CHAPTER XI

SUFFRAGE 281–347

Negro Suffrage Before 1865 282

Suffrage Between 1865 and 1870 285

Suffrage Between 1870 and 1890 288

Southern Suffrage Amendments Since 1890 294

Citizenship 296

Age 297

Sex 298

Residence 298

Payment of Taxes 299

Ownership of Property 300

Educational Test 301

“Grandfather Clauses” 305

“Understanding and Character Clauses” 308

Persons Excluded from Suffrage 310

Suffrage in Insular Possessions of United States 312

Constitutionality of Suffrage Amendments 313

Maryland and Fifteenth Amendment 317

Extent of Actual Disfranchisement 320

Qualifications for Voting in the United States 322