Part 18

Biddumas, 182.

Bilins, 131.

Birmans, 205.

Birthplace of species, 82.

Black Caribs, 285.

Blondes, 147, 163.

Boadicea, 107.

Bohemians, 165.

Boru Island, 236.

Brahmans, 153, 169.

Brahmanism, 170.

Brahui, 243.

Brains, size of, 26.

Brebres, 121.

Bretons, 107, 155.

Briges, 167.

Bretons, 107.

Bronze, Asian, 145.

Brunettes, 147, 163.

Buddhism, 69, 70, 170, 201.

Bugis, 233.

Bulgarians, 165, 210.

Burgundians, 163.

Bushmen, 177, 179, 214.

Caddoes, 255.

Caffres, 189.

Cafusos, 33, 284.

Caledonians, 107.

Calf of leg, 33.

Cambodia, 170.

Cambodians, 206.

Canaanites, 126.

Canarese, 244.

Canon of proportion, 36.

Cantabrians, 121, 143.

Carians, 159.

Caribs, 268, 285.

Carthaginians, 120, 125, 130.

Caste, 170.

Caucasic stock, 170.

“Caucasian” race, 172.

Caucasus, 105, 112.

Celt-Indic stock, 144.

Celtic peoples, 154.

Celtic type, 107.

Celts, 107, 111, 150, 151.

Celtiberians, 121.

Ceylon, 222.

Chaco, the, 271.

Chaldeans, 137, 199.

Changallas, 181.

Chata-Muskokis, 254.

Chepewyans, 251.

Chibchas, 271.

Chilluks, 181.

Chinese, the, 198.

Chinos, 285.

Chiriqui, 267.

Chukchis, 214, 215.

Circassians, 171.

Civilization, 101, 288.

Climate, 40.

Cochin-China, 205.

Color in race, 29.

Color of skin, 30.

Color of eyes, 32.

Color sense, 36.

Comanches, 257.

Commerce, pre-historic, 75.

Communal marriage, 53.

Confucius, 202.

Congo, the, 177, 178, 189, 190.

Coptic, 120, 127, 150.

Cossacks, 210.

Craniology, 19.

Creeks, 255.

Criteria of superiority, 47.

Croatians, 165.

Culture defined, 101.

Cuneiform writing, 126.

Cyclopean walls, 160.

Cymri, 108, 112.

Cymric, 107, 155.

Cypriotes, 130.

Cyprus, 159.

Czechs, 165.

Dacians, 158, 166.

Daghestan, 171.

Dahomey, 185.

Dakotas, 254.

Dalmatians, 165.

Danakils, 131.

Danes, 163.

Dayaks, 233, 234.

Deluge myth, 114, 144.

Destiny of Races, 292.

Dinkas, 181.

Disease in races, 39.

Djats, 169.

Djurjura, 111, 119.

Dravidians, 169, 239, 243, 284.

Dryopithecus, the, 84.

Easter Island, 236, 238.

Egypt, stone age, 129.

Egyptians, 42, 120, 121, 123, 127.

Ehkilis, 133, 134.

Eranic peoples, 166.

Eskimos, 21, 54, 215, 249.

Esthonians, 212.

Ethical standards, 58.

Ethics, primitive, 59.

Ethiopia, 177.

Ethiopians, 135.

Ethnic psychology, 52.

Ethnographic scheme, 99.

Etruscans, 124, 130, 155, 156.

Eurafrica, 89.

Eurafrican Race, 97, 103, 298.

Eurasia, 89, 196.

Eurasians, 107, 112.

Euskaric stock, 142.

Euskaric type, 159.

Evolution, 80, 81.

Exogamy, 43, 46.

Eyes, orbits of, 23; color, 31.

Facial angle, 24.

Fans, 188.

Fanti, 185.

Fellahs, 188.

Fellata, 183.

Fetichism, 68.

Fine arts, 73.

Finnic group, 211.

Finns, 212.

Finno-Ugric, 206.

Flatheads, 23.

Folk-lore, 82.

Food, 40.

Formosa, 224.

Franks, 163.

French, 156.

Friendship, 55.

Fuegians, 53, 271.

Fundjas, 187.

Gaelic, 154.

Gando, 183.

Gallas, 131.

Gauls, 107.

Geez, 135.

Genghis Khan, 209.

Gens, 56, 57.

Geographical provinces, 95.

Georgians, 171.

Germany, 157.

Germans, 163.

Getulians, 116.

Ghadames, 116.

Ghanata, 176.

Ghiliaks, 215.

Glacial age, 91.

Gondwana, 222.

Goths, 112, 125, 163.

Great Mogul, 209.

Greek language, 160.

Greeks, 45.

Gaunches, 116, 117, 122, 130.

Guinea, 184.

Gypsies, 169.

Hadramaut, 134, 136.

Haidahs, 257.

Hair, the, 32.

Hamitic stock, 115.

Harrari, 135.

Haussas, 182.

Heart line, 29.

Hebrews, 139.

Heel, in negroes, 28.

Hellenic peoples, 159.

Heterogenesis, 81.

Himyarites, 133, 186.

Hindoos, 169.

Hittites, 126, 214.

Hottentots, 35, 177, 179.

Hovas, 233.

Huns, 210.

Hunzas, 169.

Iarbas, 122.

Iberi, 121, 122, 143.

Iberian peninsula, 121, 157.

Illyrians, 152, 158.

Illyric peoples, 158.

Inca bone, 23.

“Indians,” 247.

Indo-Chinese, 205.

Indo-Eranic peoples, 166.

Innuit, 249.

Irish, 107, 154.

Iroquois, 254.

Ishmaelites, 133.

Islam, 69, 70, 203.

Israelites, 137.

Italians, 156.

Italic peoples, 155.

Jakout, 210.

Jalin, 136.

Japyges, 158.

Japanese, 216.

Japetus, 105.

Javanese, 234.

Jaws, shape of, 24.

Jews, 139, 299.

Joktanides, 136.

Kabyles, 111, 116, 117, 118, 128.

Kanembus, 182.

Kanoris, 182.

Kavi, 234.

Kalihari desert, 179.

Kalmucks, 208.

Kamschatkans, 215.

Karelians, 212.

Khamers, 131.

Khmers, 206.

Khonds, 244.

Kiks, 181.

Kimos, 179.

Kioways, 256.

Kirghis, 211.

Kists, 171.

Kohls, 244.

Koraks, 215.

Koreans, 218.

Kurdistan, 167.

Kurgans, 165.

Ladakis, 205.

Ladinish, 156.

Ladins, 107.

Lamuts, 208.

Language, 60-66.

Languages, scheme of, 64.

Laos, 206.

Lao-tse, 202.

Latin peoples, 156.

Latins, 152, 155.

Lapps, 35, 212.

Leleges, 159.

Lemuria, 223.

Lemurian reversion, 271.

Lesghians, 171.

Lettic peoples, 162.

Letto-Slavs, 152.

Leucæthiopes, 116.

Lhasa, 204.

Libyan group, 115.

Libyans, 116, 117.

Libyo-Teutonic type, 106, 118.

Ligurians, 150, 155.

Linguistic stocks, 61.

Lipans, 251.

Lithuanian language, 149, 162.

Livoanians, 212.

Loan words, 65.

Lolo, 198.

Lombards, 163.

Loochoo Islands, 218.

Love words, 54.

Luristan, 167.

Macassars, 234.

Macedonians, 158.

Madagascar, 179, 222.

Magna Grecia, 161.

Magyars, 212.

Malayalas, 244.

Malays, 230, 232, 239.

Mallinki, 184.

Manchus, 207.

Mandingoes, 183, 184, 193.

Mangues, 266.

Mantras, 224.

Manx, 107, 154.

Maoris, 236.

Marghis, 182.

Masiti, 190.

Massagetes, 164.

Mauritanians, 116.

Mayas, 263.

Mazimbas, 189.

Megalithic structure, 120.

Melanesians, 227, 228.

Melanism, 45.

Melle, 176, 193.

Menephtah inscription, 123.

Metissage, 45, 47.

Miaotse, 198.

Micronesians, 245.

Migrations, early, 74.

Mincopies, 224.

Mingling of races, 45.

Mingrelians, 171.

Mixtecs, 262.

Modesty, 59.

Mohammedanism, 70.

Monbuttus, 187.

Monogenism, 79.

Montenegrins, 165.

Mois, 224.

“Mound Builders,” 255.

Mundas, 244.

Muscular habits, 33.

Mzabites, 116, 133.

Nabotheans, 133.

Namollos, 215.

Nasal index, 23.

Navajos, 251.

Negrillos, 177.

Negritos, 223.

Negroes, the, 181.

Negroids, the, 185.

Negus, the Grand, 137.

Nepalese, 205.

Niger, the, 175, 176, 182.

Nile, the, 175, 185.

Nile, valley, 91, 129.

Ninevites, 126.

Norsemen, 163.

Nose, shape of, 24.

Nubians, 45.

Nubus, 187.

Nuers, 181.

Numidians, 116.

Nyam-Nyams, 187.

Oases, 176.

Obongos, 178.

Old Prussian, 162.

Orbital index, 23.

Oscans, 151, 155.

Osmanlis, 210.

Ossetes, 167.

Palæolithic implement, 84, 90.

Pali, 169.

Pamir plateau, 195, 198, 210.

Papuas, 227, 229.

Parsees, 112, 167.

Pawnees, 256.

Pelasgians, 214.

Pelvic index, 28.

Permians, 212.

Personal loyalty, 56.

Persians, 167.

Phenicians, 126, 138, 160.

Phonetic laws, 64.

Phratries, 57.

Phrygians, 159.

Physical ideal, 41.

Picts, 114, 143.

Po, plain of, 111.

Poles, 165.

Polyandry, 53.

Polygenism, 79.

Polynesians, 235.

Portuguese, 156, 157.

Prakrit, 169.

Proto-Aryac language, 148.

Proto-Hellenes, 160.

Proto-Semitic languages, 119.

Puls, 188.

Punt, the land, 176.

Pygmies, 177.

Qquichuas, 272.

Quaternary, geography, 86.

Quimos, 179.

Races, development, 92.

Races, classification, 97.

Races, subdivisions, 98.

Rajpoots, 169.

Rapanui, 238.

Red hair, 45.

Religion, 67.

Rifians, 116, 125.

Rig Veda, 169.

River drift men, 84, 91.

Romance languages, 156.

Romany, 169.

Roumanians, 156, 157.

Russians, 165.

Ruthenians, 165.

Sabeans, 133.

Sahaptins, 258.

Sahara, the, 87, 88, 116, 173, 176.

Sakaies, 224.

Sakulavas, 189.

Sakya Muni, 69.

Samaritans, 137.

Sambaquis, 269.

Samnites, 155.

Samoyeds, 212.

Sandehs, 187.

Sansandig, 183.

Sanscrit, 145, 160, 168.

Santals, 244.

Sarmatians, 164.

Savai, 236.

Saxons, 163.

Scotch, the, 154.

Scythians, 164.

Senegal, 183, 184.

Semangs, 224.

Semites, cradle of, 132.

Sereres, 183.

Serkus, 116.

Servians, 165.

Sex relations, 37.

Sexual impulse, 53.

Sexual preference, 43.

Shamanism, 68.

Sheba, Queen of, 133.

Shilhas, 116.

Shintoism, 217.

Shoshonees, 256.

Siagosch, 112.

Siamese, 206.

Sibiric Branch, 206.

Sicily, 161.

Simiadæ in Europe, 85.

Sinhalese, 235.

Sinitic Branch, 197.

Skulls, shape of, 21.

Skypetars, 158.

Slavonic peoples, 164.

Sokoto, 183.

Somalis, 132.

Sononki, 184.

Spaniards, 156.

Spanish Americans, 45.

Special senses, 36.

Steatopygy, 35.

Stone age, 91.

Stone age in Egypt, 129.

Suahelis, 189.

Sudan, the, 181, 182.

Suevi, 112.

Suomi, 212.

Susians, 224.

Sutures of skull, 22.

Swedes, 163.

Syrians, 126, 137, 161.

Sygyni, 166.

Taboo, 237.

Tadchiks, 168.

Tagalas, 232, 233.

Tamerlane, 209.

Tamils, 244.

Tanganyika Lake, 190.

Tapuyas, 270.

Tarascos, 262.

Tartar or Tatar, 209.

Tasmanians, 240.

Tavastes, 212.

Tchad, Lake, 175, 182.

Teeth, the, 26.

Telugus, 244.

Teutonic peoples, 163.

Thai, 206.

Thibetans, 204.

Thracians, 158, 167.

Tibbus, 116, 183.

Tibia, shape of, 28.

Tigres, 135.

Timbuctoo, 183.

Tinneh, 251.

Tlinkit, 257.

Tonkinese, 206.

Todas, 183, 244.

Tonga, 236.

Totem, the, 56.

Touaregs, 122.

Transylvania, 166.

Tribal religions, 69.

Tuariks, 116, 125.

Tungus, 207.

Tunisia, 90, 119, 120.

Tupis, 269.

“Turanian,” 213.

Turcomans, 210.

Turks, 161, 209, 210.

Types of white race, 106.

Ugrians, 212.

Umbrians, 151, 156.

Ural-Altaic, 206.

Utes, 43.

Vandals, 112, 125, 163.

Vans, 114, 153.

Veddahs, 230, 235.

Volapük, 67.

Volscians, 155.

Vouatouas, 178.

Waganda, 190.

Wallachians, 156.

Walloons, 107.

War, 76-78.

Watuta, 190.

Welsh, 107, 154.

Wends, 165.

White Nile, 176, 181, 182.

Wolofs, 183, 184.

Woman, 38, 58.

World religions, 69.

Zambesi river, 189.

Zapotecs, 262.

Zend, 145, 167.

Zulus, 189.

Zuñis, 258.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The cranial indices on one of these islands varied from 70 to 83. The excessive claims of craniometry have been severely but justly rebuked by Moriz Wagner, in his thoughtful work, _Die Entstehung der Arten durch räumliche Sonderung_, s. 528, sq. (Basel, 1889), and more forcibly censured by Waitz, _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_, Bd. I., ss. 84-88. The French school of anthropologists have been especially one-sided in their devotion to this one element of the science. Among other great naturalists, Charles Darwin was careful to point out the variability of the skull as an anatomical part. (_The Descent of Man_, p. 26.)

[2] Darwin, _The Descent of Man_, p. 56. The anatomical cause of elongated or short skulls is the earlier union of either the transverse or longitudinal sutures, thus forcing the growth to be in the other direction. (L. Holden, _Human Osteology_, p. 127). Of course, this begins in fœtal life; and Pruner Bey had observed children with different forms of the skull born of the same mother. (Oscar Peschel, _Völkerkunde_, s. 80).

[3] See Dr. Emil Schmidt, _Anthropologische Methoden_, s. 221. This is a valuable handbook for the student of anthropology.

[4] An interesting study of this subject has been made by Dr. F. C. Ribbe, _L’Ordre d’Obliteration des Sutures du Crane dans les Races Humaines_ (Paris, 1885).

[5] For a careful paper on this point see Dr. Washington Matthews, in the _American Anthropologist_, Oct., 1889.

[6] Instead of these terms the Germans use:

_Chamaekonch_ = orbital index below 80 _Mesokonch_ = “ “ 80-85. _Hypsikonch_ = “ “ above 85.

The French expressions are preferable.

[7] W. H. Flower, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, Vol. XIV., p. 183.

[8] The “Lemurian reversion” in human dentition brought forward some years ago as a racial indication by Professor E. D. Cope has been largely negatived by the later researches of Dr. Harrison Allen. _See Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society_, 1890; also, Virchow, _Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesellschaft_, 1886, s. 400, sq.

[9] L. Holden, _Human Osteology_, pp. 188, 189.

[10] More accurately, the pigment cells in man are in the deeper layer of the _rete mucosum Malpighii_. Cf. A. Kölliker, “Ueber die Entstehung des Pigments in den Oberhautgebilden,” in the _Zeitschrift für wissensch. Zoölogie_, Bd. XLV., s. 713 sq.

[11] This was the result of numerous autopsies during the American civil war. Some dissections reported by M. T. Chudzinski seem to show that the liver of the negro is smaller than that of the white. (_Revue d’Anthropologie_, 1887, p. 275). But its relative size to the lungs is the question at issue. The comparative splanchnology of the different races has yet to be worked out.

[12] Dr. John Beddoe in England, Topinard in France, and Virchow in Germany, have been especially active in obtaining these statistics.

[13] L. Testut, in _L’Homme_, 1884, p. 377.

[14] In _Archivio per l’Antropologia_, 1885.

[15] See Topinard, “Le Canon des Proportions du Corps de l’Homme Européen,” in _Revue d’Anthropologie_, 1889, p. 392.

[16] An instructive article on this subject is that of Alphonse de Candolle, “Les Types brun et blond au point de vue de la Santé,” in the _Revue d’Anthropologie_, May, 1887.

[17] A number of striking instances have been collected by Waitz, _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_, Bd. I., s. 141. Dr. Max Bartels, in the _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1888, s. 183, establishes this rule: “The higher the race, the less the tolerance of surgical disease; and in the same race, the lower the culture, the greater the tolerance.”

[18] _Solomon’s Song_, Chap. VII., v. 4, etc.

[19] See “The Wooing of Emer,” translated by Kuno Meyer, in _The Archæological Journal_, Vol. I., p. 68 sq.

[20] C. P. Tiele, _History of the Egyptian Religion_, pp. 93, 95, etc.

[21] The most valuable study upon it is that by the late Moriz Wagner, printed in his volume _Die Entstehung der Arten durch räumliche Sonderung_ (Basel, 1889).

[22] Some excellent remarks on this subject are offered by Elie Reclus, in his discussion of marriage among the Australians, in _Revue d’Anthropologie_, 1887, p. 20, sq.

[23] On the interesting questions of the recurrence of red hair and albinos in various races, consult Richard Andree, _Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche_, ss. 238, 261. (Neue Folge, Leipzig, 1889).

[24] The alleged examples are satisfactorily set aside by Dr. Wilhelm Schneider, _Die Naturvölker_, Bd. II., ss. 425, sqq. (Paderborn, 1886.)

[25] Much of this seeming violence is “ceremonial,” as I have already observed (page 44); but what I wish now to emphasize is that the marriage is without show of affection.

[26] D. G. Brinton, “The Conception of Love in some American Languages,” in _Essays of an Americanist_, p. 410, sq. (Philadelphia, 1890.)

[27] For numerous examples, see Dr. Wilhelm Schneider’s work, _Die Naturvölker_, Th. II., ss. 290, 294, etc.

[28] Our countryman, Lewis H. Morgan, was the first to place this subject in its true light in his work _Ancient Society_ (New York, 1878). He doubtless carried the theory too far in certain directions, but in others it has not yet been sufficiently appreciated by historians.

[29] See M. Kulischer, “Der Dualismus der Ethik bei den primitiven Völkern,” in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1885, s. 105.

[30] See “The Earliest Form of Human Speech as revealed by American Tongues,” in my _Essays of an Americanist_, p. 390. (Philadelphia, 1890).

[31] “On the Origin of Language,” in _Proceedings of the Amer. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science_, 1887, p. 279.

[32] The proof of this is furnished by Gustav Roskof, _Das Religionswesen der Rohesten Naturvölker_ (Leipzig, 1880), and Wilhelm Schneider, _Die Naturvölker_, II. Theil (Paderborn, 1886). The assertions to the contrary by Herbert Spencer, Sir John Lubbock, and various French writers, arise from a lack of study of the evidence, or a misunderstanding of terms.

[33] I have endeavored to show this, so far as it applies to native American religions, in my volume, _American Hero-Myths_ (Philadelphia, 1882).

[34] See my Essay, _The Cradle of the Semites_ (Philadelphia, 1890), and Sir Daniel Wilson, “Trade and Commerce in the Stone Age,” in _Trans. Royal Soc. Canada_, 1889.

[35] This is shown not only by the presence of artefacts and shells from the Pacific in old graves on the Atlantic coast, but by the well-preserved traditions of the Eastern tribes. See my _Essays of an Americanist_, p. 188 (Philadelphia, 1890).

[36] Such at any rate is the opinion expressed last year (1889) by the most celebrated living anthropologic anatomist, Professor Virchow, in an address before the German Anthropological Association. (_Correspondenz Blatt der Deutschen Anthrop. Gesell._, Sept., 1889, s. 96.) Except for the weight of his great name, I should hesitate to say as much; and as it is, I entertain some doubts as to the accuracy of the statement.

[37] This is the result of the most recent researches. See Prof. J. N. Woldrich’s paper, “Ueber die palaeolithische Zeit Mittel-Europas,” in the _Correspondenz-Blatt der Deutschen Gesell. für Anthropologie_, 1889, p. 110, sq. Also _Verhand. der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell._, 1884, s. 530, for the absence of the old stone age in Siberia, a fact which also tells heavily against the first peopling of America from that region.

[38] G. de Mortillet, _Le Préhistorique Antiquité de l’Homme_, p. 120. (Paris, 1883.) A. Gaudry, _Le Dryopithèque_ (Paris, 1890).

[39] Darwin, _The Descent of Man_, p. 155. (New York, 1883).

[40] For the details of these features, see the work of E. Suess, _Das Antlitz der Erde_, Bd. I., s. 371, 768, etc. (Leipzig, 1885.)

[41] On the recent connection of North Africa with Europe, see A. R. Wallace, _The Geographical Distribution of Animals_, Vol. I., pp. 38, 39; De Mortillet, _Le Prehistorique Antiquité de l’Homme_, p. 225. “Even in post-tertiary times,” writes Huxley (_Physiography_, p. 308), “Africa was united to Europe at the Straits of Gibraltar and across by Malta and Sicily. The Sahara is an old sea bottom, which was below water at a comparatively recent period.” “The Atlas mountains,” remarks Suess, “belong to the intricate orographic system of Europe.” (_Das Antlitz der Erde_, Bd. I., s. 462.)

[42] Emile Cartailhac _Les Ages Préhistoriques de l’Espagne et du Portugal_, pp. 24-30 (Paris, 1886).

[43] Comp. Dr. Bleicher and Sir John Lubbock in the _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, Vol. X., p. 318; Dr. R. Collignon in _Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris_, 1886, p. 676, sq.

[44] See the article of C. Zittel, “Sur les silex taillés trouvës dans le desert Libyque,” in _Congrès Internat. d’Anthropologie et d’Archéologie_, 1874, pp. 78, etc.

[45] See W. D. Gooch, “The Stone Age of South Africa,” in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, 1881, p. 173, sq., and various later reports and discussions in the same periodical.

[46] This opinion was long ago expressed by the distinguished geologist, d’ Omalius d’ Halloy: “Tout nous porte á croire que les differences que presente le genre humain remontent á un ordre de choses antérieur á l’état actuel du globe terrestre.” _Des Races Humaines_, p. 11 (Paris, 1845). This is also the result of recent studies. See Prof. Edward S. Morse, on “Man in the Tertiaries,” in the _American Naturalist_, 1884, p. 1010.

[47] _Lectures on Physical Geography_, p. 273. (London, 1880.)

[48] See A. Bastian, _Zur Lehre von den Geographischen Provinzen_ (Berlin, 1886); A. De Quatrefages, _Histoire Generale des Races Humaines_, p. 333, (Paris, 1889); Dr. Thomas Achelis, _Die Entwickelung der Modernen Ethnologie_, s. 65, (Berlin, 1889). Agassiz was the first to announce (in 1850) that the different races of man are distributed over the world in the same zoölogical provinces as those inhabited by distinct species and genera of mammals. This fact is coming more and more to be the accepted axiom for the study of racial development. (Compare Darwin, _Descent of Man_, p. 169).

[49] This calculation includes in Asia the Arabian peninsula, Syria, the Iranic regions, most of Asia Minor and the Caucasus; but excludes Hindostan, the occupation of which by the Aryans is within the historic period. In Africa it embraces the tract from the Atlantic to the Red Sea, and from the Mediterranean to the Sudan, nearly all of which was held by the Hamitic peoples when we first learn about it. In Europe it includes the whole continent south of a line drawn from the mouth of the Volga, through St. Petersburg to the Atlantic.

[50] One of the leading European students of anatomical racial type is Dr. J. Kollmann, of Basle. He claims that there are four fundamental skull types in that continent:

1. Narrow faced, brachycephalic. 2. Narrow faced, dolichocephalic. 3. Broad faced, brachycephalic. 4. Broad faced, dolichocephalic.

These forms he believes have been steadily perpetuated and have undergone no change, except by intermarrying; they bear no relation to intellectual ability, and they recur in nations of the same language, customs and history. “Ethnic unity in Europe rests not upon racial identity, but racial (anatomical) diversity.” _Verhand. der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell._, 1889, s. 332.

[51] A more appropriate view was taken by Canon Isaac Taylor at the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1889. He defended the thesis that the human race originated in Europe and bifurcated into the Asian and African branches. (See _Nature_, 1889, No. 40, p. 632.)

[52] For a recent summary of the evidence on this point consult Isaac Taylor, _Origin of the Aryans_, p. 129, sq. (London, 1890.)

[53] See Freidrich Müller, _Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft_, Bd. III., s. 224-5; Sayce, _Science of Language_, Vol. II., page 178. The latter uses the expression that between the old Egyptian, the Libyan, and the Semitic tongues “the grammatical agreement is most striking.”

[54] On the Guanches, consult the various works of Sabin Berthelot, Dr. Verneau, and later J. Harris Stone in _Proceedings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science_, 1888, p. 851. The last-mentioned dwells on the many similarities of their arts to those of the Egyptians.

[55] Barth is of opinion that the Berbers conquered the Sahara, not from blacks, but “from the sub-Libyan race, the Leucæthiopes of the ancients, with whom they intermarried” (_Travels in Africa_, Vol. I., 340). This is, I think, the correct opinion, and not that the Sahara was occupied by the negroes.

[56] Ritter, _Erdkunde_, Bd. I., s. 561.

[57] Walter B. Harris, in _Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society_, 1889, p. 490.

[58] For numerous authorities, see Sabin Berthelot, _Bulletin de la Société d’ Ethnologie_, 1845, p. 121, sq., and his _Antiquités Canariennes_ (Paris, 1879).

[59] The early Greek geographer known as Scylax, also speaks of the Libyan men as blondes, and very handsome. For a recent and able discussion of this subject, consult F. Borsari, _Geografica Ethnologica e Storica della Tripolitana_, p. 23, sq. (Naples, 1888). The French writers Broca, Faidherbe, etc., have also written copiously on the Libyan blondes.

[60] The _Tahennu_. Rawlinson, _History of Ancient Egypt_, Vol. II. p. 292.

[61] As distinguished from the Arab, Pruner Bey described the Kabyle as “of higher stature, cerebral and facial cranium broader, forehead more vertical, eyebrows less arched, jaws more orthognathic.” My own studies in Algeria lead me to recognize the correctness of these distinctions. Dr. R. Collignon describes what he thinks is the most ancient Tunisian type as tall, dolichocephalic (73), mesorrhinic (75), narrow face, forehead and chin retreating. He says of the blonde element in Tunisia that it is “assez rare, mais un peu partout.” _Bull. de la Soc. d’ Anthropologie de Paris_, 1886, pp. 620, 621.

[62] _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1888, s. 115.

[63] Yet Barth mentions that in the western Sahara one of the most powerful of the Berber tribes was called _Aurághen_, the yellow, or the gold-colored. _Travels in Africa_, vol. i, pp. 230, 339.

[64] See Broca, “Sur les blondes, et les monuments megalithiques de l’Afrique du Nord,” in _Revue d’ Anthropologie_, 1876; and Faidherbe, _Collection Compléte d’ Inscriptions Numidiques_, Introduction. (Paris, 1870.)