Chapter 28

rare, a. uncommon, unusual, strange, infrequent, singular, curious; exquisite, fine, incomparable, _recherché_; sparse, dispersed; subtile, fine, thin, rarefied, tenuous; underdone.

rare bird. _rara avis_.

rarebit, n. delicacy, tidbit, dainty.

rarely, adv. infrequently, seldom.

rascal, n. rogue, scoundrel, caitiff, scamp, knave, villain, miscreant, varlet, trickster, renegade, scapegrace, rapscallion.

rascality, n. chicanery, improbity. See badness.

rash, a. incautious, precipitate, overhasty, indiscreet, inconsiderate, impulsive, temerarious, madcap, headlong, foolhardy, unwary, reckless.

rash, n. exanthema, eruption, efflorescence.

rashness, n. temerity, precipitancy, indiscretion, incaution, recklessness.

rasp, v. grate, file; offend.

rasping, a. grating.--n. pl. scobs.

rate, v. estimate, value, appraise; assess; scold, censure, chide, berate, reprove.

ratification, n. confirmation, sanction, substantiation, corroboration.

ratify, v. confirm, sanction, substantiate, corroborate.

ration, n. allowance, portion, allotment.

rational, a. reasoning; intelligent, sane, sound, judicious, wise, reasonable, equitable. Antonyms: irrational, insane, injudicious, unwise, unreasonable.

rationale, n. explanation, exposition, reason.

rattle, v. clatter; chatter, prate, babble, prattle; disconcert, confuse, discompose.

rattle, n. clatter; chatter, babble, prattle; crepitaculum; rale.

rattle-headed, a. giddy, rattle-brained, thoughtless.

ravage, v. plunder, pillage, devastate, sack, desolate, despoil.

ravage, n. plunder, pillage, devastation, spoliation, sack, despoliation, rapine.

rave, v. rage, rant, storm.

ravel, v. unravel.

ravening, a. rapacious, insatiable, predatory, ferocious.

ravenous, a. voracious, rapacious, ravening, insatiable.

ravine, n. gorge, defile, clough, lin, gully, gulch.

raving, a. irrational, delirious, maniacal, wild, phrenetic.

ravish, v. transport, enrapture, enchant; rape.

ravishing, a. rapturous, ecstatic, transporting, beatific, delightful.

ravishment, n. ecstasy, transport, rapture; rape.

raw, a. uncooked; unprepared, crude; immature, unripe; galled, sore, sensitive; inexperienced, unskilled, green.

rawboned, a. gaunt, skinny.

raw meat. Associated Word: omophagic.

raw sugar. cassonade.

ray, n. beam, gleam.

raze, v. erase, efface, rase; overthrow, subvert, demolish.

reach, v. attain.

reachable, a. attainable, accessible.

reach the highest point. culminate.

react, v. repeat; resist, oppose; rebound, recoil.

read, v. peruse.

readable, a. legible. Antonyms: unreadable, illegible.

reader, n. peruser.

readiness, n. promptness, facility, alacrity. Antonyms: unreadiness, reluctance.

reading, n. perusal; recitation, prelection.

reading desk. lecturn.

real, a. genuine, veritable, actual, true. Antonyms: fictitious, unreal, spurious, ostensible, artificial, feigned, sham.

reality, n. actuality, verity. Antonyms: unreality, phantasm, simulation, phantom.

realization, n. fulfillment, effectuation.

realize, v. effectuate.

really, adv. actually, truly, indeed, veritably, verily.

realm, n. kingdom, dominion; domain, region, sphere, department.

realty, n. real estate.

ream, n. twenty quires, 480 sheets.

rear, a. hindmost.

rear, v. raise, lift, elevate; erect, build; bring up.

rearing, n. elevation, raising; erection.

reason, n. motive, consideration, design, purpose, rationality, logic, account. Associated Words: dialectics, logic, syllogism, premises, conclusion.

reason, v. ratiocinate, syllogize; argue, remonstrate, expostulate.

reasonable, a. rational; logical, just; conscionable, fair, moderate, equitable.

reasoner, n. logician.

reasoning, n. ratiocination, argumentation, syllogism, discursus; (sophistical or false) sophistry, fallacy, casuistry.

reata, n. lariat, lasso, riata.

rebate, n. deduction, discount, allowance.

rebel, n. insurgent, revolter, turncoat.

rebel, v. revolt, mutiny.

rebellion, n. insurrection, insurgency, mutiny, sedition, revolt, insubordination.

rebellious, a. insurgent, seditious, mutinous, insubordinate, refractory. Antonyms: dutiful, submissive, docile, compliant, deferential, obedient.

rebound, v. recoil, ricochet; reverberate, reëcho.

rebound, n. rebounding, resilience, repercussion, recoil, ricochet.

rebuff, n. repulse, resistance, opposition, repellence, check, setback.

rebuff, v. repulse, resist, repel, oppose.

rebuke, v. reprove, upbraid, censure, reprehend, chide, admonish.

rebuke, n. reproof, censure; chastisement, punishment.

recall, v. revoke, annul, retract, recant, rescind, repeal, abjure; remember, recollect.

recall, n. revocation, rescission, repeal, recantation, retraction.

recalling, a. revocatory.

recant, v. retract, abjure.

recantation, n. retraction, abjuration, retractation.

recapitulate, v. summarize.

recapitulation, n. summary, résumé.

receipt, n. receiving, reception; formula, recipe, formulary; voucher.

receive, v. take, accept; admit, allow; welcome; hold, contain.

receiver, n. recipient, donee; beneficiary; receptacle; fence (receiver of stolen goods).

recent, a. new, late.

receptacle, n. container, repository.

reception, n. receipt, receiving; levee, soirée, function; acceptance, welcome, admittance.

recess, n. retreat, withdrawal, retirement; intermission; alcove, niche, nook, retreat; seclusion, privacy.

recipe, n. formula, receipt.

recipient, n. receiver, beneficiary, donee, conferree.

reciprocity, n. reciprocation, interchange.

recital, n. recitation, narration, narrative.

recitation, n. reciting, rehearsal; cantillation (recitation with musical modulations).

recite, v. relate, recount, repeat, deliver; cantillate.

reckless, a. heedless, inconsiderate, unmindful, thoughtless, temerarious, rash, uncircumspect, incautious, hasty, foolhardy.

reckon, v. compute, calculate, count, enumerate; esteem, regard.

reckoning, n. computation, calculation, enumeration; settlement, adjustment.

reclaim, v. tame, domesticate; reform.

reclamation, n. reclaiming, recovery, reformation.

reclining, a. recumbent, leaning, lying.--n. recumbence, reclination.

recluse, a. solitary, eremitic.

recluse, n. solitary, eremite, anchoret, hermit.

reclusion, n. seclusion, eremitism.

recoil, v. rebound, react; flinch, shrink, quail.

recollect, v. remember.

recollection, n. remembrance, memory, reminiscence.

recommend, v. commend, praise.

recommendation, n. commendation.

recompense, v. See repay.

reconcile, v. conciliate, propitiate, pacify; harmonize, adjust, settle. Antonyms: estrange, disaffect, alienate.

reconciliation, n. conciliation, pacification, appeasement, reunion.

recondite, a. See abstruse.

record, n. register, memoir, diary, chronicle, minute, memorandum, note, annals, document, muniment, cartulary; testimony, witness, attestation.

recorder, n. register, registrar; cartulary.

records, n. pl. annals, archives.

recover, v. regain, reclaim, retrieve, repair, recoup, recruit, rally, repossess, recuperate.

recoverable, a. retrievable.

recovery, n. retrieval, recuperation, regaining, restoration, convalescence.

recreancy, n. cowardliness, mean-spiritedness, pusillanimity, apostasy.

recreant, a. mean-spirited, pusillanimous, cowardly, craven, faithless, false, apostate.

recreation, n. pastime, amusement, relaxation, diversion, sport, fun, divertisement.

rectify, v. correct, amend.

rectitude, n. probity, integrity, uprightness, honesty, virtue.

rector, n. pastor, clergyman, priest.

rectorship, n. rectorate, pastorate.

rectory, n. parsonage.

red, n. carmine, crimson, scarlet, cerise, garnet, vermilion. Associated Words: rubefacient, rubefaction.

red, a. florid, blushing, flushed, ruby, ruddy, rubicund, blowzed, rubescent, auburn (reddish brown).

redeem, v. repurchase; regain, recover; ransom, rescue, deliver.

redeemer, n. ransomer, deliverer, savior.

redemption, n. repurchase; ransom, salvation, deliverance, rescue.

red-letter, a. fortunate, auspicious, happy.

redoubtable, a. formidable, terrible; valiant, courageous, brave.

redound, v. contribute, conduce, react.

red pepper. cayenne pepper.

redress, n. reparation, amends, indemnification, relief.

reduce, v. diminish, lower, degrade, minimize, depress, debase; humble, conquer, subdue, vanquish, subjugate, subject.

reduction, n. diminution, abatement, minimization, decrement, debasement; subjugation, subjection, conquest, subdual, overthrow.

redundance, n. superabundance, superfluity, excess, plethora.

redundant, a. superabundant, superfluous, excessive, plethoric.

reëcho, n. reverberation.--v. reverberate, resound, peal.

reek, n. fume, vapor, exhalation, effluvium, steam.

reeking, a. fumy, vaporous, steaming, smoky.

reel, v. stagger.

refer, v. allude.

referable, a. attributable, ascribable, traceable, assignable.

referee, n. umpire, judge, arbitrator, arbiter.

refine, v. purify, defecate, clarify, sublimate, subtilize, sublime, devulgarize, decrassify.

refined, a. exquisite, polished, fine, well-bred, courtly, cultured; purified, sublimated, subtle, subtilized.

refinement, n. culture, elegance, polish, fastidiousness; purification, sublimation, subtility, clarification, tenuity. Antonyms: vulgarity, coarseness, crudity, barbarity, Philistinism.

reflect, v. mirror; rebound, revert; meditate, ruminate, consider, contemplate.

reflection, n. meditation, contemplation, rumination; stricture, animadversion.

reforestization, n. reforesting, reafforestation, reboising.

reforestize, v. reafforest, reboise.

reform, v. reclaim, regenerate, convert, amend.

reformable, a. corrigible. Antonym: irreformable.

reformation, n. reform, reclamation, betterment, improvement.

refraction, n. deflection.

refractory, a. See unruly.

refrain, v. restrain, curb, check; forbear, abstain, desist.

refresh, v. revive, enliven, reanimate; renovate, renew, restore.

refreshing, a. reviving, reanimating, cooling, reinvigorating, refective.

refreshment, n. collation, lunch, refection, regalement.

refuge, n. stronghold, asylum, retreat, covert; shelter, protection, security, guard; expedient, device, shift, resort.

refugee, n. fugitive, runaway.

refund, v. repay, return, restore.

refusal, n. dissent, denial, non-acceptance, negation; option, preëmption.

refuse, v. deny, decline; reject, rebuff, repulse.

refuse, n. offal, dregs, offscum, garbage, fag-ends, recrement, riffraff, lees, dross, draff, offscouring, rubbish, waste, culls.

refutable, a. confutable. Antonym: irrefutable.

refutation, n. confutation, disproof.

refute, v. confute, disprove.

regain, v. recover, retrieve.

regal, a. kingly, royal.

regale, v. feast, entertain, gratify.

regalia, n. pl. insignia.

regard, v. heed, observe, consider.

regard, n. respect, esteem, estimation, opinion; respect, reference, relation; heed, attention, observation, notice. Antonyms: disregard, heedlessness. See disregard.

regardful, a. mindful, heedful, attentive, observant.

regardless, a. heedless, careless, unmindful, inattentive, indifferent.

regards, n. pl. compliments, respects.

region, n. district, quarter, locality, neighborhood, vicinity.

register, n. list, roll, schedule, roster; registrar, recorder.

register, v. record, enroll, matriculate.

registration, n. registry, enrollment, matriculation.

regret, n. sorrow, compunction, deprecation, rue.

regret, v. deplore, be sorry for, rue, deprecate.

regular, a. formal, normal, conventional, systematic: steady, uniform, methodical, constant; (Colloq.) unmitigated, thorough, out-and-out.

regularity, n. uniformity, symmetry, shapeliness, constancy, order, system, method. Antonyms: irregularity, inconstancy, unshapeliness, disorder.

rehash, n. _réchauffé_.

reign, n. sovereignty, rule, dominion; regnancy, sway, power, influence; kingdom, realm.

reins, n. pl. loins.

reject, v. cast away, discard; refuse, decline, rebuff, repulse, contemn, repudiate.

rejection, n. refusal, declination, rebuff, repulse, discarding, repudiation.

rejoice, v. glory, exult; gladden, cheer, delight, please, exhilarate.

rejoicing, n. joy, gladness, exultation, delight, pleasure.

relate, v. recount, narrate, tell.

related, a. allied, cognate, german, agnate, akin, kindred; consanguineous; cognate; agnate; correlated, correlative.

relation, n. connection, bearing, relationship, reference, correlation, alliance, correspondence, relevancy; affinity, consanguinity, kindred, kinship, cognation, filiation; telling, account, recital, narration, narrative, detail, report. Antonyms: irrelation, alienage.

relationship, n. kindred, affinity, alliance, kinship, cognation.

relationship by blood. consanguinity; cognation; agnation.

relationship by marriage. affinity.

relative, a. relating, referring, respecting, pertaining; particular, definite, specific, pertinent.

relative, n. relation, kinsman, kinswoman, connection; cognate, agnate. Associated Words: nepotism, nepotic, nepotist.

relax, v. loosen, slacken; abate, diminish, mitigate, temper.

relaxation, n. loosening, slackening; diversion, recreation, rest.

relay, n. reinforcement.

release, v. liberate, loose, discharge, free, acquit, extricate, disengage, relinquish, absolve, remit, relieve, exonerate, disencumber.

release, n. liberation, discharge, deliverance, acquittance, extrication, exoneration, disengagement, freedom.

relentless, a. ruthless, implacable, unrelenting, inexorable, unmerciful.

relevancy, n. pertinency, applicability, relevance.

relevant, a. pertinent, germane, apposite.

reliability, n. trustworthiness.

reliable, a. trustworthy, trusty, dependable.

reliance, n. dependence, confidence, trust.

reliant, a. confident, trusting.

relics, n. pl. leavings, remains, reliquiæ, remnants; memorial, souvenir, memento, trophy, keepsake. Associated Words: reliquary, confession, hierotheca.

relict, n. widow.

relief, n. alleviation, mitigation, comfort, ease, succor, palliation, assuagement, help; redress, remedy; relay, reinforcement; prominence, projection.

relieve, v. assuage, alleviate, allay, lessen, remedy, ease, mitigate, palliate, succor, extricate, disentangle, disburden, redress, disengage.

relieving, a. mitigative, assuasive, palliative, remedial, emollient, lenitive, comforting.

religious, a. pious, godly, devout, righteous, devotional; strict, exact, scrupulous, conscientious.

relinquish, v. surrender, waive, forego, renounce, cede, abandon, desert.

relinquishment, n. surrender, abandonment, renunciation.

relishable, a. palatable, gustable.

reluctance, n. unwillingness, disinclination, aversion.

reluctant, a. disinclined, unwilling, averse, loath, indisposed.

remain, v. See stay.

remainder, n. residue, remnant, balance, rest, surplus, surplusage, residuum.

remaining, a. residual, remanent, remainder.

remains, n. pl. relics, debris, remnants; corpse.

remand, v. recommit, send back.--n. recommitment.

remark, v. notice, observe, heed, see, note; say, state, assert.

remark, n. comment, observation.

remarkable, a. noteworthy, striking, extraordinary, wonderful, notable.

remediless, a. irremediable, incurable, desperate, irreparable, insanable.

remedy, v. heal, cure, repair, relieve, redress, alleviate, assuage, palliate.

remedy, n. medicine, cure, antidote, corrective, specific, restorative, panacea, alterant, carminative, medicament, arcanum, prescription, nostrum, elixir, balm; reparation, cure, redress, aid, relief.

remember, v. recollect, recall.

remembrance, n. recollection, memory, reminiscence; souvenir, keepsake, memento, memorial, trophy, reminder. Antonyms: forgetfulness, amnesia, amnesty, oblivion.

remembrancer, n. memento, souvenir, keepsake, trophy, memorial.

reminder, n. remembrancer.

remiss, a. negligent, derelict, careless, slack, heedless, neglectful.

remission, n. surrender, relinquishment; discharge, acquittance; abatement, assuagement, mitigation, subsidence; absolution, exculpation, forgiveness.

remmnant, n. remainder, residue, rest; fragment, piece.

remonstrance, n. expostulation, protest, protestation.

remonstrant, a. expostulatory, remonstrative.

remonstrate, v. expostulate, protest.

remonstrative, a. expostulatory, remonstrant.

remorse, n. self-reproach, sorrow, regret, penitence; pity, compassion, sympathy.

remorseless, a. implacable, ruthless, merciless, unmerciful.

remote, a. distant.

remoteness, n. distance.

removal, n. displacement, dislodgement, transference, expulsion, elimination, dismissal, discharge, ejection, dispossession, divestiture, extraction.

remove, v. move, displace, transfer, dislodge; dismiss, discharge, divest, dispossess, eject; extract, isolate, abstract, withdraw.

remuneration, n. See pay.

remunerative, a. profitable, lucrative.

rend, v. tear, rive, lacerate, cleave, sunder.

render, v. repay, restore; translate, interpret, construe; extract, try out; yield up, contribute.

rendering, n. repayment, restoration; contribution, surrender; translation, version; extraction.

rending, n. tearing asunder, laceration, riving.

renegade, n. deserter, recreant, backslider, turncoat; rebel, traitor; vagabond, outcast.

renew, v. renovate, rejuvenate, restore, rebuild, remodel, reconstruct, revamp, redintegrate, repair; regenerate, transform.

renewal, n. renovation, repair, restoration, redintegration, reconstruction, rejuvenation, regeneration.

renounce, v. disclaim, disown, repudiate, reject; forswear, abjure, forsake.

renouncement, n. renunciation, abnegation, repudiation, abdication, rejection.

renovation, n. restoration, renewal, rehabilitation, reconstruction.

renown, n. celebrity, repute, fame, notoriety, note.

renowned, a. famous, celebrated, eminent, far-famed, illustrious. Antonyms: unrenowned, obscure, inglorious, unknown.

rent, v. lease, let, hire.

renter, n. lessee, tenant.

renunciation, n. abjuration, denial, disownment, disclaimer, abnegation.

repair, v. mend, restore, patch, tinker, revamp, darn, cobble, remodel; indemnify, redress, atone for, retrieve, regain.

repair, n. renovation, restoration, reconstruction, reparation, rehabilitation.

reparable, a. restorable, retrievable. Antonyms: irreparable, irretrievable.

reparation, n. restoration, rehabilitation, instauration, renovation; atonement, restitution.

repartee, n. _bon mot_.

repay, v. refund, restore, reimburse; recompense, requite; revenge, avenge, retaliate.

repayment, n. restoration, reimbursement; recompense, requital; retaliation, revenge.

repeal, v. revoke, rescind, abrogate.

repeal, n. revocation, rescission, abrogation.

repeat, v. iterate, reiterate, verbigerate.

repeating, n. repetition, iteration, reiteration; verbigeration.

repel, v. repulse, rebuff, resist, oppose.

repellence, n. repulsion, rebuff, opposition.

repellent, a. repulsive, repelling.

repentance, n. penitence, contrition, compunction, remorse. Antonym: impenitence.

repentant, a. contrite, penitent. Antonyms: unrepentant, impenitent.

repetition, n. iteration, reiteration, recurrence; verbigeration; tautology; echo, rote; recapitulation; reverberation.

repine, v. complain, murmur.

replace, v. restore, refund, repay.

replacement, n. restoration, reinstatement.

repletion, n. excess, superabundance, surfeit; plethora.

reply, v. answer, respond, rejoin, retort.

reply, n. answer, response, rejoinder; retort, repartee.

report, n. rumor, _on dit_, hearsay, bruit; account, statement, communication; fame, repute, reputation; sound, noise, repercussion, detonation, discharge, explosion; cahier; description, narrative, narration, recital.

report, v. announce, communicate, describe; bruit, circulate, promulgate, publish. Antonyms: suppress, withhold, reserve.

repose, n. rest, inactivity, motionlessness; composure, tranquillity.

repository, n. depository, storehouse, depot, magazine.

represent, v. show, typify, symbolize; personate, impersonate; portray, delineate, depict.

representative, a. delegated, vicarious; typical, figurative, symbolical, emblematic.

representative, n. deputy, delegate, vicar, proxy, agent, substitute, vicegerent, surrogate, regent, commissioner, envoy, emissary, ambassador, exponent.

repress, v. quell, subdue, suppress, overpower, restrain, curb, stifle.

repression, n. suppression, restraint, quelling, check.

reproach, v. censure, upbraid, rebuke, reprimand, revile, chide, vilify.

reproach, n. censure, scurrility, contumely, invective, odium, obloquy, shame, disgrace.

reproachful, a. upbraiding, opprobrious, abusive; shameful, disgraceful, scandalous.

reprobate, a. abandoned, depraved, profligate, incorrigible.--n.castaway, outcast, wretch.

reprobate, v. condemn, denounce, reject, abandon.

reprobation, n. condemnation, denunciation, censure abandonment.

reproduce, v. portray, duplicate, imitate; generate, beget, propagate.

reproduction, n. duplication, copy, imitation; generation, procreation, propagation.

reproof, n. See censure.

reprovable, a. culpable, censurable, reprehensible, blamable, reproachable.

reprove, v. See censure.

repudiate, v. reject, renounce, disavow, abjure, disclaim.

repudiation, n. disavowal, rejection, abjuration, disclaimer, disowning.

repugnance, n. aversion, reluctance, unwillingness, hostility, antipathy.

repugnant, a. hostile, contrary, refractory, adverse, offensive, antagonistic, opposed.

repulse, v. repel, reject.

repulse, n. repulsion, repelling, rejection, refusal, rebuff.

repulsive, a. repellent, offensive, forbidding, revolting.

reputation, n. repute, name, credit, esteem, honor.

repute, n. reputation, esteem, credit.

reputed, a. putative.

request, n. asking, solicitation, demand, instance, prayer, petition, entreaty, suit, quest.

request, v. ask, supplicate, petition, beg, entreat, importune, beseech.

require, v. demand, claim, exact, need, want, necessitate, enjoin.

requirement, n. demand, requisition, requisite; command, essential, need.

requisite, a. necessary, required, essential, indispensable.

requital, n. recompense, remuneration, retribution, recaliation, reprisal.

requite, v. compensate, remunerate, repay, pay, retaliate, avenge, reciprocate.

rescue, n. deliverance, liberation, salvation, ransom, extrication, disentanglement.

rescue, v. release, deliver, liberate, recapture, redeem, save, extricate, disenthrall.

resemblance, n. likeness, similitude, similarity, analogy, parity, semblance.

resentment, n. dudgeon, umbrage, displeasure, grudge.

reserve, n. reticence, constraint, uncommunicativeness, taciturnity, restraint.

reserved, a. retained, withheld, excepted; uncommunicative, reticent, taciturn, restrained.

residence, n. dwelling, domiciliation, abode, habitancy, habitation, domicile, home.

resident, n. denizen, inhabitant, dweller, residentiary.

residue, n. remainder, remnant, residuum, rest, balance; surplus, excess.

resign, v. demit, abdicate, withdraw, surrender, relinquish, submit.

resignation, n. surrender, abdication, demit; forbearance, fortitude, long-suffering, patience.

resigned, a. surrendered; uncomplaining, submissive, patient.

resist, v. oppose, withstand, impugn, oppugn, defy, baffle, contravene, rebuff.

resistance, n. opposition, renitence, recalcitration, oppugnation, antagonism, rebuff.

resistant, a. resisting, opposing, renitent.

resistless, a. irresistible.

resolute, a. determined, unwavering, unflinching, steadfast, firm, pertinacious.

resolution, n. firmness, determination, pertinacity, persistence, steadfastness, constancy; resolve, purpose, determination; decomposition, solution, dissolution.

resolvable, a. solvable, resoluble, dissolvable.

resolve, v. determine; dissolve, liquefy.

resolve, n. resolution, determination, intention, purpose, design.

resonance, n. reverberation.

resonant, a. resounding, reverberating.

resound, v. reverberate, reëcho, peal.

resound, n. echo, reverberation.

resounder, n. resonator, reverberator.

resounding, a. resonant.

resource, n. resort, expedient, device, shift.

resources, n. pl. assets, means.