CHAPTER XLVIII

THE GOLDEN RULE OF MOTORING

This volume does not pretend to set a standard of manners for owners of automobiles, nor does it profess to be a first-aid course in courtesy, much less suggest lessons in gentlemanliness, which might as well be called gentleness at once; yet there is sad need of instruction in all these things, if one may judge by the experiences of the road and of the inn and garage stops along the way.

Now the writer believes that the American citizen is a gentleman to the manor born, of natural right and disposition, and that he does not leave his manners at home, as he is supposed to leave his religion at the church door. A gentleman in the drawing-room will be a gentleman on the highway. He will not be a boor because the man he happens to meet is one, not even if the majority are.

Why is it, then, that there is an utter absence of courtesy, or if there be an occasional display of good nature it but emphasizes the lack of it in general? Undoubtedly this is a fair statement of conditions in and about the metropolis. It is not true to anywhere near the same extent in the Western country, and “Western” ought to be understood in this connection as anything west of the Alleghany range.

The writer has been astounded on several occasions in Denver and other Western cities at the really human spirit of the drivers. They actually stopped of their own accord to let the writer, a pedestrian at the time, cross the street, and did it in so gracious a way as to make it seem a real pleasure. Picture that on Fifth Avenue, New York City, or upon any of the highways out of the metropolis on a Sunday or holiday in warm weather.

But it is not alone in the attitude of the driver toward the pedestrian that there is remissness, but in the behavior toward other drivers that there is need for improvement. What is easier than to cheerfully make way for the man who wishes to pass by, or to turn aside as much as may be necessary for the other car we meet; to slow up at the intersection, instead of spurting to get ahead of the other fellow, and making him jam on the brakes to avoid a collision? Why is it necessary to try to get the best of the other fellow, as though driving were a contest of wits and that skill on the road consisted in “beating the other fellow to it?”

Perhaps the answer to all this criticism is that in and about New York, where there is a dense population, there are thousands of drivers who are not from the ranks of the well-bred, by which is not meant the wealthy. The low price of cars and the thousands of used cars on the market has put them at the disposal of the butcher boy and the hod carrier and bell hop, and they seem to have the idea that the driver of a car possesses superior rights over others and must assert it. Out in the land where folks have a chance to open their lungs and breathe, a broader view of life is held. It is a fact, however, that the well-to-do families of the East are more and more requiring of their drivers that they follow the golden rule and not the Eben Holden brand. You remember Eben’s version: “Do unto others what they are trying to do unto you, and do it fust.”

Secretary of State Francis M. Hugo, of New York, recently delivered an address to a group of students in which he said a number of pertinent things concerning the operation of cars, based upon his own experiences. It is so good that it is reprinted here:

It is not too much to say that the future of motoring largely depends upon the behavior of motorists and their drivers toward the public. As fewer owners of large touring machines drive their own cars nowadays in proportion to the number driven than used to be the case, it is, therefore, mainly the behavior of their drivers on the road that is important. The subject of the training of the motor man is consequently worth much attention, and that the automobile community as a whole realizes this is evident not only by the establishment of various schools, where the mechanical side of the profession is taught to the future driver, but by the efforts of various clubs and associations, notably of the Y. M. C. A., who have started schools all over the country to help in this training.

For the past few years, those who drive motor cars for wages have been called “chauffeurs,” a word against which a protest should always be made on the double ground of etymology and nationality. To begin with, the word in reality means “stoker.” On the foot plate of a French locomotive the driver is called “mechanicien,” while the fireman is designated as the “chauffeur.” In the case of motor cars propelled by steam, the word “chauffeur” may thus be held to be remotely correct, but on the ordinary car propelled by the internal combustion engine or by electric power, there is no sense in the term. In the best French circles also, the word “mechanicien” is always used to designate the driver of a car and the word “chauffeur” even in France is said to be becoming obsolete.

The motorman, as he will, therefore, be called, is very often the subject of much discussion and sometimes of irrational abuse. Of course, there are black sheep in this profession, as in every other, but one is glad to place on record that black sheep were far more numerous five years ago than they are now. No one who observes without prejudice the behavior of motor-car drivers in New York City and elsewhere can help being struck with the careful way in which private motor cars are now driven, the neatness and cleanliness of the men themselves, and the vast improvement which has taken place in their general manners. Formerly, it was thought to be the highest mark of the profession that a motorman should be dirty in every respect, and a greasy cap, black hands and face, oily clothes and, as a rule, a half-smoked dirty cigarette in the side of his mouth, combined with a contemptuous scowl at every passer-by, was not an uncommon sight.

This state of things, however, has changed for the better. Occasionally a specimen of the primeval driver is met with, and even now the habit of cigarette smoking when in charge of a car is supposed, by the younger and less intelligent men of the profession, to confer an air of knowledge coupled with disdain. In course of time this form of swagger will die out also. The manners, moreover, of many motormen to their employers and to their fellow servants have not in the past been all that could be desired, but as stated before, their general behavior is markedly improving, and it must be remembered that, motormen are greatly superior in intelligence to most of their predecessors.

It need hardly be noted here that much depends upon the way the motorman has been trained. When automobiling was just beginning the only person available who even half knew the somewhat complicated machine of the early days was the mechanic trained for a few months in the shop where the car had been manufactured. He was master of the situation because he alone had working knowledge of its parts. No one in those days thought for one moment of a motorman from the viewpoint of good driving. The owner of the car, above all, desired to possess a good mechanic, for breakdowns were numerous and varied and half of the expenses of motoring were necessitated by renewals of parts or adjustments due to ordinary wear and tear. Nowadays serious or even insignificant breakdowns are rare, and there is hardly a first-class make of car in the market which will not run many thousands of miles without anything being necessary in the way of repairs and adjustments. Those which are necessary are, moreover, of the simplest kind. There is no longer, therefore, the same necessity for the motorman to be what is called a really good mechanic, so long as he understands the general principle on which the engine works and the arrangement of the gears.

The majority of motor-car owners have, therefore, changed in their requirements. They do not want a man who is primarily a skilled mechanic, but they do ask for a skillful driver, and on this wise alternative in the chief qualifications demanded lies a good deal of the reason for the great change which has taken place in the behavior of the motorman in the city and out of it. It may be remarked that an excellent mechanic is not necessarily a good driver, though he may be so in certain cases. What is required in the driver besides the general knowledge of the machinery is a knowledge of the customs and courtesies of the road and the habits of traffic, the possession of the qualities of alertness, foresight, and consideration for others. Above all, he should have a temperate frame of mind, an abstinence not only from drunkenness, but drinking in any but a most moderate sense. The driver of an ordinary wagon is conspicuous by his ignorance of the way to drive and his want of consideration of other traffic. He is the most persistent moving obstruction which exists. The motor-car driver, on the other hand, has to be the best driver on the highway if he is to drive without offense to the public and danger to them and himself, for he has to conduct a vehicle which is more valuable than any other and far and away more speedy though more handy, and, therefore, whose meeting with and overtaking of other vehicles is many times more rapid. In addition to these, he has to consider other dangers of the road to which other vehicles are not so liable and which come from the construction of its surface.

The complete motorman should have a working knowledge of the different materials of which roads are made, of their comparative tendency to cause skidding, and of the perils which arise from excessive and badly laid street-car tracks. He must know and continually practice the courtesies of the road and learn its manners and customs. He must be observant and realize that children hanging on the rear of wagons are liable to drop off suddenly and run across his path. He must be on the look-out for pedestrians, stupid, drunk, or deaf, for wagons on the wrong side of dangerous corners, and to be prepared to find vehicles in charge of sleepy drivers who will often do the wrong act on awakening. It will, therefore, be seen that the motorman to be really good has to be the best driver on the road and that the standard demanded must necessarily be high. He must possess exceptional qualities as compared with the horse driver. The question is, therefore, all important—What are the best methods of training such a man?

There is no doubt that many of the schools which are teaching elementary mechanics to the would-be motorman are excellent in their way. But there are many which are nothing but frauds. Reports have frequently been made to the State where a man has complained bitterly of having put down $25 or $50 in return for which nothing but most elementary instruction has been given and this often in the worst possible way. There has been no teaching in traffic rules or on the road, or, if given, so little as to be of no use. But at other places pains are taken, and, by diagrams in the class-room and practical teaching on the road much has been taught. There are also nowadays hand-books galore which teach the construction, repair, the common faults and likely failings of the gasoline engine from A to Z. The mechanical side may, therefore, be said to have been amply provided for.

But this is only the less important, though necessary, part of the training of the modern motorman. What is really needed is that some school should teach manners on the road and the habits of traffic,—in short, train its men for the road. There should also be problems of difficult but ordinary situations in traffic set in a written examination, the correct solution of which should be obligatory before the motorman could be said to be property trained. It is not, perhaps, easy to see at first how this sort of instruction can be given on the present scale of fees, but the schools in the future, which devote a large part of their attention to teaching the rules of the road and its customs and courtesies will assuredly turn out the best class of drivers, who will be in the greatest demand.

To begin with, the habits of horse-drawn vehicles should be studied. It is a liberal education to take a journey, for instance, on the top of a Fifth Avenue motor bus and watch the way in which the driver drives his unwieldly vehicle through the streets of New York. Other bus drivers also are rapidly becoming his equal, and let it be acknowledged that nothing but the hard school of practical, every-day experience in New York City streets, assisted by police supervision and the fear of dismissal for carelessness or accident, could produce such able drivers.

Again, the expert taxicab driver might be taken as an example of a faster class of motor traffic. The would-be first-class motorman when being trained would thus have the experience of horse vehicles and pedestrians, and have noted carefully what usually happens and have tried to understand their point of view. This is one of the first steps which should be taken in training the driver of the swift mechanical vehicle. Then example might be given of the proper way to drive cars around corners, both right-handed and left-handed, and the best manner of the ascending and surmounting steep gradients or negotiating high bridges. Driving at night should also be practiced, and prospective drivers should learn to distinguish the faint glow on the road ahead which designates the presence of a motorcycle and other signs denoting persons or vehicles. Map reading should also be a part of his instruction.

And there is yet one other thing which the motor-driving school should inculcate, though it could not technically teach the motorman—that is, good manners to his employer and his employer’s friends. To be rough and rude is a disgrace to any class, and it is the mark of a man who is either not certain of himself or is afflicted with an innate bad temper. It is not, and never can be, a sign of superiority. A respectful and civil attitude not only makes the path of life easier, but is in itself a strong recommendation. Little things which do not at first seem to matter, and are merely more in the nature of courtesy than servile attentions, should be observed. A civil salute when the owner first addresses the motorman, the readiness to help in any little matter, such as carrying a bag to the station, or the thought of a rug to cover the lap, and similar little courtesies, are the sign of the man who, if considerate in these little matters, is likely to be considerate in others more important. It also establishes him firmly in the estimation of his employer.

To sum up, the perfect motorman, though he should possess as much knowledge of mechanics as possible, should, above all, be a considerate driver, well versed in the manners and courtesies of the road and the habits of traffic. And in addition, he should try to be well mannered, as more and more motor-car owners are becoming convinced that, besides knowledge, “Manners maketh the Motorman.”

INDEX

A

Accelerate while clutch is being engaged, 168

Accelerator, lubrication of, 41

Accelerator pedal, 20; what it does, where placed, 160

Accessories, electric, cause trouble, 282

Air in tires, plenty of, before leaving garage, 308

Alcohol, in freeze-proof solution, how much to use, 192

Alignment, why wheels are not set in perfect, 101, 102, 103

Ammeter, 20, 109; needle erratic, cause of, 283

Anti-freezing solution, 164, 165; necessary in winter, 191; best to use, 193; home-made, cheapest and just as efficient, 193; composition of, depends on temperature, 193; sometimes wise to replace with hot water to start engine, 194

Armature, increasing speed of, 117

Armature winding, trouble in, 277

Asphalt, dried, how to remove from car, 241

Asphyxiation from gasoline fumes, 225; how to avoid, 226

Automobile, value of, what it depends on, 4; schools, 7; half knowledge of, an obstacle, 8; description and essentials of, 12; how to pull out when stuck, 86; steering compared with steering of boats of different types, 102; setting of wheels compared with bicycle, 105; will steer with broken tie rod, 106; how to start with engine running, 166; how to stop, 168; how to reverse, 169; cleaning of, 175, 236; may be kept in commission in many cold places the year round, 191; any modern make, if kept in good condition will climb worst hill, 229; to prepare for a tour, 244; trouble hunting must be systematic, 272; trouble, best way to find, 273; not a fad, 301

Automobile body, how to care for gloss of, 242

Automobile fires, causes of, 214

Auxiliary air valve, adjust for high speeds, 309

Axle, rear, description, 13; forward, description and location, 14

Axle shaft, rear, wind felt around, to keep oil away from brake lining, 96

B

Back-firing, cause of fires, 214; how to prevent, 220

Bands, brake, how arranged, 97

Batteries, two should be carried, 157

Battery, 15; source of current, 10; necessity of first testing, 109, 114; ignition, 120; be sure it is sufficiently charged before leaving garage, 157; must be filled oftener in hot weather, 206; packed around with waste, sometimes causes fire, 217; test before touring, 248; inspect, in case of trouble, 276; rules for care of, 312; indications and causes of a discharged, 313

Battery and coil ignition system, 15

Battery to magneto, switch from, 309

Battery trouble, 123; more difficult to keep charged in winter, 123; instance of starving battery, 124, 125; must not be overcharged, 125; less efficiency in cold weather, 126; now furnishes all current used, 126; sediment in, 126; can be charged overnight, 127; former battery “don’ts,” 127; average life of battery, 128

Bearings, crank, 17; lubrication of wheel, 43; definition, different types, 149; of engine, form and construction, how oiled, 150; of ignition system, form and lubrication, 152; carburetor and throttle, 152, 153; spark-control, starter, 153; steering-gear, transmission propeller shaft, 154; other, 155; need additional care in summer, 208; loose, cause knocking, 258; tight, cause knocking, 259; grit in, due to loss of hub cap, 270

Belts fan, troubles, how to care for, 200

Bicycle, setting of wheel compared with automobile, 105

Boats of different types, steering of, compared with steering of automobile, 102

Bolts, dropped from cars, 268; absence of, cause squeaks, 269; examination of, 269; brake-linkage, 271; dust-pan, 271; must know location of, 271; tighten, once a month, 271

Bottle, rubber hot-water, for heating carburetor, 194

Brake, use of engine as a, 95, 234, 247; running, when needed, how operated, 158; emergency, its use, how operated, 159, 308

Brake bands, how arranged, 97

Brake drums, description and location, 14, 15; how injured, 98; keep free from oil, 247

Brake-lever, emergency, 20, 159; lubrication of, 41

Brake lining, can be ruined, 95; oil on, its cause, the results, how to prevent, 96; wears thin, 98; when necessary to replace, 98; rivets of, 98; how to save, 247

Brake linkage, 15, 97; bolts, 271

Brake mechanism, oiling of, important, 97

Brake pedal, 20

Brake rods, worn, cause clattering, 264

Brakes, affect tires, 72; badly or unevenly adjusted, cause skidding, 80, 88; more important than the engine, manufacturers constantly improving, 93; must be continually watched, 94; other means of braking, 95; use of, on hills, 95, 172, 173; oil in lining, what causes it, how to prevent it, 96, 97; lubrication necessary, 97; failure of lining, 98; hand and foot, 98, 99; adjustment of both, for best effect, 99; inspect both sets before touring, 246; use two sets alternately, 247

Brass, remove corrosion from, with cleaning compound, 239; how to keep from corrosion, 239

Breaker points cause trouble, 292

Bulbs, electric light, extra set, 31

Bursting of radiator, pipes, and water-jacket prevented by proper freeze-proof solution, 193

C

Cam, loose, causes knocking, 259; follower guide causes knocking, 259; shafts to adjust, 309

Cams, worm, cause knocking, 259

Carbon, on valves, 67; secondary current absorbed by, 119; acts as a condenser, 119; short circuits spark plug, 120; in engine causes over-heating, 202; remove, before touring, 247; causes knocking, 251; reduces size of combustion chamber, 252; bits of, in unusual places, cause trouble, 272; on valve seats, 274

Carbon dioxide, in gasoline fumes, 224; monoxide, in gasoline fumes, 224

Carbonic acid gas, in gasoline fumes, 224

Carburetor, location, 15; what it does, 23; float, 23; adjustment to limit gasoline supply, 47; affected by weather, 53; varieties of, 55; test for, 56; adjustment of, 56, 57; poor adjustment of, 68; bearings, 152; priming, 166; works worst in cold weather, 185; manufacturers constantly improving efficiency of, 185, 186; desired which will vaporize heavy gasoline in cold weather, 186; stove and water-jacket both needed for cold weather, 186; will work better if hot air is first introduced, 187; “stove” put out by many manufacturers, 187; with water-jacketed mixing chamber, 187; devices for heating, 194; hot weather treatment, 206; inspect in case of trouble, 275; how to adjust a, 309; learn construction before attempting to adjust, 309

Caster effect of inclined knuckle pins, 105

Castor oil for harsh-gripping clutch, 310

Cautions, miscellaneous important, 176

Chains, cross, 82; non-skid, how to adjust, 81, 82; often drop links, 270

Chain tool, convenience of, 29

Chamber, combustion, 17

Chamois skin, 52, 241

Charge, of gasoline and air, 17; in combustion chamber, how fired and when, 22

Chart, Y. M. C. A., general trouble, 279

Chassis, construction of, 13; position of, 13; how to clean, 239

“Chauffeur,” real meaning “stoker,” 320

Chauffeurs, faults of, 6; must now have technical electrical knowledge, 282, 283, 284; show generally an increase in neatness and cleanliness and improvement in manners, 321

Choke, or priming device, 162

Circuit, breaker, 16; complete necessary, 108; secondary, gap in, 112; secondary, heavy insulation absorbs current, 119

Clattering caused by worn brake rods, 264

Cleaning car, 175, 236; cleaner it is kept, longer it will run satisfactorily, 236; oil and grease should be removed from outside of engine, 237, 238; from wire terminals and spark plugs, 238; from cylinders, remove corrosion from brass, 239; keep iron parts from rusting, 239; fan, fan belt, pulleys, and casings, 239; chassis and parts under car, 239; how to make a “creeper” to lie on while working under car, 240; cleaning the body with hose and water, 240; drying with chamois and cloth, 241; how to remove dried mud and asphalt, 241; do not use soap, 241; use running water if possible, 242; preparations for renewing varnished surface, 242; cleaning and treatment of the top, 242; keep car covered in garage, 242; slip covers, 243; fumes from stable or barnyard will dull varnish, 243; barn used for garage should be renovated, 243

Clearance between valve stems, and push rods causes trouble, 290

Click caused by rear driving shaft, instance of, 262

Climbing hills, 171

Clogging of muffler, 145, 146

Cloth, use of, in cleaning car, 241

Clutch, cone, 18; multiple disc, 18; location of, 18; pedal, 20; lever lubrication of, 41; affects tires, 71; where placed, its purpose, how it works, 158; how to use with accelerator pedal, 168; use in hill-climbing, 172; engage gradually, 177; expanding, instance connected with, 289; rules for care of, 310

Clutch pedal, where placed, 158

Cold weather, starting, in, 184

Combustion, 67

Combustion chamber, 17; charge in, how fired and when, 22; oil in, 48, 49; reduced in size by carbon, 252

Commutators, driver must know how to sandpaper, 282; and to undercut the insulation of, 283; sparking at the, 283

Complications on car, increase comfort, but add to worries, 284

Compression, how maintained, 24; absence of, 53; test before touring, 248; too high, causes knocking, 251, 260; necessary to start engine, 273; tests in case of trouble, 273; when it occurs, 274

Compression chamber, instance of stopping knocking by increasing size, 252

Compression stroke, 17

Condenser, may need examination, 121

Cone clutch, 18

Congested streets, driving in, 173

Connecting rod, 17, 68; bearing, causes knock, 256, 258

Connection, loose, results of, 283

Connector, battery, 276

Conveniences, added, have made more trouble, 280, 281

Cooling, principle of, 15; different system, 15

Corners, how to turn, 170

Cotter pins, supply to all nuts before touring, 248; lost in street, 268; absence of, causes squeaks, 269

Courtesy in motoring, 317; more noticeable in the West than in the East, 318; absence of, in ill-bred drivers, 319; speech by Hon. Francis M. Hugo, general requirements and desirable qualities of men who are trusted to run automobiles on the public roads, 319

Covers for radiator, 195

Crank, 17; where placed and carried, 157; missing, instance of, 287

Crank bearings, 17

Crank case, 16; water in, 68; to be drained, cleaned, and refilled before touring, 245

Crank-pin bearings cause knocking, 258

Crank shaft, revolutions in complete cycle, 17; bearing causes knocking, 258; bent, causes knocking, 259

Crank the engine, how to, 166

Cranking engine, no use when switch is off, 285; five things to do before, 308; three things to do after, 309

Creeper, to lie on in working under car, how to make, 240

Crossings, railway, extra care necessary, 180

Crown of the road causes slipping, 90

Current, electric, course of, 108; break in, order of tests to find, 109; more used in starting in winter, 126

Cut-out, object, 144; now prohibited and unnecessary, 145; sometimes causes fires when opened in garage, 216

Cut-out, reverse current, 283

Cuts in tires, 70

Cycle of the engine, number of strokes, 17

Cylinders, 16; importance of testing, 24; size of, in relation to air taken in, 47; proper power from each, 61; worn oval, 67; water in, 68; outside kept free from oil and grease, 238; raised by fiber gasket, 252; loose on base, causes knock, 256; worn causes knocking, 259; loose due to lost washers or pins, 270; test for compression, 274

D

Dashboard, wires and pipes, dials and gauges and switches on, 284

Death from gasoline fumes, 224; how to avoid, 226

Descending hills, use of engine as a brake, 172

Differential, location and purpose of, 13; housing, 13; rules for care of, 311

Disc clutch, multiple, 18

Distance between cars, necessary to keep enough, 87

Distributor, 16; dirty, causes knocking, 260; examine in case of trouble, 276

Doors of garage left open when engine is running, 227

Drivers must look out for pedestrians, 296

Drive shaft, 19

Driving, 156; in congested streets, 173

Drums, brake, description and location, 14, 15; how injured, 98; keep free from oil, 247

Dry cells may be carried while touring, 248

Dust pan, parts drop into, 269

E

Electric, bulbs, extra set needed while touring, 249; lights and accessories cause trouble, 282

Electrical, equipment, 108; trouble, tests for, 109; systems, knowledge of, necessary to operate and care for a modern car, 282, 283, 284

Electricity, static, causes fires, 217

Electrolite, replenish with water, 312

Electrolitic action set up by salt in freeze-proof solution, 192

Emergencies, be prepared for, with proper tools, 27

Emergency brake, lever, 20, 159; to be set, 308

Engine, three things necessary to start, 10, 273; three things necessary to keep running, 10, 21; location of, 15; description of, 16; cycle, number of strokes in, 17; power in, how secured, 22; use of, as a brake, 95, 172, 234; gap in secondary circuit helps to start, 112; skips at low speeds, 116; missing at high and low speeds, how to overcome, 116, 117; bearings, 150; how to start, 165; to prevent stalling, 167; speed of, learn to judge by sound, 167; stalls on a hill, what to do if, 172; missing due to cold weather, 184; higher temperature to the boiling point of water, best for efficiency, 189, 197; efficiency of, improved by covering radiator when running against the wind, 190; two things necessary to operate in winter, 191; freeze-proof solution, what to use, 191; priming in cold weather, 194; to start, sometimes necessary to substitute hot water for anti-freezing solution, 194; runs better in winter when fan is disconnected, 195; radiator cover necessary in cold weather, 195; overheating in summer causes trouble, 197; knocking at high speed, 198; overheats when driven at high speed with spark retarded, 198; overheating caused by sediment in radiator, 199; overheating caused by careless stretching of hose, 201; overheating rarely caused by pump, 201; keep free from carbon to prevent overheating, 202; will climb worst hills, if kept in good condition, 229; remove oil and grease from outside, 237, 238; remove carbon before touring, 247; knocks from too high compression caused by carbon, 251; knocking stopped by raising cylinder, 252; loose on frame, causes knocking, 259; loose, due to lost washers or pins, 270; oil and water necessary to keep running, 273; conditions existing in case of trouble, 273; stalled on crossing, instance of, 287; five things to do before cranking, 308

Engine oil, for multiple disc clutch, 311

Equipment, which may be purchased separately, 24; electrical, 108; extra, to be carried on car, 157

Exhaust, steam from, in cold weather, 50

Exhaust pipe, 15; may set fire to car, 215, 216; fumes from, cause death, 224; how to prevent, 226; composition of fumes, 226

Exhaust stroke, 17

Exhaust valves, sticking, cause knock, 257; carbon in, 274

Expansion of charge, 17

Expense of upkeep, 73

Explosion, none, from gasoline, 222

Extinguisher, fire, necessary, 218; dry and liquid, 223; carry while touring, 249

F

Fan, disconnect in cold weather, 195; formed by spokes of fly-wheel, 200; collects dust, 239; causes knocking, 260

Fan belts, troubles of, how to care for, 200; collects dust, 239; coupling, causes knocking, 259

Fan blades cause knocking, 259

Feed systems, gravity, pressure, and vacuum, 163

Felt, use of, to prevent oil on brake linings, 96

Fence rail as jack, 30

File, interrupter point, 28

Fire, causes of, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 221; extinguisher necessary, 218; don’t run away from, stay and fight hard, 220; to put out, use sand, salt, or patent extinguisher, 222; carry extinguisher while touring, 249

First-aid kit, 32

Five things to do before cranking engine, 308

Float in carburetor, 23

Fly wheel, 17; spokes of, forming fan, 200; loose, causes knocking, 259; out of balance, causes knocking, 259

Force, how produced in a gasoline engine, 17

Force-feed lubrication, 16

Four things to do before leaving garage, 308

Freeze-proof solution, for engine, 191; composition of, depends on temperature, 192; best to use, 193; home-made, cheapest and just as efficient, 193; sometimes wise to replace, with hot water to start engine, 194

Fresh-air problem, solution of, 301

Fuel supply systems, 16; tank, 16

Fuller’s earth for slipping clutch, 310

Fumes of gasoline cause death, 224; chemical changes, composition of, 224, 226; heavier than air, 225; how to avoid, 226; intoxication from, 227, 228

Fumes from stable or barnyard affect polished auto bodies, 243

“Furnace,” hot-air for warming air before it enters carburetor, 187

Fuse, 109; substitute for, in horn, 113

G

Gap in secondary circuit, 112

Garage doors, leave open while engine is running, 227

Garage, what to do before leaving, 157, 308; opening near floor for escape of gasoline fumes, 227

Gaskets, intake manifold, 53; dented or jammed, 64; under cylinders increase size of compression chamber, and stop knocking, 253, 254

Gas knock, 257

Gasoline, and air, charge of, 17; under what conditions it explodes, 21; proportion of vapor to air to produce good combustion, 21; causes of excessive use of, 46; adjustment of carburetor to limit supply of, 47; needs oxygen for complete consumption, 47; water in, 52; strainer for, 52; different qualities of, 55; cost of, 58; economy of, 61, 62, 63; loss through leaking, 65; excess of, indicated by black smoke, 68; affects tires, 72; examine supply before leaving garage, 157; feed systems, 163; teakettle and dishrag method of vaporizing, 184, 188, 194; volatility of, decreasing, 185; present supply has higher heat-producing quality when vaporized, but heavier, harder to vaporize in cold weather, 186; heat necessary to change from liquid to vapor, 186, 187; stove makes vaporization easier, 187; when vaporized, sometimes condenses again in cold engine, 187; stove and water jacket both needed in cold weather, 188; vaporizes properly in a warm garage, some condenses in cold air, 188; unnecessary amount used by retarded spark, 198; less required in hot weather than in cold, 206; in drip-pan, cause of fire, 215; burns, does not explode under normal conditions, 221; will not explode unless vaporized, 222; fire, how to put out, 222; fumes, of, cause death, 224; chemical changes, composition of fumes of, 224-226; fumes of, heavier than air, 225; how to avoid fumes of, 226; intoxication from fumes of, 227, 228; loosens up grease and oil in cleaning car, 238; carry extra supply when touring, 246; necessary to start engine, 273; inspect, in case of trouble, 275; used for slipping clutch, 310

Gasoline tank, where placed, how gasoline supply is maintained, 162; examine in case of trouble, 275

Gas-pipe, carbon in, 272

Gear, low-speed, as a brake, 95; high-speed, run on as much as possible, 168; always turn corners on second speed, 171

Gear casings, collect dust, 239; refill before touring, 245

Gear shifting, 137; necessary for proper adjustment of load to speed, 138; noiseless shifting desirable, 138; how best to shift from first to second, and second to third, 139; how best to shift from third to second, and second to first, 139, 140; when to go back to second, to first, 140; don’t shift too soon, 140; in hill climbing, 140; how to make a silent shift on a hill, 141; what makes gears grind, 141; how to avoid a noisy shift to first on starting, 141; on hills, 229; on an up grade, 231; starting up hill, 231; which gear is best to use, 232; avoid straining car by careful choice of gears, 232, 233; gears to use descending hills, 233, 234; no speeding on hills, perfect control of car necessary, 234

Gear-shifting lever, where placed, how operated, 159; how to move, when stuck in neutral, 168; place in neutral, 308

Gear-shifting pedals, 20

Gears, purpose of, 18, 131; trouble comes in the shifting gears, not in the transmission, 130; grinding or clashing detrimental, 131, 141; diagram and explanation of three-speed gears, 131; to start, 133; to increase speed, 133, 134; to decrease speed, 135; to reverse, 136; care necessary, 136; use of, in hill-climbing, 171; examine before touring, 245

Generator, 16; must not overcharge battery, 125; adjustable for summer and winter, 127

Glycerin in freeze-proof solution, 192

Gravity fuel supply, 16, 163

Grease, 61; affects tires, 72; heavier quality needed in summer, 207; carry extra supply when touring, 246

Grease cups, turn down, before leaving garage, 157, 311, 312

Greasing car, rules for, 311, 312

Grinding and clashing of gears, 131, 141

Ground connections, 110

Ground wire, loose, 114

Guides, valve push-rod, enclosed in housings, 44; lubrication of, 44

H

Headlight trouble, 114

Heat, much, necessary for vaporization of gasoline, 186, 189

High-speed gear, run on, as much as possible, 168

High-tension magneto system, 15

Hill-climbing, how to shift gears, 140, 141; use of throttle, spark, and gears, 171; what to do if engine stalls, 172; use of clutch, 172; blowing horn when, 297

Hills, descending, use of engine as a brake, 172; use of brakes on, 173; the steepest can be made by any modern car which is in good condition, 229

Horn blowing, 292; how it has arisen, 295; much of it unnecessary, 296; blowing not necessary after others have seen you, 297; while passing and turning, 297; on hills, 297; when others are passing, 298

Horn trouble, 113, 284

Hose, careless stretching of, causes overheating, 201; defective, causes knocking, 260

Hose and water, how to use in cleaning car, 240

Hot weather, over-inflation of tire, instance of, 203; expands air in tires, giving greater pressure, 204

Housings, differential, 13; for valve push-rod guides, 44

Hub of rear wheel needs inspection when keyed to shaft, 43

Hub caps, loss of, allows grit to get into bearings, 270

Hugo, Hon. Francis M., speech by, 319

Hydro-carbon in burning gasoline, 224

Hydrometer, 109; rules for readings, 313

I

Ignition, switch, 20; magneto, 116; battery, 120; prevented by short-circuiting due to carbon, 120; switch, where placed, its use, how operated 162; use of, when braking with engine, on hills, 173; wrongly timed, causes knocking, 260; inspect in case of trouble, 276

Ignition system, kinds, 15; work of, 24; bearings, 152; requires many changes of spark lever, 198; test before touring, 248; rules for locating trouble in, 314

Inflation, tire, under, 60; increased by hot weather, 204; lower pressure needed in hot weather, 205; proper degree of, 211, 212

Inlet valve, 17; trouble in, 274

Inspect, don’t expect, 285

Instruction book, manufacturer’s, importance of fully mastering, 1, 269

Instructions, importance of following, 8, 9

Insulation, heavy, on secondary wires absorbs current, 119

Insurance premium lower when extinguisher is carried, 218

Intake manifold, 16; gaskets, 53; leaky, 63; loose, 64

Intake valve, 52

Interrupter point file, 28

Interrupter points, adjusting, to overcome engine missing at high or low speed, 116; cleaning of, 121; carbon in, 272; inspect in case of trouble, 276

Iron, angle, used in chassis, 13

Iron parts, how to keep from rusting, 239

J

Jack, importance of handle, 30; use of fence-rail as a, 30

Jerking, how to overcome, 167

Jet, low speed, clogged, 291

Joints, universal, 19, 40

K

Kerosene, can be used for cleaning out the sump, 37; loosens up grease and oil, 238; for cleaning car, 241; for multiple disc clutch, 311

Kit, first-aid, 32

Knocking, of engine, 198; prevented by removal of carbon, 247; too high compression, 251; caused by cam-shaft gear, sticking exhaust valves, 257; stopped by increasing size of compression chamber, 252; many causes for, 255; some need immediate attention, some do not, 256; loose connecting rod bearing, loose cylinder, lack of lubrication, spark advanced too far, short circuit, 256; not caused by lean mixture, or over-advanced spark, 258; caused by mechanical looseness due to improper adjustment or wear, 258; by faulty ignition, 259; by faulty carburetion, 260; by faulty lubrication, 260; by overheating of engine, 260; by faulty compression, 260

Knocks in the chassis, 262

Knuckle-pins, how kept in place and relieved of weight, 104; inclined fore and aft, 105

Knuckles, steering, 14, 40

L

Lamps, 109, 110

Leaks of oil and gasoline, sources of, 65

Lever, spark timing, 19; emergency brake, 20; throttle, 19, 20, 161; clutch, lubrication of, 41; gear shifting, 159; emergency brake, 159; spark control, 161, 198

Lighting switch, 20, 109

Lighting system, rules for locating troubles in, 314

Lights dim, what makes the, 283

Linings, brake, can be ruined, 95; oil on, 96; wear thin, 98; when necessary to replace, 98

Linkage, brake, 15, 97

Links, loose cross, how to fasten, 271

Linseed oil, use of, in cleaning car, 241

Lubrication, systems, 16; why needed, 33; most common system, 34; troubles, 35; necessity of frequent inspection, 36; needed in many minor places, 39; steering knuckles, 40; universal joint, 40; clutch and brake levers, self-starter and accelerator, 41; spring shackles, 42; wheel bearings, 43; spring leaves, valve push-rod guides, overhead valves, 44; of brakes important, 97; system how made and supplied, its care, 164; in cold weather, 195; proper oil necessary, 195; heavier grease needed in summer, 207; inspect before touring, 246; time table, 312

Lubricants, poor, cause knocking, 260

M

Magnetic field, distortion of, 117

Magneto, high-tension, systems, 15; ignition, 116; manipulation of spark lever when using, 198; coupling causes knocking, 259; trouble, instance of, 291; rules for timing, 310

Manifold, intake, 16; leaky, 63; loose, 64

“Mechanicien” French term for driver of a car, 321

Mechanics, careless, 269

Misfiring, 63

Mixing chamber, 23

Mixture, 17; rich and lean, 21; proper, 56; thin, 63, 66; weak, 64; anti-freezing, 164, 165; warming device, necessary in winter, 186; too rich or too lean calls attention to other parts which are causing knocking, 258

Motor, _see_ Engine

Motor, starting, _see_ Self-starter

Motorist, absent-mindedness in—bad habit, 285, 286, 287

Motoring, future of, depends upon behavior of motorists toward the public, 320

“Motorman” best term for driver of an automobile, 321

Mud, dried, how to remove from car, 241

Muffler, purpose of, 15; often neglected or misused, 143; its uses, and advantages, 143, 144; original object of the cut-out, 144; cut-out now prohibited and unnecessary, 145; needs careful attention, 145; clogging prevents escape of gases, and brings loss of power, 145, 146; instance of bad effect of clogging, 146; usually no provision made for inspection, 147; kerosene clogs, 147; special information sometimes necessary, 148

Multiple disc clutch, 18

N

Neatsfoot oil for harsh gripping clutch, 310, 311, 312

Needle valve, 52, 63, 276; adjust at low speed, 309

Nitrogen in gasoline fumes, 224

Noise, in the chassis, 262; from torque rod, from worn brake rods, from worn spring-shackle bolts, 264; from worn steering knuckle-pins, 265; from tools and accessories, 265; from broken gear teeth and other parts, 265

Non-skid, tires, 81, 84, 85; chains, 81, 82; devices, which to use under various conditions, 85; chains often drop links, 270

Nuts, tighten before touring, 248; absence of, cause squeaks, 269; examination of, 269; must know location of, 271

O

Oil, effect of absence of, in lubrication, 36; things which wear it out and make necessary to replace, 36, 37; how often to drain out, 37; things which affect its lubricating value, 37; in the combustion chamber, 48; how to prevent, 49; waste of, through leakage, 65; affects tires, 72, 165; on the brake lining, cause, results, how to prevent, 96; examine supply of, before leaving garage, 157, 308; proper, necessary for cold weather, 195; take car maker’s advice, 196; on fan belts, 200; remove from exterior of engine, 238; carry reserve supply when touring, 246; lack of, causes knocking, 260; excess of, causes knocking, 260; necessary to keep engine running, 273

Oil feed sight, 20

Oil level, how to correct when too high, 49

Oil pump, 34, 35

Oil the car, when to, 311, 312

Oiled roads dangerous, 90; necessary to take at low speed, 92; during summer season, 207

Outlet valves, 22

Overheating, caused by sediment in radiator, 199; rarely caused by pump, 201; caused by careless stretching of hose, 201; caused by carbon in engine, 202

Over-inflation of tire, in hot weather, instance of, 203; makes riding uncomfortable, 211

Owner, originality, initiative, and ingenuity of, important, 9; should learn how to do many things himself, 202

P

Pail, folding, 29

Parts dropped in streets, 268, 269; lost, puncture tires, 270

Passengers, drive for the comfort of, 169

Passing others, blowing horn while, 297, 298

Pedals, gear-shifting, 20; starting, 20, 158, 288; brake, 20, 158; clutch, 20, 158; accelerator, 20, 160, 168; reverse, 95

Pedestrians have right of way everywhere, 296

“Pep,” 56

Petcocks, 274

Pin, tie rod, 270

Pipe, exhaust, 15; exhaust, may set fire to car, 215, 216; attach to exhaust in garage, to lead fumes to outer air, 227

Pipe lines, clogged, cause knocking, 260

Pipes, leaky supply, 65; to prevent bursting of, 193

Piston head, hole punched in, by valve head, 274

Piston rings, 16; grooving and drilling to release surplus oil, 49; leaky, 53, 54; to prevent working around, 67; loose, cause knocking, 259; carbon in, 272

Pistons, 16; too small, cause knocking, 259

Pliers, carry while touring, 249

Plug, spark, 17; cracks or porosity in, 119; carry extra set while touring, 249; to test in case of trouble, 277

Policemen, don’t run away from, 10

Power, stroke, 17; how connected to wheels, 18; how secured in engine, 22; necessity of pressure to get, 22; proper, from each cylinder, 61

Pre-ignition, caused by increase of pressure in combustion chamber, 252; causes knocking, 260

Premium on fire insurance lower when extinguishers carried, 218

Pressure, necessity of, for power, 22; on tires increases in hot weather, 204; on tires test for increase in, in hot weather, 210; proper for tires, 211, 212; in combustion chamber, 251

Pressure fuel system, 16, 163

Priming, how done, 163; in cold weather, 194

Propeller-shaft bearings, 154

Pump, oil, 34, 35; overheating rarely caused by, 200; parts of, cause knocking, 260

Pump type of cooling system, 15

Puncture caused by lost parts, 270

Push-rod adjustment causes knocking, 259

Push-rods, clearance between valve stems and, causes trouble, 290

R

Radiator, location of, 15; examine, before leaving garage, 157; sediment in, 164, 199; to remedy discharge of steam from, 165; adjustable device to regulate admittance of air, 189; covers, 189, 195; cover partly or wholly in cold weather, 188, 189; if covered, improved efficiency of engine, 190; bursting of, to prevent, 193; water boiling in, 198; clogged, causes knocking, 260

Radius rods, 13

Railway crossings, extra care necessary, 180

Rattles, causes of, 269

Reverse the car, how to, 169

Reverse pedal, use of, as a brake, 95

Reversing, shifting of gears in, 136

Rings, piston, 16, 49, 53, 54, 67

Rivets of brake lining, 98

Road rules, of Y. M. C. A., 156; local, must be obeyed, 173

Roads, oiled, dangerous, 90; necessary to take at low speed, 92; generally sprinkled or oiled during summer season, 207

Roads, signs along, importance of, 90; parts found along, 269

Roadway, crown of the, causes slipping, 87, 90

Rod, radius, 13; torque, 13, 264; tie, 14, 101, 106, 107; connecting, 17, 68

Rotary motion, how obtained, 17

Rubber hose decomposed by glycerin in freeze-proof solution, 192

Rules, importance of following, 8, 9, 10; miscellaneous, 308

Running brake, 158

S

Safety devices, best necessary, 89

Salt in freeze-proof solution, 192

Schools, automobile, manufacturers’ for purchasers, 3, 7; danger of being taught at inefficient or fraudulent institutions, 324

Screws, absence of, causes squeaks, 269

Secondary current absorbed by carbon, 119

Sediment, in battery causing short-circuit, 126; in radiator, 164, 199

Self-starter, pedal, 20; lubrication of, 41; types of, 128; bearings, 153

Service stations, 7

Shaft, crank, 17; drive, 19; rear, in driving causes click, 262

Shifting gears, 133; on hills, 229; on an up grade, 231; starting uphill, 231; choice of gears, 232; avoid straining car, 232, 233; descending hills, 233, 234

Short circuiting, causes fires, 217; causes knocking, 259

Shut-off valve, 275

Sight oil feed, 20

Signs along the road, importance of, 90

Skidding, 76; effects of, on car, 77; in winter, 77; turning corners, 78; rear wheel, how to stop, 79; street-car tracks, 80; uneven brakes, 86, 88; unequal distribution of weight, 81; best prevented by care, 82, 83; due mostly to excessive speed, 86; caused by crown of road, 87; by turning corners at high speed, by sharp turn of steering-wheel, 87; stopped by turning steering-wheel, 88

Skipping sometimes overcome by enriching the mixture, 190

Smoke, its sources, 46; remedies, 47, 48, 49; how to tell from what it comes, 50; black, 68

Soap, not to be used on polished surfaces of car, 241

Spark, 17; why advanced and retarded and how, 23; intensity of, increased by gap in secondary circuit, 112; has more kick, 116; very weak, perhaps caused by condenser, 121; use of, in hill-climbing, 171; retarded, uses unnecessary gasoline, and overheats engine, 198; greatly retarded indirectly causes fires, 216; retard to prevent knocking on hills, 231; over advanced does not cause knocking, 258; too late causes knocking, 259; at right time, necessary to start engine, 273; test for in case of trouble, 276; fully retarded, 308; advance two-thirds, 309

Spark-control bearings, 153

Spark lever, 19, 161, 198

Spark plugs, 17; widening gaps of, to prevent engine missing, 117; insulating surface inside cylinder, 118; cracks in, insulation, 119; testing of, 120; short-circuited by carbon, 120; keep free from oil and grease, 238; carry when touring, 249; points of, cause knocking, 259, 260; carbon between points of, 272; how to test in case of trouble, 277

Sparking at commutator, 283

Sparks from commutators cause fires, 221

Speed, how to shift gears in increasing or decreasing, 133, 134, 135; of engine, learn to judge by sound, 167; running at extreme, cause of fires, 215

Speeds, number of, in gears, 18

Spindles, 14

Splash lubrication, 16; pan, 34

Sponge, use of, in cleaning car, 240

Spray nozzle, 275

Spray valve, 63

Spring leaves, lubrication of, 44

Spring repair attachments, 248

Spring-shackle bolts sometimes make noise, 264

Spring shackles, lubrication of, 42

Springs, examine before touring, 248

Squeaks, causes of, 269

Stalling engine, how caused, 167; what to do, on a hill, 172

Starter, switch, trouble in, 280; a great convenience, but a source of trouble, 281, 282; pedal sticking, instance of, 288; makes automobile available to women, 302

Starting, motor, 16; pedal, 20, 158; systems, types, 128; crank, 157; engine, three things necessary, 273

Steam, from exhaust in cold weather, 50; to remedy discharge from radiator, 165

Steering, of automobile compared with steering of different type of boats, 102; with broken tie rod, 106, 107

Steering gear, out of true, 71; bearings, 154

Steering knuckles, 14; lubrication in, 40

Steering-shaft, worm on, 19

Steering tie rod, 101

Steering wheel, 19, 162

Stop, how to, 168

Storage battery, 15

Stove, supplied by many manufacturers to heat air before it enters carburetor, 187; may be dispensed with in hot weather, 206

Strain, how taken off knuckle pins, 104

Streets, how to turn in narrow, 169; driving in congested, 173

Strokes, suction, compression, power, and exhaust, 17

Suburbs of any city, the place for automobiling, 303

Suction stroke of engine, 17

Sump, 34

Supply pipes, leaky, 65

Switch, lighting, 20, 109; ignition, 20, 162; self-starter, trouble in, 280; thrown to battery position, 308

System, importance of, in locating trouble, 9; a process of elimination, 273

Systems, cooling, kinds, 15; ignition, kinds, 15; lubrication, kinds, 16; fuel supply, kinds, 16, 163

T

Talc French, for slipping clutch, 310

Tank, fuel supply, 16; gasoline, 162; water, 164

Tape, tire, carry, while touring, 249

Temperature, high, to the boiling point of water, but for efficiency of engine, 189

Terminals, electric, testing of, 109

Tests for electrical troubles, examples of, 109

Thermo-syphon type of cooling system, 15

Things to do, four before leaving garage, 308; five, before cranking engine, 308; three after cranking, 309

Throttle, purpose, 23; use of, in hill-climbing, 171; open, in starting, 308; close, till engine idles, 309

Throttle bearings, 153

Throttle lever, its use, where placed, how operated, 19, 20, 161

Tie rod, must not be bent, 14, 101; broken, 106, 107

Tie rod pin, 270

Timing, correct, 24

Timing gears, to adjust, 309

Timing gear teeth cause knocking, 259

Timing, ignition, wrong, causes knocking, 260

Tire pressure, tests of increase due to running in hot weather, 210

Tire repair materials, carry, while touring, 249

Tire-valve tool, 30

Tires, purpose and location, 19; abuse of, 59, 60; deterioration of, 69; cuts in, 70; affected by steering gear, 71; by clutch, 71; by brakes, 72; by oil, grease, gasoline, and wet weather, 72; general cost of, 73; storing, in winter, 74; porosity of, 75; keep clean, 75; non-skid, 81, 84, 85, 86; examine, before leaving garage, 157; how to care for, 165; expand in hot weather, 204; pressure test of, after hot weather running, 205; under-inflation and over-inflation, 205; inflated too hard make riding uncomfortable, 211; weakened from any cause blow-out quicker, 211; proper pressure for, 211, 212; extra, carry on car, 249; puncture caused by lost parts, 270

Tool for tire valves, 30

Tools, furnished with car, 26; for emergencies, 27; too many better than too few, 27; additional, desirable, 28; to be carried on car, 157

Tops, how to clean and care for, 242

Torque rod, 13; causes knocks, 264

Touring, what to do before, 244; refill gear case, 245; examine gears, 245; drain, clean, and refill crank case, 245; attend to lubrication, 246; carry extra oil, grease and gasoline on car, 246; examine brakes, 246; keep brake drums free from oil, 247; have carbon removed, 247; tighten nuts and inspect all parts, 248; test compression, grind in valves, inspect ignition system, recharge battery, dry cells should be carried, examine springs, 248; things which should be carried, 249

Tow rope, 31; fastened to post and rear wheel, 86; carry while touring, 249

Traffic, driving in, 173; rules give pedestrian right of way, 296; rules should be taught by auto schools, 325

Transmission, 130; rules for care of, 311

Transmission gear bearings, 154

Trolley crossings, extra care necessary, 182

Trouble, hunting must be systematic, 272; a process of elimination, 273; the first thing to do, 273; indications when engine turns over easily or hard, 273; compression tests, 273, 274; exhaust valves, 274; inlet valve, 274; inspect gasoline, 275; inspect carburetor, 275; inspect ignition system, 276; 277, 314; chart, Y. M. C. A., 279; in the self-starter switch, 280; caused by added conveniences, 280, 281; necessary to almost dismantle complex types of engines, 281; made by starter, 281, 282; made by electric lights and accessories, 282; by complicated electric systems and wiring, 282, 283, 284

Tubes, how to keep, 73; carry extra while touring, 249

Turn buckle, 14

Turn, in narrow streets, how to, 169; corners, how to, 170

Turning, blowing horn when, 297

U

Universal joints, 19, 40

Upholstery, protect with slip covers, 243

V

Vacuum fuel supply, 16, 164

Valve head, punches hole in piston head, 274

Valve push-rod guides enclosed in housings, 44; lubrication of, 44

Valve-stems, clearance between push rods and, causes trouble, 290

Valve, needle, 52, 63, 276, 309; spray, 63; sticking causes knocking, 259; auxiliary air, 275, 309; shut off, 275

Valves inlet, 17, 22; outlet, 22; overhead, lubrication of, 44; leaky, 54, 66; carbonized, 67, 272, 274; exhaust, 257; inlet, 274

Vaporization of gasoline absorbs much heat, 187; best in cold weather when stove and water jacket are both used, 188

Velocipede, setting of wheel compared with automobile, 105

Vibration, effects of, 65

Voltmeter, 109

W

Washers, supply to all nuts before touring, 248; absence of, causes squeaks, 269; lock, 270

Washing automobile, what to use, how to do it, 175

Waste, carry on car, 30; packed around battery has caused fires, 217

Water, in cylinder and crank case, 68; where placed, its care, 164; boiling in radiator, 198; evaporates from battery quicker in hot weather, 206; of no use in fighting gasoline fires, 222; running, should be used in cleaning car whenever possible, 242; needed, 273; take on before leaving garage, 308

Water jacket, on mixing chamber of gasoline, 187; to prevent bursting of, 193

Wet weather affects tires, 72

Wheel, fly, 17; steering, 19, 162

Wheels, how front are made to converge and undergather, 14; how power is connected to, 18; why not parallel, 101, 102, 103; set to undergather, 104; setting of, compared with bicycle, 105

Wheel bearings, lubrication of, 43

Wind sometimes cools the engine too much when traveling against, 190

Wire, spool of, 31; extra wire for additional device, 111; carry while touring, 249; to fasten cross link, 271

Wire gauze, 52

Wire terminals, keep free from oil and grease, 238

Wires to plugs, inspect, in case of trouble, 277

Wiring diagram, knowledge of, important, 115

Wobbling, tendency to overcome by converging of wheels, 103

Women as drivers, 300; Eastern and Western compared, 302; as apt as men at mastering details, 303; at Y. M. C. A. Auto School, 303; all types, pupils, 304; take cars apart and assemble them, 305; road instruction for, 306; have the main qualities needed for drivers, 307; taking up the auto seriously, 307

Wood, block of, to put under jack, 30

Worm on steering shaft, 19

Wrist pin, out of line or loose, causes knocking, 259

Y

Yokes, 14

Y. M. C. A. Automobile School, road rules, 56; general trouble chart, 279; women as pupils, 303