Chapter 13

=Introduction=. On the historical point of view see J.H. ROBINSON, _Readings in European History_, Vol. I, Chap. I; on the place and use of documents, and other questions relating to the study of history, LANGLOIS and SEIGNOBOS, _Introduction to the Study of History_.

=Abelard=. MCCABE, JOSEPH. _Abelard_. A scholarly study, in brilliant style. Chaps. I-IV deal with Abelard as a teacher. The best biography in English.

=John of Salisbury=. POOLE, R.L. _Illustrations of the History of Mediaeval Thought_, passim. National Dictionary of Biography, Art. _John of Salisbury_.

=University Studies=. ABELSON, PAUL. _The Seven Liberal Arts_. The best study in English. Contains much information regarding university text-books in these subjects. LOOMIS, LOUISE R. _Mediaeval Hellenism_. Valuable information concerning the history and the translations of the works of Aristotle, Galen, Hippocrates, and other Greek writers. ZELLER, E. _Aristotle and the Earlier Peripatetics_. The standard treatise on the works of Aristotle, and their history.

The student is earnestly advised to spend a few hours in examining such copies of the mediaeval text-books as he may find in his college library. The time thus spent will do far more to clarify his ideas as to their character and extent than much talk about them. Old editions, often with the commentaries, may be available; some libraries possess MS. copies. Translations of the more important works of Aristotle may be found by reference to the library catalogue; among these may be mentioned _the Rhetoric_, by J.E.C. Welldon; the _Politics_, by B. Jowett; the _Ethics_ (Nicomachean), by F.H. Peters; the _Poetics_, by S.H. Butcher. Of the _Corpus Juris Civilis_, the _Institutes_ have been translated by T.C. Sandars; the first part of the _Digest_ by C.H. Monro. The _Corpus Juris Canonici_ as it was known in the middle ages has not been translated. This is true also of most books on the Seven Liberal Arts. Some works of Galen and Hippocrates have been done into English; but these translations are old, and probably inaccurate.

=Academic Letters=. HASKINS, C.H. _The Life of Mediaeval Students as Illustrated by their Letters_. American Historical Review, 1897-1898. A brief but important study, from the sources; refers to several of the letters here printed.