Part 4

Iesu, decus angelicum, In aure dulce canticum, In ore mel mirificum, In corde nectar caelicum:

Desidero te millies. 25 Mi Iesu, quando venies? Me laetum quando facies Ut vultu tuo saties? _Bernard of Clairvaux._

'COME, HOLY SPIRIT, FROM ABOVE.'

Veni, Sancte Spiritus, Et emitte caelitus Lucis tuae radium.

Veni, pater pauperum, Veni, dator munerum, 5 Veni, lumen cordium.

Consolator optime, Dulcis hospes animae, Dulce refrigerium:

In labore requies, 10 In aestu temperies, In fletu solatium.

O lux beatissima, Reple cordis intima Tuorum fidelium! 15

Sine tuo numine Nihil est in homine, Nihil est innoxium.

Lava quod est sordidum, Riga quod est aridum, 20 Sana quod est saucium:

Flecte quod est rigidum, Fove quod est languidum, Rege quod est devium.

Da tuis fidelibus 25 In te confidentibus Sacrum septenarium;

Da virtutis meritum, Da salutis exitum, Da perenne gaudium. 30 _Robert II, King of France._

PHOENIX INTER FLAMMAS EXPIRANS.

Tandem audite me, Sionis filiae! Aegram respicite, Dilecto dicite: Amore vulneror, 5 Amore funeror.

Huc oderiferos, Huc soporiferos Ramos depromite, Rogos componite; 10 Ut phoenix moriar! In flammis oriar!

An amor dolor sit, An dolor amor sit, Utrumque nescio! 15 Hoc unum sentio: Iucundus dolor est, Si dolor amor est.

Quid, amor, crucias? Aufer inducias! 20 Suavis tyrannus es: Momentum, annus es: Tam tarda funera Tua sunt vulnera!

Iam vitae stamina 25 Rumpe, O anima! Ignis ascendere Gestit, et tendere Ad caeli atria; Haec mea patria! 30 _Anonymous._

DIES IRAE.

Dies irae, dies illa Solvet saeclum in favilla, Teste David cum Sybilla.

Quantus tremor est futurus, Quando iudex est venturus, 5 Cuncta stricte discussurus!

Tuba, mirum spargens sonum Per sepulcra regionum, Coget omnes ante thronum.

Mors stupebit, et natura, 10 Cum resurget creatura Iudicanti responsura.

Liber scriptus proferetur, In quo totum continetur, Unde mundus iudicetur. 15

Iudex ergo cum sedebit, Quidquid latet apparebit, Nil inultum remanebit.

Quid sum miser tunc dicturus, Quem patronum rogaturus, 20 Cum vix iustus sit securus?

Rex tremendae maiestatis, Qui salvandos salvas gratis, Salva me, fons pietatis!

Recordare, Iesu pie, 25 Quod sum causa tuae viae; Ne me perdas illa die!

Quaerens me sedisti lassus, Redemisti crucem passus: Tantus labor non sit cassus! 30

Iuste iudex ultionis, Donum fac remissionis Ante diem rationis!

Ingemisco tanquam reus, Culpa rubet vultus meus: 35 Supplicanti parce, Deus!

Qui Mariam absolvisti, Et latronem exaudisti, Mihi quoque spem dedisti.

Preces meae non sunt dignae, 40 Sed tu bonus fac benigne Ne perenni cremer igni.

Inter oves locum praesta, Et ab haedis me sequestra, Statuens in parte dextra. 45

Confutatis maledictis, Flammis acribus addictis, Voca me cum benedictis!

Oro supplex et acclinis, Cor contritum quasi cinis, 50 Gere curam mei finis!

---

Lacrimosa dies illa Qua resurget ex favilla Iudicandus homo reus: Huic ergo parce, Deus! 55 Pie Iesu domine, Dona eos requie! Amen! _Thomas of Celano._

DE PATRIAE CAELESTIS LAUDE.

'The World is very Evil.'

Hora novissima, tempora pessima sunt; vigilemus. Ecce minaciter imminet arbiter ille supremus. Imminet, imminet et mala terminet, aequa coronet, Recta remuneret, anxia liberet, aethera donet, Auferat aspera duraque pondera mentis onustae, 5 Sobria muniat, improba puniat, utraque iuste. Ille piissimus, ille gravissimus, ecce! venit rex! Surgat homo reus! Instat homo deus, a patre iudex.

'Brief Life is here our Portion.'

Hic breve vivitur, hic breve plangitur, hic breve fletur; Non breve vivere, non breve plangere retribuetur; 10 O retributio! stat brevis actio, vita perennis; O retributio! caelica mansio stat lue plenis; Quid datur et quibus? aether egentibus et cruce dignis, Sidera vermibus, optima sontibus, astra malignis. Sunt modo praelia, postmodo praemia; qualia? plena; 15 Plena refectio, nullaque passio, nullaque poena. Spe modo vivitur, et Sion angitur a Babylone; Nunc tribulatio; tunc recreatio, sceptra, coronae;

'For thee, O Dear, Dear Country!'

O bona patria, lumina sobria te speculantur, Ad tua nomina sobria lumina collacrimantur: 20 Est tua mentio pectoris unctio, cura doloris, Concipientibus aethera mentibus ignis amoris. Est ibi consita laurus et insita cedrus hysopo; Sunt radiantia iaspide moenia clara pyropo; Hinc tibi sardius, inde topazius, hinc amethystus; 25 Est tua fabrica contio caelica, gemmaque Christus. Lux tua mors crucis, atque caro ducis est crucifixi. Laus, benedictio, coniubilatio personat ipsi. Tu sine litore, tu sine tempore, fons, modo rivus, Dulce bonis sapis, estque tibi lapis undique vivus. 30 Est tibi laurea, dos datur aurea, Sponsa decora, Primaque Principis oscula suscipis, inspicis ora.

'Jerusalem the Golden!'

Urbs Sion aurea, patria lactea, cive decora, Omne cor obruis, omnibus obstruis et cor et ora. Nescio, nescio, quae iubilatio, lux tibi qualis, 35 Quam socialia gaudia, gloria quam specialis. Sunt Sion atria coniubilantia, martyre plena, Cive micantia, Principe stantia, luce serena. Urbs Sion incluta, turris et edita litore tuto, Te peto, te colo, te flagro, te volo, canto, saluto. 40 Me Pater optimus atque piissimus ille creavit; In lue pertulit, ex lue sustulit, a lue lavit. Diluit omnia caelica gratia, fons David undans Omnia diluit, omnibus affluit, omnia mundans. O mea, spes mea, tu Sion aurea, clarior auro, 45 Agmine splendida, stans duce, florida perpete lauro. O bona patria, num tua gaudia teque videbo? O bona patria, num tua praemia plena tenebo? Plaude, cinis meus, est tua pars Deus; eius es, et sis. Plaude, cinis meus, est tua pars Deus; eius es, et sis. 50 _Bernard of Cluny._

THE HEAVENLY CITY.

Me receptet Sion illa, Sion, David urbs tranquilla, Cuius faber Auctor lucis, Cuius portae lignum crucis, Cuius muri lapis vivus, 5 Cuius custos Rex festivus. In hac urbe lux solennis, Ver aeternum, pax perennis: In hac odor implens caelos, In hac semper festum melos; 10 Non est ibi corruptela, Non defectus, non querela; Non minuti, non deformes, Omnes Christo sunt conformes. Urbs in portu satis tuto, 15 De longinquo te saluto, Te saluto, te suspiro, Te affecto, te requiro. Quantum tui gratulantur, Quam festive convivantur, 20 Quis affectus eos stringat Aut quae gemma muros pingat, Quis chalcedon, quis iacinthus, Norunt illi qui sunt intus. In plateis huius urbis 25 Sociatus piis turbis Cum Moyse et Elia Pium cantem Alleluia. Amen. _Hildebert._

ABBREVIATIONS.

A. & G. = Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar. B. = Bennett's Latin Grammar. G. & L. = Gildersleeve and Lodge's Latin Grammar. Lex. = Harper's Latin-English Lexicon. cf. = _confer_, compare. e.g. = _exempli gratia_, for example. ff. = following. i.e. = _id est_, that is. l.,ll. = line, lines. lit. = literally. p., pp. = page, pages. sc. = _scilicet_, understand, supply. vol. = volume.

NOTES.

CLASSICAL LATIN POETRY.

I. ENNIUS. 239-169 B.C.

Ennius ut noster cecinit, qui primus amoeno Detulit ex Helicone perenni fronde coronam, Per gentes Italas hominum quae clara clueret. Lucretius, 1. 117-119.

Let us venerate Ennius like the groves, sacred from their antiquity, in which the great and ancient oak trees are invested not so much with beauty as with sacred associations.--Quintilian, 10. 1. 88,--translated by Sellar.

Q. Ennius, 'the Father of Latin Literature,' was born at Rudiae, a town of Calabria and a point of contact between the Italian and Greek civilizations. He served with the rank of centurion in the Roman army in Sardinia and attached himself to Cato the Censor. In 204 he came to Rome, where he lived modestly, supporting himself by teaching Greek and by his writings. There he became an intimate friend of the great Scipio. The most famous of his works are the tragedies, written on Greek models, and the _Annals_, a long epic poem in eighteen books, whose subject is the history of Rome from the earliest times to Ennius' own day. We have fragments of about twenty-five of the tragedies. Of the _Annals_ about six hundred lines are preserved.

Ennius introduced the dactylic hexameter into Latin poetry.

He was versatile, widely read in Greek literature, a man of practical interests and intellectual vigor. His intense patriotism was rewarded by an enduring popularity.

For Reference: Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_ (Oxford, 1889), chapter 4; the collections of the fragments by Vahlen (Leipzig, 1854) and by Muller (St. Petersburg, 1885).

Metres: Dactylic Hexameter, B. 368; A. & G. 615: _Selections_ 1-5. Trochaic Septenarius, B. 366, 2; A. & G. 620: _Selections_ 6, 7. Elegiac Stanza, B. 368, 369; A. & G. 616: _Selection_ 8.

_1._ 'Lines of tender regret and true hero-worship.'--Sellar. Cf. Livy, 1. 16. 2, 3. Prose translation in Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_, p. 110. 3. qualem...genuerunt: How great a guardian of our country did the gods create in thee!--Sellar. 4. O pater, o genitor: pater is a title of respect, genitor the actual parent. sanguen: an ante-classic neuter collateral form of sanguis. 5. intra luminis oras: within the realms of light (Sellar), a favorite expression with later poets.

_2._ 'Sentiments truly regal and worthy of the race of the Aeacidae.' Cicero, _De Officiis,_ 1. 12.

This is Pyrrhus' reply to Fabricius and other envoys sent to negotiate for the ransom of the Roman prisoners after the battle of Heraclea, 280 B.C.

Prose translation and fine comment in Sellar, Roman Poets of the Republic, p. 99.

1. dederitis: perfect subjunctive in a prohibition. 2. nec cauponantes bellum: not making petty traffic of war. 3. vitam: accusative of specification. 5. accipe: to Fabricius, while ducite (1. 8) is to all the envoys. 7. eorundem: scanned as three syllables. 8. volentibus...dis: under favor of the great gods.--Sellar. Final s in volentibus as in vivus (_Selection_ 8. 2) is neglected in scanning.

_4._ These lines were often quoted. They are imitated by Vergil, _Aeneid,_ 6. 845-846:

Tu Maximus ille es, unus qui nobis cunctando restituis rem.

Prose translation in Sellar, Roman Poets of the Republic, p. 106.

1. cunctando: by biding his time.--Sellar. rem equals rem publicam. 2. noenum equals ne, not + oenum, old form of unum, one. This eventually contracts into non. rumores: what men said of him.--Sellar.

_5._ One of the grandest lines in Latin poetry. Cicero says of it (_De Republica_, 5.1): 'For brevity and for truth it is like the utterance of some oracle.'

1. Moribus...virisque: By olden custom and great men Rome stands. virisque: of. Sir William Jones, _An Ode in Imitation of Alcaeus_:

What constitutes a state? Not high-raised battlement, nor labored mound, Thick wall or moated gate: Not cities fair with spires and turrets crowned: No;--men, high-minded men,--... Men, who their duties know, But know their rights, and knowing dare maintain.

_6._ From the _Telamo_, spoken by Telamon on receiving tidings of his son's death. Sellar describes the passage as 'this strong and scornful triumph over natural sorrow.'

Prose translation in Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_, p. 113.

1. ei re sustuli: to that end (i.e. with full knowledge of the fact) I bred them. re: dative, B. 52, 3; A. & G. 98, d, NOTE.

_7._ From the _Telamo_. This is Epicurean doctrine. Cf. Tennyson, _The Lotos-Eaters, Choric Song_ at end:

like Gods together, careless of mankind. For they lie beside their nectar, and the bolts are hurl'd Far below them in the valleys, and the clouds are lightly curl'd Round their golden houses, girdled with the gleaming world: Where they smile in secret, looking over wasted lands, Blight and famine, plague and earthquake, roaring deeps and fiery sands, Clanging fights, and flaming towns, and sinking ships, and praying hands. But they smile, _etc_.

Prose translation in Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_, p. 78.

1. deum: genitive with which caelitum agrees. 3. abeat: is not so.-- Sellar.

_8._ Prose translation in Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_, p. 76. Note the alliterations in the passage. 1. dacrumis: older form of lacrimis and related to it as dingua to lingua. nec...faxit: and let none weep at my funeral, faxit is perfect subjunctive. 2. Volito...virum: I still live as I fly along the lips of men. _Cf_. Vergil, _Georgics_, 3. 9: victorque virum volitare per ora, and Shakspere, _Sonnet_ 82:

You still shall live--such virtue hath my pen-- Where breath most breathes, even in the mouths of men.

II. LUCRETIUS.

98-55 B.C.

Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas atque metus omnis et inexorabile fatum subiecit pedibus strepitumque Acherontis avari. Vergil, _Georgics_, 2. 490-492.

He...died Chief poet on the Tiber-side. Mrs. Browning, _Vision of Poets_.

This doctrine of Lucretius, though antagonistic to the popular religion, is not atheistic or pantheistic; it is not definite enough to be theistic. It is rather the twilight between an old and a new faith.-- Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_, p. 355.

The joy and glory of his art come second in his mind to his passionate love of truth, and the deep moral purport of what he believes to be the one true message for mankind. The human race lies fettered by superstition and ignorance; his mission is to dispel their darkness by that light of truth which is 'clearer than the beams of the sun and the shining shafts of day.'--Mackail, _Latin Literature_, p. 43.

The _De Rerum Natura_, Lucretius' only work, left at his death unfinished, is a didactic poem in six books which aims to give an explanation of the origin and nature of the universe. All things are declared to be composed of atoms--even the soul, which is therefore mortal--and have been developed by a process of 'evolution' and 'survival of the fittest' under the uninterrupted control of natural law. Gods exist, but have little to do with the world. On the ethical side contentment, self-control, obedience, humility, are earnestly enjoined.

The style abounds in archaism, alliteration, and assonance. The frequent use of new compounds is a noticeable peculiarity of the diction.

Jerome states that the wife of Lucretius gave him a love-philtre which took away his reason so that, after composing in his lucid intervals several books, which were afterward corrected by Cicero, he died by his own hand.

Sellar is inclined to accept this story as a 'meagre and distorted record of tragical events in the poet's life.' On the basis of this legend and an appreciative study of the _De Rerum Natura_, Tennyson composed his _Lucretius_.

For Reference: Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_, chapters 11-14; Munro, _Text of Lucretius, with Notes and Introduction_ (4th. edition, Cambridge, 1886); Mackail, _Latin Literature_ (New York, 1898), pp. 44- 46 (Lucretius as anticipating theories of modern science).

Metre: Dactylic Hexameter, B. 368; A. & G. 615.

_1._ 2. animi: a locative form, B. 232, 3; A. & G. 358. 3. thyrso: see _Lex_. II. A and B. 5-10. Often imitated, as by Vergil, _Georgics_, 3. 291-293. 5, 6. mente...loca: I traverse in blooming thought the pathless haunts of the Pierides.--Munro. 7. iuvat: I love.--Munro. 11,12. artis religionum nodis: Lucretius teaches that, since the gods do not govern the world, all rites of worship are needless, and, since the soul is mortal, punishment after death is not to be feared. Cf. Tennyson, _Lucretius_:

My golden (cf. aurea, _Selection_ 2. 12) work in which I told a truth That stays the rolling Ixionian wheel, And numbs the Fury's ringlet-snake and plucks The mortal soul from out immortal hell.

Religio is probably derived from the root lig, meaning to bind. The Roman felt his religion to be a fetter upon him. 14. contingens: o'erlaying, a compound of tango.--Munro.

_2._ 2. commoda: the true interests.--Munro. 3. o...decus: Epicurus, who is praised in many passages. (See Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_, p. 298 ff.) His bold and, comprehensive thinking is characterized as follows (1. 72-74):

Ergo vivida vis animi pervicit, et extra processit longe flammantia moenia mundi atque omne inmensum peragravit mente animoque.

6, 7. quid...cycnis: for in what respect could the swallow vie with swans? 8. consimile...et: that could compare with. 16. terrores: of superstition. To remove these by demonstrating the uncontested supremacy in the universe of natural law is Lucretius' main purpose. moenia ff.: Lucretius thinks of the earth as at rest in the centre of our system,-- or mundus,--surrounded by the air in which move the moon and the sun. The air is encompassed by the fiery aether,--or flammantia moenia mundi, 'the flaming walls of the world,'--which, as it rotates, carries the stars with it. Beyond is the 'illimitable inane' (inmensum inane) in which are set an infinite number of other worlds, and in the midst of these the dwellings where the gods 'live the great life...center'd in eternal calm' (deos securum agere aevom, 6. 58). To the poet's instructed vision aether opens and earth becomes transparent. 18-24. Inspired by _Odyssey_, 6. 42-45. Cf. Tennyson, _Lucretius_:

The Gods, who haunt The lucid interspace of world and world, Where never creeps a cloud, or moves a wind, Nor ever falls the least white star of snow, Nor ever lowest roll of thunder moans, Nor sound of human sorrow mounts to mar Their sacred everlasting calm!

and his description of the

island-valley of Avilion, Where falls not hail, or rain, or any snow, Nor ever wind blows loudly

in the _Passing of Arthur_. Observe the melody of the Latin due to the skilful alliteration, and cf. Munro's translation of it for a like effect.

25. nusquam apparent: Lucretius has proved that they do not exist. 26. nec...dispiciantur: though earth is no bar to all things being descried.--Munro. 28, 29. voluptas adque horror: delight mixed with shuddering awe.--Munro.

_3._ 1-4. Zephyr and Flora precede Spring and Venus. viai: genitive of archaic form dependent on cuncta, translate as all the way. 5. loci: partitive genitive after inde; translate the two words by then. 8. aliae...ventique: other stormy winds, i.e. Volturnus and Auster. 10. bruma: midwinter.

_4._ 1. Ergo: because of visions of the night and day and because of their observation of natural phenomena men at large came to the incorrect belief that the gods govern the world. (Lucretius denies the providence of the gods, not their existence.) 2. tradere, facere: infinitives used substantively in apposition to perfugium. 3. templa: realms. 5. severa: stern, austere. Properly the epithet of noctis, but poetically transferred to signa. 6. faces, flammae: meteors. 7. The heaping up of substantives without a copula is not uncommon in Lucretius. 8. fremitus: distant, rumbling thunder. murmura magna minarum: the near loud, threatful thunderclaps.--Munro. minarum is equivalent to a limiting adjective. 13. velatum: the Romans prayed with covered head. 14. vertier: middle. The reference is to a Roman custom by which the suppliant approached with the statue on his right; after praying, he turned to the right so as to face it and then prostrated himself. 17. vota: votive tablets. 18 ff. It is true piety, not to perform these rites, but to possess a tranquil mind, and this is difficult, for the grandeur and terror of nature are almost overwhelming. 20. super fixum: fast above.--Munro. 21. et...viarum: and direct our thoughts to the courses of the sun and moon.--Munro. viarum: B. 206, 3. 26. rationis egestas: lack of power to solve the question.-- Munro. 27. genitalis origo: birthtime.--Munro. 28. quoad: how long. 34. contrahitur: shrink into itself.--Munro. 38. corripiunt: like contrahitur, but stronger. 40. poenarum: genitive depending on solvendi. 45. viris quae ff.: powers sufficient to, etc.

LUCRETIUS AS OBSERVER AND WORD-PAINTER.--The following groups of phrases and sentences are given as illustrative of the accuracy, variety, and splendor of Lucretius' descriptions:

1. _Shells on the Shore._

Concharumque genus parili ratione videmus pingere telluris gremium, qua mollibus undis litoris incurvi bibulam pavit aequor arenam. 2. 374-376.

2. _The Stars._

Candida sidera. 5. 1210. micant aeterni sidera mundi. 5. 514. Simul ac primum sub diu splendor aquai ponitur, extemplo caelo stellante serena sidera respondent in aqua radiantia mundp. 4. 211-213. caeli labentia signa. 1. 2. fervida signa. 5. 628. Raraque per caelum cum venti nubila portant tempore nocturno, tum splendida signa videntur labier adversum nimbos atque ire superne. 4. 443-445. totum circum tremere aethera signis. 1. 1089.

3. _The Sky._

stellis fulgentibus apta concutitur caeli domus. 6. 357-358. signiferi super aetheris aestas. 6. 481. caeli lucida templa. 1. 1014. altaque caeli densebant procul a terris fulgentia templa. 5. 490-491.

4. _The Sun._

sol lumine conserit arva. 2. 210-211. rosea sol alte lampade lucens. 5. 610. aeternum lampada mundi. 5. 402.

III. CATULLUS.

84-54 B.C.

Odi et amo. _Carmen_ 85. 1.

Si tamen e nobis aliquid nisi nomen et umbra restat, in Elysia valle Tibullus erit: obvius huic venias, hedera iuvenalia cinctus tempora, cum Calvo, docte Catulle, tuo. Ovid, _Amores_, 3. 9. 59-62.

Tenderest of Roman poets... Sweet Catullus. Tennyson, '_Frater, Aae atque Vale._'

Catullus is the greatest lyric poet of Roman literature.

With the exception of c. 61, it is in his shorter poems that Catullus achieves his greatest success. The poet does not handle dactylic measures quite easily; on the other hand, he is masterly in the lighter lyrical forms. The harmony of substance and form, the refinement and transparent clearness of the thoughts, are incomparable, as are the grace, strength, and warmth of feeling in the shorter pieces.

Teuffel, Schwabe, and Warr, _History of Roman Literature_, vol. 1, p. 391 ff.

Catullus, born at Verona in Cisalpine Gaul, came early to Rome, where most of his short life was spent. He has left us about 116 poems, most of them brief, but a few of considerable length. The ultimate preservation of these depended upon the fortunate rediscovery at Verona of a single copy. Several of them imitate the learned and artificial style of the Alexandrine school of Greek poetry. It is on this account that Ovid applies to him the epithet doctus.

For Reference: Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_, chapter 15; Robinson Ellis, _A Commentary on Catullus_ (2d edition, Oxford, 1889); Merrill, _Catullus_ (Boston, 1893); Ellis, _Translation of Catullus_ (London, 1871).

Metres: Phalaecian, A. & G. 623, 624, 625. 11: _Selections_ 1, 3, 4, 5. Choliambic, A. & G. 618, a, b, c: _Selection_ 6. Elegiac, B. 369, 1, 2; A. &. G. 616: _Selections_ 2, 7-9.