CHAPTER XVIII

_Departure from Parimau—Parting Gifts—Mock Lamentation—Rawling explores Kamura River—Start for the Wania—Lose the Propeller—A Perilous Anchorage—Unpleasant Night—Leave the Motor Boat—Village of Nimé—Arrival of “Zwaan” with Dayaks—Their Departure—Waiting for the Ship—Taking Leave of the People of Wakatimi—Sail from New Guinea—Ké Islands—Banda—Hospitality of the Netherlands Government—Lieutenant Cramer—Sumbawa—Bali—Return to Singapore and England—One or Two Reflexions._

After our return to Parimau in February, Rawling and Grant went down to Wakatimi, while Marshall and I spent a week in visiting the village of the Tapiro in a last but vain attempt to see the pygmy women. The first few days of March were occupied in packing up the accumulated odds and ends of our year’s occupation and on the 9th of March we were ready to depart. We had told the natives that we were going away and for days before we went they pestered us with questions as to whether we were coming back and what we would give them when we went, and they quickly decided which of our houses they intended to occupy.

[Sidenote: PARTING WITH THE NATIVES]

On the morning of our departure from Parimau we allowed no natives to come into the camp until all the canoes were loaded up and ready for a start. Then we called out to them to come over and about forty men and boys splashed across the river and came swarming into the camp. We had kept for them a number of axe-heads, knives and other pieces of steel and iron, and when the people saw what they were going to be given they became a crowd of madmen. I distributed the things, while Marshall stood by with a big piece of wood and kept them from rushing into the place and seizing everything at once. They shouted and raved and screamed and grew almost pale with excitement, and the various expressions of greed and cunning and anger and delight in their faces were most interesting to watch.

After we had given them their presents we walked towards the canoes, and then they began to set up their horrible wail. A few of them picked up pieces of cloth and matting, through the middle of which they thrust their heads and then began to howl with their hands over their eyes. I took a last look round the houses to see that nothing of value had been left behind and on going to the store-house I met a man, one of our best friends, coming out of it with a tin of rice under his arm. He immediately put down the tin, tore off from a climbing bean that grew by the house a trail of leaves a yard or two long, and wound them about his head and body. Then he burst into tears and the most heartrending sobs, which changed in a moment, when he caught my eye, into a shout of laughter.

When we finally got into the canoes all the men came down to the water’s edge and wailed, while some of them sat down in the water and smeared themselves with mud. In the meantime we could see their women going off into the jungle carrying tins full of their possessions to hide there, and it is probable that after we left there was a good deal of quarrelling and fighting over the spoil. The wailing is a purely perfunctory politeness, but I think there were a few men who were genuinely sorry to lose us. On the following day a strong ebb-tide bore us quickly down to Wakatimi and our navigations of the upper Mimika river were at an end.

In the meantime Rawling had made an interesting exploration of the coast and of the river mouths to the East of the Mimika. The motor boat, which had been badly damaged some months earlier, had been repaired by two Dutch pioneer soldiers and was more or less sea-worthy. In a four days’ trip he had entered the Atuka river, or rather the Atuka mouth of the Kamura river, a few miles up which he came to Atuka, a large village of about six hundred huts surrounded by coconut palms and tobacco plantations. Proceeding up the river into the main Kamura river he went on almost to the junction with the Wataikwa river, thus filling in a large gap of unknown river. On his way back he chose the left (East) branch and after passing the village of Kamura, where the inhabitants showed an inclination to plunder the boat, he came to the lake-like estuary of the Kamura and Wania rivers and entered the sea by a deep channel. It is worth noting that the inhabitants of Atuka and Kamura villages, many of whom visited us two or three times at Wakatimi, are of a decidedly lower type (in appearance) than the people of the Mimika district, though the distance that separates them is only a few miles. They have a fiercer and more brutal aspect and many of them, both men and women go completely naked, a habit which is never practised by the people of Wakatimi. Scarcity of petrol and an irregularly sparking plug brought that excursion to an untimely end, before the lower waters of the Wania had been investigated.

[Sidenote: EXCURSION TO THE WANIA]

From our hill-top (see p. 239) the Wania was evidently by far the most considerable of all the rivers of the district, and apart from our desire to see the people of the Wania, of whom the Mimika natives always spoke with great respect, we felt bound to explore that river as far as possible. Accordingly on March 14, Rawling, Marshall and I, with a Dutch pioneer, two Gurkhas and three coolies, set off in the motor boat towing the yawl, a ship’s boat about twenty feet long, laden with tents and provisions for a week. In a few hours we arrived at the mouth of the Wania river and found that owing to the low tide there was no way of crossing the sand-bar that lay across the entrance. This circumstance was the more remarkable, because only a few days earlier Rawling had come through this bar by a very deep channel. The frequent changes in the banks make the navigation of this coast and particularly of the river mouths exceedingly difficult.

On this occasion the sea was already rather rough, so that we could not anchor and wait until the tide rose, and as the wind was increasing in force there was nothing for it but to turn back and try to take shelter in one of the rivers between the Wania and the Mimika, if not in the Mimika itself. All went well for a few miles and then, as happened frequently, the leather band jumped off the driving wheel and the engine was stopped. When it was replaced and the engine was started again, there was no churning of water in the stern and we realized with some consternation that we had lost our propeller. We were about twelve miles from the mouth of the Mimika, in a shallow sea of less than three fathoms, with a strong wind blowing towards the shore where the waves began to break within a few hundred yards of us, and we were ten men with a heavy motor boat and a heavily-laden yawl to get along somehow. We put four men into the yawl to row and they tried to tow, but the current was so strong against them that they made no headway at all, so we had to anchor where we were and hoped for better things. We pitched and rolled and bumped about most horribly and soon most of the party were deadly sea-sick, perhaps luckily for them, because in that condition one cares nothing for the prospect of shipwreck.

[Sidenote: AN UNPLEASANT EXPERIENCE]

Our anchor rope was short and none too strong, and the rope between us and the yawl was thoroughly rotten—it had snapped once earlier in the day—and we expected that every sudden jerk of the lumpy sea would break it again. Had that happened, there might have been a nasty accident, as the men were too sick to row, even if they had known the art, and their chances of swimming ashore through a sea swarming with sharks were not very bright. Our own predicament in the helpless motor boat would have been unpleasant too, if the yawl had gone adrift, but happily the ropes held. Another drawback was that the motor boat leaked like a sieve, so that a man was kept constantly at work baling her out, and we did not know that the strain might not open her old timbers even more. There was a glorious full moon which one would have enjoyed seeing from the smooth deck of a steamer, but there we could only think how uncomfortable it was lying (without having had dinner) on boxes and tins and gear of all sorts huddled in the bottom of the boat.

The wind continued all through the night and the sea did not moderate, so at daylight, after having been for sixteen hours at anchor, we decided to leave the motor boat hoping that it would not be swamped before we were able to come back and fetch it. We all got into the yawl, which we pulled through quite a nasty sea for about three miles to a sand-bank in the estuary of the Timura river, where we camped until the rising tide enabled us to reach the mainland about midnight. On the following day, the sea having become calmer, we rescued the motor boat, which was by that time half full of water, and towed it slowly to the Timura.

But it was a most arduous business and without the help of a party of natives, who fortunately came along the coast in canoes and were prevailed upon to assist us in paddling, we should never have been able to bring back both of the boats. The arrival of the motor boat at the Mimika on the fifth day, propelled by native paddles instead of by its own power, was not a very dignified affair—it resembled rather the formerly familiar sight of the motor-car in tow of a horse from the plough—but it was a piece of good fortune that it and we returned at all.

We stopped for a night on the way at Nimé, a village at the mouth of the Keaukwa River. This is a very large village—I counted four hundred and thirty huts—but there were hardly a dozen people in the place, the whole population having gone off on one of their periodical migrations to a vegetable diet up the river. It was evident from the immense piles of fishbones and empty shells about the houses that the inhabitants must live largely by fishing, when they are there. The houses are better made than those at Wakatimi, and they are arranged in terraces and crescents along the water’s edge. It was there that we saw the elaborate dancing-houses described above (p. 143).

Just as we paddled laboriously into the Mimika estuary we saw far down on the horizon the smoke of a steamer, and in an hour or two a white painted vessel, which turned out to be the Dutch Government ship _Zwaan_, drew inshore and anchored outside the bar. We naturally supposed that this was a ship that had come to take away the expedition, as we had informed the Government some months earlier that we hoped to be ready to leave the country by the end of March. But that communication had taken a long time, as everything does in those regions, in reaching its destination, and the _Zwaan_ had come, not to take away the expedition, but to bring the means of prolonging the expedition still further.

[Sidenote: LATE ARRIVAL OF DAYAKS]

It appeared that in the previous December the Committee of the Expedition at home, hearing of our scarcity of coolies some months earlier, had decided that a further supply of coolies should be sent to us without delay. Though cables work quickly enough between London and Singapore, communications beyond that are matters of days and weeks, and it was not until the 18th of March that the party of Dayak coolies, who had been engaged in Sarawak by the kind permission of H.H. the Raja, arrived at the Mimika. They were in the charge of Mr. C. B. Kloss, Curator of the Government Museum at Kuala Lumpor, who had brought with him six months’ provision for himself and the men. Almost at the same time that the Committee in England had taken this step, we in New Guinea had decided that three months more was as long as we were prepared to stay in the country, and a request had been sent to the Dutch Government to take us away at the end of that time.

When the _Zwaan_ arrived we were all ready to depart, and Cramer’s party, numbering more than a hundred men, were chafing with impatience to get away; it would have been impossible for the Government to keep them there yet another six months. Even if there had been a possibility of our staying on in the country, the number of Dayaks, thirty-eight, was quite insufficient for a long journey into the interior and the prospect of reaching the moderately high ground of Tapiro Mountain, the best that could be hoped for, was not sufficient inducement to tempt any one to paddle again up the Mimika river. Added to this was the further consideration that in a week or two the more rainy season would begin and that for five or six months very little progress would be possible even with an unlimited supply of the best coolies.

So there was nothing for it but for Mr. Kloss and the Dayaks to go back in the _Zwaan_, which sailed for Amboina on the following day, taking also Marshall, as many sick and useless coolies and soldiers as could be crammed on board, and an urgent request to the authorities to remove us as soon as might be. The Dayak episode was altogether an unfortunate one; had the men reached us six months earlier, we should have made a very good use of them, few though they were; but coming as they did when we were on the point of leaving the country they merely illustrated the uselessness of attempting to conduct an expedition from the other side of the world.

During the next three weeks we waited for the ship with what patience we could. By that time we were all somewhat stale and disinclined for any exertion, and those days of waiting at Wakatimi seemed interminably long. The only pleasant moments were when on fine evenings we could sit outside and watch the sun go down behind the palm trees across the river and hope each time that that would be the last. There were times when for two or three days a strong wind blew and we could hear the surf thundering on the beach, and we knew that even if the ship came it could not approach the shore. Then there were false alarms of whistles having been heard, or of boats seen coming up the river, but our suspense at last came to an end on April 5th, when a steam-launch towing a string of empty boats came puffing up to the camp, where they were received with immense enthusiasm. They came from the Dutch gunboat _Mataram_, which had been despatched to take away the native escort, and the next day came boats from the _Zwaan_, which had come to transport us and our men and the remaining stores of the expedition to Amboina. There followed two days of busy loading and coming and going of boats, during which our impatience to be off was a little allayed by the forethought of one of the officers of the _Mataram_, who stayed ashore with us and had brought with him that rare luxury, bread, and one or two other welcome delicacies.

[Sidenote: DEPARTURE FROM WAKATIMI]

Before sunset on April 7th the last boat was loaded and ready to go, and we had an amusing leave-taking with the people of Wakatimi. It was known that we were going to depart and for some days people from other villages had been crowding into Wakatimi. A large number of men were waiting outside the fence of the camp, but when we invited them to come inside they became unaccountably shy and would not venture. So I went outside and took one bolder fellow, a man whom we knew well, and led him by the arm to a hut, where there were a quantity of old mosquito nets; he seized one and bolted as fast as he could run, apparently thinking that there was something suspicious in this unwonted generosity. Then a few more came very warily after him and then fifty or sixty men dashed into the house and out again as soon as they had snatched up something, it mattered not what. Most of them were armed with spears or bows and arrows, and as there were men fighting to get into and out of the house at the same time it was wonderful that nobody was damaged.

When the people in Wakatimi saw what was going on in the camp they began to yell with excitement, and in a few seconds twenty or more canoes packed with men came paddling madly across the river; they were so excited that some of them upset the canoes, a thing they very seldom do, and they had to swim to the shore. For ten minutes or so the camp was a pandemonium. About two hundred raving lunatics were dashing madly from one house to another and carrying off boxes, sacks, mosquito nets, cases of empty bottles, bits of iron, tables, beds, mats and everything they could possibly move. They howled and raved and fought like wild beasts in a manner horrible to see.

Several women came over and danced and sang in a canoe just in front of the camp, while the crowd of people who had not been able to find a place in the canoes shrieked from the opposite bank. When they could carry no more, they loaded their canoes to the brim with miscellaneous cargoes and went back across the river to the village. There they at once began to squabble over the spoils, and the last we heard of Wakatimi, as darkness came down, were the shrill shrieks of quarrelsome women and the angry shouts of men.

[Sidenote: THE LAST OF NEW GUINEA]

New Guinea treated us kindly in farewell, and we steamed down the river in a glorious starlight, the kind of night which many people think is usual in the tropics, but is in fact most lamentably rare. We left Cramer on board the _Mataram_ and went on to the _Zwaan_, where we soon were lulled to sleep by the pleasant music of the screw. Early the next morning a dull cloud on the northern horizon was our last view of New Guinea, and before night we had reached civilisation again in the anchorage of Dobo.

Two days later we came to the Ké Islands and went ashore to visit the Catholic Mission at Toeal. There is nothing of great interest to see there except the magnificent “iron wood” timber, which is cut in the forests of the larger island, and is used for boat-building; it is obtained in larger pieces than teak, and it is said to be equally good. The fathers occupy themselves with carpentry and boat-building and with teaching a class of small children. The few people whom we saw appeared to be of a mixed Malay-Papuan race and were dressed in unspeakably dirty clothes.

From Toeal we went on to Banda, where we spent a day of pouring rain, a great pity, for a walk through the nutmeg woods of Banda is one of the pleasantest excursions in the islands, and a day later we dropped anchor in the harbour of Amboina.

It will be fitting to remark here that on the outward journey from Java to New Guinea and on our return from the Mimika to Amboina, the members of the expedition were the guests of the Netherlands Government. The thanks of the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs have been conveyed to the captains of the ships and to the other officials, who helped the expedition in a hundred different ways.

At Amboina, where we waited a few days for the arrival of a steamer to Singapore, we parted with Cramer, who was prevented by a sharp attack of fever from coming with us. He was the one other man, beside Rawling, Marshall and myself, who remained with the expedition from the beginning to the end, and it is not paying him an empty compliment to say that few other people would have managed more successfully than he did to live with a party of foreigners in circumstances, which were often exceedingly difficult.

We sailed from Amboina on April 17th in the mail steamer _Van Riebeeck_, and amongst our fellow-passengers we found Captain Van der Bie and Lieut. Van der Wenn (Netherlands Navy), both of whom were returning to Java invalided from the expedition to the Island River in New Guinea. The expedition had penetrated a long way into the interior of the country, but all the Europeans fell ill and the expedition was withdrawn a few months later.

After calling at Macassar we went South past the Postilion Islands to the little known island of Sumbawa, where we went ashore for a few hours at Sumbawa Pesar. It looked a pretty country with well-wooded hills and level cultivated plains. We were much struck by the appearance of the natives, who have a longer type of face and a much fairer skin than any other of the Malay races I have seen. The men all go armed with a _kris_, and they smoke cigars of an incredible length.

[Sidenote: ISLAND OF BALI]

From Sumbawa we steamed along the Northern shore of Lombok, from whose Peak (12,000 feet), the clouds rolled off magnificently at sunset, and early the next morning we came into the harbour of Buleling in the island of Bali. There we took a native carriage (_sado_), and drove a few miles out into the country to see a very interesting Hindu temple, where there are some remarkable good stone carvings, which shew signs of being carefully tended. The Hindu religion still survives, though it cannot be said to flourish, both in this island and in Lombok. The native villages that we saw have quite characteristic features of their own; they are surrounded by a high mud wall with a brick coping and are guarded by a swarm of fiercely barking dogs. Inside the wall, if you are bold enough to enter, you find a neatly swept compound, round the sides of which are well-made dwelling-houses, and in the middle are granaries of rice; both the houses and the granaries are raised on posts several feet above the ground and all are neatly thatched with rice straw. In the corner of the compound is a place set apart for a number of little stone shrines, some of them very elaborately carved, in which votive offerings of flowers and fruit are placed.

The Balinese seem to be a sturdy and industrious people; they have a free and independent appearance, very different from that of their somewhat grovelling neighbours, the Javanese. The roads are picturesquely lined with shady trees, and a very pleasant feature of them is the number of little mouse-coloured ponies, which carry panniers on a high-peaked saddle and are the coolies of Bali; most of them have an elaborate leather harness and many carry a large number of little bells, which make a pretty music along the roads. They appear to be hungry little animals, and they have the rare and valuable faculty of being able to eat out of a basket tied round their necks as they walk along. The country, what little we saw of it, looks extremely prosperous, and the beauty of the cultivated lands, interrupted here and there by groves of trees and backed by mountains, is beyond dispute.

From Bali to Java is only a few hours’ steaming, and from Batavia another ship brought us to Singapore, where we arrived on May 2nd. A month later we landed in England and the English Expedition to Dutch New Guinea, 1910-11, was a thing of the past.

[Sidenote: THE END]

It is not easy to put down in words what were our thoughts on our homeward journey from the Mimika River to Plymouth Sound. Naturally enough there were feelings of pleasant anticipation in returning to the comforts of civilised life, and there were feelings of profound thankfulness that we had left behind us neither our bones nor our health, as too many others less fortunate had done. There was also a sense of (I think pardonable) satisfaction at having accomplished something; the surveyors had made an accurate map of a large tract of quite unknown country; the naturalists had made valuable collections of birds and animals, and some most interesting races of men had been visited and studied.

But beneath these was another feeling of vague disappointment. We had set out full of hope, if not of confidence, of reaching the Snow Mountains, and the disappointment of not having set foot on them was aggravated by the fact that we had been so long in sight of them. It was exasperating beyond words to see the mountains month after month only forty miles away and not to be able to move a foot in their direction; to study them so that we came to know the changing patches of lower snow and almost the very crevasses in the glaciers, and still to be forced to be content with looking and longing for “the hills and the snow upon the hills.”

To look for fifteen months at that great rock precipice, and those long fields of snow untrodden yet by foot of man, to anticipate the delight of attaining to the summits and to wonder what would be seen beyond them on the other side, those were pleasures that kept one’s hopes alive through long periods of dull inaction. The aching disappointment of turning back and leaving the mountains as remote and as mysterious as they were before words of mine cannot express; but happily there is always comfort to be found in the reflexion that

“Some falls are means the happier to arise.”

APPENDIX A

NOTES ON THE BIRDS COLLECTED; BY THE B.O.U. EXPEDITION TO DUTCH NEW GUINEA

BY W. R. OGILVIE-GRANT

Our knowledge of the Birds of New Guinea is based mainly on Count T. Salvadori’s monumental work _Ornitologia della Papuasia e delle Molluche_, which appeared in three large volumes in 1880-82, and on his _Aggiunte_ to the above work published in three parts in 1887-89. Since that date our knowledge of the avi-fauna has vastly increased and a very large number of splendid Birds-of-Paradise and other remarkable new species have been discovered.

A list of the principal works subsequently published, placed in chronological order, will be found at the end of this chapter, the most important papers being no doubt those by the Hon. Walter Rothschild and Dr. E. Hartert, which have appeared from time to time in the Tring Museum periodical _Novitates Zoologicæ_. Mr. Rothschild is to be congratulated on the success which has attended the efforts of his various collectors in New Guinea and on the energy which he has displayed in obtaining birds from unknown districts of the most interesting island in the world.

To give in a single chapter a brief and partly scientific, partly popular, summary of the ornithological work accomplished by our Expedition in Dutch New Guinea is a more difficult task than might be imagined, for there is not only an immense number of species to be dealt with, but in most instances very little is known about their habits. The jungles of South-western New Guinea are so dense that white men can scarcely traverse them, and most of the collecting had to be done by the trained natives from the Malay Peninsula, kindly supplied by Mr. H. C. Robinson, and by the Gurkhas who accompanied the Expedition.

By dealing with each family in turn, I shall endeavour to refer to all the more important species in the collection in their proper scientific order, briefly describing some of the more beautiful, so that those without any special knowledge of birds may, if they care to do so, form some idea of the marvellous types which have been brought home from the interior of South-western New Guinea.

It is certain that the resources of that wonderful island are not nearly exhausted: on the contrary, every fresh collecting expedition sent to the interior produces remarkable novelties, and large chains of high mountains are still unexplored. The members of our Expedition were fortunate in procuring no less than 2,200 skins of birds in New Guinea, representing about 235 species, of which ten proved to be new to Science. A number of new birds were also obtained by the late Mr. Wilfred Stalker in the mountains of Ceram, which he visited before joining the main Expedition at Amboina. His premature death by drowning, a few days after he landed in New Guinea, was an immense loss to the Expedition, though his place was ably filled by Mr. Claude Grant, who worked with his characteristic zeal and enthusiasm.

It will be noticed that the great bulk of the birds inhabiting New Guinea belong to a comparatively small number of families, but that each of these is represented by a large number of different species, especially in such groups as the Pigeons, Parrots, Flycatchers, and Honey-eaters.

Amongst the Pigeons of which no fewer than twenty-seven different kinds were obtained, it would seem as though, in some instances at least, Nature had almost come to the end of her resources in devising new and wonderful arrangements of colour and markings; for in some of the smaller Fruit-Pigeons, such as _Ptilopus gestroi_ and _P. zonurus_ we find two perfectly distinct species, occurring side by side, possessing almost exactly the same remarkable scheme of colouration, and only differing in certain minor points to be found in the markings of the wing-coverts. Another very similar instance is to be seen in _Ptilopus coronulatus_ and _P. nanus_ almost the same colours and pattern being repeated in both.

The collection obtained by our expedition is a very valuable one, and has added many new and interesting forms of bird-life to the incomparable series in the Natural History Museum, to which the bulk of the specimens have been presented by the subscribers. A large proportion of the birds were obtained at low elevations from sea-level to 2,000 feet, only a comparatively small number being procured at from 3000-4000 feet. It is to be regretted that the immense physical difficulties encountered and other causes prevented our collectors from reaching a higher zone between 5000 and 10,000 feet, where no doubt much of interest remains to be discovered by those who are fortunate enough to get there.

TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF SPECIES COLLECTED AND THE FAMILIES TO WHICH THEY BELONG

No. of Family. species.

_Corvidæ_ Crows 2 _Paradiseidæ_ Birds-of-Paradise, Bower-Birds and Manucodes 13 _Eulabetidæ_ Tree-Starlings 4 _Dicruridæ_ Drongos 2 _Oriolidæ_ Orioles 1 _Ploceidæ_ Weaver-Finches 1 _Motacillidæ_ Wagtails 2 _Meliphagidæ_ Honey-eaters 26 _Nectariniidæ_ Sun-birds 2 _Dicæidæ_ Flower-peckers 2 _Zosteropidæ_ White-eyes 1 _Laniidæ_ Shrikes 8 _Prionopidæ_ Wood-Shrikes 4 _Artamidæ_ Swallow-Shrikes 1 _Timeliidæ_ Babblers 4 _Campophagidæ_ Cuckoo-Shrikes 11 _Muscicapidæ_ Flycatchers 30 _Hirundinidæ_ Swallows 2 _Pittidæ_ Pittas or Ant-Thrushes 2 _Cuculidæ_ Cuckoos 11 _Cypselidæ_ Swifts 4 _Caprimulgidæ_ Nightjars 2 _Podargidæ_ Frog-mouths 3 _Bucerotidæ_ Hornbills 1 _Meropidæ_ Bee-eaters 1 _Coraciidæ_ Rollers 2 _Alcedinidæ_ Kingfishers 11 _Psittacidæ_ Parrots } 22 _Loriidæ_ Lories or Brush-tongued Parrots} _Bubonidæ_ Horned and Wood-Owls 1 _Falconidæ_ Eagles and Hawks 7 _Phalacrocoracidæ_ Cormorants 1 _Anatidæ_ Ducks 2 _Ibididæ_ Ibises 1 _Ardeidæ_ Herons 4 _Œdicnemidæ_ Stone-Plovers 1 _Charadriidæ_ Plovers 8 _Laridæ_ Gulls and Terns 2 _Rallidæ_ Rails 1 _Columbidæ_ Pigeons 26 _Megapodiidæ_ Megapodes or Mound-builders 3 _Casuariidæ_ Cassowaries 3 —- Total 235

From the above table it will be seen that out of 235 species procured, 150 are included in eight of the Families; _viz._ Birds-of-Paradise 13; Honey-eaters 26; Cuckoo-Shrikes 11; Flycatchers 30; Cuckoos, 11; Kingfishers 11; Parrots, 22; Pigeons, 26.

FAMILY _CORVIDAÆ_—CROWS.

Though the true Crows are never brightly coloured birds, many are extremely handsome, but this epithet cannot be applied to the Bare-faced Crow (_Gymnocorax senex_) which is common on the Mimika River and distributed over New Guinea generally.

The adult is brownish-black with a slight purplish or bluish gloss on the wings, but is generally in worn and shabby plumage. Even when freshly moulted it is rather a disreputable looking bird, its naked pink face, pale watery blue eyes, slate-coloured bill and livid feet adding to its dissipated appearance. Young birds in their first year’s plumage are even plainer than their parents, being dull drab-brown inclining to brownish-white on the head and neck, and appear to be clad in sackcloth and ashes. They have a weak uncrow-like call pitched in a high key and their flight is feeble and seldom sustained.

In addition to this Crow of unprepossessing appearance, there is a handsome Raven (_Corvus orru_), much like our familiar bird but smaller, which was met with in pairs on the coast.

FAMILY _PARADISEIDÆ_—BIRDS-OF-PARADISE AND BOWER-BIRDS.

Closely allied to the well-known Greater Bird-of-Paradise (_Paradisea apoda_) from the Aru Islands is the New Guinea form _P. novæ-guineæ_, the males being distinguished by their smaller size and by having the long ornamental side-plumes of a much richer orange-yellow. Though the call of this bird was frequently heard on the upper parts of the Mimika, it was rarely seen; but on the Wataikwa quite a number were procured in all stages of plumage. The species was, however, nowhere plentiful and confined to the foot-hills.

The Pygmies often brought plumes of the Lesser Bird-of-Paradise (_P. minor_) to Parimau and traded them with the natives, but the species was not found on the Mimika, the Charles Louis mountains probably forming its southern boundary.

My account of the display of that species, as witnessed in the Zoological Gardens, Regent’s Park, will be found in the _Ibis_, 1905, p. 429, accompanied by various drawings and a coloured plate by Mr. G. E. Lodge. The display resembles that of the Greater Bird-of-Paradise (_P. apoda_) and the Red Bird-of-Paradise (_P. raggiana_) and no doubt also that of _P. novæ-guineæ_. It is a wonderful and beautiful sight to see these birds erect their splendid side-plumes in an arch over the back, which is concealed in a shivering cascade of colour, orange and white, or red according to the species.

Numbers of the beautiful little King Bird-of-Paradise (_Cicinnurus regius_) were brought home in all stages of plumage from the young to the fully adult male, with its scarlet head, shading into glittering carmine on the back and wings and into purplish-carmine on the throat, which is bordered below by a rich dark green band. The sides of the chest are ornamented with fan-like arrangements of grey feathers tipped with glittering golden green; the breast and the rest of the under-parts are of the purest white: the outer tail-feathers are earthy-brown edged with orange-red, while the middle pair, which cross one another, have the bare shafts enormously lengthened, and terminate in a tightly curled disc, golden green above and reddish-brown beneath.

These beautiful ornaments are seen to the greatest advantage when the King is displaying, the green-tipped fan-like feathers on the sides and the white feathers of the breast being spread out to form a circular shield in front of the bird, while the green metallic discs of the long middle tail-feathers are erected and waved overhead. An interesting description of the display of this species is given by Sir William Ingram in the _Ibis_, 1907, p. 225, with a coloured plate and figures drawn by Mr. G. E. Lodge from a living specimen.

Mr. Walter Goodfellow made an interesting observation on the habits of this species. While watching some Pigeons on the opposite bank of the river through his glasses he saw a small bird rise from the top of a tree and soar into the air like a Sky-Lark. After it had risen about 30 feet, it suddenly seemed to collapse and dropped back into the tree as though it had been shot. It proved to be a King Bird-of-Paradise and probably this soaring habit is a part of the display not indulged in by captive birds confined in comparatively small cages.

A Rifle-Bird (_Ptilorhis magnifica_) was fairly common both on the coast and near the mountains and its call consisting of two long-drawn notes, one ascending, the other descending, might be heard at all hours of the day. Its plumage is mostly velvety black on the head and upper-parts, but the crown, middle of the throat and chest, as well as the middle pair of tail-feathers, are metallic blue and a bronze-green band separates the chest from the deep purplish-maroon under-parts. The outer flight feathers are curiously pointed and strongly falcate and some of the side-feathers terminate in long, narrow decomposed plumes. The long curved bill and the legs are black, while the inside of the mouth is pale apple-green as is the case in several other species of Paradise-Birds.

Though a well-known species, we must not omit to mention the splendid Twelve-wired Bird-of-Paradise (_Seleucides niger_). The plumage of the male is like dark brown plush shot with bronze-green on the back and deep violet on the wings, while the long dark breast-feathers are edged with rich metallic emerald-green. The long ornamental side-plumes and the rest of the under-parts are beautiful bright cinnamon-yellow when freshly moulted, but this colour is so volatile that it soon fades to nearly white in skins which have been kept for a few years. The shafts of six of the long side-plumes on either side extend far beyond the vane of the feather and look like twelve recurved wires, hence the bird’s popular name. The eye is crimson, the bill black, the gape bright apple-green, and the legs and toes yellowish flesh-colour.

The Expedition procured three examples of a new form of _Parotia_ or Six-plumed Paradise-Bird on the Iwaka River, but unfortunately did not succeed in shooting a fully adult male. Simultaneously A. S. Meek, who was collecting for Mr. Rothschild, procured specimens of the same bird on the Oetakwa River a few miles to the east, but he likewise did not secure the fully adult male. The species has been named _Parotia carolæ meeki_ by Mr. Rothschild.

The plumage of this bird is like brownish-black plush and equally soft to the touch. The head is ornamented very wonderfully; on either side behind the eye there are three long racket-like plumes on long bare shafts, (a character common to all the members of this remarkable genus of Paradise-Birds): the middle of the crown is of a beautiful “old” gold colour in a setting of silvery white and golden brown: on the occiput there is a marvellous patch of stiff metal-like feathers, golden-green bordered with deep violet; the sides of the head before and behind the eye are golden-brown, the chin and upper part of the throat deep brown, and the lower part whitish, spotted with rufous. A lovely metallic breast-plate of bronze-green and violet feathers with dark middles covers the chest and the long flank-feathers are white. The two outer flight feathers are curiously attenuated near the extremity and terminate in a sharp point, the shaft bearing only a very narrow web. No doubt all these ornaments are displayed in a similar manner to those of _P. lawesi_ from British New Guinea, males of which have been living for some years in the Zoological Gardens, Regent’s Park.

Another very handsome species is the Golden-winged _Diphyllodes chrysoptera_. The male has the bill and a bare space behind the eye bluish-white, the inside of the mouth apple-green and the feet Prussian blue. The head is clad in short velvety reddish-brown feathers with two metallic green spots between the eyes; the nape bears a frill of lengthened brown-tipped plumes; the mantle is light golden-yellow like spun glass and forms a lengthened tippet; the inner secondary quills and shoulder-feathers are orange-yellow, and the back carmine and dull orange shading into sooty black on the upper tail-coverts. The throat is deep velvety brown, the neck and breast rich dark green bordered below with metallic bluish-green, and with a row of metallic green bars like steps down the middle of the neck and chest; the rest of the under-parts are black. The short outer tail-feathers are sooty brown, while the middle pair which cross one another are very long and narrow and of a metallic bluish-green. The female is very soberly clad, dull brown above and narrowly barred with brown and buff below.

The Bower-Birds have received their name from their peculiar habit of constructing bowers or runs where the males meet to play or pay their court to the females. The bowers are built long before the birds begin to build their nests which are placed in trees.

One of the most noteworthy species procured by the Expedition was the gorgeously coloured Bower-Bird, _Xanthomelus ardens_. The male has the eye yellow and the head, sides of the neck and mantle orange-scarlet, the feathers of the latter being very long and loose and forming a dense cape; the rest of the plumage is orange-yellow above and golden-yellow below: the ends of the quills and the tail-feathers, being black.

The female has the iris brown and is more sombrely clad, the head and upper-parts, including the wings and tail, being earthy-brown, while the under-parts, under wing-coverts and wing-lining, are yellow, like those of the male, but less bright.

This beautiful species was originally described from an imperfect native-made skin obtained by the Italian naturalist, D’Albertis, on the Fly River. Subsequently, Dr. H. A. Lorentz shot two adult males on the Noord River, which were described and figured by Dr. Van Oort. Our expedition was fortunate enough to secure not only adult males, but also the immature male and adult female, these latter being hitherto unknown.

The display of the male bird must be a very beautiful sight, his scarlet cape being no doubt erected, and forming a great hood over the head.

Among the Bower-Birds, one of the most interesting was a remarkable female example of a species of _Chlamydodera_ procured on the Kamura River. Unlike any of the allied forms, it has the under-surface washed with yellow, and appears to be the female of _C. lauterbachi_, of which the brilliantly coloured male was described by Dr. Reichenow from an example procured in German New Guinea.

The male has the crown and sides of the face golden-orange, the upper-parts olive-brown, edged with yellowish, and the under-parts bright yellow. It is a very striking bird and much the most brightly coloured member of the genus.

Though the two specimens were obtained in localities so far apart, there seems to be no reason why they should not be male and female of the same species. The female obtained by the Expedition possesses many characteristics in common with the male type of _C. lauterbachi_ and the differences in plumage are just what one would expect to find in the female of that species.

The beautiful Cat-bird (_Ælurœdus stonei_) was fairly plentiful, and is remarkable on account of its peculiar colouring. The cap is brown, the back grass-green, and the neck and under-parts buff, spotted with black, or green on the longer flank-feathers. The eye is hazel and the bill and legs slate-blue. The sexes are alike in plumage. It derives its popular name from its peculiar hissing alarm note, not unlike the sound made by an angry cat.

Of the Manucodes, four different kinds were met with. They are all crow-like birds with brilliant metallic black plumage glossed with purple, green or blue, and form a link between the Paradise-Birds and the true Crows. The Purple-and-Violet Manucode (_Phonygama jamesi_) is distinguished by possessing tufts of long, narrow metallic green plumes behind the eye, and by having the neck-feathers similarly lengthened; while the other three belonging to the genus _Manucodia_ have the head and neck covered with short curly feathers. These curly-headed species are much alike in general appearance, but _M. orientalis_ has the short curly feathers on the chest and breast glittering golden-green, while in _M. jobiensis_ and _M. altera_ the same parts are dark steel-blue. _Inter se_ the two latter kinds differ considerably, both structurally and in colour. _M. jobiensis_ is smaller and has the feathers of the throat rounded and crinkled, and the upper-parts glossed with a strong shade of violet; while _M. altera_ is larger and has the throat-feathers short but rather pointed, and the general colour above purplish-blue or steel-blue.

In most of the Manucodes the trachea is very long and convoluted, that of the Purple-and-Violet species possessing no fewer than twelve coils which lie between the skin and the pectoral muscles. In spite of this marvellous instrument its cries are not nearly so loud as those of the Birds-of-Paradise of the genus _Paradisea_.

Mr. Claude Grant discovered a nest of _M. altera_ with two eggs at Parimau, an interesting find, as no properly authenticated eggs of that species had hitherto been obtained.

FAMILY _EULABETIDÆ_—TREE-STARLINGS.

Among the smaller Glossy Starlings we must specially mention a new species, _Calornis mystacea_, discovered by the Expedition. It has the plumage purplish-bronze and is especially remarkable in having long semi-erect plumes on the forehead as well as long neck-hackles. Three specimens were obtained flying in company with large flocks of _C. metallica_, a rather widely distributed species, which ranges to North Australia, the Moluccas and the Solomon Islands.

The Grackles or Talking Starlings are represented by two lovely species, the first being the well-known Dumont’s Grackle (_Mino dumonti_) a dark glossy greenish-black bird with a yellow belly and white under tail-coverts. It has a brown eye surrounded by a large naked orange patch partially covered with short stiff filaments. The second species Robertson’s Golden Grackle (_Melanopyrrhus robertsoni_) is an equally handsome, but much rarer bird, and the fine series of adults obtained by the Expedition proves that it is a species quite distinct from _M. orientalis_, the form found in British New Guinea which has a large black patch on the occiput.

Robertson’s Grackle has the cheeks and upper part of the throat, as well as the back, wings and breast, black glossed with green; the rest of the head, neck and chest, as well as the lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts and belly, are orange-yellow. In the adult there is no trace of a black patch on the occiput, but the quite young bird has the entire crown black and specimens which have not assumed the fully adult plumage and still retain some black feathers on the occiput might be mistaken for _M. orientalis_. That they have been is proved by the fact that Count Salvadori and many others have regarded _M. robertsoni_, Sharpe, as a synonym of _M. orientalis_, Schlegel, but they are really quite distinct.

A few very high trees left standing near the huts at Wakatimi were the resort, morning and evening, of these Starlings and various other species of birds. For a long time during the hot mid-day hours Mr. Goodfellow had observed that some bird, possessing a remarkably sweet Thrush-like song, rested there, and, after many days of watching, he found it to be Robertson’s Golden Grackle. He says that the notes of this Starling would not pass unnoticed, even in countries where the birds, as a rule, have sweeter voices than those inhabiting New Guinea.

FAMILY _DICRURIDÆ_—DRONGOS.

The Drongos, small Crow-like Flycatchers with pugnacious habits, are represented in the collection by two species—_Chibia carbonaria_ and _Chælorhynchus papuensis_.

FAMILY _ORIOLIDÆ_—ORIOLES.

The Orioles are represented by one species only, _Mimeta striata_, belonging to the dull coloured brown-backed group with heavily streaked under-parts and the sexes alike in plumage. It was commonest in the mangrove swamps near the coast.

FAMILY _PLOCEIDÆ_—WEAVER-BIRDS.

This widely distributed group of Weaver-Finches is not very numerous in New Guinea and the only representative met with was a small species, _Munia tristissima_, which was common in the clearing round the camp at Wakatimi.

FAMILY _MOTACILLIDÆ_—WAGTAILS.

The Grey Wagtail (_Motacilla melanope_) and the Blue-headed Wagtail (_M. flava_) were both met with on the Mimika and other rivers. It is interesting to note that both species are included in the British List, the former being a regular breeding-species in our islands. The birds wintering in far-off New Guinea, no doubt formed part of the eastern colonies of these species which nest in Siberia and visit the Indo-Malayan Islands in winter.

FAMILY _MELIPHAGIDÆ_—HONEY-EATERS.

The Honey-eaters are very numerously represented in South-western New Guinea and no fewer than twenty-seven species were met with by our Expedition.

The family is divided in two sections, the first including the comparatively brightly coloured genus _Myzomela_ the members of which resemble true Sun-birds (_Nectariniidæ_) in general appearance. Seven species were met with; the most brilliantly coloured being _M. cruentata_ which has the plumage of the body scarlet and the wings washed with the same colour, another species _M. obscura_ has the entire plumage smoky-grey, and four forms are intermediate between these two types of colouration, being partly scarlet and partly grey. The seventh is a very small and very rare species (_Œdistoma pygmæum_), which was described by Count Salvadori from the Arfak Peninsula.

The other section contains a number of larger species, mostly with dull greenish or brownish plumage and nearly all with a yellow tuft or patch on the ear-coverts. Though rather uninteresting-looking birds several are really of great scientific value, being new to the National Collection, and one, _Ptilotis mimikæ_ proved to be new to Science. The largest form is the curious Friar-bird (_Philemon novæ-guineæ_) with the bare sides of the face and neck black and a swollen knob on the base of the bill. It was generally met with in pairs and inhabited the tops of the tallest forest trees whence its peculiar cry might constantly be heard.

FAMILY _NECTARINIIDÆ_—SUN-BIRDS.

The Sun-birds are represented by two species _Cinnyris aspasiæ_ and _C. frenata_. The male of the former is deep black with a dark metallic green cap, shoulders and lower back, and purple throat, while the female is olive above, and dull yellow below, with a grey head and throat. The latter species is dull yellow above, brilliant yellow below, with a purple throat in the male, which is absent in the female.

Mr. Goodfellow tells us that among the riot of parasitic plants which covered the trees a few Sun-birds and Honey-eaters might always be seen. The nests of the former, suspended from fallen and partially submerged dead trees, were continuously swinging from side to side, the strong current in the river keeping the trees in perpetual motion. These nests might easily be mistaken for a handful of drift left there by the river.

FAMILY _DICÆIDÆ_—FLOWER-PECKERS.

_Dicæum diversum_ and _Melanocharis chloroptera_, a dull-looking greenish-grey species described by Count Salvadori, were the only Flower-peckers met with. They are small Tit-like birds allied to the Sun-birds, but with a short bill serrated along the edges of the mandibles. Both species were very common everywhere except on the coast and were extremely tame.

FAMILY _ZOSTEROPIDÆ_—WHITE-EYES.

_Zosterops chrysolæma_, a beautiful little species with the upper-parts golden-olive, the throat and under tail-coverts yellow, and the breast and belly pure white, was the only species met with of this most numerous and widely distributed group. The popular name White-eye is derived from the ring of tiny white plumes which encircles the eye in all. They resemble Titmice both in their mode of life and notes. The only pair observed were met with on the Iwaka River, and the species is probably more numerous in the higher parts of the mountains.

FAMILY _LANIIDÆ_—SHRIKES.

The large Shrike-like birds with powerful hooked bills known as the Piping-Crows are represented by two members of the genus _Cracticus_; _C. cassicus_, a black and white species, and _C. quoyi_, with uniform black plumage. Both are much like their well-known Australian representatives, but smaller. _C. cassicus_ was much the commoner bird and was generally observed feeding on berries and fruits in high trees, its actions being very Crow-like.

The Pachycephaline group of birds allied to the true Shrikes is represented by half-a-dozen species, two of which proved to be undescribed: a grey form with a white throat _Pachycephala approximans_ and a black species with a white breast and belly, _P. dorsalis_. Brilliantly coloured orange-yellow and black, or orangeyellow and grey species were represented by _Pachycephala aurea_ and _Pachychare flavogrisea_.

FAMILY _PRIONOPIDÆ_—WOOD-SHRIKES.

This group is represented by _Rhectes cristatus_ and _R. ferrugineus_ in which both sexes are rufous and by _R. nigripectus_ with the sexes different, the male being partly black and partly chestnut. _Pinarolestes megarhynchus_, an allied species with the sexes alike, is brown above and dull rufous below. Some of these Wood-Shrikes lay peculiar looking eggs of a long oval shape and large for the size of the bird. The ground-colour is purplish- or pinkish-grey with scattered spots or small blotches of dark purplish-brown or maroon-brown, often blurred at the edges and running into the ground-colour. These eggs have on several occasions been palmed off on travellers in British New Guinea as eggs of the Red Bird-of-Paradise, which they do not in any way resemble.

FAMILY _ARTAMIDÆ_—SWALLOW-SHRIKES.

These birds which closely resemble Swallows in their mode of life are represented by one species only, _Artamus leucopygialis_, a grey bird with the breast and rump white. It was common along the coast, and was generally seen either perched on some dead tree or skimming swiftly over the sands.

FAMILY _TIMELIIDÆ_—BABBLERS.

We now come to the Timeline group of birds: of these we may mention two striking-looking species of _Eupetes_. One, _E. nigricrissus_, with the plumage slate-blue and the throat white, edged with black, was met with on the Mimika; the other, _E. pulcher_, was only seen further east on the Wataikwa River. It is very similar to the above, but has the crown and back rich-chestnut, instead of slate. Both species are ground-birds and usually found in pairs; they are rather difficult to procure as, when disturbed, they instantly conceal themselves among the trunks of the trees and vegetation. The Scimitar Babblers were represented by the reddish-brown _Pomatorhinus isidori_.

FAMILY _CAMPOPHAGIDÆ_—CUCKOO-SHRIKES.

The Cuckoo-Shrikes are well represented in the collection, no fewer than eleven species having been obtained. They belong to four genera and vary much in colour: the large _Graucalus cæruleogrisea_ has the entire plumage bluish-grey, except the axillaries and under wing-coverts which are pale cinnamon and the male has a black patch in front of eye. Another genus _Edoliisoma_ is represented by _E. melas_ of which the male is entirely black, and the female chestnut and brown. A very attractive and brilliantly coloured species is _Campochæra sloetii_, forming a marked contrast to other members of the group. The greater part of its plumage is orange-yellow, the forehead white, the middle of the crown yellow and the wings black and white; the male has the cheeks, throat and chest black glossed with dull green, while in the female these parts are dull grey. Several examples of this very rare Cuckoo-Shrike were procured on the Mimika River. It is no doubt most nearly allied to the Minivets (_Pericrocotus_) which inhabit the Indo-Chinese countries and islands, the predominant colour of most of the males being scarlet and of the females yellow.

FAMILY _MUSCICAPIDÆ_—FLYCATCHERS.

Flycatchers are very numerously represented and among them two new forms were discovered, a Fantailed Flycatcher (_Rhipidura streptophora_) and a broad-billed species _Myiagra mimikæ_. Among the more notable forms we may mention _Monarcha aruensis_, a brilliant yellow and black species; _Todopsis bonapartei_, the male being vivid ultramarine-blue, purple and black, while the female differs in having the back and sides dark chestnut and the breast mostly white; lastly _Peltops blainvillei_, a black bird with the rump, vent and tail-coverts scarlet, a large white patch on each side of the head and another on the middle of the mantle; the sexes are alike in plumage.

The Fan-tailed Flycatchers were commonly seen on the Mimika River in May and June when numbers were busy hawking the canary-coloured May-flies which swarmed at that time.

The Black-and-white Flycatcher (_Malurus alboscapulatus_) frequented the tall grasses near the camp on the Wataikwa River. It was a delightful little bird, very tame and might constantly be seen crossing the open spaces with an undulating flight.

FAMILY _HIRUNDINIDÆ_—SWALLOWS.

Two species of Swallows were met with _Hirundo javanica_ and _H. gutturalis_.

FAMILY _PITTIDÆ_—PITTAS OR ANT-THRUSHES.

Of the Ant-Thrushes or Pittas two species were met with, both brilliantly plumaged birds. _Pitta mackloti_ which was far the commoner of the two, has a dark crown, reddish-chestnut nape, and greenish-blue upper-parts; the throat is black, the chest shining greyish-blue and the breast and belly scarlet, divided from the chest by a wide black band.

The other species, _Pitta novæ-guineæ_, which was much less frequently met with, has the head and neck black and the rest of the plumage dark green washed with bluish on the breast, which is black down the middle. The shoulders are shining silvery-blue and the vent and under tail-coverts scarlet.

These long-legged Thrush-like birds are entirely terrestrial in their habits and frequent the depths of the forests. They can hop with great agility and escape on the slightest alarm, but are easily taken in snares.

FAMILY _CUCULIDÆ_—CUCKOOS.

Among the Cuckoos, the largest is a species of “Crow-pheasant” or “Lark-heeled” Cuckoo, _Centropus menebiki_, a bird of black plumage glossed with dark green, with a large whitish-horn bill and heavy slate-coloured legs and toes.

An allied, but smaller and rarer species, _C. bernsteini_, was met with near the mouth of the Mimika. It is very similar in plumage to the above, but is easily distinguished by its smaller size, black bill and long, nearly straight hind-claw. Both are almost entirely ground-birds of skulking habits. Several other species of Cuckoo were met with, and among these _Cuculus micropterus_, the eastern form of the Common Cuckoo, closely resembling our familiar bird. The rarest species obtained was _Microdynamis parva_, a remarkable little Cuckoo about the size of a Thrush, first described by Count Salvadori in 1875. The origin of the type specimen is uncertain, but it is believed to have been obtained by Beccari in the Moluccas. Subsequently, Dr. H. O. Forbes procured female examples in the Astrolabe Mountains. Mr. Claude Grant obtained an adult male and female which form a valuable addition to the National Collection. The general plumage is brown, but in the male the top of the head and the malar stripe are black, glossed with steel-blue and the cheeks and throat are cinnamon. In both sexes the bill is short, thick and curved. The male has the eye bright red, while in the female it is hazel.

FAMILY _CYPSELIDÆ_—SWIFTS.

The Swifts, though of especial interest, are not very numerously represented in the collection. The commonest species was that known as the Esculent Swiftlet (_Collocalia fuciphaga_) which produces the best kind of edible nest.

A very interesting discovery was the existence in New Guinea of the large fork-tailed species _Collocalia whiteheadi_ originally described by myself from the highlands of Luzon, Philippine Islands.

A remarkable Spine-tailed Swift (_Chætura novæ-guineæ_) is new to the National Collection. It was fairly common on the Mimika River and originally described by Count Salvadori from specimens procured by D’Albertis on the Fly River.

A pair of the magnificent Moustached Swift (_Macropteryx mystacea_) with a wing expanse of more than two feet were also procured. The plumage of this bird is mostly grey, but the crown, wings, and long deeply-forked tail are black glossed with purplish-blue. The eye-brows and moustache-stripes as well as the scapulars are white, the two former being composed of lengthened, narrow, pointed plumes. The male has a small chestnut spot behind the ear-coverts which is absent in the female. The nesting-habits of this species are very curious, it makes a very small exposed half-saucer-shaped nest of bark and feathers gummed by saliva to a branch or stump barely large enough to contain the single white egg, and ridiculously small in comparison with the size of the bird. When incubating, the greater part of the bird’s body must rest on the branch to which the nest is attached.

FAMILIES _CAPRIMULGIDÆ_ AND _PODARGIDÆ_—NIGHTJARS AND FROG-MOUTHS.

The common Nightjar of the country found along the shingly banks of the rivers was _Caprimulgus macrurus_, a widely distributed species. After the ground had been cleared for the base camp at Wakatimi it was visited every evening by a number of Nightjars, which no doubt found such a large open space an admirable hunting-ground and the members of the Expedition derived great pleasure from watching their graceful evolutions. Another very rare Nightjar was _Lyncornis papuensis_, not previously included in the National Collection. Frog-mouths were represented by the larger species _Podargus papuensis_ and the smaller, _P. ocellatus_. At some of the stopping places on the river night was made hideous by their mournful cries repeated to distraction on every side, and ending up with a sharp snap.

A single example of the rare Wallace’s Owlet-Nightjar (_Ægotheles wallacei_) was collected by Mr. G. C. Shortridge on the Wataikwa River. It has a peculiar uniform blackish upper plumage, without any trace of a distinct nuchal collar. No doubt, like its Australian ally, it roosts in holes in trees during the daytime and captures its prey on the wing at night, like the true Nightjars, though the flight is said to be less tortuous.

FAMILY _BUCEROTIDÆ_—HORNBILLS.

The only representative of the _Bucerotidæ_ is the Wreathed Hornbill (_Rhytidoceros plicatus_) a large bird with a casque formed of overlapping plates on the base of the upper mandible. The male is black with the head and neck chestnut and the tail white, while the female differs in having the head and neck black. It was plentiful everywhere and its flesh was reported to be good eating. It frequented the fruit-bearing trees in company with various species of Pigeons and Mr. Claude Grant on one or two occasions observed pairs at what he took to be their nesting-holes high up in the bare trunks of very tall trees. Their heavy noisy flight and raucous call, continually repeated, renders these birds difficult to overlook.

FAMILY _MEROPIDÆ_—BEE-EATERS.

A species of Bee-eater, _Merops ornata_, was common about the base camp. It ranges to Australia, the Moluccas and westwards to the Lesser Sunda group. Mr. Goodfellow says it swarmed in some places after the month of April; though previous to that date none had been met with.

FAMILY _CORACIIDÆ_—ROLLERS.

Two species of Rollers inhabit the Mimika district _Eurystomus crassirostris_, a greenish-blue species with brilliant ultramarine throat, quills and tail-feathers and vermilion bill and feet; and a smaller species _E. australis_ with brownish-green upper-parts, verditer-blue breast and bluish-green bases to the tail-feathers.

Both Bee-eaters and Rollers were common in flocks along the banks of the Mimika during April and May when preying on the canary-coloured May-fly, which swarmed on the waters at that season.

FAMILY _ALCEDINIDÆ_—KINGFISHERS.

Kingfishers were well represented in the Mimika district and Mr. Goodfellow says that the Sacred Kingfisher (_Halcyon sanctus_) was undoubtedly the most conspicuous bird about the base camp, where its harsh cry could be heard all through the hot hours of the day. The huts and storehouses were infested by myriads of black crickets, which take the place of the cockroaches found in other countries and commit fearful havoc among stores and personal possessions. The constant packing up of goods to send up river drove thousands of these insects to seek shelter in other parts of the camp, and, at such times, Kingfishers became very tame and darted in and out among the buildings, taking advantage of the feast thus afforded. Mr. Claude Grant shot a single specimen of the lovely Kingfisher _H. nigrocyanea_, the only one obtained. It has the crown, wings, upper tail-coverts, tail, and breast dark ultramarine blue, the rump cobalt-blue, the throat and a band across the breast pure white, and the remainder of the plumage black. Another species met with at the base camp was _H. macleayi_ with purple head, wings and tail, verditer-blue back, white lores, collar and under-parts, and cinnamon flanks. Only one example of this fine bird was procured. Others were the dark purplish-blue and chestnut _Alcyone lessoni_, about the size of our Common Kingfisher and the much smaller _A. pusilla_ similarly coloured above, but with the under-parts pure white.

_Ceyx solitaria_, a closely allied species, with purple spangled upper-parts and cinnamon-yellow under-parts was also found on the Mimika and Mr. Goodfellow was surprised to find this diminutive species which he had believed to be exclusively a fish-eater, greedily devouring a canary-coloured May-fly which swarmed on the waters of the Mimika during April and May.

On the river a few specimens of the large “Jackass” Kingfisher (_Dacelo intermedia_) were obtained, but the species was by no means common. The most conspicuous bird was Gaudichaud’s Kingfisher (_Sauromarptis gaudichaudi_) and its loud grating call might be heard in all directions. The adult is a very handsome bird, the black of the upper-parts being relieved by the electric-blue tips to the wing-coverts and feathers of the lower back and rump, the wings and tail are washed with dull purplish-blue, the throat is white and extends in a buff collar round the neck, the under wing-coverts are buff and the breast and rest of the under-parts deep chestnut. The natives brought numbers of the half-fledged young of this species to the base camp during May and June and many were purchased by the Javanese soldiers and convicts; but as they fed them on boiled rice only, their lives were brief. The great Shoe-billed Kingfisher (_Clytoceyx_) was not met with by the members of our Expedition, but Dr. Van Oort has described a new form which he calls _Clytoceyx rex imperator_, from a specimen procured by Dr. Lorentz on the Noord River. Another large species, _Melidora macrorhinus_, with a curious brown spotted plumage above was not uncommon; it usually frequented the lower branches and undergrowth within a few feet of the ground and when disturbed merely mounted to a more conspicuous perch.

The lovely Racquet-tailed species of the genus _Tanysiptera_ were not procured, though Dr. H. A. Lorentz met with a specimen on the Noord River.

FAMILIES _PSITTACIDÆ_ AND _LORIIDÆ_—PARROTS AND LORIES.

Another very numerously represented group is the Parrots of which twenty-two different species were procured, varying in size from the Great Black Cockatoo (_Microglossus aterrimus_), which is about the size of a Raven and has an enormously powerful bill, to the tiny Pygmy Parrot (_Nasiterna keiensis_) which is about the size of a Golden-crested Wren. This latter species has recently been described by Mr. Walter Rothschild as new, under the name of _Nasiterna viridipectus_ from specimens obtained by A. S. Meek in the Oetakwa district, but they do not seem to differ from the birds found on the Kei and Aru Islands and also in the neighbourhood of the Fly River. The plumage is green, paler below, the crown dull orange, the shoulders spotted with black, the middle-tail feathers blue and the outer pairs black with yellow and green tips. A few solitary Black Cockatoos might be seen on the lower River, sitting on the tops of the highest trees; their loud whistle always attracted attention and even on their high perches their red faces and erect crests were conspicuous. The Common Cockatoo of the country was _Cacatua triton_, a moderate sized species with a yellow crest which was met with in small numbers throughout the mangrove belt, but it was a shy bird and when approached always flew away, screaming. Lories of different kinds were numerous and included some of the most brilliantly coloured species, _Lorius erythrothorax_ combining in its plumage black, crimson, scarlet, purple, blue, green and bright yellow. The adult has the under wing-coverts uniform scarlet in marked contrast to the bright yellow inner webs of the primary quills, but in younger birds the smaller under wing-coverts are mottled with scarlet, blue, black, green and yellow and the long outer series are yellow with greyish-black ends, making a dark band at the base of the quills. In this stage the bird has been described by Dr. A. B. Meyer as _Lorius salvadorii_.

A less brilliantly coloured and more common species in the neighbourhood of the Mimika was _Eos fuscatus_ which has the general colour above sooty-black shaded on the middle of the crown, neck, etc. with reddish-orange and the under-parts widely banded with scarlet. A lovely species with a longer tail was _Trichoglossus cyanogrammus_ which is green with a blue face and greenish-yellow collar, and has the scarlet chest-feathers edged with purple, while the belly and flanks are yellow barred with green.

The tiniest Lory is _Loriculus meeki_, a minute species, about the size of a Blue Titmouse, with brilliant green plumage, orange-yellow forehead, and the rump and upper tail-coverts as well as a spot on the throat scarlet. The female differs in having the forehead and cheeks verditer-green.

The genus _Geoffroyus_ is represented by two species: the commoner _G. aruensis_ with the plumage green, the male having the crown and nape violet-blue and the rest of the head and neck scarlet, while in the female these parts are brown; also the much rarer _G. simplex_ which is entirely green with a dull lilac blue ring round the neck. This latter is a very rare bird in collections, but was seen on the higher parts of the mountains above the Iwaka River in flocks of upwards of twenty individuals.

Other small and brilliantly coloured species of Lories are _Charmosynopsis pulchella_ and _C. multistriata_, the latter a remarkable new species with green plumage, and the whole of the under-parts streaked with bright yellow. It was recently described by Mr. Rothschild from a male, shot by A. S. Meek on the Oetakwa River; a second specimen, a female, was obtained on the Mimika by Mr. Goodfellow. We must also mention _Chalcopsittacus scintillans_, _Hypocharmosyna placens_, _Charmosyna josephinæ_, the rare _Glossopsittacus goldiei_, and three species of _Cyclopsittacus_, viz. _C. melanogenys_, which is green with a white throat, black cheeks, deep orange breast, and ultramarine wings; _C. diophthalmus_; and _C. godmani_, a new and handsome species with the general colour green, the head and nape orange-scarlet, the upper mantle orange-yellow, the cheeks covered with long, pointed, yellowish feathers, and the chest verditer-blue.

Behind the camp at Wakatimi lay a swamp which Mr. Goodfellow tells us was every night the roosting-place of thousands of Lories, chiefly _Eos fuscatus_, and there were also smaller flocks of _Trichoglossus cyanogrammus_. Long before sunset and until it was quite dusk flocks of many hundred birds coming from all directions flew over with a deafening noise. Often some weak branch would give way under their weight, causing a panic just as the noise was beginning to subside, and clouds of these birds would again circle around, seeking a fresh roosting place and keeping up a continual din.

One of the most peculiar Parrots, and bearing a marked external resemblance to the Kea of New Zealand, is the Vulturine Parrot (_Dasyptilus pesqueti_) which has the black skin of the face almost entirely bare, the plumage black and scarlet on the wings, rump and belly, the breast feathers having pale sandy margins. Its hoarse, grating call, quite unlike that of any other species, could be heard a long way off, and was continually uttered when on the wing. Mr. Goodfellow says it usually moves about in parties of four or five individuals, and that occasionally as many as seven may be seen together. When not feeding they always select the tallest trees to rest in, preferring dead ones which tower about the general level of the jungle, and in which they remain for hours at a time in rain or sunshine. They do not climb after the usual manner of Parrots, but jump from branch to branch with a jerky movement, like the Lories, and with a rapid flicking movement of the wings. They feed entirely on soft fruits, chiefly wild figs. Apparently the species feeds on the plains and retires to the mountains to roost, for every evening flocks or pairs were observed passing high over the camp at Parimau, and making their way towards the Saddle-peak range.

A handsome new Parroquet of the genus _Aprosmictus_ was discovered, and has been named _A. wilhelminæ_, in honour of the Queen of Holland. The male has the head, neck and under-parts scarlet, the wings green, with a pale yellow green band across the coverts, the mantle and back mostly deep purplish-blue, and the tail black tinged with purplish.

Finally, the Eclectus Parrot (_Eclectus pectoralis_) was common. The remarkable difference in the colouration of the sexes might lead some to believe that they belonged to quite different species, the male being mostly green with scarlet sides and under wing-coverts, while the female is maroon with the head, neck and breast scarlet, and the mantle, belly, sides and under wing-coverts blue.

FAMILIES _BUBONIDÆ_ AND _STRIGIDÆ_—WOOD-OWLS AND BARN-OWLS.

The only Owl of which examples were obtained was a small species of Brown Hawk-Owl (_Ninox theomaca_), with the upper-parts, back, wings and tail uniform dark brown, and the under-parts deep chestnut. It was a strictly nocturnal species, and confined to the jungle along the base of the mountains, where its weird double call “yon-yon” might constantly be heard after dark.

A form of the Barn-Owl (_Strix novæ-hollandiæ_), which occurs in the district, was not obtained by the Expedition.

FAMILY _FALCONIDÆ_—EAGLES AND HAWKS.

New Guinea possesses a very remarkable Harpy-Eagle (_Harpyopsis novæ-guineæ_) allied to the Harpy Eagles of America and to the Great Monkey-eating Eagle (_Pithecophaga jefferyi_) which inhabits the forests of the Philippine Islands. The New Guinea bird is like a large Goshawk, having a long tail and comparatively short and rounded wings; the feet are armed with very powerful claws, but in strength and power it is far inferior to its great Philippine ally or to the still more powerful species inhabiting Central America. Mr. Claude Grant says that this species was seldom met with; it has a rather loud cry and a beautiful soaring flight, often in ascending circles. Besides this large Eagle, two species of Goshawk _Astur etorques_ and _A. poliocephalus_ were met with, likewise a small chestnut and white Brahminy Kite (_Haliastur girrenera_). A small Sparrow-Hawk was obtained near the mouth of the Mimika River, but being in immature plumage its identification is at present uncertain. Reinwardt’s Cuckoo-Falcon (_Baza reinwardti_) with a crested head and banded breast, was rather a rare bird and appears to feed largely on insects.

FAMILY _PHALACROCORACIDÆ_—CORMORANTS.

The small black-backed white-breasted species _Phalacrocorax melanoleucus_ is the only representative of this group. Several specimens were shot on the upper waters of the Mimika, at Parimau and at the base camp at Wakatimi.

FAMILY _ANATIDÆ_—DUCKS.

The handsome white-necked Sheld-duck (_Tadorna radjah_) differs from the Australian form in being much darker on the back, the plumage being practically black with indistinct mottlings of dull rufous on the mantle. This dark form, found also in the Moluccas, was common about the mouth of the Mimika River. The more rufous-backed Australian form has been named _T. rufitergum_ by Dr. Hartert.

The only other species of duck brought home was an immature male Garganey (_Querquedula discors_) shot on the Kapare River.

FAMILY _IBIDIDÆ_—IBISES.

The Eastern form of the Sacred Ibis (_Ibis stictipennis_) was met with at the mouth of the Mimika. It is easily distinguished from its western ally by having the innermost secondaries mottled with black and white.

FAMILY _ARDEIDÆ_—HERONS.

Several different species of Herons were procured including the Night Heron (_Nycticorax caledonica_); the Yellow-necked Heron (_Dupetor flavicollis_); the White Heron (_Herodias timoriensis_); and a Tiger-Bittern (_Tigrisoma heliosylus_). The last named is a very fine bird with the general colour above black boldly barred with rufous and buff; the under-parts buff barred on the neck and chest with black. The feathers on the neck and chest are very long and broad and no doubt form a most imposing ruff when the bird is displaying.

FAMILIES _ŒDICNEMIDÆ_, _CHARADRIIDÆ_ AND _LARIDÆ_—STONE-PLOVERS, PLOVERS, AND GULLS.

A number of small wading birds were also procured near the mouth of the river, and two species of Terns, but as all belong to well-known, widely distributed species, there is no special interest attaching to them. I may however mention that the great Australian Curlew (_Numenius cyanopus_), and the large Australian Thicknee (_Esacus magnirostris_) were among the species found at the mouth of the Mimika.

FAMILY _RALLIDÆ_—RAILS.

The only Rail met with was an example of _Rallina tricolor_ which has the head, neck and chest bright chestnut, and the rest of the plumage dark brown with white bars on the wing-feathers. It is also met with in some of the Papuan Islands and in North-eastern Australia.

FAMILY _COLUMBIDÆ_—PIGEONS.

Pigeons were very numerously represented, no fewer than twenty-six different species being obtained by the Expedition. Some of the smaller forms are among the most beautifully coloured birds met with in New Guinea. The Crowned Pigeons (Goura) are represented by _G. sclateri_ which was fairly common near the base camp and met with in all places visited by the Expedition. In spite of the numbers shot for food during the whole time the Expedition remained in the country, the supply did not appear to diminish. This fine Pigeon and a few others afforded the only fresh meat to be had. On the canoe-journeys up the river Sclater’s Goura was frequently met with in the early mornings in parties of two or three searching for aquatic life along the muddy banks. When disturbed they did not immediately take flight, but with raised wings pirouetted around for a few seconds and then flew to the nearest high tree. Mr. Goodfellow found the remains of small crabs in their stomachs and a large percentage of the birds shot were infested by a small red parasite, the same, or similar to that which is known in other parts of New Guinea as “Scrub-itch.”

Another very handsome bird is the Ground-Pigeon (_Otidiphaps nobilis_) with the head bluish-black, the nape dull metallic green, the mantle and wings purplish-chestnut and the rest of the plumage deep purple, all being more or less metallic. Its long legs and the upward carriage of its long tail give it much the appearance of a Bantam hen. It was fairly common, but being extremely shy was rarely met with.

Among the larger Fruit-Pigeons we must specially mention _Carpophaga pinon_ which has the general appearance of a large Wood-Pigeon. It was met with in large flocks and proved an excellent bird for the table. Another very striking species, of rather lesser proportions and very much rarer, was Muller’s Fruit-Pigeon (_Carpophaga mulleri_) easily distinguished by its white throat, the bold black ring round its neck and its shining chestnut mantle. Among the handsomest was _Carpophaga rufiventris_, a bird with the breast cinnamon and the wings and back metallic green, copper and purple. Lastly a very striking form was the large creamy-white Pigeon (_Myristicivora spilorrhoa_) with the flight feathers, tips of the tail-feathers and under tail-coverts blackish. It appears to be entirely confined to the mangrove swamps and was observed breeding in May along the creeks near the mouth of the river, no less than seven nests being found in one tree.

As already stated among the smaller Fruit-Pigeons many are very beautifully marked and brilliantly coloured, but always with the most harmonious shades. It would seem as though Nature had almost exhausted her scheme of colouration in dealing with some of these birds; for we find two totally different species, _Ptilopus zonurus_ and _P. gestroi_, occurring together in which the markings and colours of the plumage are almost identical; on the under-surface the two species are practically alike, both have the chin and throat pale lavender, extending in a ring round the neck, the throat orange, the chest washed with vinous and the remainder of the under-parts green; on the upper-surface, the top of the head and nape are greenish-yellow and the rest of the upper-parts green, but in _P. zonurus_ the median wing-coverts are green with a subterminal spot of bright pink, while in _P. gestroi_ the least wing-coverts are crimson and the next series grey fringed with greenish-yellow. Another parallel case of close resemblance is found between the small _Ptilopus nanus_ and the larger _P. coronulatus_. Though really extremely distinct species the under-parts are very similarly coloured both being green with a bright magenta patch on the middle of the breast and the belly and under-tail coverts mostly bright yellow: viewed from the upper surface the two birds are, however, very different, _P. coronulatus_ having the crown lilac-pink, edged posteriorly with bands of crimson and yellow, while _P. nanus_ has the head green, but the ends of the scapulars and secondaries are deep shining bluish-green, tipped with bright yellow. Even more brilliantly coloured species than the above are _Ptilopus pulchellus_, _P. superbus_, _P. aurantiifrons_ and _P. bellus_.

Near the camp at Wataikwa large flocks of D’Albertis’ Pigeon (_Gymnophaps albertisii_) were observed coming in every evening from their feeding-grounds on the high mountains to roost on the plains below. Mr. Goodfellow tells us that their flight is extremely rapid and that their strange aerial evolutions remind one of the common “Tumbler” Pigeons.

The Long-tailed Cuckoo-Doves were represented by the very large _Reinwardtœnas griseotincta_ and the smaller chestnut-plumaged _Macropygia griseinucha_; the former being a large and abnormally long-tailed bird with the head, mantle and under-parts grey, and the back and tail chestnut.

FAMILY _MEGAPODIIDÆ_—MEGAPODES OR MOUND-BUILDERS.

The Game-birds are represented by three species of Mound-builders, two being Brush-Turkeys and the other a true Megapode (_Megapodius freycineti_). The fact that two closely allied species of Brush-Turkeys are found in the same district is of considerable interest. The common species of the country _Talegallus fuscirostris_ has a very wide coastal range, being also found in S.E. New Guinea and extending along the north coast to the middle of Geelvinck Bay. The other species _T. cuvieri_ is of western origin being hitherto known from the Arfak Peninsula, and the islands of Salwatti, Mysol and Gilolo. Its occurrence on the Iwaka river was quite unexpected and no doubt the range of the two species overlap in the neighbourhood of the Mimika in the south and in the vicinity of Rubi on Geelvinck Bay in the north. In both the plumage is black, but _T. cuvieri_ is a larger bird than _T. fuscirostris_ and is easily recognised by having the tibia feathered right down to the tibio-tarsal joint and the bill orange-red instead of sooty-brown.

All these species are of the greatest interest on account of their remarkable nesting habits, and their nesting mounds of decaying vegetable matter were conspicuous objects in the jungle. The eggs, which are very large for the size of the birds, are buried among the débris which the birds rake together into a large heap, the young being hatched, as in an incubator, by the warmth of the decaying leaves. The parent bird, after burying its eggs, takes no further notice of them, but the young on leaving the shell are fully feathered and able to fly and take care of themselves.

FAMILY _CASUARIIDÆ_—CASSOWARIES.

The discovery made by Mr. Walter Goodfellow that two distinct forms of two-wattled Cassowary occur side by side on the Mimika River has greatly modified Mr. Rothschild’s views on the classification of the genus, and he now finds that the ten forms possessing two wattles, when placed side by side fall naturally into two groups, one consisting of the Common Cassowary (_Casuarius casuarius_), divisible into six sub-species or races, and the other of _C. bicarunculatus_ which may be divided into four sub-species. The large forms found on the Mimika are _C. sclateri_, representing the first group, and _C. intensus_ representing the second. Both these birds have a large elevated casque or helmet and differ chiefly in the pattern and colouration of the bare neck-wattles.

These Cassowaries were seen at various times searching for food in the pools and shallow waters of the river-beds, and during the cross-country marches would sometimes dash across the trail, affording but a momentary glimpse.

The natives have distinct names for the male and female birds and judging from the quantities of feathers in their possession must often succeed in capturing them. Eggs and newly-hatched chicks were brought in during January and February. On one occasion at Parimau some eggs must have been kept by the natives for a few days before they hatched, for young were brought to the camp which had evidently just emerged from the shells.

A very interesting discovery was made by Mr. Claude Grant on the foot-hills, where he met with a new dwarf species of Cassowary, _C. claudii_. It is allied to _C. papuanus_, but has the hind part of the crown and occiput black instead of white. Like that bird it has a low triangular casque and belongs to a different section of the genus from the two larger species already mentioned.

_C. claudii_ has very brilliantly coloured soft parts. The occiput and sides of the head are entirely black; between the gape and the ear is a patch of deep plum-colour; the upper half of the back of the neck is electric-blue, shading into violet-blue on the sides and fore-part of the neck including the throat; the lower half of the back of the neck is orange-chrome, this colour extending down the upper margin of a bare magenta-coloured area situated on each side of the feathered part of the neck. This fine bird is now mounted and on exhibition in the Bird Gallery at the Natural History Museum.

LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL PAPERS RELATING TO THE BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA, INCLUDING THE KEI AND ARU ISLANDS.

1875-88. _Gould._ Birds of New Guinea and the adjacent Papuan Islands. (Completed by R. B. Sharpe) (1875-88). 1880-82 _Salvadori._ Ornitologia della Papuasia e delle Molluche. Vols. I-III. & 1889-91. (1880-82). Aggiunte, pts. I.-III. (1889-91). 1883. _Ramsay._ Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. VIII. pp. 15-29 (1883). 1884. _Sharpe._ Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. XVII. pp. 405-408 (1884). _Meyer._ Zeit. Ges. Orn 1. pp. 269-296, pls. XIV.-XVIII. (1884). 1885. _Finsch and Meyer._ Zeit. ges. Orn. II. pp. 369-391, pls. XV.-XXII. (1885). _Guillemard._ P.Z.S. 1885, pp. 615-665, pl. XXXIX. 1886. _Meyer._ Monat. Schutze Vogelw. 1886, pp. 85-88, pl. _Meyer._ P.Z.S. 1886, pp. 297-298. _Finsch and Meyer._ Zeit. ges. Orn. III. pp. 1-29, pls. I.-VI. (1886). _Meyer._ Zeit. ges. Orn. III. pp. 30-38 (1886). _Salvadori._ Ibis 1886, pp. 151-155. 1887. _Ramsay._ Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2) II. pp. 239-240 (1887). _Bartlett._ P.Z.S. 1887, p. 392. _Oustalet._ Le Nat. I. pp. 180-182 (1887). 1888. _Meyer._ Reisen in Kaiser Wilhelms-Land und Englisch New-Guinea in dem Jahren 1884 u. 1885 an Bord des Deutschen Damfers “Samoa.” Leipsig, 1888. _Cabanis._ J.f.O. 1888, p. 119. 1889. _Cabanis._ J.f.O. 1889, p. 62, pls. 1 & 2. _Meyer._ J.f.O. 1889, pp. 321-326. _De Vis._ Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland VI. pp. 245-248 (1889). 1890. _De Vis._ British New Guinea. Report of the Administration for the period 4th Sept. 1888 to 30th June, 1889. App. G. Report on Birds from British New Guinea, pp. 105-116 (1890). (Reprinted, Ibis 1891, pp. 25-41). _Goodwin._ Ibis 1890, pp. 150-156. _Meyer._ Ibis 1890, p. 412, pl. XII. _Salvad._ Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (2) IX. pp. 554-592 (1890). 1891. _Oustalet._ Le Nat. V. pp. 260-261 (1891). _Sclater._ Ibis 1891, p. 414, pl. X. _Meyer._ Abh. Zool. Mus. Dresden 1891, No. 4, pp. 1-17. 1891-98. _Sharpe._ Monogr. _Paradiseidæ_ and _Ptilonorhynchidæ_ (1891-98). 1892. _De Vis._ Ann. Queensland Mus. II. pp. 4-11 (1892). _De Vis._ Annual Report Brit. New Guinea, 1890-91. App. CC. pp. 93-97. pl. (1892). _Salvad._ Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (2) X. pp. 797-834 (1892). _Meyer._ J.f.O. 1892, pp. 254-266. _Crowley._ Bull. B.O.C. 1. p. XVI. (1892). 1893. _Meyer._ Abh. Zool. Mus. Dres. 1892-93, No. 3. pp. 1-33, pls. 1 & 2. _Oustalet._ Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Paris, (3) IV. pp. 218-220, pl. XV.; V. pp. 295-299, pl. VI. _Sclater._ Ibis 1893, pp. 243-246, pl. VII. text fig. _Finsch._ Ibis 1893, pp. 463-464. _Meyer._ Ibis 1893, pp. 481-483, pl. XIII. 1894. _De Vis._ Annual Report, Brit. New Guinea, 1894, pp. 99-105. _Salvad._ Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (2) XIV. pp. 150-152 (1894). _Meyer._ Bull. B.O.C. IV. pp. VI., VII., XI., XII. (1894). 1894. _Rothschild._ Bull. B.O.C. IV. p. XI. (1894). _Sharpe._ Bull. B.O.C. IV. pp. XII.-XV. (1894). _Reichenow._ Orn. Monatsb. II. p. 22 (1894). _Meyer._ Abh. Zool. Mus. Dres. 1894-95. No. 2. pp. 1-4. pl. (1894). _Büttikofer._ Notes Leyden Mus. XVI. pp. 161-165 (1894). _Mead._ Amer. Natural. XXVIII. pp. 915-920. pls. XXIX.-XXXI. (1894). 1895. _Meyer._ Bull. B.O.C. IV. p. XVII. (1895). _Meyer._ Abh. Zool. Mus. Dres. 1894-95, no. 5. pp. 1-11. pls. 1 & 2. No. 10. pp. 1-2, pl. I. figs. 1-4 (1895). _Rothschild._ Nov. Zool. II. pp. 22, 59, 480, pls. III. & V. (1895). _Hartert._ Nov. Zool. II. p. 67 (1895). _Rothschild._ Bull. B.O.C. IV. pp. XXI., XXVI., XLII. (1895). _Ogilvie-Grant._ Bull. B.O.C. V. p. XV. (1895). _Mead._ Amer. Natural. XXIX. pp. 1-9, 409-417, 627-636, 1056-1065, pl. VII. (1895). _Sanyal._ P.Z.S. 1895, pp. 541-542. _Oustalet._ Bull. Mus. Paris. 1895, pp. 47-50. _Sclater._ Ibis 1895, pp. 343, 344, pl. VIII. 1896. _Rothschild and Hartert._ Nov. Zool. III., pp. 8, 252, 530, 534, pl. I. (1896). _Rothschild._ Nov. Zool. III., pp. 10-19 (1896). _Salvadori._ Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) XVI., pp. 55-120 (1896). _Salvadori._ Bull. B.O.C. V. p. XXII. (1896). _Rothschild._ Bull. B.O.C. VI. pp. XV.-XVI. (1896). _Oustalet._ Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Paris (3) VIII. pp. 263-267, pls. XIV. & XV. (1896). 1897. _Rothschild._ Bull. B.O.C. VI. pp. XV., XVI., XXIV., XXV., XL., XLV., LIV. (1897). _Rothschild._ Bull. B.O.C. VII. pp. XXI.-XXII. (1897). _Reichenow._ Orn. Monatsb. V. pp. 24-26, 161, 178, 179 (1897). _Kleinschmidt._ Orn. Monatsb. V. p. 46 (1897). _Kleinschmidt._ J.f.O. 1897, pp. 174-178, text-fig. _Reichenow._ J.f.O. 1897, pp. 201-224, pls. V. & VI. _Rothschild._ Nov. Zool. IV. p. 169, pl. II. fig. 2 (1897). _Hartert._ Nov. Zool. IV. p. 396 (1897). _De Vis._ Ibis 1897, pp. 250-252, 371-392, pl. VII. _Madarasz._ Termes, Füzetek XX. pp. 17-54, pls. 1 & 2 (1897). _Mead._ Amer. Natural. XXXI. pp. 204-210 (1897). 1898. _Hartert._ Bull. B.O.C. VIII. pp. VIII. & IX. (1898). _Rothschild._ Bull. B.O.C. VIII. p. XIV. (1898). _Rothschild._ Das Tierreich _Paradiseidæ_, 52 pp. Berlin, 1898. _De Vis._ Annual Report, New Guinea, App. AA. Report on birds for 1896-97, pp. 81-90 (1898). _Finsch._ Notes Leyden Mus. XX. pp. 129-136 (1898). _Rothschild._ Nov. Zool. V. pp. 84-87, 418, 509, 513, pl. XVIII. (1898). _Reichenow._ J.f.O. 1898, pp. 124-128, pl. 1. _Caley-Webster._ Through New Guinea and the Cannibal Countries. Appendices on birds by Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert (1898). 1899. _Salvadori._ Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (2) XIX. pp. 578-582 (1899). _Rothschild._ Nov. Zool. VI. pp. 75 & 218, pls. II. & III. (1899). _Hartert._ Nov. Zool. VI. p. 219, pl. IV. (1899). _Madarasz._ Termes, Füzetek. XXII. pp. 375-428, pls. XV.-XVII. (1899). 1900. _Finsch._ Notes Leyden Mus. XXII. pp. 49-69 & 70 (1900). _Rothschild._ Bull. B.O.C. X. pp. C. CI. (1900). _Rothschild._ Bull. B.O.C. XI. pp. 25, 26, 30 (1900). _Madarasz._ Orn. Monatsb. VIII. pp. 1-4 (1900). _Renshaw._ Nature Notes XI. pp. 164-167 (1900). _Currie._ P.U.S. Nat. Mus. XXII. pp. 497-499, pl. XVII. (1900). 1900. _Le Souëf._ Ibis 1900, pp. 612, 617, text-fig. 1. 1901. _Rothschild._ Bull. B.O.C. XII. p. 34 (1901). _Reichenow._ Orn. Monatsb. IX. pp. 185-186 (1901). _Madarasz._ Termes Füzetek, XXIV. p. 73 (1901). _Hartert._ Nov. Zool. VIII. pp. 1, 93 (1901). _Rothschild and Hartert._ Nov. Zool. VIII. pp. 53, 102, pls. II.-IV. (1901). 1902. _Weiske._ Ein Beitrag zur Naturgeschichte der Laubenvogel. Monat. Schutze Vogelw. XXVII. pp. 41-45 (1902). _Sclater._ Bull. B.O.C. XIII. p. 23 (1902). 1903. _Rothschild._ Bull. B.O.C. XIII. p. 32 (1903). _Finsch._ Orn. Monatsb. XI. p. 167 (1903). _Renshaw._ Avicult. Mag. (2) II. pp. 26-27, fig. (1903). _Rothschild and Hartert._ Nov. Zool. X. pp. 65-89, pl. I. 196-231, 435-480, pls. XIII. & XIV. (1903). _Hartert._ Nov. Zool. X. pp. 232-254 (1903). 1904. _Rothschild._ Bull. B.O.C. XIV. pp. 38-40 (1904). _Ogilvie-Grant._ Bull. B.O.C. XIV. p. 40 (1904). 1905. _Ogilvie-Grant._ Ibis 1905, pp. 429-440, pl. VIII. text-figs. 22-26. _Pycraft._ Ibis 1905, pp. 440-453. _Sharpe._ Bull. B.O.C. XV. p. 91 (1905). _Salvadori._ Ibis 1905, pp. 401-429, 535-542. 1905-10. _Salvadori._ In Wytsman, Genera Avium. Psittaci, pts. 5, 11, & 12 (1905-1910). 1906. _Salvadori._ Ibis, 1906, pp. 124-131, 326-333; 451-465, 642-659. _Rothschild._ Bull. B.O.C. XIX. pp. 7-8, 27 (1906). _Foerster and Rothschild._ Two new birds of Paradise Zool. Mus. Tring. 3 pp. Tring. 1st October, 1906. _Van Oort._ Notes Leyden Mus. XXVIII. p. 129-130 (1906). _Ogilvie-Grant._ Bull. B.O.C. XIX. p. 39 (1906). _North._ Vict. Nat. XXII. pp. 147, 156-8, pl. (1906). 1907. _Salvadori._ Ibis 1907, pp. 122-151; 311-322. _Ingram, (Sir W.)._ Ibis 1907, pp. 225-229, pl. V. text-figs. 8 & 9. _Simpson._ Ibis 1907, pp. 380-387, text-figs. _Rothschild and Hartert._ Nov. Zool. XIV. pp. 433, 447 (1907). _Rothschild._ Nov. Zool. XIV. p. 504, pls. V.-VII. (1907). _Rothschild._ Bull. B.O.C. XXI. p. 25 (1907). _Hartert._ Bull. B.O.C. XXI. p. 26 (1907). _North._ Vict. Nat. XXIV. p. 136 (1907). _Ingram_, (C.). Avicult. Mag. (2) V. p. 364, pl. (1907). _Le Souëf._ Emu. VI. p. 119-120 (1907). 1908. _Van Oort._ Notes Leyden Mus. XXIX. pp. 170-180, 2 pls. pp. 204-206 1 pl. (1908). _Van Oort._ Notes Leyden Mus. XXX. pp. 127-128 (1908). _Rothschild._ Nov. Zool. XV. p. 392 (1908). _Sharpe._ Bull. B.O.C. XXI. p. 67 (1908). _Rothschild._ Bull. B.O.C. XXIII. p. 7 (1908). _Goodfellow._ Bull. B.O.C. XXIII. pp. 35-39 (1908). 1909. _Beaufort._ Nova Guinea V. Zoologie Livr. 3, pp. 389-420 (1909). _Van Oort._ Nova Guinea IX., Zoologie Livr. 1. Birds from South-western and Southern New Guinea, pp. 51-107, pl. III. (1909). _Van Oort._ Notes Leyden Mus. XXX. pp. 225-244 (1909). _Horsbrugh_, (C. B.). Ibis, 1909, pp. 197-213. _Sassi._ J.f.O. 1909, pp. 365-383. _Nehrkorn._ Orn. Monatsb. XVII. p. 44 (1909). _Astley._ Avicult. Mag. (2) VII. pp. 156-158 (1909). 1910. _Van Oort._ Notes Leyden Mus. XXXII. pp. 78-82, 211-216 (1910). _Madarasz._ Ann. Hist. Nat. Mus. Nat. Hung. Budapest VIII., pp. 172-174, pl. II. (1910). _Goodfellow._ Avicult. Mag. (3) 1, pp. 277-286 (1910). 1910. _Ogilvie-Grant._ Bull. B.O.C. XXVII. p. 10 (1910). _Rothschild._ Bull. B.O.C. XXVII. pp. 13, 35, 36, 45 (1910). _Hartert._ Nov. Zool. XVII. p. 484, pl. X. (eggs) (1910). 1911. _Rothschild._ Ibis 1911, pp. 350-367, pls. V. & VI. _Rothschild and Hartert._ Nov. Zool. XVIII. pp. 159-167 (1911). _Ogilvie-Grant._ Bull. B.O.C. XXVII. pp. 66, 68, 83, 84 (1911). 1912. _Rothschild._ Ibis 1912, pp. 109-112, pl. II. _Ogilvie-Grant._ Ibis 1912, pp. 112-118, pl. III. _Hartert._ Nov. Zool. XVIII. p. 604. pls. VII. & VIII. (1912). _Rothschild._ Bull. B.O.C. XXIX. pp. 50-52 (1912).

APPENDIX B

THE PYGMY QUESTION

BY DR. A. C. HADDON, F.R.S.

Pygmies, as their name implies, are very short men, and the first question to decide is whether this short stature is normal or merely a dwarfing due to unfavourable environment. Although stature cannot be taken as a trustworthy criterion of race, since it is very variable within certain limits among most races, there are certain peoples who may be described as normally tall, medium, or short. The average human stature appears to be about 1·675 m. (5 ft. 6 ins.). Those peoples who are 1·725 (5 ft. 8 ins.) or more in height are said to be tall, those below 1·625 m. (5 ft. 4 ins.) are short, while those who fall below 1·5 m. (4 ft. 11 ins.) are now usually termed pygmies. One has only to turn to the investigations of the Dordogne district by Collignon and others to see how profoundly _la misère_ can affect the stature of a population living under adverse conditions, for example in the canton of Saint Mathieu there are 8·8 per cent. with a stature below 1·5 m. But when one finds within one area, as in the East Indian region, distinct peoples of medium, short and pygmy stature, living under conditions which appear to be very similar, one is inclined to suspect a racial difference between them, and the suspicion becomes confirmed if we find other characters associated with pygmy stature.

Pygmy peoples are widely distributed in Central Africa, but these Negrillos, as they are often termed, do not concern us now.

Asiatic pygmies have long been known, but it is only comparatively recently that they have been studied seriously, and even now there remains much to be discovered about them. There are two main stocks on the eastern border of the Indian Ocean, who have a very short stature and are respectively characterised by curly or wavy hair and by hair that grows in close small spirals—the so-called woolly hair.

(i.) The Sakai or Senoi of the southern portion of the Malay Peninsula are typical examples of the former stock, their average stature is slightly above the pygmy limit, but they need not detain us longer as they belong to a different race of mankind from the woolly-haired stock. It may be mentioned however that cymotrichous (curly-haired), dolichocephalic (narrow-headed), dark-skinned peoples of very short stature, racially akin to the Sakai, have been found in East Sumatra and in Celebes (Toala) more or less mixed with alien blood; and quite recently Moszkowski, as will be mentioned later, has suggested that the islands of Geelvink Bay, Netherlands New Guinea, were originally inhabited by the same stock. All these peoples together with the Vedda and some jungle tribes of the Deccan are now regarded as remnants of a once widely distributed race to which the term Pre-Dravidian has been applied; it is also believed by many students that the chief element in the Australians is of similar origin.

(ii.) For a long time it has been known that there are three groups of ulotrichous (woolly-haired), brachycephalic (broad-headed), dark-skinned, pygmy peoples inhabiting respectively the Andaman Islands, the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines; to this race the name Negrito is universally applied. We can now include in it a fourth element from New Guinea. The physical characters of these several groups may be summarised as follows:

1. The ANDAMANESE, who are sometimes erroneously called Mincopies, inhabit the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal. Their head _hair_ is extremely frizzly (woolly), fine in texture, lustreless and seldom more than two or three inches long, or five inches when untwisted, its colour varies between black, greyish black, and sooty, the last perhaps predominating. Hair only occasionally grows on the face and then but scantily. There is little or no hair over the surface of the body. The _skin_ has several shades of colour between bronze or dark copper, sooty, and black, the predominating colour being a dull leaden hue like that of a black-leaded stove. The average _stature_ of 48 males is 1·492 m. (4 ft. 10-3/4 ins.), the extremes being 1·365 m. (4 ft. 5-3/4 ins.) and 1·632 m. (5 ft. 4-1/4 ins.). The _head_ is moderately brachycephalic, the average _cranial index_ (_i.e._ the ratio of the breadth to the length, the length being taken as 100) in male skulls is 81, thus the _cephalic index_ of the living would be about 83. The _features_ may be described as: face broad at the cheek-bones; eyes prominent; nose much sunken at the root, straight and small; lips full but not everted; chin small; the jaws do not project.

2. The SEMANG live in the central region of the Malay Peninsula, some of them are known under the names of Udai, Pangan, Hami and Semán. The _hair_ of the head is short, universally woolly, and black. Skeat says it is of a brownish black, not a bluish black like that of the Malays, and Martin alludes to a reddish shimmer when light falls on it, but says there is not a brownish shimmer as in the Sakai. Hair is rare and scanty on face and body. Skeat describes the _skin_ colour as dark chocolate brown approximating in some Kedah Negritos to glossy black, and Martin says the skin of the chest is dark brown with reddish tinges, while that of the face is mainly dark brown, the remainder being medium brown, with reddish or pure brown tinges. The data for the _stature_ are not very satisfactory, the best are a series of 17 males by Annandale and Robinson, the average being 1·528 m. (5 ft. 0-1/4 in.), with extreme, of 1·372 m. (4 ft. 6 ins.) and 1·604 (5 ft. 3 ins.). The average _cephalic index_ is about 78 or 79, the extremes ranging from about 74 to about 84. The Semang are thus mesaticephalic on the average. According to Skeat the _face_ is round; the forehead rounded, narrow and projecting, or as it were “swollen”; the nose short and flattened, the nostrils much distended, the breadth remarkably great, five adult males having an average nasal index of 101·2, the 20 measured by Annandale and Robinson varied from 81·3 to 108·8 with an average of 97·1, but four men measured by Martin had an average index of 83·5. The cheek-bones are broad; jaws often protrude slightly; lips not as a rule thick, Martin remarks that very characteristic of both the Semang and the Sakai is the great thickening of the integumental part of the upper lip, the whole mouth region projecting from the lower edge of the nose; this convexity occurs in 70 per cent., and is well shown in his photographs.

3. The AETA live in the mountainous districts of the larger islands and in some of the smaller islands of the Philippines. It is convenient to retain this name for the variously named groups of Philippine Negritos, many of whom show admixture with other peoples. The _hair_ of the head is universally woolly except when mixture may be suspected or is known; Reed says it is uniformly of a dirty black colour, sometimes sunburnt on the top to reddish brown; Worcester describes it as usually black but it may be reddish brown, and Meyer as a dark seal-brown to black. Reed says that the beard is very scanty but all adult males have some and that there is very little body hair, but Worcester states that the men often have abundant beards and a thick growth of hair on the arms, chest and legs. The _skin_ is described as being of a dark chocolate brown, rather than black, with a yellowish tinge on the exposed parts (Reed), sooty black (Sawyer), or dark, sooty brown (Worcester). The average _stature_ of 48 men is 1·463 m. (4 ft. 9-1/2 ins.), ranging from 1·282 m. (4 ft. 2-1/2 ins.) to 1·6 m. (5 ft. 3 ins.), but some of these were not pure breeds (Reed); other observations also show a considerable range in height. The _cephalic index_ of 16 males averages 82·2, ranging from 78·8 to 92·3, ten range between 80 and 85 (Reed). _Features_: typically the nose is broad, flat, bridgeless, with prominent arched alæ and nostrils invariably visible from the front. Of 76 persons measured by Reed 4 males and 3 females had nasal indices below 89, 10 and 3 of 90-99, 20 and 13 of 100-109, 7 and 7 of 110-119, 6 and 3 above 120; the median of the males is 102, the extremes being 83·3 and 125, the median of the females is 105, their extremes being 79·5 and 140·7; in other words they are extremely platyrhine. The eyes are round. The lips are moderately thick, but not protruding. A somewhat pronounced convexity is sometimes seen between the upper lip and the nose in the photographs of Meyer’s and Folkmar’s Albums. Meyer says the projecting jaw gives an ape-like appearance to the face, but Reed says the Aeta have practically no prognathism, a statement which is borne out by his and Folkmar’s photographs.

4. The discovery of pygmies in Netherlands New Guinea by the Expedition has drawn public attention to a problem of perennial interest to ethnologists. Nearly twenty-five years ago Sir William Flower stated, “that it (the Negrito race) has contributed considerably to form the population of New Guinea is unquestionable. In many parts of that great island, small round-headed tribes live more or less distinct from the larger and longer-headed people who make up the bulk of the population.” (Lecture at the Royal Institution, April 13, 1888, reprinted in _Essays on Museums_, 1898, p. 302.) No further information is given, nor are his authorities mentioned. Perhaps he was alluding to the following statement by de Quatrefages, “L’extension des Négritos en Mélanésie est bien plus considérable. Ici leurs tribus sont mêlées et juxtaposées à celles des Papouas probablement dans toute la Nouvelle Guinée” (_Rev. d’Ethn._, 1882, p. 185); subsequently he wrote, “La confusion regrettable (namely the confusion of the brachycephalic Negrito-Papuans with the dolichocephalic Papuans, of which Earl, Wallace, Meyer and others have been guilty) est cause que l’on n’a pas recherché les traits differentiels qui peuvent distinguer les Negritos-Papous des vrais Papouas au point de vue de l’état social, des mœurs, des croyances, des industries.” (_Les Pygmées_, 1887, p. 97, English Translation, 1895, p. 62.) Dr. A. B. Meyer, from whose essay these quotations have been taken, adds, “No, the confusion has not been in this case in the heads of the travellers; a Negritic race, side by side with the Papuan race, nobody has been able to discover, just because it does not exist, and it does not exist because the Papuan race, in spite of its variability, is on the one hand a uniform race, and on the other as good as identical with the Negritos.” (_The Distribution of the Negritos_, 1899, p. 85.) When reviewing this essay in _Nature_ (Sept. 7, 1899, p. 433), I stated that I was inclined to adopt the view that the various types exhibited by the natives of New Guinea “point to a crossing of different elements,” and do not “simply reveal the variability of the race,” as Dr. Meyer provisionally believed. While agreeing with Dr. Meyer that the “different conditions of existence” (p. 80) in New Guinea probably have reacted on the physical characters of the natives (about which, however, we have extremely little precise information), we have now sufficient evidence to prove that the indigenous or true Papuan population has been modified in places by intrusions from elsewhere, and of late years data have been accumulating which point to the existence of a pygmy population. Shortly before his death, Dr. Meyer drew my attention to a more recent statement of his views, in which he says, “Although I formerly stated (_Negritos_, p. 87) that the question whether the Papuans, _i.e._ the inhabitants of New Guinea, are a uniform race with a wide range of variation or a mixed race is not yet ripe for pronouncement, I am now more inclined, after Mr. Ray’s discovery of the Papuan linguistic family, to look upon them as a mixed race of ‘Negritos’ and Malays in the wider sense. I am eagerly looking forward to the exploration of the interior of that great island, for may it not be possible there to discover the Negrito element in that old and more constant form in which it persists in the Philippines, Andamans, and in Malakka.” (_Globus_, XCIV., 1908, p. 192.) This later view appears to me to be less tenable than his earlier one, as it is difficult to see how a mixture of pygmy, woolly-haired brachycephals with short, straight-haired brachycephals (Malays) could give rise to the taller, woolly-haired dolichocephalic Papuans.

The racial history of New Guinea has proved to be unexpectedly complicated. We are now justified in recognising at least two indigenous elements, the Negrito and Papuan; the effect of the island populations to the east has not yet been determined, but in the south-west two immigrations at least from Melanesia have taken place, which, with Seligmann, we may term Papuo-Melanesian. (_Journ. R. Anth. Inst._, XXXIX. 1909, pp. 246, 315; and _The Melanesians of Brit. New Guinea_, 1910.) It is, however, almost certain that future researches will reveal that the problem is not so simple as that just indicated.

Writing in 1902, Dr. Weule states (_Globus_, LXXXII. p. 247) that he has no further doubts as to the existence of pygmies in New Guinea, though it is not yet clear whether they live in definite groups or as scattered remnants among the taller peoples. He points out that information as to the pygmies was of necessity scanty, as expeditions had always followed the course of rivers where encounter with them might least be expected, since they are for the most part mountain people. Through the activity of Sir William MacGregor and others, British New Guinea is “the least unknown” part of the whole island; there is therefore more likelihood of pygmy peoples being discovered in German or Netherlands New Guinea, the latter being entirely a _terra incognita_ from the geographical standpoint. Dr. Weule’s article contains various references to previous literature on the pygmy question, and three photographs of pygmies from the middle Ramu are reproduced, which show three men well under 142 cm. (4 ft. 8-3/4 ins.) in height.

The later history of the discovery of a pygmy substratum in the population of parts of New Guinea is as follows:—

Dr. M. Krieger had visited the Sattelberg and the neighbourhood of Simbang where he heard reports of dwarfs from natives, but no European had seen them (_Neu Guinea_, 1899, p. 143); subsequently Dr. R. Pöch stayed from December 1904 to February 1905 in the Kai area, which lies inland from Finschhafen in German New Guinea. In the _Mitt. aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten_, 1907, he writes (p. 225): “During the first part of the time I remained chiefly on the Sattelberg itself, and observed and measured the various Kai frequenting the Mission Station. In them I became acquainted with a mountain tribe entirely different from the coast peoples previously visited. In fifty men I found the average height to be 152·5 cm. (5 ft.); the skulls are, as a rule, mesocephalic to brachycephalic. Towards the coast (Jabim) dolichocephaly becomes more usual and the type also changes. Very small people are not infrequently met with among the Kai.” Among 300 adult males he found twelve ranging from 133 to 145·6 cm. (4 ft. 4-1/2 ins. to 4 ft. 9-1/4 ins.). “For the present,” he adds, “it cannot be determined whether this is merely a variation in stature or whether we have here survivals of an older smaller race not yet entirely merged in the Kai” (_cf._ also _Sitzungsber. der Anth. Gesellschaft in Wien_, 1905, pp. 40 ff.). In the _Zeitschr. f. Ethnol._ XXXIX., 1907, p. 384, he states that on the north coast of British New Guinea and in Normanby Island he often came across very small people. Dr. O. Reche, in describing a journey up the Kaiserin-Augusta river, says that, “the population consists of three clearly distinguishable types or races, two of which have long, very narrow skulls, and one a short broad skull. Inland from the river bank there seems to be in addition to these a pygmy-like people of small growth; at all events, I found in some of the villages situated on the upper river, among other skulls, some which were remarkably small and of a special type, and which must have been taken from enemies living further inland.” (_Globus_, XCVII. 1910, p. 286.)

Neuhauss studied the Sattelberg natives and is very certain that a pygmy element occurs there. He notes the stockiness of certain individuals, who have a long powerful trunk and short limbs, whereas the Papuans are lean and slender; the shortest man measured by him was 1·355 m. (4 ft. 5-1/2 ins.). Again, the _cephalic index_ of 260 Papuans averages 76·8, while that of thirty-two short individuals averages 78·8, and on the Sattelberg 79·7, some even ranging from 83-84·6. He also noticed that the ears were short, wide and without lobe; the hands and feet were unusually small. Von Luschan draws attention to the convexity of the whole upper lip area as in African pygmies. Neuhauss insists that the pygmies are almost merged into the rest of the population, and that their low stature is not due to poor conditions. (_Zs. f. Ethnol._ XLIII., 1911, p. 280.)

Dr. M. Moszkowski found that in Geelvink Bay the hair is not always ulotrichous (woolly), as is usual with Papuans, especially on Biak and Padeido Islands the hair often recalls the cymotrichous (curly) hair of Veddas. Other points of resemblance with wild tribes of Further Asia are:—A very dainty graceful bone-structure, small hands and feet, relatively short limbs compared to the trunk, low stature, few being above 156 cm. and most below 150 cm. (4 ft. 11 ins.), and now and then the characteristic convex upper lip of the wild tribes (_Zs. f. Ethnol._ XLIII. 1911, pp. 317, 318). On these grounds Moszkowski inclines to think that the islands of Geelvink Bay were originally peopled by pre-Malayan wild tribes allied to the Vedda, Sakai, Toala, etc., and thus the present population is the result of crossing between these and immigrant Melanesians; true Malays came later. Moszkowski has not yet published any head measurements of these interesting people, and the evidence is insufficient to decide whether this is a Pre-Dravidian or a Negrito element in the population of these islands, the curly character of the hair may be due as elsewhere in New Guinea to racial mixture; the photograph of a “Vedda-type” from Padeido island is by no means convincing (_l.c._ p. 318).

Finally Guppy, Ribbe and Rascher report the occurrence of very short people in the interior of the larger islands of the Bismarck Archipelago and of the Solomon Islands; recently Thurnwald refers to very small people in the mountainous interior of Bougainville who speak a non-Melanesian language, one man from Mari mountain had a stature of 1·39 m. (4 ft. 6-1/2 ins.). In the mountains the mixed population consists of types recalling the Solomon Islanders and “representatives of a small short-legged, broad-faced, short-skulled, very hairy, wide-nosed people.” (_Zs. f. Ethnol._ XLII. 1910, p. 109.)

Discussing the pygmies of Melanesia von Luschan referred in 1910 (_Zs. f. Ethnol._ XLII., p. 939) to bones brought a century ago from the Admiralty Islands which must have belonged to individuals 1·32-1·35 m. (4 ft. 4 ins.-4 ft. 5 ins.) in stature; it is unlikely that the type persists, though Moseley mentions an unusually short man, a little over 5 ft. (_Journ. Anth. Inst._ 1877, p. 384). In the collection made by the German Marine Expedition there are a number of extremely small skulls from New Ireland, which von Luschan is convinced belong to pygmies. Finsch brought from New Britain over thirty years ago the smallest known skull of a normal adult person; it came from the S.W. coast of Gazelle Peninsula. Like four other extremely small feminine skulls from New Britain this one is dolichocephalic (ceph. index 73). Von Luschan is of opinion that the small people of Melanesia represent an older stratum of population than their tall neighbours.

While other travellers have come across what is now accepted as a pygmy element in the population, the members of this Expedition have for the first time proved the existence of a pygmy people, known as the _TAPIRO_, who may be regarded as predominantly Negritos. The _hair_ is short, woolly and black, but seemed brown in two or three cases, there is a good deal of hair on the face and of short downy hair scattered about the body. The _skin_ is of a lighter colour than that of the neighbouring Papuans, some individuals being almost yellow. The _stature_ averages 1·449 m. (4 ft. 9 ins.), ranging from 1·326 m. (4 ft. 4-1/4 ins.) to 1·529 m. (5 ft. 0-1/4in.). The _cephalic index_ averages 79·5, varying from 66·9 to 85·1. _Features_: The nose is straight and though described as “very wide at the nostrils,” the mean of the indices is only 83, the extremes being 65·5 to 94. The eyes are noticeably larger and rounder than those of Papuans. “The upper lip of many of the men is long and curiously convex.”

At the same time that the Expedition discovered pygmies in Netherlands New Guinea, Mr. R. W. Williamson was investigating the Mafulu, a mountain people on the upper waters of the Angabunga river in the Mekeo District. He has shown (_The Mafulu Mountain People of British New Guinea_, 1912) that in all probability these and some neighbouring tribes are a mixture of Negritos, Papuans and Papuo-Melanesians. Their invariably woolly _hair_ is generally dark brown, often quite dark, approaching to black and sometimes perhaps quite black, but frequently it is lighter and often not what we in Europe should call dark; a beard and moustache are quite unusual. The _skin_ is dark sooty-brown. The average stature is 1·551 m. (5 ft. 1 in.) ranging from 1·47 m. (4 ft. 10 ins.) to 1·63 m. (5 ft. 4 ins.). They are fairly strong and muscular, but rather slender and slight in development. The average _cephalic index_ is 80 and ranges from 74·7 to 86·8. _Features_: The average nasal index is 84·3, the extremes being 71·4 and 100. The eyes are dark brown and very bright. The lips are fine and delicate.

It is worth noting that Pöch had in 1906 measured two Fergusson Island men with statures 1·403 and 1·425 m. (4 ft. 7-1/4 ins., 4 ft. 8 ins.), who told him that “all the people in that tribe were as small or smaller.” (_Zs. f. Ethnol._ XLII. 1910, p. 941.)

On reading through the brief synopses which I have given it is apparent that, with the possible exception of the Andamanese, each of the Negrito peoples shows considerable diversity in its physical characters and this is more evident when more detailed accounts and photographs are studied. There appears to be sufficient evidence to show that a very ancient ulotrichous, low brachycephalic, pygmy population once extended over the Malay Peninsula and a great part (at least) of Melanesia and New Guinea, but the existing groups do not appear to be homogeneous judging from the diversity in stature, head index and nasal index. Stature, as has already been stated, is always recognised as subject to considerable variation, but the bulk of the measurements of these peoples fall below 1·5 m., and therefore indicate a predominant very short population. The head indices mainly show low brachycephaly; the occasional very low indices may be due either to a Pre-Dravidian mixture or in New Guinea, at all events, to a Papuan strain. The former existence of a Pre-Dravidian stock in New Guinea is highly probable, nor must it be overlooked that there may have been a hitherto undescribed pygmy or very short dolichocephalic ulotrichous stock in New Guinea and Melanesia. The nasal index of these Negrito peoples is very suggestive of racial complexity. Judging from photographs, in the absence of measurements, the Andamanese have by no means a broad nose, and a mesorhine index is found in all the other groups, some of the Tapiro and Mafulu are even leptorhine. A constantly recurring feature is the convex upper lip, but that also occurs among the Sakai. The problem now is to determine what foreign elements have modified these pygmies, and whether the Negrito stock itself will not have to be subdivided into at least two groups.

The Negritos have certain cultural characters more or less in common, some of which differentiate them from their neighbours. There is very little artificial deformation of the person. The Tapiro and Mafulu alone do not tattoo or scarify the skin; Skeat says that the Semang “do not appear as a race to tattoo or scarify,” and the Aeta scarify only occasionally. The nasal septum is not pierced for a nose-stick by the Andamanese and Aeta nor among the purer Semang tribes, but the Tapiro and Mafulu do so. The Semang women possess numerous bamboo combs which are engraved with curious designs of a magical import, similar combs are possessed by nearly every Aeta man and woman. The Andamanese have no combs.

With regard to clothing, the male Andamanese are nude, the females wear a small apron of leaves or a single leaf, but one tribe, the Jarawa, go nude. The male Semang frequently wear a loin-cloth, or simply leaves retained by a string girdle, sometimes the women wear this too or a fringed girdle made of the long black strings of a fungus, but more usually a waist-cloth. The Aeta men wear a loin-cloth and the women a waist-cloth. The Mafulu men and women wear a perineal band of bark cloth, while the Tapiro men wear a unique gourd penis-sheath. A gourd or calabash is also worn by men on the north coast of New Guinea, but not further west than Cape Bonpland, in this case the hole is in the side and not at the end as among the Tapiro.

The Negritos are collectors and hunters, and never cultivate the soil unless they have been modified by contact with more advanced peoples.

The Andamanese make three kinds of simple huts on the ground and large communal huts are sometimes built. The Semang construct “bee-hive” and long communal huts and weather screens similar to those of the Andamanese. They also erect tree shelters, but direct evidence is very scanty that pure Semang inhabit huts with a flooring raised on piles; they sleep on bamboo platforms. The Aeta usually make very simple huts sometimes with a raised bamboo sleeping platform inside. The pile dwellings of the Tapiro have evidently been copied from those of other tribes in the interior. The Mafulu build a different kind of pile dwelling which has a peculiar hood-like porch.

All the Negritos have the bow and arrow. The Great Andamanese bow is peculiar while that of the Little Andamanese appears to resemble that of the Semang. The Great Andamanese and the Tapiro have very long bows. Harpoon arrows with iron points are used by the Andamanese and Aeta, the arrows of the Andamanese, Semang and Aeta are nocked, but only those of the two latter are feathered. No nocked or feathered arrows occur in New Guinea. Only the Semang and Aeta are known to poison their arrows, and they may have borrowed the idea from the poisoned darts of the blow-pipe. Some Semang have adopted the blow-pipe.

The Andamanese appear to be one of the very few people who possess fire but do not know how to make it afresh. The Semang usually make fire by “rubbing together short blocks of wood, bamboo or cane. A common method consists in passing a rattan line round the portion of a dried branch, and holding the branch down by the feet whilst the line is rapidly worked to and fro with the hands.” Flint and steel are also used. (The Sakai employ similar methods.) (_Skeat and Blagden_, I, pp. 111-114, 119.) Among the Aeta flint and steel have almost replaced the old method of making fire by one piece of split bamboo being sawed rapidly across another piece. Semper collected from Negritos of N.E. Luzon, a split stick, bark fibre and a strip of rattan used in fire-making, these are described and figured by A. B. Meyer (_Publ. der K. Ethn. Mus. zu. Dresden_, IX, _Negritos_, p. 5, pl. 11, fig. 7 a-c). It is interesting to find that the Tapiro employ the same method and apparatus (p. 200). Thus there occurs among Negritos in the Philippines and New Guinea the method of making fire by partly splitting a dry stick, keeping the ends open by inserting a piece of wood or a stone in the cleft, stuffing some tinder into the narrow part of the slit and then drawing rapidly a strip of rattan to and fro across this spot till a spark ignites the tinder. Pöch found it among the Poum, dwelling in the mountains inland from the Kai (_Geog. Jnl._ XXX, 1907, p. 612, and _Mitt. Anth. Ges. in Wien_, XXXVII. 1907, p. 59, fig. 2, 3). Precisely the same method was described by the Rev. Dr. W. G. Lawes who found it among the Koiari of Tabure on Mt. Warirata (_Proc. R. Geog. Soc._ V, 1883, p. 357). Finsch collected the apparatus from the same people (_Ann. des K.K. naturhist. Hofmus. in Wien_, III, 1888, p. 323; Leo Frobenius, _The Childhood of Man_, 1909, fig. 313, but Frobenius is mistaken in representing the rattan as going twice round the stick). Dr. H. O. Forbes had found it at Ubumkara on the Naoro, also in the Central Division (_P.R.G.S._ XII. 1890, p. 562). Mr. C. A. W. Monckton noticed it in 1906 among the Kambisa tribe, in the valley of the Chirima, Mt. Albert Edward (_Ann. Rep. Brit. New Guinea_, 1907). Pöch suggests that N. von Miklucho-Maclay was wrong in thinking that the strip was rubbed in the split of a stick (_l.c._ p. 61); this is the earliest Papuan record (1872).

From the above account it is possible that the split stick and rattan strip method of fire-making may be a criterion of Negrito culture, but it should be noted that the stick is not reported as split among the Semang, and that the unsplit stick is found among the Sakai and the Kayans and Kenyahs of Sarawak who are not Negritos. Also the split stick is found at several spots in the mountainous interior of the south-east peninsula of New Guinea where Negrito influence has not yet been recorded, but Mr. Williamson’s observations are very suggestive in this respect. Pöch (_l.c._ p. 62) points out that this method is nearest akin to “fire-sawing with bamboo, both in principle and distribution,” of which he gives details. A somewhat similar method is that described by W. E. Roth. A split hearth-stick is held by the feet, but fire is made by sawing with another piece of wood, a device which appears to be widely spread in Queensland and occurs also on the Lachlan River, N.S.W. (_N. Queensland Ethnogr. Bull._ 7, 1904, sect. 9, pl. II. figs. 17, 18).

So far as is known the social structure of the Negritos is very simple. Among the Andamanese there is no division of the community into two moieties, no clan system nor totemism, neither has a classificatory system of kinship been recorded; the social unit appears to be the family, and the power of the head-man is very limited. Our knowledge concerning the Semang and Aeta is extremely imperfect but they probably resemble the Andamanese in these points. The Andamanese and Semang are strictly monogamous, polygyny is allowed among the Aeta, but monogamy prevails. The only restriction at all on marriage appears to be the prohibition of marriage between near kindred, and divorce is very rare. All bury their dead, but it is considered by the Andamanese more complimentary to place the dead on a platform which is generally built in a large tree, and the more honourable practice of the Semang is to expose the dead in trees. The Mafulu bury ordinary people, but the corpses of chiefs are placed in an open box either on a platform or in the fork of a kind of fig tree. Nothing is known about the social life of the Tapiro, and Williamson says, “The very simple ideas of the Mafulu, as compared with the Papuans and Melanesians, in matters of social organization, implements, arts and crafts, religion and other things may well, I think, be associated with a primitive Negrito origin” (_l.c._ p. 306).

SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY.

This is not the place to attempt to give a record of the very voluminous bibliography of the Negritos, and most of the works here recorded are those from which the foregoing facts have been collected. Books referred to in the text are, with one or two exceptions, not here repeated.

_The General Question._

Danielli, G., “Studi di Antropogeografia generale.” _Memorie Geografiche_, N. 18. Vol. VI. 1912.

Flower, W. H. _The Pygmy Races of Men._ Royal Inst. Lecture, 1888, reprinted in _Essays on Museums_, 1898.

Lapicque, L. “La Race Negrito.” _Ann. de Géographie_, 1896, p. 407.

Meyer, A. B. _The Distribution of the Negritos_, 1899; translation with additions from _Publikationen d. K. Ethn. Mus. zu Dresden_, IX. 1893.

Quatrefages, A. de. _The Pygmies_, 1895. (English Translation).

Schmidt, W. _Die Stellung der Pygmäenvölker in der Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen_, 1910.

Pater W. Schmidt has gone into the whole pygmy question with great thoroughness. He extends his comparison to the African pygmies (Negrillos), between whom and the Asiatic pygmies he attempts to prove a connection through Southern India. Emphasis is laid on the “infantile” physical characters of both African and Asiatic pygmies and the extremely primitive features of their culture. He is inclined to regard the Pre-Dravidian Vedda, Senoi and Toala as of mixed pygmy origin, finding support for this theory in the proximity of the Senoi to the Semang in the Malay Peninsula. The eastward extension of the pygmies into Melanesia and New Guinea is not dealt with.

Tyson, E. _A Philological Essay concerning the Pygmies of the Ancients_, 1699. Edited by B. C. A. Windle, 1894.

_The Andamanese._

Dobson, G. E., “On the Andamans and Andamanese.” _Journ. Anth. Inst._ IV. 1875, p. 457.

Flower, W. H., “On the Osteology and Affinities of the Natives of the Andaman Islands,” _J.A.I._, IX. 1879, p. 108, _cf._ also X., p. 124, XIV., p. 115, XVIII., p. 73.

Lane Fox, A., “Observations on Mr. Man’s Collection of Andamanese and Nicobarese Objects,” _J.A.I._, VII. 1877, p. 434.

Man, E. H., “On the Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands,” _J.A.I._, XII. 1882-3, pp. 69, 117, 327, _cf._ also VII. p. 105, XI. p. 268.

Portman, M. V., “Notes on the Andamanese,” _J.A.I._, XXV. 1896, p. 361.

_The Semang._

Skeat, W. W., and Blagden, C. O., _Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula_, 1906.

Martin, R., _Die Inlandstämme der Malayischen Halbinsel_, 1905.

Annandale, N., and Robinson, H. C., _Fasciculi Malayensis_, Anthropology, Part I, 1903, p. 105.

_The Aeta._

Folkmar, D., _Album of Philippine Types_, Manila, 1904.

Koeze, G. A., “Crania Ethnica Philippinica,” _Publicatiën uit ’s rijks ethnographisch Museum_, Serie II. No. 3, Haarlem, 1901-1904.

Meyer, A. B., _Album of Filipino Types_, 1885, Vol. II., 1891, and Vol. III., 1904, with photographs taken by Dr. A. Schadenberg.

Meyer, A. B., “Die Philippinen, II., Negritos,” _Publikationen des K. Ethnogr. Mus. zu Dresden_, IX. 1893 (and _cf._ _J.A.I._, XXV. p. 172).

Reed, W. A., “Negritos of Zambales,” _Department of the Interior, Ethnological Survey Publications_, II. Manila, 1904.

Sawyer, F. H., _The Inhabitants of the Philippines_, 1900.

Worcester, Dean C., “The Non-Christian Tribes of Northern Luzon,” _The Philippine Journal of Science_, I. 1906, p. 791.

Measurements of 22 Tapiro Pygmies (Males).

KEY: A. No. of man. B. Height of stature. C. Girth of chest. D. Vertexto tragus. E. Head length. F. Head breadth. G. Face breadth. H. Bigonial breadth. I. Face length. J. Nose length. K. Nose breadth. L. Interocular breadth.

Indices. a. {Head index. b. {Face Index. c. {Nasal Index.

—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+————————————————— | | | | | | | | | | | | Indices A. | B. | C. | D. | E. | F. | G. | H. | I. | J. | K. | L. | a. | b. | c. —————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+————— 17 |152·7| 80·5| 13·0| 18·2| 14·1| 13·6| 12·7| 10·7| 5·1 | 3·9 | 3·4 | 77·5| 78·7| 76·5 18 |148·0| 77·5| 12·7| 17·7| 13·8| 13·4| 12·7| 10·0| 4·7 | 4·1 | 2·8 | 78·0| 74·6| 87·2 19 |142·5| 71·0| 11·2| 18·1| 13·9| 13·1| 11·1| 11.5| 5·5 | 3·6 | 3·4 | 76·8| 87·8| 65·5 20 |142·1| 71·5| 11·0| 17·2| 11·5| 13·0| 12·0| 10·3| 4·8 | 4·1 | 3·1 | 66·9| 79·5| 85·4 21 |147·9| 78·0| 12·6| 17·4| 13·7| 12·5| 9·3| 11·7| 6·0 | 4·5 | 3.2 | 78·7| 93·6| 75·0 22 |140·2| 74·0| 11·2| 17·7| 14·2| 13·0| 10·7| 10·6| 5·2 | 4·2 | 3·4 | 80·2| 81·5| 80·8 23 |145·4| 74·5| 12·9| 17·8| 14·3| 13·6| 12·5| 10·6| 4·5 | 3·9 | 3·3 | 80·3| 77·9| 86·7 24 |152·9| 78·5| 12·1| 17·7| 14·3| 12·7| 11·1| 11·6| 5·2 | 4·4 | 3·2 | 80·8| 91·3| 84·6 25 |138·9| 74·5| 12·6| 16·7| 14·1| 11·8| 9·6| 10·4| 5·0 | 4·4 | 2·8 | 84·4| 88·1| 88·0 26 |149·0| 72·7| 12·6| 17·4| 13·6| 12·3| 11·8| 10·7| 4·8 | 3·9 | 3·2 | 78·2| 87·0| 81·3 27 |148·2| 81·4| 11·3| 18·5| 13·9| 12·8| 11·0| 11·3| 5·2 | 4·4 | 3·2 | 75·1| 88·3| 84·6 28 |132·6| 72·8| 12·8| 17·5| 14·7| 12·8| 9·8| 11·2| 5·1 | 4·1 | 3·0 | 84·0| 87·5| 80·4 29 |150·7| 79·5| 13·6| 17·4| 14·8| 13·6| 12·3| 11·1| 5·5 | 4·4 | 3·4 | 85·1| 81·6| 80·0 30 |148·8| 74·0| 13·0| 18·1| 14·1| 12·6| 11·0| 10·6| 4·9 | 4·4 | 3·3 | 77·9| 84·1| 89·8 31 |150·1| 79·0| 13·5| 17·8| 14·8| 13·1| 11·0| 12·2| 5·5 | 4·4 | 3·1 | 83·2| 93·1| 80·0 32 |139·8| 76·5| 12·5| 17·4| 14·7| 13·4| 10·8| 10·4| 5·5 | 4·1 | 3·1 | 84·5| 77·6| 74·6 33 |134·3| 71·8| 12·2| 16·2| 13·4| 13·2| 11·7| 10·6| 4·8 | 4·1 | 3·1 | 82·7| 80·3| 85·4 34 |150·6| 78·0| 12·8| 18·2| 14·6| 13·8| 11·4| 11·6| 5·9 | 5·0 | 3·6 | 80·2| 84·1| 84·8 35 |144·2| 79·0| 12·0| 17·8| 13·7| 13·5| 12·8| 11·2| 4·8 | 4·1 | 3·1 | 77·0| 83·0| 85·4 36 |144·8| 77·7| 11·1| 18·1| 13·9| 13·0| 12·2| 11·0| 5·1 | 4·8 | 3·3 | 76·8| 84·6| 94·1 37 |140·5| 71·3| 12·2| 18·4| 14·6| 13·0| 9·7| 12·5| 5·5 | 3·9 | 3·3 | 80·7| 96·2| 70·9 38 |142·8| 79·0| 11·5| 18·1| 14·2| 13·4| 11·9| 12·1| 6·1 | 4·3 | 3·0 | 78·5| 90·3| 70·5 —————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————

APPENDIX C

NOTES ON LANGUAGES IN THE EAST OF NETHERLANDS NEW GUINEA

BY SIDNEY H. RAY, M.A.

I. INTRODUCTION

In considering the languages of Netherlands New Guinea it is convenient to divide the territory into six geographical divisions. These are:—

1. The North-western Coast and Islands (Waigiu, Salawati, and Misol).

2. The Western shore of Geelvink Bay and the islands adjacent (Mefor, Biak, and Jobi).

3. The Peninsula of Kumava (Orange Nassau) with the islands between Ceram and the Ké group.

4. The Southern and Eastern Shores of Geelvink Bay.

5. The North Coast from Kurudu Islands to Humboldt Bay.

6. The South-eastern Coast from Kamrau Inlet to the Bensbach River on the boundary between Netherlands and British territory.

The present notice only refers to languages in the three last of these divisions.

At the Western end of the South shore of Geelvink Bay is the district of Wandammen, of which the language is fairly well known. For this we have a vocabulary with grammatical examples (9),[26] and also for Windessi, which is the same language, a mission text-book. Eastward from Wandammen the numerals only are recorded (7), but at the Southern point of the Bay, in the district around Jamur Lake we have the collections made by Van der Sande during the Wichmann Expedition of 1903 (8). He gives a vocabulary of Angadi, an island in the Jamur Lake, some words of the Nagramadu dialect on the North-west, and the numerals of Goreda on the South of the lake. The languages of the Western Shore of Geelvink Bay are represented only by numerals (7) but there is more information of the language of Pauwi at the mouth of the Wamberam or Amberno or Mamberamo River, where F. van Braam Morris collected a vocabulary published by Robidé van der Aa in 1885 (6). This was considered faulty by de Clercq.[27]

Westward along the Northern coast very little linguistic material is available, and the few words recorded show great differences. The places of which the speech is known are, on the mainland: Takar, Tarfia and Tana Merah, and on the islands: Liki (in the Kumamba Group), Moar (called also Wakde), Masimasi and Jamna (4, 5).

For the region about Humboldt Bay we have short vocabularies of Jotafa by various collectors, and a fuller one by G. L. Bink (2), also Sentani lists by P. E. Moolenburg (3) and van der Sande (8). Moolenburg also gives a list from Seka, West of the Bay.

For the Southern shore of Netherlands New Guinea, we have nothing but vocabularies, none of very large extent, the most extensive being that of Merauke in the extreme West (15) which has also been ably discussed by Dr. N. Adriani.[28]

Commencing at Kamrau Inlet, the languages of the shore and islands are illustrated by the Kowiai vocabularies of Miklucho-Maclay (13), the papers of G. W. Earl[29] and the lists of S. Muller (10), the last two being derived from the collections made during the voyage of the _Triton_ under Lieut. Modera in 1828. The following languages are named:—

Lobo at Triton Bay (including Namatote, Aiduma, Mawara, and Kaju-Mera). Wuaussirau, inland on the Kamaka-Wallar Lake. Mairassis, inland from Lobo. Lakahia, on Telok Lakahia. Kiruru, on Telok Kiruru. Utanata, on the Utanata River.

Westward of the Utanata a vocabulary of the language spoken on the Mimika River people was obtained by Mr. Wollaston in 1910-11. A list of the same language is given also in the account of the South-west New Guinea Expedition of the Royal Netherlands Geographical Association.[30] The latter work contains a few words of the language used at the mouth of the Kupĕra Pukwa River.

The language of Mĕraukĕ has been recorded by J. Seijne Kok (15), and by J. C. Montague and E. F. Bik,[C] that of Toro by S. Bik.[31]

II. CLASSIFICATION OF THE LANGUAGES.

Of the three languages in the northern part of Eastern Netherlands New Guinea that of the Jotafa of Humboldt Bay has been ably discussed by Dr. Kern,[32] who decides that in phonology, construction, numeration and word store it presents many points of agreement with the Mefoor or Nufor of the North-west. But it undoubtedly also contains many words which are of non-Indonesian origin. The Sentani and Pawi languages seem to have very few or no words similar to the Indonesian, and may probably be found to be Papuan languages. But nothing is known of the grammar. The language of Wandammen presents agreements with the Mefoor (or Nufōr) in vocabulary and also in some points of grammar. It will probably be found to fall into the same class as the Nufōr and Jotafa. The languages of the north coast and islands also show a mixture of Indonesian with other words. So little is known of the structure of the languages in the Kumava Peninsula that their place cannot be determined with certainty. The numerals and much of the vocabulary appear to be Indonesian,[33] but there are Papuan forms in the Grammar.

The Lobo languages of the Kowiai district on the south coast appear to be Indonesian, but those inland and south of Geelvink Bay have a distinct connection with those on the south coast west of the Kowiai district, and with those at the Utanata River and beyond the Mimika, at least as far as the Kupera Pukwa River. Beyond this point nothing is recorded until Princess Marianne Strait is reached, and here of two words known, one is Mĕraukĕ.[34] The latter language extends to the Boundary. All west of the Lobo appear to be Papuan.

Using the scanty means available, the languages of the Eastern part of Netherlands New Guinea may be thus provisionally classified:—

NORTH COAST AND ISLANDS (INCLUDING EAST AND SOUTH SHORE OF GEELVINK BAY).

_Papuan._ Seka West of Lake Sentani. Sentani Lake Sentani. Moki (?) Hinterland of Tana Mera Bay. ... Tana Mera. Tarfia (?) Coast West of Tana Mera Bay. Takar Mainland East of Mamberamo R. Wamberan ? Mamberamo R. Pauwi Villages on Lower Mamberamo R. Angadi Island in Jamur Lake. Goreda South of Lake Jamur. Nagramadu North-West of L. Jamur. Manikion North of McCleur Inlet (Telok Berau). _Indonesian_[35] Jotafa Humboldt Bay. Jamna Island opposite Takar. Masimasi Island West of Jamna. Moar Islands West of Masimasi. Kumamba Islands and Coast West of Moar and Takar. Waropin East shore of Geelvink Bay. Mohr Island opposite Waropin. Tandia Coast South of Waropin. Jaur South-West shore of Geelvink Bay. Dasener West of Jaur. Wandammen North of Dasener.

SOUTH COAST.

_Papuan._ Mairassis Inland from Lobo. Wuaussirau On Kamaka Wallar Lake. Lakahia On Telok Lakahia. Kiruru On Telok Kiruru. Utanata Inland from Utanata River. Mimika Inland from Mimika River. Kupera Pukwa Kupera Pukwa River. Mĕraukĕ Coast between the Kumbĕ River and the British Boundary. Toro Bensbach R. _Indonesian._ Onin North of Kumava Peninsula. Kapauer North-West of Kumava Peninsula. Karufa South of Kumava Peninsula. Lobo Kowiai Coast and Islands of Namatote, Mawara, Aiduma, and Kaju-mera.

III. COMPARATIVE NOTES ON THE ANGADI-MIMIKA GROUP OF LANGUAGES.

This group consists of the Angadi, Nagramadu, Goreda, Utanata, Lakahia, Mimika and Kupera Pukwa dialects, and perhaps also Kiruru.

1. _Sound changes._[36]

A comparison of vocabularies shows a certain amount of sound change between the dialects. Thus Angadi _m_ becomes _b_ in Utanata and Mimika and _vice versa_.[37]

Ex. Angadi _muti_, Mimika and Utanata _buïti_, bamboo. Angadi _mopere_, Nagramadu _mobere(bu)_, Mimika _bopere_, navel. Angadi _mirimoi_, Utanata _birimbu_, Mimika _birim_, nose. Angadi _mau_, Utanata _mouw_, Mimika _bauwe_, foot. Angadi _tohoma-pare_, Mimika _to-mari_, arm.

The Angadi _m_ is represented sometimes by _mb_ in Mimika, but is retained in Lakahia and Kiruru. Utanata examples are not found.

Ex. Angadi _mi_, Lakahia _mu_, Kiruru _mi_, Mimika _mbi_, _mbu_, water. Angadi _metaho_, Mimika _mbatau_, spit. Angadi _imiri_, Mimika _imbiri_, shin. Mimika _amuri_ is Kupera Pukwa _ambori_.

Angadi in some words loses _k_ or _g_ which appears in Mimika and Lakahia.

Ex. Angadi _irĕa_, Mimika _irĕka_, Utanata _eriki_, fish. Angadi _kauwa_, Mimika _kaukwa_, woman. Angadi _maare_, Mimika _makarĕ_, armlet. Angadi _măe_, Mimika _mbage_, Utanata _make_, cry, weep. Angadi _hehe_, Lakahia _eika_, finger-nail. Angadi _(nata)pairi_, Mimika _pigeri_, skin.

A few words show an interchange of _r_ and _n_ between Mimika and Lakahia.

Mimika _marĕ_, Lakahia _mana_, finger. (Utanata _to-mare_, Angadi _mahare_, hand.) Mimika _iribu_, Utanata and Angadi _iripu_, Lakahia _ini-fa_, knee. Mimika _amuri_, Utanata _amure_, Angadi _amore_, Lakahia _amuno_, bow, Kupera Pukwa _ambori_.

2. _Vocabulary._

The great likeness of the dialects may be illustrated by the following examples:—

_Angadi._ _Utanata._ _Mimika._

Arm. _to_ (in compounds) _tō_ _to_ Lakahia _esu-rua_ (?) Arrow. _ka-tiaro_ (in bundle) _tiăre_ _tiari_ Boat. _ku_ _ku_ _ku_ Chin. _kepare_ .. _kepare_ Coconut. _utiri_ _uteri_ _uteri_ Kupera Pukwa _otiri_. Dog. _uwiri_ _wuri_ _wiri_ Lakahia _iwora_, Nagramadu _iwŏra_, Kupera Pukwa _uweri_. Ear. _ihani_ _iänī_ _ene_ Eye. _măme_ _mame_ _mame_ Fire. _utămai_ _uta_ _uta_ Lakahia _ŭsia_, Kiruru _uta_, Nagramadu _uha_. Give. _kema_ .. _kema_ Hair. _rup-ere_ _uirī_ _viri_ Kupera Pukwa, _uïri_ Hand. _mahare_ _tu-mare_ _marĕ_ Lakahia, _mana_ (finger). Head. _rupau_ _upauw_ _kapa-uĕ_ Lakahia _uwua_. House. _kăme_ _kamī_ _kamĕ_ Iron. _jau_ (pot) (_puruti_) _tau_ Laugh. _oko_ _oku_ _oko_ Lip. _iri_ _iri_ (mouth) _iri_ Kiruru _uru_ (mouth). Moon. _pură_ _uran_ _pura_ Lakahia _bura_. Mountain .. (_pamogo_) _pukare_ Lakahia _bugura_, Wuaussirau _wara_. Neck. _amoiï_ _ema_ _ima_ Lakahia _umia_, Nagramadu _umeke_. Paddle. _pá_ _pō_ _poh_ Lakahia _boa_. Pig. _ŏhŏ_ _ū_ _u_ Lakahia _u(fa)_, Nagramadu _ŏhă_, Kupera Pukwa _uwĕ_. Rain. _keke_ _komak_ _ke_ Lakahia _ge(fa)_, Kiruru _kē_. Sago. _amata_ (_kinani_) _amota_ Lakahia _ama_, Nagramadu _ĕma_, Kupera Pukwa _amĕta_. Sleep. _ete_ _ete_ _ete_ Kupera Pukwa _ete_. Sugarcane. .. _mone_ _mŏni_ Lakahia _moni(fa)_. Sun. _jăū_ _youw_ _yau_ Lakahia _aya_. Tongue. _mere_ _mare_ _malī_ Lakahia _mara_. Tooth. _titi_ _titi_ _titi_ Nagramadu _si_. Wind. _kimiri_ _lowri_ _kimire_ Kiruru _kemuru_.

3. _Pronouns._ These are given only in Mimika for the singular number, and in Utanata for the first person singular, but the words for “I,” Mimika _doro_ and Utanata _area_ are unlike. In Mimika the possessive is shown by the suffix _-ta_, which is used also with other words. _Dorota_, mine, _oro-ta_, yours, _amare-ta_ his, _wehwaída-ta_ of another man. _Wehwaída_ is compounded apparently of _uwe_ (_rí_) man and _awaída_ other. In Mairassis “I” is _omona_.

4. _Numerals._ No numerals are given by Müller or Earl for Utanata. “People of Utanata had very little knowledge of counting. When wishing to make known any number, they made use of the word _awerí_ and counted on their fingers and toes.”[38] In Angadi, Nagramadu, Goreda, Lakahia and Mimika, the numbers appear as follows:

Angadi. Nagramadu. Goreda. Lakahia. Mimika. 1. _janăūwă_ _nadi_ _unakwa_ _onarawa_ _inakwa_ 2. _jaminatia_ _ăbåmă_ _jămanini_ _aboma_ _yamani_ 3. _jaminati-janăūwa_ _ăbåmă-nadi_ .. (_torua_) _yamani-inakwa_ 4. _awaitămă-jaminatia_ _abama-båmŏ_ .. _(fāt)_ _ama-yamani_ 5. _măhăre-ajăherauri_ _măma-riba_ _maheri-herori_ (_rim_) .. 6. _măhăre-janăūwa_ _mariba-nadi_ .. _rim-onarawa_ .. 10. _măhăre-jăminatia_ _măma răbåmă_ _tăoru_ .. ..

These show a numeration only as far as two. “Three” and “four” are made by additions, 2 + 1 = 3 and 2 + 2 = 4, except in Angadi where _awaitămă-jaminatia_ means “another two” with which cf. the Mimika _awaida_, other. _Măhăre_, _maheri_, _mari_ in the words for “five” also mean “hand,” abbreviated to _mă_ in _măma_ of Nagramadu. The Goreda _tăoru_ given for “ten,” is the Angadi _tăöru_, much, Mimika _takiri_, many. In Lakahia the words for “three,” “four,” “five,” “six” have the Ceram numerals which are also used in Lobo and Namatote. The Mairassis and Wuaussirau numerals agree with one another, but differ entirely from those of the Angadi-Mimika group.

One Two Three Four Five Six Ten Mairassis _tangauw_ _amoōi_ _karia_ _āi_ _iworo_ _iwora-mōi_ _werowa-mōi_ Wuaussirau _anau_ _amōi_ _karia_ _aiwera_ _iworo_ _iwor-tanau_ _iwor-toki-tani_

The low numeration in all these languages may be regarded as an indication of their Papuan character.

5. _Construction._

A few grammatical forms which appear to be indicated in the vocabularies may be noted here.

_a._ The possessive with pronouns and pronominal words is indicated by a suffix _-ta_. Mimika, _doro-ta_, of me, mine; _oro-ta_, thine; _amare-ta_, his; _wehwaída-ta_, of another man. In Angadi several compound words end in _nata_, which thus appears to be a noun, _na_ (thing?), with the possessive suffix; and it seems possible to explain such words as _ută-nata_, firewood; _kara nata_, head of javelin—_i.e._ fire-thing-of, javelin-thing-of. Cf. also _nata pairi_ given by v. d. Sande for “skin,” with Mimika _pīgīri_, skin, which suggests that _nata pairi_ means skin of something.

_b._ The adjective follows the noun. Utanata _warari napetike_, water big, river.

_c._ A noun in the genitive relation precedes its substantive. Mimika _bau mame_, leg’s eye, ankle; _iwau makarĕ_, belly’s band. Angadi _mahare hehe_, finger nail; _māū hehe_, toe nail; _mirimoi ipa_, nose hole, nostril; _ihani ipa_, hole in ear lobe; _ămore eme_, bow’s rattan, bowstring.

_d._ The subject precedes the verb. Angadi _jăū hinau-mara_, sun rises (?), morning; _jăū emapojemia_, sun sets (?), evening.

_e._ The object also precedes the verb. Angadi _ihani aimeri_, ear pierce; _mirimoi aimeri_, nose pierce.

These five points indicate a Papuan structure of the languages.

6. _Comparison with Merauke and the Languages of British New Guinea West of the Fly River._

The Papuan languages usually show so few agreements in vocabulary that the likeness of words, unless frequent, cannot be held to establish relationship. In the comparative vocabulary, words and numerals are added from the languages on British Territory.[39] These show a few likenesses, which may, however, be accidental.

Arm. Mimika _to_, Dungerwab _tond_, Dabu _tang_, Miriam _tag_, Kiwai _tu_ Arrow. Mimika _tiari_, Kiwai _tere_. Arrow barb. Mimika _imari_, Kiwai _were_. Basket. Mimika _temone_, Kunini _diba_, Jibu _dimba_, Mimika _eta_, Kiwai _sito_, Mowata _hito_. Bird. Mimika _pateru_, Bugi _pa_ (?), Dabu _papa_ (?). Earth. Mimika _tiri_, Bangu _tiritari_. Eat. Mimika _namuka_, Bangu _jamukwa_. Elbow. Mimika _to-mame_, Mowata _tu-pape_. Fire. Mimika _uta_, Miriam _ur_. Forehead. Mimika _metar(re)_, Bangu _mithago_, Miriam _mat_. Head. Mimika _kapane_, Bangu _kambu_. Iron. Mimika _tau_, Dungerwab _tod_. Nose. Mimika _birim_, Dabu _murung_, Saibai, Miriam _pit_. Pig. Mimika _ap_, Meranke _sapi_. Rat. Mimika _kemako_, Bugi _makata_, Saibai _makas_, Miriam _mokeis_. Shore. Mimika _tiri_, Dungerwab _tredre_. Sleep. Mimika _ete_, Bangu _ete-betha_, Dungerwab _eda-bel_, Miriam _ut-eid_. Tree. Mimika _uti_, Kiwai _ota_.

IV. MALAYAN INFLUENCE ON THE SOUTH COAST OF NETHERLANDS NEW GUINEA.

In a discussion of the languages of the south-eastern shores of Netherlands New Guinea, the extent of Malay influence in that region must be taken into account. Mr. William Churchill has lately put forward a theory that the Polynesian people entered the Pacific not only by coasting along the northern shores of New Guinea to the Solomon Group, but also by a passage through Torres Straits, and thence along the south-eastern coast of British New Guinea to the New Hebrides.[40] On tracing the languages westward from Polynesia, it is an indisputable fact that many words which are identical with Polynesian are found in use along the shores of British New Guinea, though they are not used in a Polynesian syntax, or in the simplified forms usual in the Eastern tongues. It is also a fact that many of these same words are current also in the western islands of Indonesia. For example, _hua_, fruit; _ina_, mother; _lala_, blood; _lau_, leaf; _au_, I; _ruma_, house; _inu_, drink; _utu_, louse; _tohu_, sugar cane, and many other words are identical in the south-east of British New Guinea and in Ceram. But in British New Guinea the languages which show likeness to Polynesian end abruptly at Cape Possession, and are not found west of that point.[41] Hence it becomes important to inquire how far the similar tongues of Amboyna and Ceram have influenced the New Guinea languages to the east of them. That there is such an influence is plain from the vocabularies of the languages. Indonesian words, such as the Onin (10) _kayu_, wood; _tanigan_, ear; _nifan_, tooth; _fenu_, turtle; _mani_, bird; _afi_, fire, are of common occurrence in the islands of the Arafura Sea, and on the coast of the mainland. But these words are more common in the west, and gradually disappear towards Torres Straits, and are not found beyond. In Rosenberg’s Karufa list (12) we find such characteristically Indonesian words as _ulu_, hair; _mata_, eye; _uhru_, mouth; _taruya_, ear; _nima_, hand; _ora_, sun; _uran_, moon; _niyu_, coconut. Words of this kind are found also in Lobo (10) and Namatote (13), as, for example, _wuran_, moon; _labi_, fire; _nima_, hand; _nena_, mother; _rara_, blood; _metan_, black; _tobu_, sugar cane; _wosa_, paddle; _matoran_, sit; _mariri_, stand. Some of these words seem to have passed into Utanata (10) and Lakahia (13), and apparently, though not so freely, into Wuaussirau (13), Mairassis (10), and Mimika (14). The Kiruru vocabulary of Maclay does not appear to show any words of this kind. The following are examples of Indonesian or Ceram words in the Utanata-Mimika group of languages.

Utanata _uran_, Lakahia _bura_, Mairassis _furan_, Mimika _pura_, Ceram _wulana_, moon. The Angadi has also _pura_.

Lakahia _bugura_, Wuaussirau _wara_, Mimika _pukare_, Ceram _uhara_, mountain. Utanata has _pamogo_.

Utanata _pō_, Lakahia _boa_, Mimika _poh_, Ceram _wosa_, paddle.

Utanata _kai_, Ceram _kai_, wood. For this the Mimika is _uti_.

A word of much interest in this region is _turika_ or _turi_. This is given by Muller in his Ceram list as _turika_, knife, in Lobo _turi_, Onin _tuni_. Maclay gives the Ceram (Keffing) as _turito_, Namatote and Wuaussirau _turi_, also for “knife.” The word does not appear in Angadi or in the list of Ekris (19). Though not apparently used in Merauke _turik_ has travelled eastward as far as Torres Straits and the Fly River, and even to the borders of the Papuan Gulf. Thus Bangu _turik_, Dabu _turikata_, Sisiami (Bamu R.) _turuko_, and Tirio _turuko_ mean “knife” (_i.e._ iron knife). In Bugi, Saibai, Mowata and Kiwai, _turika_ and in Murray Island _tulik_ mean “iron.”[42]

Dr. N. Adriani has pointed out some words adopted from Malay in Merauke and also some apparent agreements between that language and Indonesian languages generally,[43] but there is no evidence of any language from Ceram having passed through the Torres Straits. Agreements between the Merauke and Papuan languages to the east are also pointed out by Dr. Adriani[44] but these are no evidence of the passage of a Polynesian fleet, as they are not Polynesian words, and the languages using them have no Polynesian syntax. Mr. Churchill’s theory of the Polynesian entry into the Pacific by way of Torres Straits cannot therefore be maintained.

V. A COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF LANGUAGES IN THE NORTH EAST AND SOUTH EAST OF NETHERLANDS NEW GUINEA AND OF BRITISH NEW GUINEA WEST OF THE FLY RIVER.

The following vocabulary is arranged strictly in Geographical order. The North Eastern Languages follow from East to West, from Seka to Manikion, and the South Eastern from Onin to the Boundary and thence along the South Coast of British Territory to the Western or Right Bank of the Fly River.

The following authorities have been quoted:—[45]

1. _Seka._ P. E. Moolenburg. Tijd. v. Indische Taal xlvii. 1904.

2. _Jotafa_ [and _Sentani_ in ( )]. G. L. Bink in ibid. xlv. 1902.

3. _Sentani._ P. E. Moolenburg. Bijdragen. t.d. Taal. Ned Indië (7) v. 1906.

4. _Tanah Merah_, _Tarfia_, _Takar_, _Jamna_, _Masimasi_, _Moar_ (i.e. _Wakde_) and _Kumamba_. G. G. Batten. Glimpses of the Eastern Archipelago, 1894.

5. _Arimoa._ A. B. Meyer. Über die Mafoor’sche, 1874.

6. _Pauwi._ P. J. B. C. Robidé v. d. Aa. “Reisen van Braam Morris.” Bijd. t.d. Taal. Ned. Indië. (4) x. 1885.

7. _Wamberan_, _Waropin_, _Mohr_, _Tandia_, _Dasener_, _Jaur_. Fabritius. Tijd. v. Indische Taal. iv. 1885.

8. _Angadi_, _Goreda_, _Nagramadu_, _Manikion_. G. A. J. v. d. Sande in “Nova Guinea.” Vol. III. 1907.

9. _Wandammen._ G. L. Bink. Tijd. v. Indische Taal. xxxiv. 1891.

10. _Onin_, _Lobo_, _Mairassis_, _Utanata_. S. Muller. Reisen, 1857.

11. _Kapaur._ C. J. F. le Cocq d’Armandville. Tijd. v. Indische Taal. xlvi. 1903.

12. _Karufa._ H. v. Rosenberg. Der Malayische Archipel. 1878.

13. _Namatote_, _Wuaussirau_, _Lakahia_, _Kiruru_. N. v. Miklucho Maclay. Tijd. v. Indische Taal. xxiii. 1876.

14. _Mimika._ MS. Dr. A. F. R. Wollaston.

15. _Merauke._ J. Seijne Kok. Verband. v. h. Batav. Genootsch. v. Kunsten lvi. 1906.

16. _Bangu_, _Bugi_, _Dabu_, _Mowata_, _Kunini_, _Jibu_, _Tagota_. Reports of Cambridge Anthropological Expedition. Vol. III. 1907.

17. _Parb_, _Saibai_, _Kiwai_, and _Tirio_. MSS. S. H. Ray.

18. _Nufor._ J. L. v. Hasselt. Hollandsch. Noefoorsch Woordenboek, 1876.

19. _Ceram._ A. v. Ekris. Woordenlijst v. Ambonsche Eilanden. Mededeel. v. h. Ned. Zendings Genoots, viii. 1864-65.

20. _Tuburuasa_, _Karas_. (_Islands between Ceram and Onin._) P. J. B. C. Robidé v. d. Aa. Reisen naar Ned. Nieuw-Guinea, 1879.

COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY.

———————————+——————————————+————————————————-+——————————+———————————————+—————————————— | Man. | Woman. | Head. | Eye. | Ear. | Man. | Vrouw. | Hoofd. | Oog. | Oor. ———————————+——————————————+—————————————————+——————————+———————————————+—————————————— Seka | ... | ... | subi | rutja | re Jotafa | tante | moi | rabunadu | windu | tĕni Sentani | doh | mī | farem, | yŏrå, (yeroh | anggei, | | | (panem | | (angei Arimoa | kabun | ... | dabro | masamana | seroro | (_white_) | | | | Pauwi | maomba | nedba | ... | kikia | knĭperemba Angadi | were | kauwă | rupau | măme | ihani Nagramadu | ... | ... | yabimă | ... | ehăra Wandammen | mua | babien | rupai | rĕne | tatelajau ———————————+——————————————+—————————————————+——————————+———————————————+—————————————— Onin |marara | matapais | onimpatin| matapatin | tanigan Kapaur | neméhār | tombŏhār | kenda | kendep | per Karufa | mutangki | maisoida | umuh | mata | taringa Namatote | murwana | merwine | umu | matatungu | zingangu Lobo | marowana | mawina | monongo, | matalongo | tringango | | | umun | | Mairassis | fatakowa | ewei | nanguwu | nambutu | newirana Wuaussirau | taturobu | ewei | kotera | obiatu | obiru Lakahia | odacira | yama | uwua | managa | yawana Kiruru | ... | ... | ... | ... | yawatsha Utanata | marowana | kuranī | upauw | mameh | ianī Mimika | uweri | kaukwa, | kapane | mame | ene | | aina | | | Merauke | amnangga | bubtī, savĕ, | pa | kīndĕ | kambīt | | īsus(?) iwogĕ | | | Bangu | ... | ... | kambu | ti | taroba, tarup Parb | ar | temarb | mor | taramb | tongal Bugi | la | mala | beneqet | kalye | laandra Dabu | rabu | mure | bunkut | ikapa | ran, ika Saibai | garakazi | ipökazi | kuikö | dan, purka | kaura Mowata | auana | orobo | epuru | damari | hepate, gare Kunini | binam, ima | magebi, ule | mope | ireu | tablame Jibu | vientete,rega| konga | mopu | yere | yekrom Kiwai | dubu | orobo | epuru | damari | sepate, gare Tirio | amiami | kinasu | yapuru | pariti | pamata Tagota | ... | moream | kana | pari | tuap ———————————+——————————————+—————————————————+——————————+———————————————+—————————————— Nufōr | snun | bien | rewuri | mgasi | knasi Ceram | malona, | mahina, | uru, ulu | mata, maa | tarina, talina | mandai, | bina, leuto, | | | | makwai, | pepina | | | | manawal | | | | Tuburuasa | maruana | mapata | unīn | matanpuon | taningan Karas | kianam | paas | nakalun | kangiri | kulokeim ———————————+——————————————+————————————————-+——————————+———————————————+——————————————

———————————+——————————————+————————————————-+————————————+———————————————+———————————— | Nose. | Tongue. | Tooth. | Hand. | Sun. | Neus. | Tong. | Tand. | Hand. | Zon. ———————————+——————————————+—————————————————+————————————+———————————————+——————————-— Seka | hā | ... | ... | na (nabērā, | ... | | | | _arm_) | Jotafa | su | meriki | ñoh | tibimi | tap Sentani | yoi | fēuw | je, (tje | megeragera, | su | | | | (posadi | Arimoa | sirino | mataro | umata | ... | ... Pauwi | kimparia | kimsiba | kabrua |kibawia (_arm_)| tebia Angadi | mirimoi | mere | titi | mahare | yăū Nagramadu | ... | yămănărai | si | ... | ... Wandammen | swŏnê | taperê | derĕnesi | waraba | wor ———————————+——————————————+—————————————————+————————————+———————————————+——————————-— Onin | wirin | eri | nifan | nemien | rera Kapaur | kănomba, | gengabu | mĕhien-tāb | tān | kĕmina | kănunga | | | | Karufa | sikai | ... | ... | nimang-uta | ohra Namatote | iyaongu | yaeiyongu | zwiutiongu | siŭsiongu | oro-matawuti Lobo | sikaiongo | kariongo | ruwotongo | nimango-uta | orah Mairassis | nambi | nenegun | sika | okorwita | onguru Wuaussirau | ombi | onsabi | oras | uadu | unguru Lakahia | onoma | mara | ifa | esurua | aya Kiruru | unuga | ... | uru | ... | yauburawa Utanata | birimbu | mare | titi | mareh | dyauw Mimika | bīrim | malī | titi | marĕ | yau Merauke | anggīp | unum | manggat | sangga | katŏnī Bangu | ... | thamina | ter | tambia | epotha Parb | mebele | penji | tol | tond | abiard Bugi | wede | dangamai | lenge | trang-qab | yabada Dabu | murung | dogmar | ngui, ngoia| tang-kor | yabada Saibai | piti | nöi | dang | get | goiga Mowata | wodi | watotorope | ibuanara | tu-pata | | | | | (_palm_) | iwio Kunini | keke | weta | giriu | imwe | bimu Jibu | soku | vrate | orkak | yema | loma Kiwai | wodi | wototorope | iawa | tu-pata | | | | | (_palm_) | sai Tirio | norose | ima | sū | tikiri | uainea Tagota | miu | uo | kam | ... | dari ———————————+——————————————+—————————————————+————————————+———————————————+——————————-— Nufōr | snŏri | kaprēndi | nasi | rwasi | ori Ceram | hiru, inu, | mei, mē, mā | niki, niri,| rima, lima, | rematai, | ninu, ili | | nityi, nio | barau | leamatai, | | | | | leamanyo, | | | | | deamatae Tuburuasa | nirīng | kwēri | ... | tangan | nera Karas | bustang | belein | ... | taan | ïōn ———————————+—————————————-+—————————————————+————————————+———————————————+——————————-—

———————————+———————————————+——————————————————+————————————-+————————————-+———————————— | Moon. | Star. | Rain. | Stone. | Fire. | Maan. | Ster. | Regen. | Steen. | Vuur. ———————————+——————————————-+——————————————————+—————————————+—————————————+———————————— Seka | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... Jotafa | sembi | endor | tāb | āt | aijări Sentani | ara, (aroh | ... | (ya | tuga, (duwa | ī Arimoa | ... | ... | ... | fati | ... Pauwi | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... Angadi | pură | ... | kehe | ... | ută-mai Nagramadu | ... | ... | emoya | ... | uhă Wandammen | sembai | siberere | rama | rebuki | adia, adyat ———————————+——————————————-+——————————————————+————————————-+—————————————+———————————— Onin | punono | apatin-no-farere | unano | pāti | api Kapaur | koba, keba, | mbāb | kĕri | wār | tōm | kabah | | | | Karufa | uran | ŏma | kama | langerah | lawi Namatote | wuran | omoma | omo | ... | labi Lobo | furan | komakoma | komah | ... | lawi Mairassis | furan | waniwani | yamo | ... | iworo Wuaussirau | angane | onburi | yamu | ... | iworo Lakahia | bura | mawena | gefa | ... | ŭsia Kiruru | ... | imaru | kē | ... | uta Utanata | uran | ... | koma | ... | uta Mimika | pura | mako | ke | omanī | uta Merauke | mandau | ovom, uvum | heĕ | katarĕ | takavĕ Bangu | ... | ... | narunjar | tan | meni Parb | tugiu | ... | nou | ... | pend Bugi | kak | qatai | yugula | dader | iu Dabu | qar, qak | piro | igurai | dadar | yu, dumbrel Saibai | mulpal, kizai | titui | ari | kula | mui Mowata | ganume | zogubo | wiari | nora-api | era Kunini | mabie | wale | ngupe | magezuli | muie Jibu | mobi | guje | piro | nora | para Kiwai | sagana | gugi | mauburo, | kuraere | era | | | wisai | | Tirio | korame | apapa | iōuko | kuma | suze Tagota | mano | durupa | ... | tamaga | jau ———————————+———————————————+——————————————————+—————————————+—————————————+———————————— Nufōr | paik | ătaruwa, | mĕkem, | kĕru | fōr | | samfari | miun | | Ceram | huran, ulano, | marit, kolomali, | uran, ulan, | hatu, batu | hau, au | buran | kamali, umalio | kial | | Tuburuasa | puna | finma | unang | pati | lawi Karas | pak | masseer | kekal | jaar | dien ———————————+———————————————+——————————————————+—————————————+————————————-+————————————

———————————+————————————+———————————+——————————+——————————————+——————————— | Water. | Pig. | Fish. | Coconut. | House. | Water. | Varken. | Visch. | Kokos-noot. | Huis. ———————————+————————————+——————————-+——————————+——————————————+——————————— Seka | ... | ... | ... | ... | pā Jotafa | nanu | por | igeh | nīno | duma Sentani | bu | (yoku | ka | koh | ime Arimoa | dano | ... | ... | niwi | ... Pauwi | memba | ... | ... | ... | hŭsia Angadi | mi | ŏhŏ | ireă | utiri | kãme Nagramadu | ... | ŏhă | ... | măgrabe | ya Wandammen | kambu | pisai | diya | ankadi | anio ———————————+————————————+———————————+——————————+——————————————+—————————— Onin | weari | papio | sairi | ruroh | rumaso Kapaur | kĕra | ndur, | heir | no’ur | wuri | | kalapaji,| | | | | măma | | | Karufa | ualar | ... | dohndi | niyu | tsaring Namatote | wălar | boi | dondi | niu (?) | sarin Lobo | walar | bōi | donde | niu | sarin Mairassis | wata | bemba | kuratu | owah | watara Wuaussirau | kai | wembe | kuratu | obo | wata Lakahia | mura | ufa | nema | wuina | yafa Kiruru | mi | ... | ... | ... | ... Utanata | warari | uh | erika | uteri | kami Mimika | mbi, mbu | u, api | irĕka | utēri | kamĕ | | | | | Merauke | daka | basikĕ | pararĕ, | misĕ, | sava, aha | | | parara | onggat, | | | | | wīmap | Bangu | tauqar | rougu | thaua | nangar | boot, munka Parb | nou | kimb | angur | argh, kwogh, | mongo | | | | keu | Bugi | ngi | simbel | galba | nge | māē Dabu | ine | mule, | pudi | ngoi, guvi | ma | | chimela, | | | | | sasa | | | Saibai | nguki | burum | wapi | urab | mud Mowata | obo | boromo | arimina | oi | moto Kunini | nīe | blome | ibu | ia | mete Jibu | nia | woroma | waji | u | meta Kiwai | obo | boromo | irisina | oi | moto Tirio | opa | sepera | kopoma | sapu-mutira | turie Tagota | mauka | minao | ... | ... | ... ———————————+————————————+———————————+——————————+——————————————+——————————— Nufōr | wār | beyen | iyen | srabon | rum Ceram | waer, wael,| hahu, apal| ian, iano| niwer, niwel,| ruma, luma | kwael | | | nimel, | | | | | nikwel, | | | | | noolo | Tuburuasa | wêre | ... | se | ... | kapalla Karas | pere | ... | soor | ... | kawe ———————————+————————————+———————————+——————————+—————————————-+———————————

COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY, NUMERALS.

———————————+——————————————————+————————————————+——————————————————+————————————-————— | One. Een. | Two. Twee. | Three. Drie. | Four. Vier. ———————————+——————————————————+————————————————+——————————————————+————————————-————— Seka | ahi (ari?) | hitjun | hetun | nabu Jotafa | the | ros | for | au Sentani | imbai | be | name | gŭri Tana Merah | ogosarai | saibona | ondoafi | soronto Tarfia | tukse | arho | tor | fauk Takar | afateni | nawa | nawa-jengki | nawa-nawa Jamna | tes | ru | tau | fau Masimasi | kīs | ru | tou | fo Moar | hibeti | ru | tou | fau Kumamba | tès | lu | taur | fau Pauwi | pa-sari | pa-ri | pa-rosi | pa-rasi Wamberan | tenama | bisa | ... | ... Waropin | wo-sio | wo-ruo | wo-ro | wo-ako Mohr | tata | ruru | oro | ao Angadi | janăūwă | jăminatia | jaminati-janăūwă | awaitămă-jaminatia Goreda | unakwa | jămanini | ... | ... Nagramadu | nadi | ăbåmă | ăbåmă-nadi | ăbåmŏ-båmŏ Tandia | nei | rusi | turusi | attesi Dasener | joser | suru | toru | ati Jaur | rebe | redu | reü | rea Wandammen | siri | mondu | tŏru | atê Manikion | hom | hŏai | homoi | hŏku ———————————+——————————————————+————————————————+——————————————————+————————————-————— Onin | sa | nuwa | teni | fāt Kapauer | hĕre-wo | hĕre-rīk | hĕre-terī | hère-ngara Karufa | simoksi | rueiti | tohru | bahdi Namatote | samosi | rueiti | toru | fāt Lobo | samosi | rueti | tuwru | fāt Mairassis | tangauw | amōi | karia | āi Wuaussirau | anau | amoi | karia | aiwera Lakahia | onarawa | aboma | torua | fāt Mimika | inakwa | yamani | yamani-īnakwa | ama-yamani Merauke | zakod | iena | iena-zakod | iena-iena Bangu | nambu, nambi | yethombi, | yetho | asar | | kethembi | | Parb | ambiur | tumbi | lambi | tutubiar Bugi | tarangesa | metakina | gingi-metakina | topea Dabu | tupi-dibi | kumi-rivi | kumi-reriga | kumi-rivi-kumi-rivi Saibai | wara, urapon | uka, ukasar | uka-modobigal | uka-uka Mowata | nau | netoa | ... | ... Kunini | iepa | neneni | nesae | neneni-neneni Jibu | yepa | kuraiepa | kuraiepa | kuraiepa | | (_finger_) | | Kiwai | nau | netewa | netewa-nau | netewa-netewa Tirio | oroka | miseka | misorako | miseka-miseka Tagota | uradaga | mitiga | nan | mitiga-mitiga ———————————+——————————————————+————————————————+——————————————————+——————————————-——— Nufōr | sai, ŏsēr | dui, suru | kior | fiak Ceram | isa, sā | rua, lua, dua, | teru, telu, tolu,| haa, hata, ata, | | roti | toru | fāt ———————————+——————————————————+————————————————+——————————————————+—————————————-————

———————————+—————————————————————+————————————————————+—————————————————————+————————————————— | Five. Vijf. | Six. Zes. | Ten. Tien. | Twenty. Twintig. ———————————+—————————————————————+————————————————————+—————————————————————+————————————————— Seka | naplan | naplahi | amplahari | amplanaplan Jotafa | mimiām | măndŏsīm | ronduminarōs | manisayām Sentani | mehembai | mehinimbai | mehinmehembai | megohri Tana Merah | ogosarai | demean | ... | ... Tarfia | rim | mana-tuksi | mafarufaru | ... Takar | nawa-nawa-jengki | ... | ... | ... Jamna | jim, rim | ... | sinafui | ... Masimasi | rim | ... | sanafu | ... Moar | rim | ... | ... | ... Kumamba | lim | ... | sanafun | ... Pauwi | pa-rinisi | ponensi | putaonsi | ... Wamberan | ... | ... | ... | ... Waropin | rimo | ... | ... | ... Mohr | rimo | ... | ... | ... Angadi | măhărè-ajăhe-rauri | măhărè-jană-ūwă | măhăre-jămi-natia | ... Goreda | mahère-hèrori | ... | tăóru | ... Nagramadu | măma-riba | mariba-nadi | măma-răbåmă | ... Tandia | marasi | ... | ... | ... Dasener | rimbi | ... | ... | ... Jaur | breiare | ... | ... | ... Wandammen | rīm | rīmi-siri | sura | snun-tupesi Manikion | sirkem | ... | ... | ... ———————————+—————————————————————+————————————————————+—————————————————————+————————————————— Onin | nima | nem | pusua | puti-nuwa Kapauer | hĕre-tembu | here-tembu-here-wo | pra’a | to mdijowo Karufa | rimi | rom-simoksi | putja | siúmput-rueiti Namatote | rim | rim-samoti | futsa | ombutueti Lobo | rimi | rim-samosi | wutsya | sekumat-rueti Mairassis | iworo | iwora-mōi (? 7) | werowa-moi | yauw-nat-makia Wuaussirau | iworo | iwor-tanau | iwor-toki-tani | toki-amoi Lakahia | rim | rim-onarawa | ... | ... Mimika | ... | ... | ... | ... Merauke | iena-iena-zakod | ... | ... | ... Bangu | tambothoi | nimbo | ... | ... Parb | tumbi-tumbi-yambia | ... | ... | ... Bugi | manda | gaben | dala | ... Dabu | tumu | ... | ... | ... Saibai | ... | ... | ... | ... Mowata | ... | ... | ... | ... Kunini | imegube | matemate (_wrist_) | dare (_breast_) | ... Jibu | kuraiepa | ribenda (_wrist_) | mua (_breast_) | ... Kiwai | ... | ... | ... | ... Tirio | miseka-miseka-oroka | ... | ... | ... Tagota | uradaga (?) | moti-taba-nan | moti-tatan | ... Nufōr | rīm | onem | samfur | samfur-di-suru Ceram | rima, lima, dima | nē, nena, nō, onam | husane, husā, | huturua | | | utsya | ———————————+—————————————————————+————————————————————+—————————————————————+—————————————————

LIST OF WORDS USED BY THE PAPUANS IN THE DISTRICT OF THE MIMIKA RIVER, S. W. DUTCH NEW GUINEA.

Above Opo

{Tite Acid {Imakemàn

Animal Irĕka (also “fish”)

Ankle Bau-mámĕ

Ant Wámé

Arm {To-marī {To

Arm-band Maka-rĕ

Arrive Mainaumà

Arrow Tīari (barb of) Imari

Atap Wurī

Axilla Emmabu

Back (of man) Ata

Bamboo Búiti

Banana Kau (plantation of) Kauti

Band (of rattan worn round middle) Iwau-mákarĕ

Bandicoot Púruga

Bark (of tree) Pīkī

Basket {Temme {Eta

Beads Kamburi

Bean Kawetī

{Keparise {Kepa bíri Beard {Burídi {Pakúti

Bed (mat) Kápiri

Bee Imoho

Beetle Buruta

Belch Mbau

Belly Iwau

Big {Atwa {Iwáko

Bird {Páteru {Páturu (of Paradise {Yamuku {Yau

Bitter {Tite {Imakemàn

Black Ikako

Blood Maréte

Blunt Yamenà

Boat Ku

Bodice (of woven fibre) Paitĕ

Body Nata

Bottle Kárepa

Bow Amúri

Bow-string Kima

Breast (of woman) Auwĕ (of man) Pītī

Breathe Túa

Broken Táka

Butterfly Wīrī

Buttock Atabú

Calf (of leg) Ewambugu

Canoe Ku

Cap (worn by widows) Ubauta

Carve (to) Maramu

Cassowary Tu

Centipede Arowī

Coconut Utēri

Cheek Awár(re)

Child Aidru

Chin Kepáre

Cicada Wéako

Cloth Pīkī

Club Moánne

Clouds Apu

Cockatoo Pukī

Cold Yu

Comb Ta

Copulate Ipĕ

Cough Otah

{Peja Crab {Epor(re) {Bī

Crayfish Bĭ

Crocodile Tīmaku

Cry (weep) Mbágĕ

Cut (to) Embe

Cuscus (Phalanger) Apui

Dance Dirin-dirin

Deep Emúku

Dog Wīrī

Drink Tomagu

Drum Emmĕ

Ear Éne

Ear-ring Tīrawōnĕ

Earth (sand) Tīrī

Eat Namúka

Eel Mbatarúbia

Egg Tareté

Elbow To-mámé

Exchange Akóra

Eye Mámé

Eyebrow Mambīrī

Far Awakopíre

Fat Atwa

Feather Idī

Finger Márĕ

Finger-nail Marē

Fire Utá (stick) Utamau

Fish Irĕka

Flower (orchid) Idarōnĕ

Fly (insect) Oboö

Flying-fox Iéa

Foot Bauwe

Forehead Métár(re)

Ghost Níniki

Give Kéma

Grass Umetir(re)

Grasshopper Atŏkŏ

Green Otopu

Hair Vīrī

Hand Marĕ

He Amárepa

Head Kapa-uĕ

Heavy Ikīti

Heel Mbautep(e)

His Amareta

Hiccough Urri

Hornbill Kumai

Hornet Imŏkŏ

House Kámĕ

I Doro

Ill Namúti

Image (carved) Betoro

Iron Tau

Knee Irību

Lance Uruna

Laugh Oko

Leaf E

Leg Atīrī

Lightning Marapiti

Lips Irī

Little Mimiti

Lizard Inamo

Lizard (frilled) Wago

Loins Yaïmi

Man Uweri

Many Tákiri

Mat (of pandanus) Au

Melon Anĕtĕ

Mine Dorota

Moon Pura

Mosquito Itjī

Mountain Púkare

Mouth Ba

Moustache Mbu-tīrĭ

Navel Boporĕ

Neck Ima

New Aigu

Nod Kiparu

Nose Bīrim (secretion of) Bīndī

Old man of village Natu

One Inakwa

Orchid Idarōnĕ

Other Awaida

Other man Wehwaida

Other man’s Wehwaidata

Paddle Poh

Palate Tībanne

Papaya Tĕnà

Parrot Akīma

Pearl Omab(e)

Penis Kamàrē (case) Kamare-po(ko)

Pig {U {Api

Pigeon Parúa

Pillow (wooden) Yamate

Pine-apple Makadĕtĕ

Prawn Mbi

Pumpkin Nabru

Python Pīmī

Rain Ke

Rainbow Parakĕta

Rapids Kamáwa

Rat Kemako

Rattan Kima

Red Epĕró

Ribs Párĕrŏ

Rice Wátē

Ripe Pu

River Iuata

Road (track) Mako

Rope Temmà

Sacrum Wagamau(e)

Sago Amŏta (beater) Wapúri

Sago-bowl Pámagu

Sap Namī

Scorpion Purumbaä

Sea Takarī

Shallow Taparī

Sharp Yánakŏ

Shell Parau

Shell-fish Uwo

Shin Imbīrī

Shore Tīrī

Shoulder Ta-rī

Shoulder-blade To-bābŭ

Skin Pīgerī

Skull Upau

Sleep Eté

Snail Tapoko

Snake Apako

Sneeze Yaiē

Spear Uruna (wooden) Potaku

Spit Mbatau

Star Mako

Steal Otemu

Stick (of club) Wu

Sting-ray Kaū

Stone Omanī

Suck Au

Sugar-cane Mŏnī

Sun Yau

Sweat Papitī

Sweet potato Pamu

Swim Tīmago

Tear (a) Bágumbú

Thigh I

Throat Kīmárĭ

Thumb } Ipau Great Toe}

Thunder Uraki

Tired Toh

Tobacco Kapakī

To-day Wauwà

Toes Bauwē

To-morrow Kaúmuta

Tongue Malī

Tooth Tītī

Tree Uti

Turtle Mbiambu

Two Yamani

Upset Pīro

Viper Mágu

Vomit Mbau

Water Mbi Mbu (make) Gīgī

Wet Nata

Whistle Wiramogo

White Naputiàre

Wind Kīmīr(e)

Woman Kaukwa Aina

Wound Natŭ

Wrist Marapŭmĕ

Yawn Mbápoh

Yellow Taier(re)

You Oro

Your Orota

INDEX

A

Acton, Lord, 2

Albinos, 110

Alcohol, 68

Amberno River, 24

Amboina, 14, 257; communication with, 209; inhabitants of, 17; market at, 17

Ambonese coolies, 50

Ambonese, dress of, 17; names of, 17

_Amok_, 185

Arafura Sea, 19, 35

Arfak Mountains, 23

Arrows, 151

Aru Islands, 19

_Atap_, method of making, 60

Atuka River, 248

Atjeh, 92

B

Balfour, H., 202

Bali, 259

Bamboo, throwing lime from, 219

Banana, 17, 88

Banda, 16, 19, 257

Batavia, 3; washing in, 9

Bees, stingless honey-, 76

Beetles, as food, 124; larva of, 156

Beri-beri, 66, 193

Bird of Paradise, 74, 142, 159, 178, 227, 261

Birds, collection of, 241

Boat-builders, 225

Boni, 14

Bonnets of widows, 115

Borneo, 21

Boro-Boder, 11

Botanic station at Merauke, 224

Bougainville, de, 31

Bows, 151

Bridge, building a, 235

British New Guinea, 22

British Ornithologists’ Union, 1

Brush Turkey, 76

Buddhist Temples, 11

Buitenzorg garden, 10

Buleling, 258

Butonese, 170

Butterflies, 16

C

Camp, health of, 58; repairing, 188

Cannibalism, 127

Canoes, 219; building of, 53; description of, 53; method of paddling, 36; the price of, 55

Carstensz, Mt., 23, 44, 181, 212

Carstensz, Jan, 28, 221

Cape York, 28, 32

Carteret, Philip, 31

Cassowaries, 200, 214

Cassowary, 125, 241

Casuarina trees, 42

Cat’s cradle, 147

Celebes, 14

Celebes Trading Company, 20

Ceram, 14

Ceremonies, 131

Charles Louis Mountains, 23, 35, 44

Chief, 128

Children, games of, 117

Chinese, 17, 223, 225

Christians at Amboina, 17

Cicatrisation, 112

Clothing of Dutch, 9; of natives, 113

Clouds on mountains, 45

Clubs, Dutch, 18; stoneheaded, 149; wooden, 148

Coal, 241

Coast, description of, 42; navigation of, 249

Coconuts, 98, 223

Comet, Halley’s, 81

Convicts, 13, 93; madness of, 215

Cook, Captain, 31, 219

Coolies, 15, 170, 227; Ambonese, 50; failure of, 231; feebleness of, 51; sickness of, 184

Corals, 16

Counting, 104

Cramer, H. A., 3, 13, 41, 46, 57, 92, 102, 231, 258

Crickets, a plague of, 59

Crocodiles, 75

Crowned pigeon, 74

Crows, pale, 77

Cultivation, 88; in Java, 5

D

Daggers of bone, 203

d’Albertis, 33

Dampier, Captain, 31, 123

Dancing, 143; houses, 143

Darwin, Mt. Leonard, 239

Dayaks, 172, 194; arrival of, 253; industry of, 214

Dead, disposal of, 137-140

Death, 136

Digoel River, 24

Disease, 205

Djokjakarta, 11

Dobo, 19, 257

Dog, Papuan, 126

Dorei, 22

Drawing, 145

Drowning of sailor, 170

Drums, 141

Ducks, penguin, 11; perching in trees, 86

Dugongs, 212

Dumas, J. M., 212

Dumas, Mr., 44

Dutch, Government, 3, 257; food of, 7; house of, 8; habits of, 9; tree-planting by, 15; hospitality of, 18; rule in New Guinea, 23; explorations of, 28; East India Company, 31; Expeditions, 213, 216

E

Earthquake at Amboina, 15

Effigies, carved, 131

_Endeavour_, voyage of, 31

Escort, 3, 13

Expedition, members of, 2; leave Java, 13

F

Fak-fak, 224

Families, 129

Festival, 134

Fiji, 24

Fire, 152

Fire-making, 200

Fish, many coloured, 16

Fishing-net, 120

Flies, a plague of, 58; on water, 76

Flint knives, 200

Flood, 132, 156, 173, 178, 189

Flores, 24

Flowers, 206, 242

Fly River, 33, 42

Food of natives, 119, 124

Forbes, H. O., 33

Forest, 242-245

Fortnum and Mason, 68

Frogmouth, 77

G

Garden at Amboina, 16

Garoet, 11

Geographical Society, Royal, 2

German New Guinea, 22

Ghosts, 133

Goa, Raja of, 14

Godman, F. D., 1

Godman, Mt., 239

Goodfellow, W., 2, 142, 167, 170, 172, 195

Grant, C. H. B., 194, 231, 241

Grant, W. R. Ogilvie, 1

Grey, Sir E., 2

Guillemard, 38

Gurkhas, 3, 156, 160, 171, 179, 194, 233

H

Habbema, Lieut., 169

Half-castes, 6, 223

Halley’s Comet, 81

Head-rests, 152

Herwerden, Captain, 13

Hindu Temple, 259

Hornbills, 86

Houses of the natives, 96; in trees, 217; communal, 218

Humboldt Bay, 33

I

_Ibis_, 1

Iguanas, 75

Intoxication of natives, 99

Incense, smell of, 238

Island River, Dutch Expedition, 60; description of, 216

Iwaka River, 231

J

Java, prosperity of, 5; half-castes in, 6

Javanese soldiers, 62

Jew’s harp, 203

Jungle, clearing the, 46

K

Kaiserin Augusta River, 24, 28

Kalff, Mr. E., 227

Kamura River, 175, 248

Kapare River, 82

Ké Islands, 15, 51, 257; natives of, 225

Kingfishers, 59

Kloss, C. B., 253

Kolff, 220

Kris, abolition of, 7

L

Language, difficulty of, 103

La Perouse, 32

_La Seyne_, wreck of, 3

Leeches, 177

Le Maire, Jacques, 28

Lombok, 258

Lorentz, H. A., 2, 13, 33, 34, 169, 172, 241

Lories, 75

M

Macassar, 14

MacCluer Gulf, 42

MacCluer, John, 32

Macgregor, Sir W., 33

Malays, 185; food of, 65; music of, 143

Mangrove, 42

Marianne Strait, 220

Marriage, 116

Marshall, E. S., 2, 80, 82, 133, 175, 185, 231

Medical treatment, 167

Meek, Mr., 213

Megapode, 77

Meneses, Don Torge de, 27

Merauke, 31, 37, 222; communication with, 209; natives of, 226

Mimika, first voyage on, 39; description of, 40, 71; water of, 40; tides on the, 57; obstacles in, 78

Mission at Dorei, 22

Missions, 154

Mosquitoes, 211, 223

Motor-boat, 52, 173, 248

Murderer, 13, 186

Music, 141

N

Natives, trading with, 61; communicating with, 84, 102; dislike of rain, 84; migrations of, 95; drink of, 99; language of, 102, Appendix C; description of, 109; height of, 112; clothing of, 113; age of, 115; food of, 119, 120; social system of, 128; property of, 129; music of, 141; dancing of, 143; as artists, 145; mock sorrow of, 247; quarrels of, 148; as marksmen, 151; health of, 153; as carriers, 158; our relations with, 163; as thieves, 165

Naturalists, explorations by, 32

New Guinea, position of, 21; size of, 21; mountains of, 23; natives of, 24; discovery of, 26; name of, 27; recent explorations of, 33; first sight of, 35; shore of, 36; lack of food, 65; rivers of, 24, 83, 181; departure from, 257

Newton, Professor Alfred, 1

_Nias_, 13, 35

Nimé, dancing house at, 252

Noord River, 2, 13, 33, 34

Nouhuys, J. W. van, 169

Numerals, 104

O

Obota, 83

Ogilvie-Grant, W. R., 1

P

Palm, coconut, 98

Pandanus, 10, 243

Papua, 22; meaning of, 25

Papuans, description of, 25, 109; behavior of, 37; dress of, 37, 113; apathy of, 38, 45; asleep, 39; dancing, 41, 143; as traders, 45; communicating with, 84; dislike of rain, 84; food of, 91; migrations of, 95; drink of, 99; language of, 102, Appendix C; height of, 112; age of, 115; social system of, 128; property of, 129; music of, 141; as artists, 145; quarrels of, 148; as marksmen, 151; health of, 153

Paradise, bird of, 74, 142

Parimau, arrival at, 56, 155; departure from, 247

Payment of natives, 163

Peace-offering, 166

Pearls, 20

Pearl-shell, 20

Penguin ducks, 11

Periepia, 85

Petroleum, 241

Pickles, 68

Pig, 125, 133-136

Pigeons, crowned, 31, 74

Pineapples, 101

Plants, 231

Plants at Buitenzorg, 10

Ponies, 259

Pool, Thomas, 30

Port Moresby, natives of, 213

Portuguese, remains of, 17; navigators, 27

Precipice, 239

Prince Frederick Henry Island, 220

Propeller, loss of, 250

Provisions, storing of, 66; packing of, 68; depôt of, 176

Pygmies, discovery of, 157; visit to, 159; dress of, 161; description of, 161, 197; voices of, 162; visit Parimau, 196; measurements of, 197, Appendix B; ornaments of, 199; possessions of, 199; methods of smoking, 202; village of, 203; houses of, 205; women of, 206; intelligence of, 207; distribution of, 208

R

Races, mixture of, 6; harmony of, 19

Raffles, Sir Stamford, 5, 10

Rain, 79

Rattan, 243

Rawling, C. G., 2, 82, 156, 174-5, 195, 219, 248

Relationship, 105

Reptiles, 168

Retes, Ynigo Ortiz de, 27

Rice, 65; cultivation in Java, 5

Rifle bird, 159

Rijst-tafel, 7

Rivers, branching, 83; crossing, 236; in New Guinea, 24

Robinson, H. C., 194

_Roebuck_, voyage of, 31

Ruwenzori, 2, 238

S

Sago, 65, 89-92

St. Nicholas, feast of, 6, 228

Sandpiper, 86

Sarawak, H. H. the Raja of, 253

Sarong, 10

Schouten Islands, 27

Schouten, Willem, 28

Screw-pines, 10, 243

Sea, depth of, 19

Sea-snakes, 215

Seasons, 79; wet, 192

Shackleton Expedition, 67

Sharks, fishing for, 46

Shortridge, G. C., 2, 172, 194, 210

Sickness, 171-192

Sindanglaya, 11

Skulls, preservation of, 139

Smith, Stamford, 90

Snakes, 167

Snow Mountains, 1, 23, 33; discovery of, 29; first sight of, 35; distant view of, 43; attempt to reach, 229

Social system, 128

Soldiers, native, 92

Songs, 142

Spanish navigators, 27

Spears, 151

Spices, Dutch monopoly of, 31

Spiders, tameness of, 58

Stalker, W., 2, 14, 51; death of, 47; funeral of, 49

Steam-launch, 52, 170

Stone Age, 151

Stone implements, 150

Stones, gifts of, 87

Sugar-palm, 99

Sumbawa, 258

Superstitions, 131

Swift, Moustached, 241

Swimming, 117

T

Tapiro (_see_ Pygmies)

Tasman, 30

Tattooing, 112

Tears, a welcome of, 41

Temples at Boro-Boder, 11

Ternate, Sultan of, 22; traders of, 89

Thunderstorms, 79, 132

Tides of the river, 57

Timura River, 251

Tobacco, 38, 202; cultivation of, 88

Torres, Luis Vaz de, 27

Torres Strait, 32

Tosari, 12

Track, used by natives, 176; cutting a, 183

Trade goods, 63

Transport, difficulty of, 52

Travelling, difficult, 230

Trees, 216, 243; falling at night, 77; cutting down, 187; houses in, 217

Tuaba River, 175

Tugeri, 23

Tugeri tribe, 222

U

Utakwa, Dutch expedition to, 210

Utakwa River, 4, 33, 210

V

Van der Bie, 212

Vanilla, 159

Vegetation, 237

View, a rare, 240

Volcano, 15

Volcanoes in Java, 5, 12

W

Wailing at death, 137

Wakatimi, arrival at, 40; camp at, 46; description of, 95; departure from, 255

Wallaby, 125

Wallace, A. R., 16, 20, 33, 38, 91, 244

Wamberi Merbiri, 203

Wania, excursion to, 249

Wania River, 236, 239, 249

Wataikwa, 231

Wataikwa River, 175

Water, lack of, 237; squeezed from moss, 238

Water-lilies, 10

Weather, 79

Wilhelmina, Mt., 23, 45, 169, 220

Wives, number of, 116

Women, 148; clothing of, 114; treatment of, 130; dress of Dutch, 9; Pygmies, 206

THE END

PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] _i.e._ leader of a gang.

[2] _Malay Archipelago_, Chapter XX.

[3] _Malay Archipelago_, Chapter XXIX.

[4] F. H. H. Guillemard, _The Cruise of the “Marchesa,”_ Chapter XXI.

[5] A note in the _Geographical Journal_, Vol. xxxviii. p. 211, points out the interesting fact that this custom of shedding tears in welcome was observed by some of the early travellers in many places on the American Continent, both North and South. It has also been noticed among the Andamanese and other Negroid inhabitants of South-Eastern Asia and Australasia.

[6] Like the Megapodes the Brush Turkeys are most interesting birds, which have the habit of making large mounds of rubbish in which they place their eggs, where they are hatched by the heat of fermentation. This species is about the size of a domestic hen, and its large brown egg is very good eating.

[7] The very interesting discovery was made by Mr. Staniforth Smith of sago growing at an altitude of 3500 feet in the region of Kikor River, British New Guinea.—_Geog. Journal_, vol. xxxix. p. 329.

[8] See Appendix C.

[9] The number of individuals examined was not very great and the difference in their measurements are so insignificant, that they may be considered all to belong to one race.

[10] _Tuan_ = master, v. p. 103. The natives always addressed us as “Tuana,” and many babies, of whom their parents were particularly proud, were called “Tuana.”

[11] _A Continuation of a Voyage to New Holland, etc., in the year 1699_, by Captain William Dampier.

[12] _Standard_, 4, 8, 1910.

[13] The accent is placed on the first syllable—Tápĭro.

[14] Extract from diary, 12th March 1910. A.F.R.W.

[15] The services of these two men were secured to the expedition through the generosity of Mr. H. C. Robinson, Director of the Museums of the Federated Malay States.

[16] For their cranial measurements see _Appendix_.

[17] The stitch used is a “figure of eight.” An exactly similar pattern is used by the natives near Humboldt Bay, North Dutch New Guinea, in making caps. See Van der Sande, _Nova Guinea_, Vol. III. Illustration, p. 37.

[18] I am informed by Mr. H. Balfour, of the Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford, that a similar method of making fire is employed by people in Assam, the Chittagong Hills, at certain places in the Malay Peninsula, in Borneo, at numerous places in different parts of New Guinea, and at one place in West Africa.

[19] I saw three men who showed unmistakable signs of syphilis.

[20] “Capt. Cook, H.M.S. _Endeavour_, 1770.” “Kolff’s Voyages in Dutch Brig of War _Dourga_, 1825-6.”

[21] This is the usual friendly greeting of the people in the Merauke district. The word is now used by the Dutch as a slang name for the natives of any part of New Guinea.

[22] Voyage of the ships _Pera_ and _Arnhem_, under command of Jan Carstenszoon or Carstensz, 1623.

[23] Here, as elsewhere in the Dutch colonies, half-castes in official positions are reckoned as Europeans.

[24] Capt. C. G. Rawling. _Country Life._ 20 May, 1911.

[25] _Malay Archipelago._ Chapter V.

[26] The numerals in brackets refer to the list of authorities prefixed to the comparative vocabulary.

[27] _Cf._ Translation by G. G. Batten in “Glimpses of the Eastern Archipelago,” 1894.

[28] Dr. N. Adriani. Eenige opmerkingen over de Mĕraukĕ-Taal naar aanleiding der Woordenlijst van Contr. J. Seijne Kok, in “De Zuidwest Nieuw-Guinea-expeditie van het Kon. Ned. Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, 1904-5.”

[29] G. W. Earl, Native Races of the Indian Archipelago, Papuans, 1853, Appendix, and Jour. Roy. Geographical Society, 1837, p. 393-395.

[30] De Zuidwest Nieuw-Guinea-expeditie van het Kon. Ned. Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, 1904-5. Leiden, 1908.

[31] _Cf._ Internat. Archiv. für Ethnographie, 16, 1905, and Reports of Cambridge Anthropological Expedition, III., p. 387.

[32] H. Kern. Over de taal der Jotafa’s aan de Humboldtbaai, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde van Ned. Indië, 6 Volg. deel VII.

[33] _Cf._ G. von der Gabelentz und A. B. Muller, Melanesischen Sprachen, 1882, p. 536-541. Also C. J. F. le Cocq d’Armandville in Tijds. v. Taal, etc., 46, 1903.

[34] P. J. B. C. Robidé van der Aa in Bijdragen tot de Taal etc., 1883, p. 197. The word is _mes_, coconut, the Mĕraukĕ _mise_.

[35] The term “Indonesian” is used here only to imply that the languages so designated appear to contain some words and constructions which are found commonly in the languages of the Indian Archipelago. The data are too few for definite classification. The term “Papuan” may be taken to mean “non-Indonesian” or “Non-Malayo-Polynesian” with a similar limitation.

[36] In the Examples following, the vowels should be sounded as in Italian, and the consonants as in English. The Dutch _oe_ and _ie_ are written _u_ and _ī_.

[37] This interchange is very common in the languages of the Papuan Gulf. _Cf._ Reports of Cambridge Anthropological Expedition, III., pp. 325, 334.

[38] G. W. Earl in Jour. Royal Geographical Society, 1837, p. 394.

[39] Those quoted are: _Dungerwab_ (or _Parb_) on Wai Kasa R., _Bangu_, Morehead River; _Bugi_, Mai Kasa River, _Dabu_, Paho R., _Mowata_, mouth of Binaturi R., _Saibai Is._ in Western Torres Straits, _Miriam_, Murray Is. Torres Straits, _Kunini_ and _Jibu_ West shore of Fly Delta, _Kiwai Is._ in Fly Delta.

[40] William Churchill, “The Polynesian Wanderings.” Washington. 1911. Pp. v., 147.

[41] Reports of Cambridge Anthropological Expedition, III, p. 290.

[42] The writer was however told by Murray Island natives that “tulik” was the name of the old shell axe.

[43] Eenige opmerkingen over de Mĕraukĕ-taal, in “De Zuidwest Nieuw-Guinea-expeditie van het Kon. Ned. Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, 1904-5,” p. 661-2.

[44] Op. cit., p. 664-665.

[45] The number prefixed is that by which these authorities have been referred to in the preceding pages.

End of Project Gutenberg's Pygmies and Papuans, by A. F. R. Wollaston