Chapter 25

overflow, n. deluge, flood, inundation; exuberance, superabundance, profusion.

overflow, v. inundate, deluge, engulf.

overflowing, n. overflow, inundation; exuberance, copiousness, superabundance.

overfull, a. surcharged, plethoric, surfeited, gorged.

overfullness, n. plethora, surfeit, satiety, engorgement, congestion, repletion.

overhang, n. projection.

overhead, adv. aloft, above.

overlapping, a. obvolute, obvoluted, imbricate, imbricated.--n.imbrication.

overlook, v. supervise, oversee; inspect, overhaul, examine, neglect, disregard, skip, slight, ignore; condone, connive at, forgive.

overnice, a. fastidious, squeamish.

overplus, n. surplus, excess, surplusage, residue, rest.

overpower, v. vanquish, subdue, conquer, overcome, defeat, crush, overwhelm, rout, master, subjugate, overmatch.

overpowering, a. overwhelming, conquering, irresistible, overmastering.

overpowering, n. vanquishment, conquering, defeat, subjugation, overthrow.

overrate, v. overvalue, overestimate, overprize.

overreach, v. outwit, dupe, swindle. See cheat.

override, v. trample upon, supersede, annul, abrogate.

overrule, v. annul, rescind, abrogate, revoke, supersede, set aside.

overruling, a. predominant, prevailing, controlling.

overruling, n. abrogation, cancellation, rescission.

overrun, v. infringe, invade.

oversee, v. superintend, supervise.

overseer, n. superintendent, supervisor, inspector, taskmaster, foreman, monitor.

overshoe, n. galoshe, rubber, arctic.

oversight, n. superintendence, supervision, care, inspection, surveillance, control, charge; overlooking, connivance, omission, failure, inadvertence, default, inattention, lapse.

overstate, v. exaggerate.

overstep, v. exceed, trespass, infringe, intrench, encroach.

oversupply, n. excess, superabundance, surfeit, glut, repletion.

overt, a. public, apparent, unconcealed, patent.

overthrow, v. upset, overturn; demolish, prostrate, subvert, defeat, vanquish, rout, overpower, overcome, subjugate, raze, worst.

overthrow, n. overthrowing, demolition, subversion, undoing, reversal, prostration, defeat, bouleversement.

overtop, v. transcend, surpass, dwarf, overshadow.

overture, n. See offer.

overvalue, v. overrate, overestimate, overprize.

overweening, a. haughty, arrogant, cavalier, supercilious, lordly, conceited.

overweening, n. conceit, arrogance, superciliousness, lordliness.

overweight, n. preponderance.

overwhelm, v. overflow, submerge, ingulf, drown, overpower, crush.

overwhelming, a. irresistible, overpowering.

owing, n. indebtedness.

owing, a. due, payable, unpaid; ascribable, traceable, imputable, attributable, referable; indebted.

own, v. admit, acknowledge, confess, allow, concede, grant; possess. Antonyms: disown, deny.

owner, n. proprietor.

ownership, n. proprietorship, claim, title.

oysters, n. pl. Mollusca, Ostrea. Associated Words: ostreaceous, ostreaculture, ostreophagist, ostreophagous, ostriferous, bivalve, spawn, cultch, spat.

P

pace, n. amble, rack.

pacifiable, a. placable, appeasable, conciliable.

pacify, v. appease, quiet, calm, mollify, propitiate, tranquilize.

pack, n. bundle, bale, parcel, package; multitude, number, quantity; gang; shook.

pack, v. compress, stow, truss; load, encumber.

package, n. bundle, packet, bale, parcel, pack, budget, truss, ceroon.

pact, n. compact, covenant, concordat. See agreement.

pad, n. cushion, bolster; saddle-cloth, housing.

padlock, n. Associated Words: shackle, staple, hasp.

pagan, n. See heathen.

page, n. footboy, buttons (Colloq.); folio.

page number. folio.

pail, n. bucket; piggin.

pain, v. hurt, torture, rack; distress, grieve, afflict, aggrieve.

pain, n. punishment, penalty; suffering, ache, smart, throe, rack, agony, torture, distress, qualm, discomfort, pang, excruciation, paroxysm, gripe, twinge, cramp, travail, stitch, crick, anguish; heartache, misery, dolor. Antonyms: ease, comfort, relief, solace. Associated Words: anodyne, anæsthetic, analgesic, dolorific, doloriferous, surcease, anæsthetize.

painful, a. distressing, agonizing, excruciating, dolorous, racking; toilsome, arduous, difficult.

painstaking, a. diligent, particular, precise, scrupulous. Antonyms: slovenly, negligent.

paint, n. pigment; cosmetic, rouge.

paint, v. delineate, portray, lim, depict, picture, sketch.

painting, n. Associated Words: easel, palette, grisaille, artist, art, atelier, studio.

pair, n. two, brace, couple, span, team, yoke, set.

pal, n. (Slang) partner, mate, confederate, associate, accomplice.

palace, n. mansion, castle, pretorium. Associated Words: palatine, palatial.

palaver, n. cajolery, flummery; conference, debate, talk.

pale, a. pallid, wan, colorless, ghastly, blanched, cadaverous, etiolate, ashy; dim, faint, indistinct, obscure. Antonyms: ruddy, buxom, flushed, blowzed.

pale, n. picket; boundary, limit, confine, fence; inclosure.

paleness, n. pallidness, pallor, wanness, colorlessness, etiolation.

pall, v. cloy, sate, satiate, surfeit, glut.

palled, a. surfeited, satiated.

palliate, v. excuse, apologize for, gloss over, extenuate; moderate, mitigate, temper.

palliation, n. extenuation, glossing over, excuse, apology; moderation, mitigation, alleviation.

palliative, a. lenitive, mitigative, palliatory, apologetic, extenuating.

pamper, v. overfeed, feed luxuriously; indulge, gratify, spoil, cocker.

pamphlet, n. brochure, booklet, tract.

pan, n. basin, chafer.

panacea, n. cure-all, catholicon, relief, solace, nepenthe.

pancake, n. griddlecake, flapjack, fritter.

pander, n. bawd, pimp, procurer, whoremonger.

panegyric, n. eulogy, encomium. See praise.

panic, n. consternation, terror, alarm.

panic-stricken, a. panic-struck, alarmed, dismayed, terrified, appalled.

pansy, n. heart's-ease, love-in-idleness.

pant, n. gasp, gasping.

pant, v. gasp; long, hunger, yearn, thirst.

panther, n. puma, cougar, jaguar.

panting, n. anhelation, gasping; longing, hunger, desire, thirst.

pantry, n. buttery, larder, ambry.

pants, n. pl (Colloq.) trousers, breeches, pantaloons; drawers; knickerbockers, skilts, smallclothes, kneebreeches; overalls; chaparejos, chapareras (leather breeches).

paper, n. document; essay, dissertation, article; journal, newspaper, periodical, gazette, courant. Associated Words: papyrus, parchment, papeterie, tablet, stationer, stationery, papier-mâché, portfolio.

papery, a. chartaceous.

par, n. equality, equivalence.

parade, n. pomp, display, ostentation, show; procession, pageant, cavalcade; promenade.--v. display, flaunt, show off.

paradise, n. garden of Eden; Elysium; Heaven.

paragon, n. model, pattern.

parallel, a. like, similar, equal, analogous.

paralysis, n. palsy.

paralyze, v. benumb, deaden, stun, unnerve.

paralyzed person. paralytic.

paraphernalia, n. equipments, accouterments, ornaments.

parasite, n. hanger-on, toady, sycophant, fawner, flunky; zoō; parasite, entozoa.

parcel, n. bundle, package; collection, lot; tract, plot, piece.

parch, v. torrefy.

parchment, n. vellum, pell, palimpsest.

pardon, n. absolution, remission, amnesty, forgiveness, condonation. Antonyms: retribution, vengeance, retaliation, implacability, penalty.

pardon, v. absolve, remit, forgive, condone.

pardonable, a. venial, excusable. Antonyms: unpardonable, inexcusable.

pare, v. peel.

parentage, n. extraction, descent, pedigree, ancestry, family, birth, lineage.

parish, n. Associated Words: parochial, parochialism, parishioner, parochialize.

parry, v. ward off, avert, prevent; avoid, evade, elude.

parson, n. See clergyman.

parsonage, n. rectory; manse; living, benefice.

part, n. portion, fraction, division, piece, constituent, installment, element, section, subdivision; quarter, region, district; share, portion, lot, allotment, assignment, duty, participation, function; rôle, character; clause, section, paragraph, chapter, passage, division.

part, v. divide, sever, disunite, dissever, sunder, dissociate, disconnect, detach, separate; intervene; apportion, share, mete out, allot, distribute.

partable, a. partible, separable. Antonyms: impartible, indivisible.

partake, v. share, participate in.

partaker, n. participant, participator, sharer.

partaking, n. participation.

parted, a. separated, divided, severed, disunited, isolated, detached, riven, cleft, sundered.

partial, a. warped, biased, prejudiced; imperfect, incomplete. Antonyms: See impartial.

partiality, n. bias, favoritism; predilection, inclination, fondness, predisposition, bent.

partible, a. separable, divisible, detachable, dissoluble, severable. Antonym: impartible.

particle, n. See bit; atom, molecule, monad.

particular, a. special, especial, specific; minute, precise, detailed, circumstantial; individual, separate, sole, single; characteristic, distinctive, individual, personal, peculiar; fastidious, finical, scrupulous, precise, strict. Antonyms: indiscriminate, slatternly, promiscuous, general.

particular, n. detail.

particulars, n. pl. details, minutiæ.

parting, a. farewell, valedictory.

parting, n. division, disunion, severance, separation; leave-taking, farewell.

partisan, a. factionary.

partition, n. division, distribution, apportionment, allotment.

partner, n. copartner, coadjutor; colleague, associate, confederate, accessory, ally, accomplice, partaker, confrère.

partnership, n. copartnership, cahoot (Slang).

parts, n. pl. talents, gifts, faculties, endowments; regions, districts, quarters.

party, n. clique, faction, set, circle, ring, cabal, coterie, junto; function, reception, salon, soirée, levee, matinée, drawing-room; company, squad, detachment, troop; partaker, participant; person, somebody.

party-colored, a. variegated.

party man. partisan.

pass, v. elapse, lapse; transmit, deliver, hand; go, move, proceed, advance; disappear, vanish, recede, depart; pass by, omit, pretermit; overstep, overpass; transude.

pass, n. passageway, defile, passage; thrust, passado, lunge, allonge; condition, plight, predicament, state, conjuncture, situation; passport, safe-conduct.

passable, a. navigable, traversable, penetrable; tolerable, mediocre, middling, so-so, ordinary, fair. Antonyms: impassable, impervious, impenetrable.

passage, n. transit; fare; clause, sentence, paragraph; enactment; corridor, hall; gangway; slype; pass, defile.

passing, a. exceeding, surpassing; transient, momentary, transitory, fleeting, impermanent.

passing, adv. exceedingly, surpassingly.

passion, n. suffering, pain, agony; emotion, ardor, feeling, pathos; wrath, fury, anger; love, infatuation, transport.

passionate, a. irascible, quick-tempered, choleric, excitable, waspish; ardent, fervid, vehement, impassioned, fervent.

passionless, a. impassive, phlegmatic, stoical, unemotional, dispassionate, apathetic.

passive, a. inactive, quiet, inert, receptive, quiescent, patient, unresisting, submissive.

pass over. traverse.

passport, n. pass, safe-conduct; sea letter.

password, n. countersign, watchword, sesame.

past, n. Associated Words: preterist, preterition, pretermission, preteritive, preterit, aorist, aoristic, retrospect, retrospective, retrospection, antiquary, antiquity, antiquarian, quondam, antecedent, antecedence, antecedents.

past, a. bygone, elapsed; preterite, preterit.

pastime, n. amusement, sport, diversion, recreation, divertisement, entertainment, play, fun.

pastor, n. See clergyman.

pat, a. suitable, fit, convenient, timely, pertinent, appropriate.

patch, n. clout; tract, plot, parcel.--v. mend, repair, vamp, revamp.

patent, a. evident, obvious, manifest, apparent.

path, n. footway, runway, course, passage, route, avenue, trottoir, trail; towpath, heelpath, berm.

pathetic, a. plaintive, pitiable, piteous, mournful, sad.

pathless, a. untrodden, unexplored, trackless, impenetrable.

patience, n. long-suffering, fortitude, resignation, submission, sufferance; indulgence, leniency, forbearance; persistence, diligence, perseverance. Antonyms: impatience, restiveness, resistance.

patient, a. uncomplaining, submissive, resigned, passive, long-suffering, indulgent; diligent.

patriotism, n. _amor patriæ_. Antonyms: incivism, chauvinism.

patron, n. supporter, promoter, defender, guardian, benefactor; customer.

patronizing, a. condescending.

pattern, n. model, exemplar, original, prototype, archetype; specimen, example; copy, reproduction; delineator, protractor. Associated word: exemplary.

pattern, v. model, copy, imitate, follow.

paunch, n. abdomen.

pauperism, n. penury, indigence.

pauperize, v. impoverish.

pause, n. intermission, suspension, break; hesitation; break, cæsura.

pause, v. stop, hesitate, desist, waver, intermit.

pawn, v. pledge, impawn.

pay, v. compensate, remunerate, recompense, requite, indemnify, reward, commute; retaliate, punish; liquidate, defray, settle, discharge; be profitable; disburse (payout). Antonyms: repudiate, protest, bilk, defraud.

pay, n. compensation, remuneration, recompense, requital, emolument, salary, wages, fee, tip, honorarium, stipend, reward, hire, allowance, perquisite.

payable, a. due, unpaid, outstanding; remunerable.

pay back. reimburse, refund, restore, repay, requite, indemnify; retaliate.

paying, a. profitable, lucrative, gainful, remunerative.

paying back. reimbursement, refunding, restitution, requital, indemnification, restoration, repayment; retaliation, requital, reprisal, retribution.

paymaster, n. purser.

payment, n. paying, compensation, remuneration liquidation, discharge, reparation, settlement, recompense, defrayment, amends; retaliation, retribution, paying back. Antonyms: nonpayment, protest, repudiation, default, defalcation, appropriation.

peace, n. concord, amity, harmony; tranquillity, quietness, repose, calmness, serenity; reconciliation, compromise, pacification; armistice, truce.

peaceable, a. amicable, inoffensive; tranquil, serene, undisturbed, placid, peaceful, quiet. Antonyms: bellicose, belligerent, contentious, rebellious, pugnacious.

peaceably, adv. amicably.

peaceful, a. amicable, tranquil, peaceable, halcyon.

peacemaker, n. mediator, intercessor, pacificator, make-peace, arbitrator, intermediary.

peacemaking, a. pacificatory, conciliatory, intercessory, propitiatory, mediatorial, irenic, intercessional.

peacemaking, n. mediation, pacification, reconciliation, intercession, propitiation, pacation, compromise, intervention, arbitration, negotiation, irenics, irenicon.

peace-offering, n. atonement, reparation, amends.

peach, v. (Colloq.) tell on, betray.

peacock, n. bird of Juno, Pavo. Associated word: pavonine.

peak, n. apex, pinnacle, summit, crest, spire, point, top, crown, finial.

peaked, a. pointed; (Cottoq.) sickly, thin, pale, emaciated.

peal, v. resound, reverberate, echo, boom.

peal, n. reverberation, resounding.

peanut, n. groundnut, earthnut, goober.

pear cider. perry.

pearl, n. margarite; jewel, gem; baroque pearl; nacre (mother-of-pearl).

pearl-producing, a. margaritiferous.

pearly, a. nacreous, pearlaceous, pellucid, iridescent.

pear-shaped, a. pyriform.

peart, a. (Colloq.) lively, active, smart, brisk.

peasant, n. rustic, swain, hind.

pease, n. pl. legumes, pulse; hastings. Associated Word: leguminous.

pea-shaped, a. pisiform.

peck at. carp at, nag, tease, importune, twit.

peculation, n. embezzlement.

peculator, n. embezzler.

peculiar, a. individual, personal, particular; singular, eccentric, erratic, queer, odd, exceptional, unique, bizarre, grotesque, nondescript, unusual, unconventional.

peculiarity, n. characteristic, trait, attribute, idiosyncrasy, eccentricity, oddness.

peddle, v. hawk, vend.

peddler, n. hawker, huckster, vender, chapman, cadger, packman, coster.

peddler's pack. wallet.

peddling, n. hucksterage, hawking.

pedigree, n. lineage, ancestry, descent, extraction, genealogy.

peek, v. peep.

peel, n. rind, skin.--v. pare, decorticate. Antonym: pulp.

peep, v. chirp, cheep, pule; peer, peek, pry.

peer, n. equal, match, mate, compeer; nobleman, noble, lord.

peerless, a. matchless, unrivalled, inimitable, incomparable, unsurpassed, superlative, nonpareil, transcendent, supreme, unequalled.

peevish, a. petulant, querulous, captious, spleeny, fretful, impatient, cross.

peg, n. pin, spilikin; pretext, support, reason; degree, step.

pellmell, adv. disorderly, confusedly, helter-skelter.

pelt, n. woolfell, fell.

pelt, v. batter, beat, assail, pepper.

pen, v. confine, coop, encage, corral.

pen, n. coop, sty, cote, enclosure, hutch, paddock, pound, pinfold, corral, stockade.

penalty, n. punishment, retribution; forfeiture, fine, mulct.

pending, a. undecided, unsettled.--prep. during.

penetrable, a. permeable, pervious. Antonym: impenetrable.

penetrate, v. pierce, perforate; comprehend, understand; explore; interpenetrate.

penetrating, a. piercing, subtile, penetrant, sharp; acute, discerning, penetrative.

penetration, n. piercing, perforation; acuteness, discernment, sharpness; interpenetration.

peninsula, n. chersonese.

penis, n. Associated Words: penial, foreskin, prepuce, glans, urethra, chordee, erection, orgasm, _corpus spangiosum_, priapism, phimosis, smegma, phallus, bougie.

penitence, n. contrition, repentance, remorse, compunction. Antonym: impenitence.

penitent, a. contrite, remorseful. Antonyms: impenitent, incontrite.

penitentiary, n. prison.

penman, n. calligrapher, calligraphist, chirographer, chirographist, writer.

penmanship, n. writing, calligraphy, pencraft, chirography.

pen name. pseudonym, _nom de plume_.

penniless, a. impecunious, indigent, destitute. See poor.

pennilessness, n. impecuniosity, indigence, poverty, destitution.

penny, n. cent; groat, stiver; denarius.

penny-a-liner, n. hack, hack writer.

pensive, a. meditative, dreamy, lackadaisical, introspective, thoughtful, sad, grave.

Pentecost, n. Whitsunday, Whitsuntide.

penthouse, n. lean-to.

pent up. confined, restrained, restricted.

penurious, a. miserly, stingy, niggardly, parsimonious, avaricious, grasping.

penury, n. poverty, indigence.

people, n. folks; inhabitants, population, citizens; populace, commonalty, rabble, canaille; relatives, relations, kindred; laity.

people, v. populate, colonize.

peopled, a. inhabited, populated.

pepper, n. capsicum.

peppery, a. pungent; irascible, hot-tempered, choleric.

perceive, v. see, discern, observe; apprehend, comprehend, understand. See see.

perception, n. cognizance, discernment; sensation, feeling. Antonym: imperception.

perch, n. roost.

perchance, adv. perhaps, peradventure, possibly, maybe.

perchers, n. pl. Insessores.

percolate, v. ooze, strain, filter, transude.

percolation, n. filtration, straining, transuding.

perdition, n. ruin, wreck, destruction; hell.

perennial, a. perpetual, undying, imperishable.

perfect, a. consummate, faultless, flawless, exquisite, inviolate, impeccable, infallible, correct, mature, ideal, irreproachable, blameless. Antonyms: See imperfect.

perfect, v. consummate, elaborate, retouch, develop.

perfection, n. faultlessness, consummation, impeccability.

perfidious, a. See unfaithful.

perfidy, n. treachery, faithlessness, disloyalty, unfaithfulness.

perforate, v. bore through, pierce, penetrate, drill.

perforation, n. piercing, penetration; hole, opening, pertusion, aperture. Antonyms: imperforation, imperforable.

perforator, n. cephalotome.

perform, v. accomplish, execute, do.

performance, n. execution, achievement, accomplishment; trick, feat, exploit, stunt, deed, act.

performer, n. acrobat, funambulist, equilibrist, tumbler, contortionist, aerosaltant, actor, player, impersonator.

perfume, n. fragrance, aroma, redolence, sachet, incense, emanation, odor; attar, musk, patchouli, frankincense, civet, myrrh, pastil, pulvillio. Associated Words: exhale, exhalation, cassolette, perfumer, perfumery.

perhaps, adv. perchance, peradventure, possibly, haply.

peril, n. See danger.

perilous, a. dangerous, hazardous, imperiled, unsafe. Antonyms: See safe.

period, n. interval.

perishable, a. destructible, impermanent, mortal. Antonyms: imperishable, permanent.

perjury, n. oath-breaking. Associated Words: suborn subornation, suborner, perjurer, perjurous, forswear.

perk, a. vain, trim, spruce, smart, jaunty.

permanence, n. durability, imperishability, stability, permanency.

permanent, a. stable, immutable, durable, imperishable, unchangeable, abiding, indestructible. Antonyms: impermanent, evanescent, ephemeral, transient.

permeable, a. penetrable, pervious, pervadible. Antonym: impermeable.

permission, n. consent, allowance, license, leave, permit, authorization, warrant. Antonyms: refusal, denial, embargo, injunction, veto, prohibition, resistance.

permit, v. allow, consent to, suffer, tolerate, let, authorize, indulge, license, empower. Antonyms: refuse, disallow, prohibit, resist.

permit, n. warrant, license, leave, permission.

pernicious, a. deleterious, harmful, noisome, baleful, vicious.

pernickety, a. (Colloq.) finical, particular, fastidious, fussy.

perpendicular, a. upright, vertical. Antonyms: horizontal oblique.

perpetual, a. See everlasting.

perplex, v. bewilder, puzzle, pose, confuse, mystify, distract, disconcert, entangle.

perplexed, a. bewildered, confused, puzzled, disconcerted.

perplexing, a. bewildering, confusing, carking, mystifying, puzzling.

perplexity, n. bewilderment, distraction, confusion, disconcertion, doubt, uncertainty, predicament, dilemma, plight, quandary, difficulty, strait.

persecute, v. harass, oppress, tyrannize, torment, dragoon, importune, annoy, hector, badger.

persecution, n. oppression, molestation, importunity.

perseverance, n. persistence, diligence, constancy, indefatigableness, assiduity, pertinacity.

persevere, v. persist, continue.

persevering, a. persistent, steadfast, untiring, indefatigable, pertinacious, unremitting, indomitable. Antonyms: inconstant, fickle, unsteadfast.

persist, v. persevere.

persistency, n. perseverance, doggedness, pertinacity, obstinacy, contumacy, insistence.

persistent, a. contumacious, persevering, insistent, pertinacious, tenacious, importunate, constant.

personality, n. individuality; reflection, stricture, animadversion, criticism.

personally, adv. individually.

personate, v. impersonate.

personation, n. impersonation.

perspiration, n. See sweat.

perspire, v. sweat.

persuade, v. induce.

persuasion, n. inducement, suasion, incitement; creed, belief. Antonyms: dissuasion, coercion, constraint.

persuasive, a. persuasory.

pert, a. sprightly, dapper, nimble; forward, bold, saucy, malapert.

pertain, v. appertain.

pertinacious, a. resolute, determined, stubborn.

pertinacity, n. resoluteness, persistence, doggedness, stubbornness.

pertinence, n. relevancy, applicability, propriety. Antonyms: impertinence, irrelevance.

pertinent, a. relevant, apposite, applicable, proper. Antonyms: impertinent, irrelevant.

perturb, v. disquiet, excite, disturb, agitate, discompose, distress.

perturbation, n. excitement, agitation, discomposure, distress, disconcertion, worry. Antonyms: composure, imperturbation, calmness.

perturbed, a. excited, distressed, worried, discomposed, agitated.

perusal, n. reading.

peruse, v. read.

perverse, a. perverted, misdirected, erring, depraved, vitiated; intractable, obstinate, stubborn, contrary, headstrong, indocile. Antonyms: See obedient.

perversion, n. debasement, vitiation, corruption, falsification.

pervert, v. lead astray, corrupt, debase, vitiate; misuse, misapply, misinterpret, distort, falsify.

pervious, a. permeable, penetrable. Antonym: impervious.

pesky, a. (Colloq.) vexatious, troublesome.

pessimistic, a. gloomy, foreboding, hopeless.

pest, n. pestilence, plague, scourge; curse, nuisance, annoyance, infliction, bane.

pester, v. plague, badger, harass, harry, tease, torment, hector, disturb, molest.

pest house, n. lazaretto, lazar-house.

pestiferous, a. infectious, contagious, pestilential; noxious, noisome.