally did the latter, and applied the surplus to the support and aggrandisement of their order. On the suppression of the monasteries in the reign of Henry VIII. the appropriated advowsons were transferred to the king, and were ultimately sold or granted out to laymen, since called _impropriators_. See Respublica.

ARRAY, (_a_) "_array_ toward" (R258,_d_), _i.e._ preparations in progress. (_b_) "nice in their _array_" (M14,_b_), dress, equipment, outward appearance. "But for to telle you of his _aray_, His hors was good, but he ne was nought gay."--Chaucer, _Cant. Tales_ (1383), Prologue, 73-4.

ASCITE, "I _ascite_ you ... to appear" (IP342,_c_), summons, call. "Hun answered that the infant had no propertie in the shet, wherupon the priest _ascited_ him in the spiritual courte."--Hall, _Henry VIII._, f. 50.

ASPEN-LEAF, "tir-tremmeleth as the _aspen-leaf_" (M32,_c_), an early example of a common simile. The text, "tir-trimmeleth," etc., is as in original.

ASSAY, _subs._ and _verb_, "_assay_ him I will" (M11,_a_),--"_at_ _all assays_" (M7,_c_), as _verb_ = try, tempt, essay; as _subs._ = at all points, in every respect. "I will _assay_ ere long."--_Jacob and Esau_, Anon. Pl. 2 Ser. (E.E.D.S.), 15_d_; "at all _assays_" (_Ibid._ 53_b_).

ASSEMBLE, "I _assemble_ the life" (N89,_b_), compare, liken: cf. Shakespeare's use of _assemblance_.--"Care I for the limb, the thewes, the stature, bulk, and big _assemblance_ of a man!"--Shakespeare, _2 Henry IV._ (1598), iii. 2.

ASSIEGE (N89,_b_), siege: see Halliwell, _s.v._ Assege.

ATAME, "almsdeed I can _atame_" (N86,_d_), commence, begin: Fr. _entamer_. "Yes, hoste, quod he, so mote I ride or go, But I be mery, y-wis I wol be blamed; And right anon his tale he hath _attamed_."--Chaucer, _Cant. Tales_ (1383), 14824.

ATTEMPT, "Ye must _attempt_ the world" (N59,_d_), try, "sample," experience: cf. Shakespeare, _Lear_, ii. 2.

ATTEMPTATES, "immoderate _attemptates_" (R266,_a_), attempts, endeavours: specifically to commit a crime. Puttenham, in 1589, said this word was a recent importation, but it had already been in use half a century at least. "To forbear that _attemptate_."--Sadler (A.D. 1543), in Froude, _Hist. Eng._, vol. iv. p. 241.

AVENT, "_avent_ thee! Nature compels" (M25,_b_), _i.e._ relieve the bowels.

AVOID, "_Avoid_, good brother!" (M5,_d_)--"_avoid!_ I charge thee" (R254,_d_), begone, make room, depart, "get out." "I shall make you _avoid_ soon."--_Youth_, Anon. Pl. 2 Ser. (E.E.D.S.), 94,_b_.

AVOIDANCE, "as for mine _avoidance_" (N52,_a_), departure: see Avoid.

AVORE, "I chil wait _avor_ you" (R. _passim_), afore: there are numerous examples of _v_ for _f_ in this play: also of _z_ for _s_.

AVOUTRY, "taken in _avoutry_" (_passim_), adultery: see other volumes of this series.

AYENST, "_ayenst_ thy sores" (N121,_d_), against. "... whan he wente in batayle _ayenst_ them...."--_Invention_ _of the Holy Cross_ (ed. Morris), p. 159.

BA, "_ba_ me" (M19,_d_), kiss: cf. _basse_ or _buss_.

BADGE, "bear on my bryst the _badge_ of mine arms" (M15,_b_), badge. Princes, noblemen, and other gentlemen of rank had formerly, and still retain, distinctive badges, and servants and dependants wore these cognisances on their liveries. Douce, in his _Illustrations of Shakespeare_ (1839), pp. 205-7, says: "The history of the changes which badges have undergone is interesting. In the time of Henry IV. the terms _livery_ and _badge_ seem to have been synonymous. A badge consisted of the master's device, crest, or arms on a separate piece of cloth, or sometimes on silver in the form of a shield fastened to the left sleeve. In Queen Elizabeth's reign the nobility placed silver badges on their servants. The sleeve badge was left off in the reign of James I., but its remains are still preserved in the dresses of porters, firemen, and water-men, and possibly in the shoulder-knots of footmen. During the period when badges were worn the coat to which they were affixed was, as a rule, blue, and the blue coat and badge still may be seen on parish and hospital boys."

BAGGAGE, "the _baggage_, the trash," etc. (R183,_c_), rubbish, refuse, trumpery, scum. "Fill an egg-shell newly emptied with the juice of singreen, and set it in hot embers; scum off the green _baggage_ from it, and it will be a water."--Lupton, _Thousand_ _Notable Things_ (1579).

BAGS, "the names of my _bags_" (R221,_a_), purses: those carried by Avarice were probably, for the sake of "business," more like small sacks; he is represented as hugging them (216,_a_), as hauling them (215,_d_), and as dragging them out (225,_d_). "... see thou shake the _bags_ Of hoarding abbots; imprison'd angels Set at liberty."--Shakespeare, _King John_ (1596), iii. 3.

BALE BLISSES (JE355,_c_), probably blisses which are evil, and the reverse of blisses; with an eye on A.S. _bale_ = "fiery"; as in _bale_-fire, etc. "... bring me forth toward _blisse_ with se _bale_ here."--_MS. Cott._, _Titus_, D. xviii., f. 146_b_.

BALES, "lay on with your _bales_" (M6,_a_). "Scared us with a _bales_" (M35,_d_), in the first example the manuscript has _ballys_, in the second _bales_, but I think the context in each case shows the meaning to be the same. _Bales_ = a rod or scourge, and specifically a bow: at 6,_a_ it is the minstrels who are charged to "lay on."

BALL, "to it Boy, box him _Ball_" (R194,_c_), a dog: cf. 195,_d_. Halliwell says the name was given to various animals: "it is mentioned as the name of a horse in Chaucer and Tusser, of a sheep in the _Promptorium_, and of a dog in the Privy Purse Expenses of Henry VIII., p. 43."

BANKET, see Junkery.

BAUDERY, "sorcery, witchery, _baudery_" (R263,_d_), the manuscript has _bandery_, but? _baudery_ as in present text. If _bandery_, plotting is doubtless meant.

BASH, "look thou not _bash_" (JE354,_a_), _i.e._ timidly, or with too much inattention. "No, Leonato, I never tempted her with word too large, But, as a brother to his sister, shew'd _Bashful_ sincerity and comely love."--Shakespeare, _Much Ado_ (1600), iv. I.

BAST, "begat the whoreson in _bast_" (N68,_b_), fornication, adultery. "For he was bigeten o _baste_, God it wot."--_Artour & Merlin_, 7643.

BE (_passim_), been.

BEDLAMS, "stark _bedlams_" (R233,_c_), madmen: see other volumes of this series.

BEES, "hive of humble _bees_ swarming in my brain" (R182,_c_), proverbial: cf. modern "bee in the bonnet." Here = restless, whimsical, full of projects: see Heywood, _Works_ (E.E.D.S.), II. 385; _s.v._ Head.

BEFORN, BEFORNE (_passim_), before.

BELLS, "one would think 'twere brass, most part on't was made of our old _bells_" (R232,_b_). People states an historical fact, and refers to the reformation of the coinage which occurred in the previous reign. Under Edward VI. (1547-53) the Protector Somerset reduced the coinage to its true value and the export of bell-metal was forbidden (2 & 3 Edw. VI., c. 37). The pence of the coinage of 1552 (the fourth of the reign, other issues having been made in 1546-47, 1548, and 1550: see Respublica) was both of fine and base metal. The _fine_ penny has (on the obverse) the king seated, with arms and cross on the reverse. The _base_ penny has a full-blown rose (the Tudor rose) instead of the enthroned king. Half-pence are nearly the same as the pence.

BELLY, "when the _belly_ is full the bones would be at rest" (R216,_b_), proverbial: see Heywood, _Works_ (E.E.D.S.), II. 55,_b_.

BENEFICES, "the fifth I have by selling of _benefices_" (R221,_b_). "I have a good _benefice_ of a hundred marks" (R225,_b_)--"they will take no _benefice_, but they must have all" (R225,_b_), references apparently to the prevalence of simony. Although a bill had been passed by a parliament of Edward VI., it did not receive the royal assent; and it was not until 1588-89, under Elizabeth, that any serious attempt was made to remedy the evil.

BERWICK (R254,_a_), in original _Barwicke_, to rhyme with "Warwicke."

BESENE, "so well _besene_" (N117,_b_), good appearance, comely. "And sad habiliments right _well beseene_."--Spencer, _Fairy Queen_ (1590), I. xii. 5.

BESIRANCE, "chwas _besirance_ your ladydom to zee" (R213,_c_), desirant.

BET, "could not a counselled us _bet_" (M35,_c_), better. "Perhaps he shall be _bet_ advisde within a weeke or twayne."--"Romeus and Juliet," _Supp. to Sh._, i. 292 (Nares).

BEZEIVERS, "valse _bezeivers_" (R230,_a_), deceivers.

BIDE, "had _bide_ ne'er so little longer" (R257,_b_) bided.

BIRD'S ARSE, "clean as a _bird's arse_" (M22,_b_), a proverbial simile not uncommon in old writers: Heywood varies it--"as bare," etc. (_Works_, E.E.D.S., II., 89,_a_).

BLANE, "without _blane_" (WH294,_b_), ceasing.

BLENCH, "to _blench_ his sight" (M23,_d_), deceive, hinder, obstruct. "The rebels besieged them, winning the even ground on the top, by carrying up great trusses of hay before them, to _blench_ the defendants' sight, and dead their shot."--Carew, _Survey of Cornwall_ (1602).

BLEST, "God's dear _blest_" (IP316,_c_), _i.e._ happy or blessed, "people" being understood. Also bliss, happiness.

BLIN, "of thy prayer _blin_" (M25,_b_), cease, stop. "How so her fansies stop--Her tears did never _blin_." "Romeus and Juliet," _Supp. to Sh._, i. 287 (Nares).

BLOODINGS (R221,_a_), black (or blood) puddings.

BLOTTIBUS, etc. (M30,_b_), kitchen Latin.

BOARD, BOURD, "I will _board_ her" (R195,_b_)--"to _bourd_ Respublica" (R200,_b_). Mr. Magnus says "to engage in tilting," but is not the sense that of Fr. _aborder_ = to accost, address, woo. The spelling in the present text should, of course, have been uniform. "I am sure he is in the fleet; I would he had _boarded_ me."--Shakespeare, _Much Ado_, ii. I. "... for, sure, unless he knew some strain in me, that I know not myself, he would never have _boarded_ me in this fury."--Shakespeare, _Merry Wives of_ _Windsor_, ii. I.

BOAT, "an oar in everybody's _boat_" (R235,_c_): see Heywood, _Works_ (E.E.D.S.), II., 24,_b_; 207,_a_; 417,_c_.

BOLT, "my _bolt_ is shot" (M34,_d_), an arrow: for examples of the proverb, see Heywood, _Works_ (E.E.D.S.), II. 58,_d_; 91,_a_; 205,_d_; 332,_d_; 370,_c_.

BOLT, "sift and _bolt_" (R207,_d_), the legal sense is probably intended rather than redundancy for the rhyming's sake. Oppression means that matters must be gifted and discussed privately in order to improve their opportunities for rascality. "And having performed the exercises of their own houses called _boltes_, _mootes_, and putting of cases, they proceed to be admitted and become students, in some of these four houses or innes of court, where continuing by the space of seven yeares (or there-aboutes) they frequent readings, meetings, _boltinges_, and other learned exercises."--Stowe, _Survey of_ _London_, p. 59. "The judge, or jury, or parties, or the counsel, or attornies, propounding questions, beats and _bolts_ out the truth much better than when the witness delivers only a formal series."--Sir M. Hale (_d._ 1676).

BONES, see Belly.

BOOT, "he will be my _boot_" (M11,_a_), help, remedy, cure. "Ich haue _bote_ of mi-bale."--_William of_ _Palerne_ (_c._ 1300), 627. "God send every trewe man _boote_ of his bale."--Chaucer, _Cant. Tales_ (1383), 13,409.

BORD, "we did but _bord_" (WH298,_a_), jest: see other volumes of this series.

BORROW, (_a_) "I shall be your _borrow_" (M ), security, pledge, surety, protector. "Their _borrow_ is God Almighty."--Piers Plowman (1363), 37,_b_. (_b_) see St. George.

BOURD, see Board.

BOY, see Ball.

BOYS, "shall _boys_ ... of such high matters play" (R180,_d_). Mr. Magnus asks whether this reference to "boy-chorister-actors" may not "have some special reference to Edward VI.'S theological precocity."

BRAST, "the halter _brast_ asunder" (M27,_c_; also 28,_d_), burst. "But with that percing noise flew open quite, or _brast_."--Spenser, _Fairy Queen_ (1590), I. viii. 4.

BRAT, "a whole _brat_ to his back" (JP338,_d_), cloak, mantle. "Ne had they but a shete Which that they might wrappen hem in a-night, And a _bratt_ to walken in by day-light."--Chaucer, _Cant. Tales_ (1383), 16,347.

BREADIBUS, "_breadibus ... horsibus ... firibusque_" (M5,_b_), for bread, for horses, and for fires: a form, of dog-Latin which has always been, and still is, popular: see Misericordia.

BRETHEL, "and thy own wife _brethel_, and take thee a leman" (M27,_a_), _brethell_ in original: the E.E. text editors suggest [_be_] _brethell_, that is, "if thy own wife be adulterous." This, however, seems beside the mark of the context, as why should Mankind be counselled to take a whore because his wife is unchaste? May _brethel_ not be a mis-script for A.S. _betelle_ (Halliwell)=to deceive? The meaning is then clear enough and the reading sound. On the other hand, I fail to find any authority for Halliwell's suggestion _betelle_=deceive, mislead, in either Anglo-Saxon or M.E. dictionaries, and the _r_ in the word brethel, perhaps precludes the adoption of betelle, _r_ being a highly characteristic letter. An alternative suggestion is that brethel is meant for _brechell_, from _breken_, to break, to injure, to vex, harass, torment, or destroy. "Breken" has among its derivatives "brac," "brake," "brek," "breche," "briche," "bruche," "bruchel."

BRENNING, "hot and _brenning_" (N122,_a_), burning: also _brent_=burnt: see other volumes of this series.

BREST, "till his belly _brest_" (M6,_a_), burst.

BRIARS, "all in _briars_" (JE364,_a_), in trouble, misfortune, difficulty, doubt: see _Anon. Plays_, 2 Ser. (E.E.D.S.), 341,_a_.

BRIM, "_brim_ and hot" (R241,_d_). Magnus glosses this "brimhot": but cf. _brim_=well-known, spoken of, public. "That thou dost hold me in disdain, Is _brim_ abroad, and made a gibe to all that keep this plain." Warner, _Albion's England_ (1586-1606).

BROKLETS (R183,_d_), crumbs; of Scots _brock_.

BRONT, "Titivilly would assay you a _bront_" (M39,_b_), brunt, charge.

BROTHERN, "ye _brothern_" (M4,_b_), an old plural: cf. _childern_ still in dialect use.

BUM VAY (R211,_d_), by my faith: original spelling _vei_: cf. Fr. _foi_.

BUNTING, "how think you by this _bunting_" (R216,_d_), Mr. Magnus glosses this "swelling"; but is it not a term of endearment, perhaps with an eye on the diminutive form of _bunt_="a swelling part, an increasing cavity, the bagging of a fishing net or the like" (_Ency. Dict._).

BURRS, "cleave together like _burrs_" (M193,_a_), proverbial.

BY AND BY (_passim_), immediately.

CAILES, "play not at _cailes_, cards, nor dice" (IP320,_b_), ninepins (Minshew).

CALAIS, _arms of Calais_ (R217,_c_), a common oath of the period. The French citadel was lost to the English in 1558, after an occupation lasting for upwards of two centuries: see other volumes of this series.

(_b_) "_hangman of Calais_" (JE359,_a_), this mention (_see supra_) may have some bearing on the date of the play. Halliwell in _Old Plays_ gives 1566 as the date of printing, but does not state how he arrives at the figures: see John the Evangelist.

CAN (_passim_), able to do; does.

CAPAX, "tractable and _capax_" (WS137,_d_), capable, sharp, knowing: Latin. "I am a trew flie; sure I can no false knackes; Alas! master spyder, ye be to _capackes_." Heywood, _Works_ (E.E.D.S.), III., _Spider and Flie_, 1556.

CAPPER, "the scald _capper_" (N67,_c_), a cap-maker. "_Cappar_, bonnettier."--Palsgrave, _Lang. Franc._

CAPTIVITY, "passeth our captivity" (R211,_b_), capacity: part of People's mumble-jumble.

CAREFUL, "a _careful_ carriage" (WS173,_a_), full of care: cf. Painful, Hateful. "By him that raised me to this _careful_ height."--Shakespeare, _Rich. III._ (1597), i. 3.

CAREN, "as _carene_" (M32,_d_), carrion. "I felte the stench of _caren_ here present."--_Wisdom_ (E.E.T.S.), 71, 1103.

CARONOUS, "_caronous_ body" (N89,_c_), rotten: of Shakespeare (_Julius Cæsar_, iii. 1), "That this foul deed shall smell above the earth With _carrion_ men, groaning for burial."

CASSE, "I hung upon the _casse_" (M27,_d_), apparently a frame of some sort.

CAT, "a _cat_ ... may look on a king" (R236,_b_); see Heywood, _Works_ (E.E.D.S.), II., 340, _s.v._ Cat _a_.

CATCH, "Catch that _catch_ may" (R187,_b_). An early example of this proverbial saying.

CATON (JE352,_c_), Cato, the Roman Censor: the pattern of sternness and austere manner, he stabbed himself at Utica 46 B.C. because, considering freedom as alone sustaining the dignity of man, he felt himself unable to survive the independence of his country. He was frequently quoted by writers of this period--"_Caton_, the grete clerke "--_Cast. Persev._ (E.E.T.S., 103, 868).

CAVEATIS, "I say _Caveatis_" (M21,_d_; 22,_b_), Beware!

CAVILLATION, "make this _cavillation_" (WH281,_d_), frivolous objections, cavilling. "I might add so much concerning the large odds between the case of the eldest churches in regard of heathens, and ours in respect of the Church of Rome, that very _cavillation_ itself should be satisfied."--Hook.

CAYME, "in that _cayme_ he was like to" (JE366,_c_), in original _Cayme_. I can make nothing of it except that it is a misprint for Cain.

CEPE, "speak to the sheriff for a _cepe_ coppus" (M34,_d_), _i.e._ _cape corpus_ for _capias corpus_, a writ of attachment.

_'Ch_ (_passim_) = I: _e.g._ cha = I have (ich 'a'); chad = I had; cham = I am, etc.; see Dialect.

CHA, CHE, "_Che_ wa'r't" (R210,_c_),--"_Che_ was vair" (R232,_b_),--"_Cha_ not be haled up" (R267,_c_). I.

CHAD (_passim_), I had--'ch 'ad.

CHAM (_passim_) I am--'ch am.