CHAPTER IV

MENTAL INFLUENCE AFTER OPERATION

Every surgeon feels the necessity of having his patients as quiet and restful as possible after operation. Any unfavorable mental influence will surely hamper the curative reaction of tissues and delay convalescence. We all know how fear blanches tissues, and anxiety causes hyperemia, and how solicitude with regard to any part of the body interferes with the normal control of the sympathetic nervous system and sets up vasomotor disturbances. Either a lessening or surplus of blood in a particular part interferes with the normal and healthy curative reaction of tissues. The patient's mind should therefore be as much as possible diverted from attention to the part that has been operated on in order to leave nature to pursue its purposes without disturbance. For this, of course, pain must be relieved and every possible measure taken that will add to the comfort of the patient. In spite of the fact that opium may interfere with certain natural processes, it is always useful after severe operations, because it represents the lesser of two evils. The pain of itself would produce more detriment than does the opium which relieves the pain. There are, of course, other anodynes which may be used and that have less disturbing sequelae. In this matter, routine is unfortunate, for individual patients react very differently to opium and its derivatives, the disturbing effect upon the mind being greater than the quieting effect on the body. Many patients stand the coal-tar derivatives much better because of their lack of effect on the mind.

Removal of Worries.--Worries of all kinds not associated with the operation must have been thoroughly removed beforehand and must not be allowed {760} to obtrude themselves afterwards until convalescence is well established. Business is quite another matter. Whenever it does not imply worry but only means occupation of mind and distraction of the attention of the patient from himself, it may very well be permitted, after only a comparatively brief interval after operation. Within a few days a business man may certainly be allowed to dictate letters for an hour or so, and an author may even be allowed to dictate notes of some of the fancies that came to him during anesthesia. When a man has the opportunity to look forward to even a short interval during the day when he can do something that is useful, it serves as an excellent distraction for many hours beforehand and as a satisfactory memory for hours afterwards.

Pleasant Visits.--It used to be the custom to keep visitors from patients after operation much longer than is at present the custom. There has come the realization, however, that short visits from pleasant friends may mean much for the patient. It is hard to make the selection, for certain friends and especially relatives disturb and annoy rather than help the patient. Anyone who shows much solicitude and, above all, fussy over-anxiety, must be excluded, no matter how nearly related he or she may be.

Psychic Conditions of Hospitals.--The atmosphere of the hospital must all conduce to peace and quiet of mind. It is surprising the differences that may be noted in this respect. I have been in a hospital where only a dozen of operations were done a week and have scarcely ever been there without hearing complaints of pain and discomfort that were surely disturbing to others. On the other hand, I have been in a hospital where twenty capital operations a day were done, and have heard no complaint, and at nine o'clock at night have found in it the peace of a religious community. I knew that it was all due to the personality of the surgeons and their lack of power in one case to impress their patients' minds and a very marvelous power in the other of impressing patients favorably. The success of many a surgeon in a material way depends on this power to impress his patients. It is they who send others to him, and in general there is a feeling that if he cannot cure them no one can.

Of course, it is extremely important that circumspection should be employed as regards chance remarks that may be seriously misinterpreted and prove unfavorably suggestive. Patients should not, as a rule, be allowed to see their own charts whenever there are disturbing developments in pulse and temperature. During dressings the conversation should be cheerful, distracting to the patient, and should not contain remarks that may be disturbing. The surgeon and his assistants must know how to control their expressions so as not to reveal any solicitude that may be occasioned by the patient's progress or by the state of his wound when these are not satisfactory.

Surgeon's Visits.--Practically every time that a surgeon visits a patient after operation there is something that the patient has to ask or have explained. A good deal depends, as far as regards the comfort and peace of mind during the interval until the coming of the surgeon again, on the satisfaction derived from the surgeon's explanation. He should be prepared, therefore, to answer in such a way as will leave no haunting doubts in the patient's mind. Some patients are very prone to find unfavorable suggestions in even simple expressions of the physician. He must be prepared for {761} this, therefore, and be sure to say nothing that can possibly be misunderstood. In spite of this, at times patients will draw unfavorable inferences and then the nurse should have the confidence of the patient sufficiently to set the matter right or at least to give reassurance that will keep the patient's anxiety from disturbing until the next visit of the surgeon. All of this seems trivial from a certain standpoint, but even surgery is as yet an art and not a science. Art depends on personality and the influence of it and the power to express itself. The personality of the surgeon must be felt in the patient, and the more he can make it felt the better the convalescence and the less discomfort even though there should be more of pain. The amount of pain actually felt depends on how much of it gets above the threshold of consciousness.

Almost any surgical patient, especially if he has gone through a serious convalescence, will tell you how much good the visits of his physician used to do him, though a glum and over-serious surgeon may have exactly the opposite effect. Sometimes busy surgeons neglect to visit their patients daily, and nearly always this has an unfortunate effect. In serious cases, the seeing of the surgeon several times a day, when it is well understood that his visits are not due to over-anxiety with regard to the patient, may hasten convalescence materially.

Comfort, Mental and Physical.--Everything must be done to make the patients as physically comfortable as possible. It must be well understood, however, that comfort lies much more in variety and response to feeling than in any continuous condition. Patients will have little complaints and there must be always something novel to do for them. This does not necessarily imply medicine or even troublesome external applications, but the rearranging of bed clothing, the use of a hot-water bag or of an ice bag, the relief of pressure, sometimes mild applications of pressure, the lifting of the head, slight turning, even small changes of position and the like. Whenever a patient can be relieved by some means so simple as these external trifling remedial measures, confidence is awakened that the discomfort they feel is not due to any serious condition, but is only such achy tiredness as comes from confinement to bed. Without relief afforded in this way, they are likely to let unfavorable suggestion accumulate until their dread of something serious may inhibit convalescence or at least interfere with sleep and greatly enhance their discomfort generally. It is the state of mind that develops as a consequence of continued trifling discomforts and not the physical results of those discomforts that must be carefully looked to in post-operative patients.

Nursing.--In the general management of patients after operations it would be eminently helpful to the surgeon if surgical nurses were supposed to read at least once a year, Florence Nightingale's "Notes on Nursing," [Footnote 61] written half a century ago, and if the surgeon himself should have read it through once at least and dip into it occasionally afterwards. In her chapter on Noise there are many remarks that I should like to quote, but the whole chapter is so valuable that it is hard to know where it stops, and so only a few expressions may be given here. For instance, "Never to allow a patient to be waked intentionally or accidentally, is a _sine qua non_ of all good nursing. If he is aroused out of his first sleep he is almost certain to have no more sleep." "The more sleep patients get the better will they be able to sleep." "I have often {762} been surprised at the thoughtlessness (resulting in cruelty, quite unintentionally) of friends or of doctors who will hold a long conversation just in the room or passage adjoining the room of the patient, who is either every moment expecting them to come in, or who has just seen them, and knows they are talking about him." "Everything you do in a patient's room after he is 'put up' for the night increases tenfold the risk of his having a bad night. Remember, never to lean against, sit upon, or unnecessarily shake or even touch the bed in which a patient lies."

[Footnote 61: American edition, Appleton, N. Y.. 1860.]

Miss Nightingale, as might be expected, insists emphatically on the state of the room, the arrangement of the furniture and the cheerfulness of surroundings as important factors for the cure of patients. One of the most important elements is, of course, the nurse. She must be gentle, patient, quick to understand, often ready to anticipate wishes, and always as noiseless as possible. Slowness may be neither gentle nor noiseless. Patients, particularly men, often grow impatient at the slowness with which things are done for them.

Chattering Hopes.--There is scarcely an element of mind in the patient's environment that Miss Nightingale has not thought of and touched with very practical wisdom. She deprecates, as does anyone who knows anything about the care of patients, the "chattering hopes" of those who try to cheer patients by simply telling them that they ought to be more cheerful, that of course they will get well and that they must not be anxious. She says: "I would appeal most seriously to all friends, visitors, and attendants of the sick to leave off this practice of attempting to 'cheer' the sick by making light of their danger and by exaggerating their probabilities of recovery." Cheerfulness and kindness towards the sick are one thing and foolish attempts at encouragement not founded on good reasons quite another.

Variety of Thoughts.--From the chapter on Variety the following quotations show the very practical character of Miss Nightingale's persuasion as to the value of influencing the patient's mind:

"To any but an old nurse or an old patient the degree would be quite inconceivable to which the nerves of the sick suffer from seeing the same walls, the same ceilings, the same surroundings, during a long confinement to one or two rooms." "The nervous frame really suffers as much from this lack of variety as the digestive organs from long monotony of diet." "The effect in sickness, of beautiful objects, of variety of objects, and especially of brilliancy of color is hardly at all appreciated."

As Miss Nightingale insists, flowers are remedies of great value for the ailing and especially for those who are confined to their room for a long period. She pleads for having the bed placed near a window in order that they may see out into the fields and the scenery around them, to which I would add with emphasis, and so that, if it is possible, they may see the occupations of human beings. Miss Nightingale adds: "Well people vary their own objects, their own employments many times a day; and while nursing (!) some bedridden sufferer then, they let him lie there staring at a dead wall without any change of object to enable him to vary his thoughts." Quite needless to say, variety is more important for the ailing than the well.

Pain Psychic Conditions.--Pain after operation is an extremely common symptom and often causes much disturbance. Every surgeon knows how {763} individual are patients in this respect, and how much depends on the personal reaction to pain. There are men and women who have very serious lesions, from which much pain might be expected, who complain very little. There are, on the other hand, many men as well as women who complain exaggeratedly after even trifling surgical intervention. We have probably had some of the most striking examples of the influence of mind over body in these cases. Many a patient who complained bitterly of torment that made it impossible to rest has, after being given a preliminary dose of morphine hypodermically, subsequently been given less and less of that drug, until finally, after a few days, he was getting injections of only distilled water. Without their injection he was in agony. After it he settled down to a quiet, peaceful night. Very often it is noted that these pains are worse at night and there is a tendency for such patients to attract attention only at such times as may be productive of considerable disturbance of the regular order and as may call special attention to them. We used to call such conditions hysteria, though, of course, they have nothing to do with the uterus and must be looked for in men quite as well as women.

Psychoneuroses.--These neurotic conditions, to use a term that carries no innuendo with it, may affect other functions besides that of sensation. Occasionally a neurologist is asked to see a patient in whom, following an operation, usually not very serious, some paralytic symptoms have developed. There is an inability to use one or more limbs, and the suspicion of thrombosis is raised. It is rather easy, however, to differentiate thrombotic conditions from neurotic palsies. The ordinary symptoms of the psychoneurosis are present. There is likely to be considerable disturbance of sensation, with patches of anesthesia and hyperesthesia, some narrowing of the fields of vision, and anesthesia of the pharynx, sometimes even of the conjunctiva. Often there is something in the history that points to the possible occurrence of a neurotic condition. Sometimes it is extremely difficult to get such patients over the mental persuasion that is the basis of their palsy, but usually it can be accomplished by suggestion in connection with certain physical means. Electricity is often of excellent effect in demonstrating to these patients that their muscles react properly under stimulus and that it is only a question of inability to use them because of mental inhibition. Such conditions as astasia-abasia may develop quite apart from surgery, but there is always some "insult," as the Germans say, that is some physical basis for them, and so they are often considered to be surgical.

Psychic Disturbance of Function.--Besides motion and pain, other functions may be affected through the mind. After operations within the abdomen it is sometimes difficult to move the bowels when it is desired to do so. It must not be forgotten that not infrequently in these cases the patient's mental attitude of extreme solicitude with regard to his intestines is inhibiting peristalsis. Such constipation will sometimes not yield to even rather strong purgatives, and yet will promptly be bettered by something that alters the mental state. It must not be forgotten that it is in cases of neurotic constipation that _pittulae micarum panis_ have proven particularly useful. In the chapter on Constipation there is a discussion of this subject that will often prove suggestive to surgeons.

This same thing is true with regard to post-operative urination. In women, {764} particularly, there may be difficulty of urination after vaginal operations, which may be attributed to some lesion of the urinary tract and yet only be due to failure of the patient properly to control muscles in these cases. As in obstetrical cases, position, the presence of others, and the mental disturbance, may inhibit urination. The subject is discussed more fully in the section on Psychotherapy in Obstetrics. Surgeons are not so inclined now to insist on absolute post-operative immobility, and even a slight change of position may enable patients to gain control over their bladders without the necessity for the use of the catheter, which always carries an element of danger with it.

The influence of the mental attitude with regard to both of these functions--intestinal and vesical evacuation--must not be forgotten. There are many persons who find it extremely difficult to bring about such evacuations in the lying position. Everything is unusual, and their exercise of the coordination of muscles necessary to accomplish these functions is interfered with. It is somewhat like stuttering and the incapacity of an individual who may be able to talk very well to close friends and yet stammers just as soon as strangers are present or he is placed in unusual conditions. It has even been suggested that there should be some exercise of these functions in the lying position before operation, in order to accustom patients to the conditions that will obtain afterwards. They thus become used to their surroundings and the newer methods required, and, above all, if there should be any post-operative difficulty, they realize that it is not due directly to the operation, but rather to the unaccustomed conditions. This proves helpful in saving them from solicitude and consequent unrest and adds to the rapidity of convalescence.

Food Craving.--When food is to be given in small quantities and there is likely to be craving for it, much can be done to save the patient disquietude and disturbance by giving small portions rather frequently, rather than distributing it over three times a day, as the routine of life sometimes suggests. When water has to be denied, small pieces of ice may occasionally be used with excellent advantage. Patients learn to look forward to breaks at the end of comparatively short intervals in their craving, and the accumulative effect is greatly lessened. It is well understood that whenever people are absolutely denied anything, they are likely to let their minds dwell on that fact and crave it much more than would otherwise be the case. If they can look forward to having even the minutest quantities of anything that they want, however, craving is much less likely to be insistent, and the state of mind is much easier to manage. In all of these cases the confidence of the patient and the lessening of neurotic tendencies by suggestion means more than most of the physical remedies that have been recommended. There are some patients who respond almost in a hypnotic way to suggestion from a physician in whom they have great confidence.

Position and Peace of Mind.--The patient's general comfort is very important for the maintenance of a favorable state of mind. It used to be the custom to keep patients rigidly in one position for days, sometimes more than a week, after operation. We know now that this is almost never necessary, and that, of course, it is most fatiguing to the patient. Keep the ordinary well person absolutely in one position, without the opportunity to change from side to side even during a single night, and there will be justifiable {765} complaint of tired and achy feelings as a consequence. To enforce such a state for forty-eight hours in those who are well will produce a highly nervous state, consequent upon the fatigue and soreness of muscles induced. Hence, the importance of taking every possible means to provide even slight changes of position for those who have been operated upon. A number of regular-sized pillows should be provided so that the head may be raised and lowered, and a number of smaller pillows should be at hand which can be so placed as to relieve pressure at various parts and permit the patient to make at least slight changes of position during the first forty-eight hours. After this, usually definite alterations of position may be allowed without danger. The surgeon must think of these elements in the treatment and insist on them with his nurses, or they will not be carried out. It is possible now to permit patients to sit up much sooner than before, and, indeed, in pelvic operations, this is said to be definitely beneficial by preventing the spread of any infectious material that may be present into the general peritoneal cavity, and in older people it prevents the development or, at least, greatly facilitates the dispersion of congestion or such beginning pneumonic areas from hypostatic congestion as may be present.

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APPENDIX I

ILLUSIONS

A physician who wishes to use psychotherapy effectively should know something about physiological psychology, or analytical or experimental psychology, as it is variously called, because of the help that he will derive from it in understanding many of his patients' symptoms. Fortunately this branch is now being taught in some of the medical schools, and the greater requirements for preliminary training bring to the medical school men who have already had a course in this subject. The chapter on Illusions is particularly important because it affords many illustrations of how easy it is to be deceived by the senses and, therefore, how many precautions have to be taken in order to be sure that impressions produced on patients' minds that seriously disturb them may not merely be due to exaggeration of the significance of information brought them by their senses.

These illusions are of special interest because they represent not only failures of the senses to convey truth, but because they illustrate how easy it is for the mind to be led astray by the senses. People often declare that they have seen things with their own eyes or in some other way have definite sensory knowledge of them, yet these illusions make it clear that it is perfectly possible for such sensory phenomena to convey quite mistaken information. People who are suffering from many symptoms are persuaded that they must pay attention to their sensations. The main purpose of the psychotherapeutist often is to have them neglect their sensations and correct them by means of information gathered from other sources. We do this with regard to our sensory illusions, why not also with regard to many sensations which are probably quite as mistaken, in certain individuals at least, as these universal illusions of mankind. The argument from analogy holds very well and can be used to decided advantage in many cases.

A startling illusion which makes it clear that care is needed in interpreting our sensations, is the so-called tube illusion or experiment. If a sheet of note paper be rolled into a tube of something less than an inch in diameter and then held close to one eye, both eyes being kept open, while the hand opposite to the eye before which the tube is held is placed palm faceward against the side of the tube about its middle, a hole will be seen, as it were, through the palm of the hand. This false vision is as clear as can be and persists after any number of repetitions of the experiment. It merely illustrates two-eyed vision. We have a picture in each eye and we combine them. When the pictures cannot be combined for any reason, optical illusions result. There are many more optical illusions than we think and there are many reasons besides two-eyed vision for them.

Other illusions of two-eyed vision may be illustrated rather easily. If {767} two dots are made on a sheet of paper about two inches apart and the eyes look at them in a dreamy way, looking far beyond the paper, with vision more or less fixed between them, after a few moments a number of things happen. Usually the two dots exhibit a tendency to float together.

After an interval four dots will be seen--each of the dots having a picture in each eye. Then only one dot may be seen because the pictures combine. Sometimes three dots will be seen. When the dots swim toward one another, a curious feeling of insecurity comes over the experimenter, showing how much our sense of stability is dependent on vision and illustrating why vision from a height is so disturbing because objects cannot be properly fixed on the distant background.

Just as the two dots may be made to come together, so, after a little practice, a bird may be made to go into a cage (Fig, 27) or an apple made to go onto a plate (Fig. 28),

These illusions show how many things that people {768} "see with their own eyes" are not so. All depends on the attention and the state of mind at the time when the seeing is done. In day-dreams these illusions often occur and may be the basis of delusions.

There are, however, a number of optical illusions which illustrate certain defects of our vision that cannot be corrected, no matter how much we may desire to see correctly. We continue to see them not as they are but as they seem, and we must correct our vision by information from other sources. The Mueller-Lyer lines are familiar and are given here (Fig. 29) because {769} they show how easily the senses may deceive us, even that most acute of our senses, vision, as to the sizes of things.

Figure 30 illustrates how easy it is to be deceived by the juxtaposition of different portions of objects. I have had a woman who had cut out high collars for children and who happened to put them in the juxtaposition of the sketch here given think that she was either losing her sight or her judgment was being affected by the nervous condition in which she was. Nothing would persuade her that some serious development was not taking place until I showed her this illustration. In this illusion the juxtaposition of the short curved line to the long curved line of the other figure produces all the disturbance of judgment of size.

The illusions of filled and unfilled space are interesting and are quite inevitable. They are due to physiological visual effects and are very strikingly illustrated by what is known as the sun and moon illusion. Both these luminaries seem larger at the horizon than they are at the zenith. This is entirely an optical illusion. The horizon seems farther away than the zenith because vision to it is interrupted. The heavens appear not to be a half sphere, but more like an old-fashioned watch glass.

Since the sun and moon occupying the same space on the retina are, because of this apparent difference of distance, judged to be farther away at the horizon than they are at the zenith, we are inevitably forced to the conclusion that they are larger in size than when in the other position. The over-estimation of filled space as compared with {770} the unfilled is mainly due to the interrupted muscular action of the eyes in traveling over the space requiring more effort. This makes it seem longer. Probably physiological processes on the retina also contribute to the illusion. A series of objects, even dots, will cause a greater physiological excitation of the retina than an equal amount of space, the boundaries of which alone are brought to our attention.

Illusions of size are even more startling than illusions of distance. It is perfectly possible to take three spaces, each exactly a square inch, and by drawing lines in two of them in different directions to make the figures appear of {771} very different size. This is a rather disturbing illusion, particularly for women who are apt to think that perpendicular lines make them appear tall and thin, while horizontal lines have the opposite effect. This is true if the lines are not placed quite close together. The reason why women wear many ribbons, however, whether they themselves recognize it or not, is that the attraction of attention to these makes the space in which they are seem longer. Hussars are dressed in uniforms with many rows of gilt cord or braid running across their chests in order to increase their apparent height. As a rule, a cavalry man must not weigh over 140 pounds or his horse will break down in long, forced marches. Such men are often of small stature and their apparent height must be increased by their uniform, so as to make them look formidable. Advantage is taken of this optical illusion of filled space to produce this effect.

Other illusions of size are quite frequent. It is rather hard for the ordinary observer to think that the half circles, _a_ and _a'_ (Fig. 32), are the same size, or that _b_ and _b'_ in the same chart are the same curve. The interruption in the circles _c_ and _c'_ produce very curious erroneous impressions which require a knowledge of this illusion to correct.

Optical illusions with regard to directions of lines are extremely common. Quite unconsciously we translate directions into special meanings. This is what enables perspective to be effective in drawings. It has many disturbing features, however. Some of these are striking illustrations of the defects of our vision.

Poggendorf's illustration of the displacement of oblique lines (Figure 33) {772} and Zoellner's distortion of parallel lines as illustrated by Figure 34, make it very clear that our judgment of direction must depend on many factors besides our vision, if we are not to make serious mistakes.

These optical illusions might seem to be of little significance, but the Greeks thought them of so much importance and recognized so thoroughly that they could not be corrected, and that the distortions and displacements would inevitably take place, that they deliberately put certain optical corrections into their great architectural monuments in order to avoid these false appearances. These have been traced very accurately in the Parthenon, for instance. In a word, the Greeks, knowing of these optical illusions, in order to make the lines of their buildings appear correct, deliberately made them wrong to a sufficient degree to correct the optical illusion; This frank mode of yielding to a limitation of human nature is a fine lesson for patients to learn if they can only be made to learn it from these illustrations.

It is with regard to colors, however, that we have the best examples of optical illusions depending on the individual and his special anatomy and physiology. Color-blind people are quite sure that they see color, just as other people do, until their defect is demonstrated to them. A man who is color blind for red thinks that he sees that color as other people do, while all that he sees is a particular shade of brightness which, because other people call it red, he has come to call red. When asked to pick out red from a series of other colors he may often succeed. When asked, however, to take a skein of red wool selected for him to a basket containing a number of different colored wools, and to bring back all those that are of the same color, he will select grays and browns and sometimes greens as well as reds, and present them as all matched colors. A man who is color blind for all colors will still think that he sees colors as other people do. The ingenious illustration of the American flag as it appears to people suffering from different forms of color blindness, though they are all persuaded that they see the same kind of flag, is an interesting example of how different may be people's sensations, though their conclusions are the same. It may be seen in many of the text books of analytical or experimental psychology.

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Dalton, to whom we owe the atomic theory, was himself color blind for red and made the first investigations in that subject. He was of Quaker origin and found that a great many of his brethren were deficient in color vision. It becomes much easier from this to understand why they resolved to wear nothing but gray. They did not see colors as other people do and therefore could not understand nor sympathize with the joy of other people in color. Dalton tells the story of a Quaker prominent in his sect who once went to town to buy a gray waistcoat and purchased instead one of bright red. When he appeared at meeting in this he was promptly tried for heresy and violation of church regulations.

There is an interesting tendency on the part of people who are themselves defective in certain faculties of sensation, to conclude that when other people are wrapt in admiration of something that they cannot perceive, it is because these other people have some mental defect that leads them to enthuse too easily over their sensations. A story is told of a newspaper man who used to insist that all that was said about the beauty of the song of birds was due to the vivid imagination of the writers, for he could find nothing to admire about the songs of birds. He was placed in a room with a number of fine song birds all round him and it proved that he could not hear any of the higher notes at all. It was easy, then, to understand his condemnation of the enthusiasm of others as hysterical and imaginative. Nearly this same thing is true of many quite intelligent people with regard to music. They hear ordinary sounds, as did the newspaper man, very well. They are tone-deaf however, that is, they are quite unable to hear and appreciate combinations of sounds or even to catch melodious successions of single notes. They cannot recognize one tune from another and often do not know "Yankee Doodle" from the "Doxology," or, at most, know only the most familiar tunes, but they set themselves up very calmly as judges of the intellects of others and conclude that music lovers are really a hysterical set of people who go into ecstasies over certain quite insignificant sensations.

These interesting tendencies are helpful in enabling the physician to understand his patients better. They often serve as texts from which the physician can explain curious things to patients who are prone to draw wrong conclusions from them and often suggestions unfavorable to their health.

These illustrations and their discussion serve to make very clear the distinction between illusions, delusions and hallucinations, which are often confounded. Illusions are deceptions of the senses. If a man walking along a country road where he fears the presence of snakes sees in the gathering twilight a piece of rope coiled, he will almost surely mistake it for a snake. This is an illusion produced by the conditions in which the object is seen. If walking along the same road the next day, more timorous than ever as to snakes, he should see in broad daylight the same coil of rope, he might in his fright not stay long enough to decide whether it was a snake or not, and his illusion would continue, though it would partake somewhat of the nature of a delusion due to fright disturbing his judgment. If, in spite of careful examination, however, of it, such as would satisfy any ordinary mind that it was a coil of rope and not a snake, he should still insist in believing that it was a snake, this would be a delusion. There is always a mental element in delusions. If, having seen nothing, he should insist, owing to fright and {774} nervousness or to some other cause, that he sees a snake where there is nothing at all resembling a snake and where evidently whatever is the basis of his idea of the presence of the snake, is within his own mind, then he is suffering from an hallucination.

Illusions may be quite inevitable. Most of the optical illusions continue to appeal to us as truths even when we know that they represent errors of vision. In spite of the fact that we know that the sun and moon are not larger at the horizon than they are at the zenith, by optical illusion we continue to see them of larger size. It is our duty to correct such illusions by information gathered from other sources. To follow an illusion, that is, to give it credit, when we should correct it, is a delusion. To think that because we cannot see red that therefore there is no red, or because we do not hear the sounds of notes of birds that they do not utter any notes, in spite of the fact that we have the testimony of nearly the whole human race to the contrary, is a delusion. When, using the verb in its broadest sense, as "perceive," we seem to see things very differently from the generality of people around us, there is every reason to suspect that there is some specific or individual limitation of our senses which makes us fail to perceive these things as others do. We have to suspect our sources of information then and to correct them by what we can learn from the experience of others. These are important considerations for many of the ideas that patients cherish with regard to themselves and their ills.

Hallucinations are entirely mental. But the phenomena that sometimes appear to be hallucinations may be due to illusions of the senses within the organism. For instance, those who indulge in cocaine often have the feeling of having a veil over the face, or of having run into a cobweb or something of that kind. The presence of the veil or the cobweb on the face is probably not an hallucination, but is due to certain disturbances in the circulation, or perhaps in the nerves themselves, which affect the nerve endings of the face, causing them to tingle in a particular way, and this sensation is translated as coming from without in terms of something that has been felt before. Some of the appearances of _muscae volitantes_, or of specks before the eyes, or occasionally of wavy lines, are due to disturbances of the circulation within the eyeball which cause corresponding disturbances of the optic nerve, with consequent apparent visions. When the eyeball is pressed upon, the sensation first produced is that of light and not of pain, because whenever a nerve of special sense is irritated, it produces its own specific sensation in the brain.

The chilly stage in malaria is a typical example of a physical condition having an effect upon sensory nerves that more or less necessarily produces a delusion. The patient is actually at the height of his fever when the chilliness and shivering come on and when he demands a larger amount of covers in order to protect himself from the cold he will often have a temperature of 104 degrees Fahrenheit, or even higher. What has happened is that the little blood vessels at the surface of the body are shut up by the effect of the plasmodium upon the system. Whenever we are cold these little blood vessels shut up in order to protect the blood from being chilled by the external atmosphere. The shutting up of the little blood vessels deprives, for the time being, the terminal nerves in the neighborhood of some of their nourishment. Their response is to set up a tremor or shivering, which will mechanically tend {775} to open the blood vessels so that they may have their nourishment once more. Whenever we have a set of sensations that correspond to this connected set of events, we translate them as feeling cold. The outer air does feel cold to the body because the blood is not flowing through to the surface as it would normally in order to warm it. Hence the chilliness. This is not an hallucination; but an illusion with something of a delusion in it; until we know how things are. Nervousness may set our teeth chattering just as it may cause tremor through our sympathetic nervous system, disturbing the flow of blood through muscles and so disturbing control of them. Vehement emotion, anger, fright, and even those of less violence may cause similar effects. All these phenomena illustrate the close relation between mind and body.

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APPENDIX II

RELIGION AND PSYCHOTHERAPY

Religion and psychotherapy have, of late, come to have many relations to each other and many interests in common, at least in the minds of a number of clergymen, and in popular estimation. There is no doubt but that religion can do much to soothe troubled men and women, even when their troubles are entirely physical in nature and origin. It at least lessens the unfavorable effect of worry in exaggerating such pathological processes as are at work. All diseases, functional and organic, are rendered worse by solicitude, while many troublesome symptoms become quite bearable if only the patient does not dwell on them too much but takes them as they come, carefully refraining from emphasizing them by over-attention. That is the very essence of psychotherapy. Religion, in the sense of trust in divine wisdom, can do much to originate and maintain this imperturbed frame of mind. People who are without religion, that is, without the feeling that somehow all their ills are a part of the great plan of the universe, the mystery of which is insoluble, but the recognition of which is demanded by reason, and who lack the assurance that somehow, in Browning's phrase:

"God's in His Heaven- All's right with the world!"

-- are more prone to give way to over-anxiety and consequently to make themselves suffer more in all their ills, than is necessary or even likely in the more favorable state of mind of those whose trust in Providence is thorough and efficient.

In recent years there has been in the general population a distinct loss of faith in the great religious truths that are so helpful in engendering a peaceful state of mind in suffering. Many have come, if not to doubt of the Providence of the Creator, at least to feel that we do not know enough about it to place any such supreme dependence on it in the trials of life as would make it a source of relief, or at least consolation, in suffering. This same spirit of doubt has paralyzed faith in the hereafter and in all that trust in it brings, to sufferers, of consolation to come for their ills if these are borne as becomes rational creatures whose suffering has a purpose, though we may not comprehend it. Some people are destined by their physical make-up or by accidental conditions to considerable suffering. There are many ailments that are incurable and are definitely known to be incurable. Some of these entail great suffering of body and even more suffering of mind. Such suffering becomes quite unbearable unless the patient is of a very stoic disposition, or unless the thought of a hereafter in which the sufferings of this life will have a meaning is present to console.

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Great scientists in the midst of all our advance in science--one need but mention here such men as Lord Kelvin, Clerk Maxwell, Johann Mueller, Laennec, Pasteur, Claude Bernard, though the number might easily be multiplied--have insisted that the existence of a Creator is absolutely demanded by what we know of the physical universe. "Science demonstrates the existence of a Creator," is Lord Kelvin's expression. The existence of a Creator implies, also, the existence of laws made by Him, by which His universe is regulated in every detail, nothing being left to chance. Chance is indeed only a term which indicates that we do not know the causes at work. If somehow the Creator's power has been sufficient to bring the manifold things of the universe into existence according to a plan in which there is no such interference with one another as would cause serious disturbance of the universal order around us, then He can be trusted also to care for even the minutest details of creation and of human life.

In the gradual disintegration of the religious sense which has come as a consequence of certain materialistic tendencies in nineteenth century education and science, these religious sources of consolation have been shut off from a great many people. They have come to the feeling of being portions of a machine that moves hopelessly on, somehow, on the old principle, "The mills of the gods grind slow, but they grind exceeding fine." The sufferings of humanity then, are, for these people, only a portion of a great universe of suffering that is constantly going on but for which they can see no reason and no purpose. Lucretius's lines which make human sufferings the butt of the jokes of the gods who look gleefully on from their Elysian happiness, would represent the feelings of these doubters better than any religious expression. We have come back in this age, when evolution has so much influenced the thought of the time, after the curious cyclic fashion in which human thought repeats itself from era to era, to the attitude of mind of the old Roman poet who almost singly among his contemporaries, had been deeply affected by the same doctrine of evolution. The pessimism he was prone to as to the significance of human life has become once more the fashion.

Such pessimistic thoughts do not come, as a rule, while people are in good health, but they assert themselves with double emphasis in moments of trial and suffering. Lucretius himself is said to have committed suicide. The result of the diffusion of this materialistic pessimism in our time has been a gradual preparation for a revulsion of feeling in many minds. One manifestation of this reaction has been seen in a form of religion which denies entirely the existence of evil. God the Creator is good and therefore there can be no evil in His world. Whatever of evil there is, is only due to man's failure to see the entirety of things. Evil is an error of mortal mind--only that and nothing more. In spite of the manifest absurdity of the underlying principle, if people can only be brought to persuade themselves that there is no such thing as evil or suffering, then many of their discomforts disappear, all of their symptoms grow less and a sense of well-being results. It is, indeed, surprising how many even physical ills will be relieved by this state of mind if sincerely accepted. It is the highest possible tribute to psychotherapy and the curative influence of mind over body.

Another phase of this revulsion of feeling has been the institution of a church movement that would make sufferers realize once more all the {778} consolations there are in religion. The sufferer is brought to a renewed lively sense of the presence of the Creator in the universe and of His care for His creatures. The great purpose of suffering in making people better and stripping them of their meanness and selfishness is brought out. Anyone who has ever had called to his attention the difference between two brothers, one of whom has been chastened by suffering above which he has risen by character development, and another who has enjoyed good health and prosperity all his life, will realize how much of good suffering means in the world. Pain is not in itself an evil, but a warning, and most of the trials of life can rather readily be shown to partake of this character. A man who can be made to submit himself, then, to the will of the Creator and be persuaded to acknowledge that somehow we must try to work out our part in the great scheme of things behind which the Creator stands, is somewhat like the soldier ready even when tired and worn out, to go in on a forlorn hope, because he has confidence that he is executing a part of the plan of his general for his country's welfare, though he does not know how, and he is quite well aware that it is going to cost him much in pain and suffering, and perhaps his life.

There is no doubt that an abiding sense of religion does much for people in the midst of their ailments and, above all, keeps them from developing those symptoms due to nervous worry and solicitude which so often are more annoying to the patient than the actual sufferings he or she may have to bear. While religion is often said to predispose to certain mental troubles, it is now well appreciated by psychiatrists that it is not religion that has the tendency to disturb the mind, but a disequilibrated mind has a tendency to exaggerate out of all reason its interests in anything that it takes up seriously. Whether the object of the attention be business, or pleasure, or sexuality, or religion, the unbalanced mind pays too much attention to it, becomes too exclusively occupied with it, and this over-indulgence helps to form a vicious circle of unfavorable influence. While many people in their insanity, then, show exaggerated interest in religion, this is only like other exaggerated interests of the disequilibrated, and religion itself is not the cause but only a coincidence in the matter.

Clouston, in his book on "Unsoundness of Mind" (Methuen, London, 1911), put this very well when he said, "It is true that religion, touching as it does, in the most intense way the emotional nature, and the spiritual instincts of mankind, sometimes appears to cause and is often mixed up with insanity. But in nearly all such cases the brain of the individual was originally unstable, specially emotional, over-sensitive, hyperconscientious, and often somewhat weak in the intellectual and inhibitory faculties and, if looked for, other causes will usually be found." He had said just before, "To talk of 'religious insanity' as if it were a definite and definable form is in my judgment a mistake."

On the contrary, there is now a growing conviction that a deep religious feeling, a sense of dependence on and trust in the Almighty, will do more than anything else to keep people from those neurotic manifestations which so often are seen in our day and are growing more and more frequent as life becomes more strenuous and more attention is paid to the material side of things, to the exclusion of the spiritual. How true this is may be judged from expressions that have been used in recent years by well-known specialists in {779} nervous diseases and in psychology. These have included men who were often not believers in religion themselves but who recognized its influence for good for others. Such expressions are to be found in the writings of men of every nationality. Not infrequently, in spite of their own religious affiliation, they acknowledge what a profound influence certain forms of religion have over people. These testimonies have been multiplying in our medical literature in recent years, because apparently physicians have come to appreciate much better by contrast the influence for good of religion over some of their patients, since so many of the sufferers from nervous diseases they see have not this source of consolation to recur to.

In America we have a number of such testimonies. In his "Self Help for Nervous Women" Dr. John K. Mitchell of Philadelphia, who may be taken to represent in this matter the Philadelphia School of Neurologists, to which his father has lent such distinction, said:

It is certainly true that considering as examples two such widely separated forms of religious belief as the Orthodox Jews and the strict Roman Catholics, one does not see as many patients from them as from their numbers might be expected, especially when it is remembered that Jews as a whole are very nervous people and that the Roman Church includes in this country among its members numbers of the most emotional race in the world.

Of only one sect can I recall no example. It is not in my memory that a professing Quaker ever came into my hands to be treated for nervousness. If the opinion I have already stated so often is correct, namely that want of control of the emotions and the over-expression of the feelings are prime causes of nervousness, then the fact that discipline of the emotions is a lesson early and constantly taught by the Friends, would help to account for the infrequency of this disorder among them and adds emphasis to the belief in such a causation.

Prof. Muensterberg, who may be fairly taken to represent the German school, but whose long years of residence in America have made him a cosmopolitan, is quite as positive in his declaration of the place that religion may hold in making human suffering less. In his "Psychotherapy" he devotes considerable attention to the subject. The religious discipline, that is, the training of human beings from their earliest years to recognize that there is a higher law than their own feelings and that they must suppress many of their desires and take evil as it comes as a portion of human life, is of itself, he insists, an excellent preparation to enable the individual to bear up under the physical and mental trials of life and to make many symptoms that would otherwise be almost intolerable, quite bearable. It is from earliest years that this training must make itself felt, and Prof. Muensterberg insists that from early childhood the self-control has to be strong and the child has to learn from the beginning to know the limits to the gratification of his desires and to abstain from reckless self-indulgence. A good conscience, he says, a congenial home and a serious purpose, are, after all, the safest conditions for a healthy man, and the community does effective work in preventive psychotherapy whenever it facilitates the securing of these factors.

Self-denial has always been one of the main elements of religious training, and indeed was declared a chief source of merit for the hereafter. The modern psychotherapeutist, however, preaches self-denial almost as strenuously as the religious minister of the olden time, only now not for any religious {780} merit or reward, but because it makes life more pleasant and by that much happier. When men and women have learned to deny themselves in their younger years, it is not hard to stand even pain when they grow older, and pain is inevitable in every human life and the training to stand it is therefore worth while. Pain borne with equanimity is lessened by one-half if not in its intensity then at least in its power to disturb, and since religion will do this it possesses an important remedial value. Here is where religion is particularly valuable and the passing of it from many minds has thrown them back on themselves and left them without profound interests, so that they occupy themselves overmuch with the trivial incidents of life within them and disturb the course of many of their functions by giving exaggerated thought to them. Religion adds a great purpose to life and such a purpose keeps men and women to a great extent from being disturbed about trifles.

Of course, it would be too bad if religion should do no more than this. This, however, is the only phase of it with which we are concerned here. We may think very strongly with Prof. Muensterberg, that it would be quite wrong to assign to it only this place in life. He says: "The meaning of religion in life is entirely too deep that it should be employed merely for the purpose of lessening the pains and aches of humanity and the dreads that are so often more imaginary than real." He insists that "It cheapens religion by putting the accent of its meaning in life on personal comfort and absence of pain." He adds, "If there is one power in life which ought to develop in us a conviction that pleasure is not the highest goal and that pain is not the worst evil, then it ought to be philosophy and religion." Present-day movements, however, tend to subordinate religion to this-worldliness rather than to other-worldliness, and by just that much they take out of religion its real significance. We are here on trial for another world is the thought that in the past strengthened men to bear all manner of ills, if not with equanimity, at least without exaggerated reaction. It has still the power to do so for all those who accept it simply and sincerely.

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INDEX.

Abdominal discomfort, 302; from coffee, 306; from tea, 30; from tone factors, 306. Abdominal viscera, 176. Abernethy, 268. Abortion, frequent, 457. Abracadabra, 61. Absence of occupation, 219. Absent treatment, 141. Abstraction, 129. Academy, French, telepathy and, 147. Accidents, telepathy and, 144. Aches, filing, 397; occupation, 390; sawing, 397; sweeping, 397; writing, 396. Acid, lactic, as a bactericide, 247. Acquirements not transmitted, 628. Action, integrative, 123. Addictions, drug, 707. _Adiposus panniculus_, 299. Adjuvants, 163. Advertising, psychology of, 690. Aerophobia, 612. AEsculapius, 7. Affairs, knowledge of, 177. "After dinner sit awhile," 180, 182. Afternoon fever, 180. After-treatment, of alcoholism, 705; of tuberculosis, drug habits, 705. Agassiz's dream, 137. Agate, 62. Age, fasting and, 298. Agoraphobia, 612. Agrippa, Cornelius, 15. Aichmophobia, 581, 612. Ailurophobia, 612. Air, appetite and, 268; fresh, comfort and, 356; in dyspepsia, 262; in intestinal rumbling, 284; in intestinal troubles, 284; rather than exercise, 203; swallowing, 284. Alchemy, 40, 41, 56. Alcohol, 3;

in pneumonia, 31; in tuberculosis, 30; in vague affections, 31; milk and, 30; night workers and, 175; suggestive influence and, 31.

Alcoholism, after-treatment in, 705, 706; beginning of, 704; confidence in, 704; contagion in, 697; cures of, moral, 395; cures of, old and new, 694; frequent treatment in, 704; heredity in, 698; inherited resistance to, 698; mental influence in, 696; moral influences in, 704; national, 698; occupation pains and, 398; prophylaxis in, 701; real cures of, 395; religion and, 706; sanitarium question in, 702; supposed inheritance of, 697; "sure cures" of, 696; treatment of, 702; tuberculosis and, 703; warnings as suggestions in, 700; youth and, 701. Alexander of Hohenlohe, Prince, 75. Alexander of Tralles, 13, 61. Alexandria, 11. Alteratives, 100. Ambrosia, 59. Amenorrhea, ductless glands and, 439; dread and, 439; fright and, 437; home sickness and, 437; inanition and, 439; mental causes of, 437; mode of living and, 437; reputed remedies for, 440; suggestion in, 440; tuberculosis and, 437. Amethyst, 60. Amputation stump, pain in, 86. Amulets, 15, 60. Amusements, diversified, 9 182; mind and, 227. Anatomy of melancholy, 61. Anemia in Porto Rico, 106. Anesthesia, 111; clasped hands in, 757; deep breathing in, 757; fright in, 757; from fixed attention, 755; game for children, 757; hearing during, 758; hypnotic, 754; local, 758; mental diversion in, 757; mind and, 733; occupation and, 754; rapid breathing: in, 755; suggestive, 756; vomiting after, 758. Anesthetist, familiarity with, 756; personality of the, 756. Anger, brief madness and, 741. _Angina pectoris_, 27, 334; Broadbent on, 339; Charcot on, 337; coffee and, 336; false, 338; in woman, 339; neurotic, 338; psychotherapy and, 337; reflected pains in, 335; spurious, 336; tea and, 336; tobacco and, 336; true and false, 336, 339. Anicetum, 59. Animal emanations, 375; horse and dog, 244. Animal hypnosis, 161. Animal magnetism, 142; malicious, 142. Animal risibile, 105. Anise seed in lichen, 251. Anthropology, criminal, 744. Anodynes, useless, 219. Antidotes, suggestion and, 33. Antimony, 3; suggestions and, 26. Antiochos, 12. Antipathies, gastric, 245. Apartment hotels, 183. Apoplectic habitus, 518. Apoplectics, examples encouraging, 521; new associations for, 521; new interests for, 521. Apoplexy, Bacchus and, 517; cerebral, 513; change of occupation in, 519; complications in, 523; daughter as nurse in, 520; exciting occupation and, 517; heredity and, 517; hypochondriac, 514; lack of air and exercise in, 519; life-direction in, 519; mind before and after, 514; misplaced sympathy in, 522; neuroses and, 522; nurse, choice of, in, 520; outings and human interests and, 522; precocious, 510; preliminary motor symptoms in, 516; premonitory symptoms in, 514; prognosis in, 520; prophylaxis in, 517; pyramidal tracts and, 524; sympathetic cure of, 520; strokes, number of, in, 523; thinking and, 517; trained nurse in, 520; treatment of, 513; Venus and, 517; Vulcan and, 517. Apparatus, brain, insulating, 123; switching, 123. Apparitions, explanation of, 607. Appearances, wraith-like, 608. Appendicitis, chronic, 252; recurrent attacks of, 282; simulant, 587. Appetite, 262, 592; air and, 268; emotion and, 264; feeling of, 264; food preparation and, 266; habit and, 265; increase in, 263; increasing, 301; indoor life and, 264; instinct and, 264; in the morning, 266; nervous loss of, 267; will and, 263, 592. Appetizer, frequent eating as an, 267. Appetizers, 264. Application of psychotherapeutic principles, 104. Arabian mental medicine, 13. Arabian Nights, 12, 46. Arch of the foot, yielding of the, 415, 417. Areas of pain transfer, 252. Argyria, 36. Aristides, ancient hypochondriac, 73. Aristotle, 10. Arm, pitcher's, 397; motorman's, 397. Armless men's foot powers, 419. Arnold, Matthew, and number 13, 639. Arrhythmia, 322; gastro-cardiac, 329; longevity and, 323. Arterial sclerosis, diagnosis of, 514. Arteries, calcification of, 512; longitudinal degeneration of, 515; premature degeneration of, 518; tortuous, 515. Arterio-sclerosis, 512; dizziness in, 515; dread of, 516; over-eating and, 518; stimulants in, 518; tobacco and, 518; vertigo in, 515. Artery of cerebral cortex, 125. Arthritis, acute, 379; acute progressive, 423; "acute rheumatoid," 422; chronic, course of, 425. Arthritis deformans, 421; climate and, 428; chronic, 424; diet and, 427; electricity and, 427; exercise and, 427; in old persons, 426; knitting and, 427; mechano-therapy and, 427; mental attitude and, 426; muscle disturbances in, 424; nerves and, 422; neurotic additions in, 425; occupation of mind in, 428; symmetrical, 422; treatment of, 426; usefulness in, 426; weather and, 428. Arthritises, hysterical, 429. Arthropathy, nervous, 422. Asafetida, 69. Association fibers, diversion of, 601. Association of ideas, 123. Astasia-abasia, 86. Asthma, brothers and, 377; cardiac, 364; cat, 374; cigarettes and, 366; climatotherapy and suggestion in, 368; cubebs and, 366; cures for, 366; cyanosis in, 365; drugs and suggestion in, 368; dust and, 369; emphysema in, 365; essential, 364; eye strain and, 367; horse, 376; horse serum and, 377; horse sensitization and, 377; human emanations and, 377; lavage and, 367; mental influence and, 365; mental shock and, 366; mouth breathing and, 367; neurotic, 364; picture of hayfield and, 375; renal, 364; saltpeter paper and, 366; suggestion in, 366; symptomatic, 364; varied cures for, 367. Astrology, Hippocrates on, 38; in surgery, 746; reassurance and, 40; suggestion and, 38; venesection and, 746. Ataxia, accessory symptoms of, 526; back knee, 524; depression in, 525; emotional, 572; flat-foot and, 524; from emotion, 572; in talking, walking, etc., 571; locomotor, 524; loose joints and, 524; suggestions, favorable and unfavorable, in, 525. Athens, psychotherapy in, 8. Athletes, pneumonia and, 202; typhoid and, 202. Attacks, auto-hypnotic, 541. Attention, concentration of, 755; conscious, 129; memory and, 679; process of, 127; power of, 124; Ramon y Cajal's theory of, 126. Attitude, mental, 100. Attitudes, influence of, 100; of mind, 103. Augustine, St., on warnings, 611. Authorities on tuberculosis, American, 359. Auto-hypnotism, 161. Auto-intoxication, intestinal, 172, 270; supposed, 270. Automatism, inhibition of, 601. Auto-suggestion and the will, 148. Avalanche in nerves, law of. 111. Avalanche, law of, 585. Aversion to cats, 617; to dead bodies, 617. Avicenna on mental influence, 14. Awake, lying, 667. Awaking, mode of, 165. Axis cylinders, 112. Axon hillock, 114.

B

Babies, fat, 292. Bacchae, 688. Back ache, 174. Bacon, as food, 249. Bacteria, lactic, 247. Ball for constipation, 278. Balneo-therapy, 5. Barometer, pains and, 382. Baseball interest, 228. Basedow's disease, 500. Basil, Valentine, 9, 26. Basophobia, 613. Bath, cold, 166; hot, 166; morning, 166. Bathing, abuse of, 166; overfrequent, 167. Berkeley, Bishop, 57. Bernard, St., 74. Bernheim, hypnotism and, 159. Biliary colic, pseudo, 588. Billiards, 180, 182. Binet, 153. Biographic Clinics, 258. Bishop, the mind-reader, 147, 194. Bismarck's second eighty years, 724. Bismuth, milk of, 285. Bladder, emptying the, 470; evacuation of the, position in, 212. Blanched fingers, 63. Blanching, 190. Bleeding, old-time, 381. Blind and deaf training, 215. Blind, color recognition in the, 214; training of feeling in the, 213. Blood, child's not mother's, 462; turning of the, 64. Blood letting, patient's mind and, 14. Bloodstone, 60. Blue glass, 44. Blue light, 44. "Blues, the," 641. "Bluidy Jock," 357. Blush, intestinal and vesical, 282. Blushing, 190; obsession, 613. Body, influence of, on mind, 100. Boerhaave, 17, 71. Bonaparte, 85. Bouchard, 270. Bovary, Madame, 243. Bowels, over-attention to, 287. Bowling, 182. Boyle, Sir Robert, 35. Bradycardia, 342; case of, 343. Brain, anatomy of, 18; capillaries in the, 125; cells of, vital energy of, 131; cells of, number of, 132; cortex of, 109, 117; complexity of the, 109; intellect and, 549; machine, 132; number of cells in the, 110. Brain workers, 601. Brains, as food, 244. Bramwell, Dr. Byron, 374. Bramwell, Dr. J. Milne, 160. Bread pills, 88. Breakfast, a full, 299; before, 168; company at, 170; habits, 169; mail before, 170; newspaper at, 170. Bridgeman, Laura, 214. Bright's disease, insidious, 558; latent, 558; neurotic symptoms of, 558. Bringer of Peace, 7. Broadbent, Sir Wm., 319, 326; on angina, 339. Brodie, Sir Benjamin, and hysterical joints, 386, 589, 749. Bronchi, dilatation of, relief in, 210. Bronchiectasis, position in, 210. Brontophobia, 612. Brown-Sequard, 48, 67. Bunion, formation of, 417; gout and, 416. Bunions and flatfoot, 416. Bursa, housemaids', 399; miners', 399; organ grinders', 399; sitters', 399. Bursae, discomforts of, 399. Business, anxieties in, 184; habits of, 178; knowledge of, 177; light, air, and position in, 177; walk to, 171; worries in, 185. Butter, microbes in, 95. Buxom, etymology of, 297.

C

Cabanis, 84. Cagliostro, 47. _Calamus scriptorius_, 12. Calculi, preputial, 485. Calculus, biliary, simulation of, 282. Calmady, Sir Richard, case of maternal impression in fiction, 221. Calomel, 3; in pneumonia, 22; suggestion and, 27. Campbell Thompson and cuneiform inscriptions, 38. Canals, semi-circular, 97. Cancer, abdominal, 303; heredity in, 631; latent indigestion and, 255; mind and, 750; nursing tonic in, 222. Capillaries, congestion of, 126. Card playing, 182. Cardiac conditions, diagnosis of, 316. Cardiac exercise, 325. Cardiac inhibition, 313. Cardiac neurosis and prognosis, 321, 322. Cardiac palpitation, the intellectual life and, 323. Cardiac stomach disturbance, 333. Carlsbad, 278. Carlyle's Miscellanies, 47, 685. Carminatives, 285. Carnelian, 62. Cassius, lean and hungry, 297. Casts, intestinal and tubular, 286. Catalepsy, hypnotic, 159. Catarrh, 39, 59; seasonal, 368. "Catarrh spring," 369. Cathay, cycle of, 517. Catherine of Siena, 74. Cato learning Greek, 680. Cats, conjunctivitis and, 375; consciousness of presence of, 618; coryza and, 374; digestion disturbed by presence of, 254; dread of, 374, 617; dread from memory of killing, 375; fear of, and furs, 618; intolerance of, 374; odor of, 619; smell of, 374; urticaria and, 374. Cautery, actual, 68; psychotherapeutics and, 408. Cells, complexity of brain, 131; Golgi, 131; of the ventral horn, 133; perivascular, 121; pigment, 121; rest, 652; spindle, 112. Cerebral artery, control of, 125. Cerebration, unconscious, 128, 132, 134. Cervical ribs, 400. Chair, comfortable, 210. Chamois garments, 168. Champneys, on painful menstruation, 445. Chance, 776. Character, and suffering, 222; in therapeutics, 358; upbuilding of, 222. Charcot, Dr., 71; on menstrual mental states, 434. Charcot crystals, 364. Charms for erysipelas, 22, 60. Charmides (Plato), 11. Cheese, habituation to, 246. Chest protectors, 167. Chesterfield, Lord, 225. Chesterton, on suicide, 722. Chestnuts, horse, for rheumatism, 385. Chewing in tuberculosis, 355. Cheyne, Dr., 314. Child, diversion of the, 228; first years of the, 230; recreation of the, 228. Childbirth, dangers of, 458; natural, 458; over-zeal to help in, 458. Children, care of, 221; fat, 267; increase of suicide among, 721. Chilliness, 773. Chloral in hypnotism, 156. Chorea, anemia and, 562; endocarditis and, 562; etiology of, 561; expectant treatment of, 563; colds and, 562; consciousness in, 562; cures of, 562; fright in, 562; growing pains and, 562; pathology of, 562; prophylaxis in, 563; pure neurosis and, 561; simple life and, 564; subsequent habit after, 563; treatment of, 562. Cicero, 189. Circle, vicious, 51, 251. Circulation, favoring return of, 208. Cirrhosis, alcoholic, 175. Civil War, Reports of, 286. Clairvoyant, 147. Claude, Bernard, 20, 313. Claudication, intermittent, 512. Claustrophobia, 612, 616. Clavus _hystericus_, 547. Clergyman's knee, 411; sore throat, 411. Clinics, biographic, 601. Clitoris, removal of, 488. Clothing, 167; warm, 356. Clouston, 191; on religion, 777. Coccydynia, 428. Coccygodynia, 68; causes of, 428; hysterical, 429; labor and, 428; neurotic, 429; over-attention to, 429. Coffee and abdominal distress, 307. Cohnheim, 251. Coincidences, 144; telepathy and, 146. Colds, fat and, 298; fresh, 350; fresh air and, 350; more sleep and, 350; night air and, 350; quinine and whiskey for, 349; rational treatment of, 349; settled on lungs, 358; taking, 167. Colitis, cures for, 288; excess of salt in, 284; in Civil War, 286; increase of, 287; muco-membranous, 286, 288; resorts, 289; suggestion in, 288; surgery for, 288. Colles' Law, 630. Color blindness, 771. Columbus, 42. Comedy, musical, 227. Comfort, mental and physical, 761. Compensation, 213. Concussion of the brain, 118. Conditions, mechanical, in pains, 174. Confession in sex habits, 486. Confidence, 15; of the patient, 14; of the physician, 4. Conjunctivitis, cat, 375. Constipation, 268; exercise in, 276; fats and sugars in, 276; in obesity, 296; in the stout, 278; oriental, 271; position in, 276; prophylaxis in, 269; reassurance in, 271; tolerance in, 272. Contagion, coughing and, 688; expectoration and, 688; fashion and, 691; favorable mental, 692; giggling, 688; health, 692; laughing, 688; moving pictures and, 693; murder, 691; not heredity, 298; psychic, 688; sighing, 688; suicide, 691; yawning, 688. Contagious trifles, 688. Co-ordination in the organism, 132. Copenhagen, Perkins in, 49. Copremia, supposed, 270. Cornelius Agrippa, 15. Corns, soft, 418. Corpulency, 290. Cortex, diagram of, 113; pyramidal cell in the, 122; visual, 110. Coryza, cat, 375; vaso-motoria periodica, 369; yearly, 372. Cough, as tic, 348; habit, 347; hemorrhage and, 346; intestinal, 348; in tuberculosis, 348; irrational, 349; mental control of, 361; ordinary, 345; ovarian, 348; reflex, 347; remedies for, 345, 349; stomach, 348; stopping a, 210; suggestion and, 345; unproductive, 345; uterine, 348. Coughing, control of, 361. Counter irritation in nervous disease, 511. Courting and telepathy, 143. Coventry Patmore, Mrs., 144. Coxalgia, hysterical, 429. Cramp rings, 61, 80. Cranberries in erysipelas, 22. Creator, existence of, 776. Crises, gastric, 526; intestinal, 526; tabetic, 526. Critias, 11. Cromwell, 81. Crooke's theory of telepathy, 142. Croup, nervous, 669. Cure-alls, 3. Cure houses, 10; magnetic, 55; relieve, console, 186; smiling and laughing, 104. Cured cases as evidence, 52, 60. Cures, 50; faith, 78; for colitis, 288; for tuberculosis, 351; hayfever, 373; supposed, 51, 387. Curschmann's spirals, 364. Cutten, on faith cures, 81. Czermak, Prof., on inhibition, 313.

D

Dalton, color blind, 772. Dangers of hypnotism, 161; Dr. J. K. Mitchell on, 161. Darkness, dread of, 620, 668; Romilly and, 621; Rousseau and, 620. Dawdling, 182. Dead bodies, aversion to, 617. Deaf, training of the, 215. Death, AEschylus on, 622; After, What? 88; attitude toward, 730; captain of, 350; dread of, 621; fear of early, 622; impending, 336; life and, 89; mind and, 90; moment of, 147; premonition of, 636; put off, 91; socially, 731; Sophocles on, 622. Defectives, sexual, 474. Deformities, coincidences and, 464; etiology of, 466; falls and, 467; missteps and, 467. Degeneration, stigmata of, 744. Delusions, 603. _Dementia praecox_ and paresis, 532. Dendrites, 112. Dentist's limp, 398. Depression and disease, 641; and diversion, 643; and dyspepsia, 233; and hobbies, 646; and indigestion, 233; an incident, 650; benefits of, 650; care of ailing a cure for, 645; care of animals a cure for, 645: care of plants a cure for, 645; feminine, and children, 644; frequency of, 647; garden cures for, 646; heart disease and, 642; historical examples of, 647; insomnia and, 644; Lord Lytton and, 648 Lowell, James Russell, and, 648 nephritis and, 642; periodical, 641 reading in, 646. De Puysegur's instruction in hypnotism, 154. Dermatotherapy, the mind in, 495. Descartes, 41. Desks, comfortable, standing, 176. Determinism, 744. Deterrent materials and suggestions, 34. Deterrent taste and smell, 68. Deterrent therapeutics, 63. Diabetes acidosis, 500; air and exercise in, 499; causes of, 496; danger of over-treatment in, 497; eczema in, 496; frequent in obese, 294; general condition in, 497; incurable, 496; interval treatment of, 498; oatmeal and, 498; over-treatment of, 497; pancreatic changes in, 496; physician and patient's, 497; potatoes and, 498; rigid diet and solicitude in, 499; secondary symptoms of, 497; individual, the, and, 498; unfavorable suggestion, 496. Diagnosis, announcing the, 354. Diancecht, Irish physician, 58. Diaphragm, excursions of the, 362; movements of the, 362. Diarrhea, emotional, 283; fright and, 279; habitual, 280; nervous, 558; nervous, and urticaria, 281; neurotic, 279; worry and, 280. Diathesis, uric acid, 380. Diet, _do not_, 257; dyspepsia and, 256; fads, 171; limitation of, 275; mixed, 275; restrained, 298; rules, harmful, in, 256; tinkering, 380. Diffusion, laws of, 132. Digby, Sir Kenelm, 56. Digestion, brain workers and, 258; chemistry and, 242; contrary suggestions and, 251; disgust and, 243; influence of mind upon, 242; mental changes and, 247; of cat, disturbed, 254; prejudices and, 242; study and, 253; worries and, 253. Digitalis and mental influence, 313. Directions to physicians, suggestion and, 197. Disappearances, 608. Disappointments, mental states of, 643. Discipline, of mind, 196; of self, 223. Discomfort, digestion and, 253; with eating, 301. Discontinuity of the nervous system, 118. Discoveries, scientific, 46. Discovery, supposedly wonderful, 192. Disease, American, 380; incurable, 186; individual, 224; patients and, 163; suggestion of, 94; thinking, 99. Disease suggestions, 250. Diseases of ductless glands, 496. Dislocations, after-effects of, 388. Disposition, suggestion and, 101; dual, 150. Distension, 332. Disuse, atrophy and pain, 394. Diversion, 182; children's, 228; from pain, 225; of mind, 9; true, 224. Divinity, medical, 7. Doctor, "conjure," 64. Dog and hog, 243. Dominant ideas, 750. Donne, Dr., 37. Doubting, 732; daily review in, 738; habit, 733; marriage and, 735; opening letters and, 735; ordination and, 735; outdoor air and, 738; prophylaxis in, 737. Doubts, Hamlet's, 735; program for day in, 738. Dread, 2, 612, 613; habit of control of, 615; mental discipline in, 615: of arterio-sclerosis, 515; of death, 621; of dirt, 615; of heights, 614; of indigestion, 306; of insanity, 623; of small heights, 615; of the dark. 620; of water, 621; physical basis of, 614; subconscious, 625. Dreads, heredity and, 626; men of genius and, 623. Dreaming, "all the night long," 673; by day, 671; constant, Hazlitt, Mitchell and Owen, 672; Laughing, Blushing and, 607, 672. Dreams, 8, 78, 669; and children, 678; and digestion, 100; and fright, 677; and reading, 678; and sensations, 575; art in, 136; children's, 677; erotic, 479; frequency of, 671; insufficient clothing in, 671; life and, 136; mathematical, 136; mercy's, 136; of falling, 670; out of breath, 671; poems and, 136; prophecy fails, 676; prophetic, 675; rearrangement in, 635; short duration of, 673; significance of, 674; suggestions and, 678; telepathic, 674; therapy and, 669. Drug addictions, 707. Drug habit, after-cures for, 712; confidence in, 711; cures for, 709; curiosity and, 708; early treatment in, 710; forming, 290; heredity and, 712; individual, 707; over-confidence in, 709; pleasant, 708; prophylaxis in, 708; relapses in, 709; sanitarium question and, 710. Drugs, 8; effects of, imaginary, 88; in sufficient doses, 4. Drunkenness, 117. Dualism of disposition, 151. Dumas, 47. Dumb-bell, a parody of exercise, 204. Dundrearyisms, 464. Dupre, Giovanni, 136. Dupuytren's slap for anesthesia, 754. Dust and disease, 172. Duval and neurons, 114. Dwarf of French king, 314. Dysmenorrhea, constipation in, 442 cystic ovaries in, 446; extragenital 445; extrapelvic organs in, 442 fisherwomen and, 444; individual 446; lack of occupation in, 443 membranous, 445; minor lesions in, 446; moral fiber and, 443; operation idea and, 443; running down and, 442; spasmodic, 445; suggestion and, 445. Dyspepsia, 301; abdominal muscles and, 261; air and, 262; American, 179; depression and, 233; from diet regulation, 256; mental work and, 253; sleep and, 262; state of mind in, 250. Dyspeptics, exercise for, 261; longevity of, 259.

E

Eat, the will to, 263. Eating, dread of, 264; enough, 299; more, 301; slow, 231; uncomfortable feelings after, 263. Eddyism, 60, 386. Edema, angio-neurotic, 283. Education and discipline, 196. Efficiency experts, 179. Eggs, biliousness and, 246; idiosyncrasy for, 245; persuasion as to, 248; repugnance to, 246. Egypt, psychotherapy in, 8. Electric belts, 62. Electric insoles, 63. Electrical contrivances, 43. Electricity, 5. Electro-therapy, 5; suggestion and, 42, 43. Elijah returned, 82. Elixir of life, 44. Embryo-complexity, 466. Emissions, seminal, alcohol and, 478; constipation and, 478; full bladder and, 478; nocturnal, 477; prophylaxis in, 478; spices and, 478. Emotion, heart and, 311. Emotions as remedies, 17. Encyclopedia Brittanica on mummifies, 64. Energy, reserve, 108; law of, 92. English, Dr. Thomas Dunn, on life, 724. Environment, favorable, 188. Epidaurus, 8. Epidemic, suicidal, 691. Epilepsy, 15; anise seed for, 25; attitude of mind in, 537; Byron and, 536; Caesar and, 536; colony system and, 535; cures for, 537; dread of insanity in, 535; emotion and, 535; fright and, 535; individual in, 536; influence of suggestion in, 535; mental "cures" of, 541; Mohamed, 536; Napoleon, 536; neurotic simulation of, 536; occupation in, 537; operations for, 505, 535; quiet life and, 537; rings in, 61; royal touch and, 79; suggestion in, 25. Equilibrium, training in, 215; unstable intestinal, 286. Erasistratos, 11. Erotic, 480. Erysipelas, 3, 21. Erythrophobia, 613. Esophageal stricture, 676; neurotic, 574. Esophagus, constriction of the, 575. Esquirol, on child suicide, 721. Ether in telepathy, 142. Euripides, 688. Evacuation, habitual, 273; simulated, 285. Evil, denial of, 776. Evolution, Lucretius and, 776. Excrement, goose and chicken, 34. Excretions as remedies, 66. Exercise, 198; air and, 203; for heart irregularity, 327; for sake of exercise, 204-7; fun and, 203; graduated, for heart, 328; in dyspepsia, 261; in early years--English and German customs, 199; interest and, 203; mental diversion and, 207; regulation of, 202; sport and, 203; sufficient, 199; treatment for heart and, 328. Exhaustion, mental, 138. Exhibitionism, 490. Exosmosis, 132. Expectancy, mental, 46. Expectoration, difficulty in, 210. Expert in health, 179. Expression and feeling, 101. Extensors and hate, 194. Extra-systole, big beat and, 333; conscious, 333; long-pause, 333; prognosis in, 333. Eye, oblique muscles of, 102; superior recti of, 102.

F

Fabricius Hildanus, 54. Facial expression and feeling, 101. Faddists, fruit, milk-product and nut, 258. Fads, bathing, 167; harmful, 166; health and, 689. Faith, 14, 15; cures by, 61; healing and, 196; power of, 196. Familiarity with drugs, 4. _Fascia dentata neuroglia_, 120. Fashion contagion, 690. Fasting ages, 298. Fat, anemic, 298; in sick hogs, 303; lack of, 298; useless, 201. Father John of Cronstadt, 75. Fats in constipation, 276. Fatty vicious circle, 292. Fearing the worst, 98. Feeling, expression and, 101; occupation and, 129. Feelings, transferred, 251. Feet above heart, 173. Femero-coxalgia, 68. Fere, 153. Ferrier, Chancellor, 323. Fever, afternoon, 180; typhoid, 3. Filaments, terminal, 117. Fish, coloration practice in, 494. Fissure, calcarine, 110. Flammarion, 607. Flashes of heat, 773. Flatfoot, 174, 383; circulation in, 419; prevention of, 419; relief for, 209; runs in families, 390; secondary consequences of, 420; sprains and, 420. Flatulence, 332. Flaubert, 243. Fletcher, 231. Flexors and liking, 194. Flourens, 543. Fluid, daily, 274; ingestion of, 274; in obesity, 296. Folin, 231. Food, amount of, 273; angle worms as, 244; brains, liver and spleen as, 244; caprice and, 266; chewing, 260; craving for, after operation, 763; custom and, 244; dislikes for, 245; dyspepsia and, 301; elimination of, 250; idiosyncrasies and, 282, 301; increase in, 273, 301; natural residue of, 275; preparation of, appetite and, 266; reduction of, 296; sleep and, 207; temptations to, 293; values and habits, 263. Food faddists, 258. Foot, exercise for the, 420; noises with the, 419. Foot troubles, deformities in all classes, 413; mechanical factors in, 413; rarer, 418; significance of, 421; unfavorable suggestions and, 415. Force, vital, 133. Ford Robertson, 110. Forel, Prof., 190, 706. Foreskin, long, 484. Forgetfulness, limits of normal, 683. Formulas, word, 566. Fox hunting, 205. Fractures, after-effects of, 388; immobilized, 388; manipulation of, 388; massage of, 388; mind and, 751; of the clavicle, 89. Francis of Assisi, St., 74. Francis Xavier, St., 74. Frankenstein, 626. Free will, 148, 152, 739; argument for, 739; individual, 741. Frenkel's method for tabes, 528. Frenkel's treatment, origin of, 528. Frere, Robert 36. Freud, 595. Friedlaender on quackery at Rome, 58. Fright, epilepsy and, 535; heart and, 315; in chorea, 562; in Graves' disease, 500; in paralysis agitans, 542; loss of bowel control and, 279; tremors from, 581; white hair and, 494. Frights, forgotten, 625. Fumigation, 60. Fun and health, 203.

G

Galen, 12; on proprietaries, 59. Galen's theriac, 20, 46, 51, 59, 71. Gallstones, 80. Galton, Sir Francis, 36, 601, 606. Galvani, 43. Gambling, 182. Garments, chamois, 168. Gas, 15. Gassner, 15, 153. Gastralgia, tabetic, 526. Gastric crisis, 526, 586. Gastric dilatation, 330. Gastric fauna, 462. Gastric motility, 176, 307. Gastric muscular tone, 262. Gastric reflexes, 251. Gastric secretion neuroses, 586. Gastric self digestion, 303. Gastric sensations, 306. Generalization of visceral pain, 252. Genitalia, over-attention to the, 430. Genius, De Musset, 624; Goethe, 624; idiosyncrasies and, 245; investigating, 130; Kingsley, 624; Montaigne, 624. George Eliot, 135, 141. Gerhardt, Prof., 317. Ghosts, 605. Gilbert, 42. Gilles de la Tourette on tics, 564. Ginseng, 35. Giving up, 93. Gladstone, 225. Gladstone's chewing, 231. Glands, intestinal, over-action of, 288. Glycosuria, alimentary, 496; psychological, 291; neurotic, 496. Goclenius, 55. Gold, chloride of, 61. Goldsmith, 223. Golgi, 110, 131. Gordon Holmes, 151. Gordy, Prof. J. P., 230. Gould, Dr. George, 258, 601. Gout and flatfoot, 415, 416; rheumatic, 421. Gowers, Sir William, 556. Gowers' rule in writing, 396. Grahamism, 256. Grass scorpion, 35. Grasset, 597. Graves' disease, cures of, 504; diagnosis of, 502; diarrhea and, 501; diet and, 506; diversion and, 506; emaciation and, 501; emotion and, 500; etiology of, 500; _formes frustes_ 500, 502; fright and, 500; genital incidents and, 501; larval forms of, 341; menopause and, 502; mummy and, 504; operations for, 505; parathyroid and, 504; prognosis in, 502; responsibility and, 500; serums and, 504; sex incidents and, 501; sleep and, 506; snake skin and, 504; suggestion and, 504; sympathetic, 502; symptomatology of, 501; thyroid in, 469, 504; thymus in, 469, 503; touch of hanged in, 504; women and, 501. Gravitation, 41. Greatrakes, 81, 153, 386. Greece, decadence in, 107. Grief, Astley Cooper and, 731; consolation in, 729; Lord Lytton and, 731; melancholia and, 727; motives of consolation in, 728; pathological, 727; physical conditions in, 726; prophylaxis in, 728; Rossetti and, 732. Grouch, perennial, 233. Gymnasium director, 206. Gymnastics, 181, 203. Gynecology, dominant ideas in, 432; functional diseases in, 456; mental factors in, 433; mental healing in, 430; reputed remedies in, 431; self-control and, 433; suggested factors in, 431.

H

Habit, 125; appetite and, 265; business occupation and, 178; following chorea, 563; formation of, 229; in constipation, 273; is second nature, 229; non-inheritance of, 632; saves reflection, 235. Habits, air and exercise, change of, 232; bolting, 231; law of, 230; mental, 233; physical, 231; sexual, 482. Hack Tuke, Dr., 190; on warts, 493. "Hacks," 361. Hahnemann, 41. Haldane, Prof., 132. Hallucinations, 78, 141, 603, 773; auditory, 609, 773; cocaine, 773; disturbing, 611; dreams and, 606; explanation of, 607; frequency of, 604; insanity and, 609; significance of, 604; statistics of, 605; telepathic, 605; touch, 773; visual, 604. Head, discomfort in, local, 552; over-attention to the, 547; raising the, 210. Headache, 59; air and, 554; anemic, 553; at Epidaurus, 554; attention, 547; coffee and, 553; congestion, 549, 551; cures for, 546; direct mental treatment of, 553; distraction and, 548; drugs and, 553; exercise and, 554; extraneous, 550; eye strain and, 550; fear of brain lesion and, 549; frequency of, 546; lack of distraction and, 548; local conditions and, 550; loss of meal and, 551; mental treatment for, place of, 554; mental work and, 550; occipital, 552; occupation of mind and, 546; sense of pressure in, 547; source of pain in, 549; spirits and, 553; tea and, 553; tenderness and, 552; weight and, 553. Head's studies in sensation, 252. Healers of the nineteenth century, 81. Healing, irregular mental, 209. Health, central nervous system and, 191; good, and happiness, 234; muscle development and, 200; thinking, 99. Health resort, 184. Hearing, training of the, 686. Heart, action of, after dancing, 324; action of, after Marathon, 324; action of, irregularity of, 322, 323; anxiety about the, 311; arrhythmia of the, 322; athletes', 324; coffee and the, 329; crowding of the, 323; cures, faith, and the, 312; defects of the, and quiet lives, 316; difficulties of the, 319; emotion and old physiology of, 311; fatty, and exercise, 326; fright and the, 315; functional affections of the, 321; gastric influence on the, 334; general condition and the, 318; German and Irish schools on the, 318; Indian fakirs and the, 311; in difficulties, 322; individual and the, 317; inhibition of action of the, 313; introspection and the, 327; irregularity of, not to be treated, 327; irritable, 324; limitation of diet and the, 335; listening to the, 317; meat-eating and the, 335; mental influence on the, 310; missed beats of the, 322; muscular, 322; nervous, Morgagni and Lancisi on, 331; nervous system and the, 311; occupation of mind and the, 320; palpitation of the, 322; physiological work for the, 326; reassurance and the, 334; remedies and suggestion and the, 312; shock and the, 314; sorrow and the, 315; sounds, impure, in the, 324; stimulants and the, 326; stomach distension upward, effect of, upon the, 330; stomach gas and the, 329; suffering and the, 332; surveillance over the, 322; sympathetic, 319; taking, 312; tea and the, 329; therapy of the, psychic factors in, 315; tobacco and the, 329; training, 216, 326; trouble of the, consciousness of, 312; vaso-motors and the, 319; voluntary inhibition of action of the, 314. Heart disease, consumption and, 321; declaration of, 321; diagnosis in latent, 316; exaggeration of seriousness in, 317; mental influence and, 311; prognosis in, 315, 316, 332; prophylaxis in, 315; symptoms of, in the young, 321; symptoms of, neglect of, 320; symptoms of, simulated, 319; symptoms of, subjective, 321. Heart failure, 334, 341. Heart murmurs, significance of, 317; uncertainty of, 318.

Heberden's nodes, causes of, 422; longevity and, 423; progress of, 423; solicitude over, 423. Heels, high, 410. Hell, Father, mental influence practised by, 153. Hemorrhage, cough and, 346; mind and, 360. Hen hypnotization, 160. Herbal medicine and mental influence, 140. Hereditary resistance, 712. Hereditary syphilis, 629. Hereditary tuberculosis, 629. Heredity, alcoholism and, 629; disease and, 628; drug habits and, 712; false impressions concerning, 627; habits and, 632; Hapsburg lip, instance of, 632; mystery of, 633; resistance and, 352; principles of, 699; suggestion and, 251; tuberculosis and, 628; variation and, 633. Hermaphrodites, partial, 489. Hermaphroditism, mental, 490. Herophilus, 11. Herpes and mind, 492. Hertz, Arthur, 270. _Hexenschuss_, 391. Hildanus, 54. Hilprecht's sleep vision, 137. Hilton on Rest and Pain, 52, 188. Hippocrates, 10, 71; on astrology, 38. Hives and diarrhea, 281. Hobbies, 224; Virchow on, 226. Hobby, 601. Hog's meat, 243. Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 4, 48, 50, 54, 56, 311. Home work, 182. Homo-sexuality, 490. Hook-worm, in Egypt, 107; in Porto Rico, 107; in the South, 107. Hope, renewal of, 91. Horace, 223. Horseback riding, 204. Horse, outside of a, the, 204. Hospitals, mind and, 747; psychic conditions of, 760. Hours of diversion, 182. Hudson, 251. Humor, 105. Hunger and sleep, 665. Hunter, John, 17. Hunyadi Janos, 278. Hydrophobia, 613. Hydrotherapy, 5. Hygiene, personal, 178. _Hyperemesis gravidarum_, 457; postanesthetic, 758. Hypersecretion, gastric, 586. Hypnoidal state, 198, 626. Hypnosis, anesthetic, 755; animal, 160; of self, 161. Hypnotism, accessories in, 155; Danger and Uses of, 162; drugs in, 156; effects of, 152; essence of, 152; explanation of, 118; for exhibitions, 162; influence of, 76, 111; in obstetrics, 458; lights in, 155; miracles of, 152; mystery of, 151; not mysterious, 158; practice of, 156; sensations of, 156; sound in, 156; stroking in, 156; susceptibility to, 159; three stages of, 158; valuation of, 152; uses of, 162. Hypnotizers, Bernheim, 154; Braid, 154; De Puysegur, 154; Liebault, 154; Mesmer, 154. Hypochondria, 287. Hypochondriac, 94; sympathy with the, 335. Hypochondriac organs, 335. Hypochondriorum, _ex consensu_, 331. Hypothesis, Duval's, for brain mechanism, 123; Ramon y Cajal's, for brain mechanism, 127; for sympathetic system, 127. Hysteria, 80, 585, 590; dual personality and, 149; organic change and, 190; secondary personality and, 149. Hysterical cutaneous conditions, 495. Hystero-epilepsy, 538, 626.

I

Idea, single, 195; tends to action, 194. Ideas, dominant, 97, 239; body and, 195. Idiosyncrasies, food, 282; genuine food, 245; individual and heat, 329; intestinal, 282; physiological, 231. I-Em-Hetep, 7, 71. Ignatius Loyola, St., 102. Ills, imaginary, 191; not fancied, 191. Illusions, 603, 764; delusions, hallucinations and, 773; in connection with dots, 776; in connection with a tube, 764; of distance, 769; of size, 769, 770; of the sun and moon, 768; optical, 770; universal, 764. Image, wax, and distant effects, 141. Imaginary ills, 191. Imagination, 14, 15. Immunity, acquired, 358; inborn, 358; lack of, 108; maternal, in syphilis, 629; of nursling, 461. Impedimenta, 201. Impotence, organic, 476; psychic, 475. Impotency obsession, 476. Impressions, mental, 346. Incisions and suggestion, 752. Incubation, 554, 669. Incurable, care of the, 223. Incurable disease, relieving, 510. Incurability, so-called, 48. Indigestion, above the neck, 257; auto-suggestive, 250; cancer, latent, and, 255; correction of, 259; depression and, 233; differentiation of, 254; diversion of mind and, 258; dread of, 305, 306; early tuberculosis and, 255; lack of sleep and, 254; neurotic, 169; prevention of, 259; unfavorable states of mind and, 250. Individuality, 133. Individuals, human, 224. Infections, mental, 753. Influence, malign, 141; of the mind, 2, 84; of the stars, 39; telepathic, 141. Inheritance of defects, 632. Inhibition, 46; cardiac, 313; menstrual, lack of, 434; nervous, 87. Injuries, old and painful, 387; unconscious, 85. Insane, cunning of the, 743. Insanity, dread of, 623; genius and, 536; hallucinations in, 609; Perkinean, 49; plea of, 742; religious, 777; self abuse and, 484. Insomnia, 125; coffee and, 659; cold and, 656; cold bath and, 658; cold feet and, 656; diet and, 659; direct suggestions and, 660; dread of, 651; drugs and, 654; encyclopedia reading and, 662; evening hours and, 660; food before retiring and, 659; hot foot bath and, 657; Jacinth and, 37; lack of air and, 657; lack of occupation and, 644; not serious, 651; persuasion of, 651; pillow and, 655, 656; sea voyage and, 658; solicitude about, 654; suggestion and, 654; tea and, 659. Inspiration, 135. Instinct, appetite and, 264; disturbed, 267; not theory, 256. Interest, human, 206; in others, 221. Intestinal control, 280. Intestinal tolerance, 271. Intestinal unrest, 255. Intestine, 269. Introspection, morbid, 302. Invalids by profession, 184. Irish school on heart, 318. Irregularity, functional, of the heart, 327; myocardial, 327. Irresponsibility, 744.

J

Jacinth for sleep, 37. James, Prof., 16, 92. Janet, 597. Jew's ear, 35. John of Cronstadt, 75. Johnson, Samuel, 80. Joint affections, position in, 212. Joint conditions, differentiation of, 381; hysterical, 239; hysterical, frequency of, 387; neurotic, frequency of, 386; old, injured, and dampness, 387; painful, 379. Joy and pleasure, 104.

K

Ka (Egyptian soul), 9. Kaltenbach, 456. Keller, Helen, 214, 234. Kepler and astrology, 39, 41. Khou (Egyptian mind), 9. Kidney, abnormal fixity of, 307; backache and, 308; calculus of, 80; floating, operation for, 308; loose, 302; movable, 307; movable, mechanical treatment for, 308; movable, weight, and, 297, 308; of pregnancy, 307; position of calculus in, 209. Kidneywort, 35. King, Prof., on natural obstetrics, 459. King's evil, 79, 81. King's touch, 748. Kircher, S. J., Father, 42, 160. Knee, after loose cartilage, 412; foot troubles and the, 410; high heels and the, 410; hip and the, 410; housemaid's, 39; lumbar discomfort and the, 411; muscle disuse and the, 412; unusual occupations affecting the, 410. Knee jerk, 556. Kneipp, Father, on hydrotherapy and psychotherapy, 72. Kneipp societies, 73. Know, I do not, 466. Kocher, 505. Korsakoff's psychosis, 687. Krafft-Ebing, 631. Kronecker, 269. Kronig, 456.

L

Labor, at the ninth month, 454; delayed, suggestion and, 454; natural, 459; patient helps, 459; postures after, 459. Labouchere, 147. Lachesis, snake venom, 66. Laennec pearls in asthma, 364. Lancisi, 17, 331. Lapax, Indian chorea, 688. Larrey, Baron, 68. Lauder Brunton, on inhibition, 313. Laugh and grow fat, 297. Laughing, diaphragm and, 105. Laughing cure, 104. Laughter, hearty, effect of, 297. Law of avalanche, 111. Laxatives, abuse of, 287. Layer, plexiform cerebral, 126. Lead in muscle aches, 398; poisoning from, 172. Learn, by heart, 223; failure to, 129. Leg exercises in constipation, 277. Legs, inequality of, 410 Leisure, use of, 181. Leisure classes, 184. Letters, cross, 140. Leyden jar, 42; "cures" by the, 42; effects of the, 42; suggestion and the, 42. Lichen, anise seed in, 25; snakes in, 25. Liebault on hypnotism, 407. Life, aimless, 220; and death, 89; dangerous, 512; intellectual, 125, 134, 302; interests in, 169; natural, 267; out-of-door, 358; persuasion of short, 636; principle of, 191; regulation of, 220; worth living, 722. Light, and psychotherapy, 44; in hypnotism, 155; lack of, 173. Lightning, fear of, 612. Lincoln's steamboat, 253. Liniments, suggestion with, 29, 393. Liquor problem, scientific solution of the, 701. Literature and life, 648. Lithemia, 380. Litton's diaphragm phenomenon, 361. Liver, business and the, 253; gastric symptoms from the, 177. Liverwort, 35. Lloyd Tuckey on mental influence, 156. Lobe, occipital, 116. Local anaesthesia, personality of operator and, 758. Locomotor ataxia, 524. Lombroso, 88, 130. Longevity and delicate health, 202. Looking forward, 183. Looking up, 102. Lord Bacon, 54. Lord Kelvin on the Creator, 730. Louis', grief, 732. Love, Greek, 482. Lowell, James Russell, 649. Lucas Malet on maternal impressions, 221. Lucian on warts, 493. Lucretius' pessimism, 776; evolution and, 776. Lumbago, 402; adhesive plaster for, 407; cautery and, 408; electric equilibrium in, 408; etiology of, 404; hypnotism in, 407; paper on loins and, 407; piles and, 403; seminal vesicles and, 403. Lunar caustic, 36. Lunch, hurried, 171; women's, 180. Luncheon, in Vienna, 179. Luncheon clubs, 180. Lung at rest, 361. Lungs not laboratories, 132. Lytton, Sir Robert Bulwer, 648; grief and, 731.

M

McDougal, 123. McGuire, John Francis, on Father Mathew, 75. Machines, electrical, 43. Mackenzie on the heart, 323. Magnan, Prof., on sex perverts, 480. Magnetics, 15; application of, 42. Magnetism, human, 41; malignant, 142; personal, 14, 70; suggestion and, 41. Magnets, 15. Malaria, degeneration and, 107; mental, 93. Man, of one idea, 195; without habits, 230. Manners and disposition, 234. Manzoni and memory, 685. Martyrs, 112. Massage and exercise, 206. Mastication, stomach and, 261; wearying, 355. Maternal impressions, in old literature, 461; superstition and, 465; supposed examples of, 463; time of, 463. Mathematical medicine and suggestion, 41. Mathew, Father, and alcoholism, 75. Meal, midday, 180; principal, 180. Meat, dog, 244. Mechanism, of influence of mind on body, 107; of mental influence, 108; peripheral ganglionic, 190. Mechano-therapy, 5. Medecine, La, des Ames, 90. Medication, 2. Medicine man, 78. Medicine, minus mental influence, 192; plus mental influence, 192. Medieval mind healing, 14. Melancholia, neurasthenia and, 556; suicide and, 556. Memories, individual, 684; vertigo and, 516. Memory, age and, 679; attention and, 679; auditory, 682; brain cells in, 128; Carlyle's, 685; committing to, 223; cultivating looseness of, 683; definite location of, 128; diseases of, 682; disorders of, 678; disturbance of, 124; exercise of, 687; fatigue and, 682; genius and, 684; Goldsmith's, 684; groping, 127; hallucinations of, 635; improvement of, 687; in defectives, 686; intellect and, 684; intimate mechanism of, 128; laxative and, 270; low grade intelligence and, 685; Manzoni's, 685; name, 681; newspapers and, 684; Newton's, 684; of animals, 127; of words, 127; pauses and lapses of, 681; peculiarities of, 680; process underlying, 133; psychotherapy of, 679; public speakers and, 127; Scott's, 684; sensations and, 682; sense defects and, 682; solicitude and, 680; supposed loss of, 679; tone deafness and, 682; training the, 686; tricks of, 685; visual, 682. Meniere's disease, 516; vertigo and, 516. Menopause, air and, 452; benefits of, 452; definite prescriptions for, 451; diversion of mind and, 452; exercise and, 452; family cares and, 451; Graves' disease and, 502; lack of occupation and, 451; old-fashioned attitude toward, 451; pseudo-epilepsy and, 540; unfavorable suggestions and, 450.

Menorrhagia, favorable disposition in, 449; fibroid and, 448; individual and, 449; menopausal, 448; mental factors in, 447. "Men's diseases," 474. Menstrual condition, 59; disturbance through brain in, 190; hyperemia and, 436; irritability and, 441; over-attention to, 441; over-reaction in, 436; psycho-physical factors in, 436. Menstruation, air and, 436; dreads and, 434; emotion and, 438; lack of inhibition in, 434; misophobia in, 434; psychic states of, 434; sensitiveness in, 435. Mental attitude, 4. Mental energy, law of, 16. Mental exhaustion, 599. Mental healing, 386; in the Renaissance, 14; 3,000 years of, 81. Mental incapacity, 597, 598; functional, 599. Mental influence, anesthesia and, 753; before operation, 749; distant, 140; in surgery, 747; medieval, 747; on organs, 87; post-operative, 759; therapeutics and, 196; with digitalis, 312. Mental medicine, law of, 99, 251. Mental short circuit, 5, 601. Mentality, physical basis of, 133. _Meralgia paresthetica_, 405. Mesmer, 51, 153; methods of, 154, 386. Mesmerism, "Christian Science" and, 55; surgery and, 748. Message, telepathic, 145. Metabolism, fatty, 291. Meyer, 105. Michelangelo on trifles, 164. Microbophobia, 612. Milk, asses', 246; bovine, humanity and, 461; dislike of, 246; goats', 246; mares', 246; maternal supply of, mind and, 460; more than food, 461: sour, 96, 247. Mind, absorption of, 130; abstraction of, 129; body and, 233; brain and, 549; concentration of, 124, 130, 197; diversion of, 182, 224, 225; fractures and, 751; heart and, 311; herpes and, 492; making up, 737; menstrual, Charcot and Moebius on, 434; mortal, evil of, 776; motility and, 86; preoccupation of, 130, 136; relaxation of, 228; urticaria and, 491; vacant and distressed, 219. Mind healing, in Greece, 10; novelties in, 5. Mind reading, 141. Miner's elbow, 399. Mirabeau, 27. Misophobia, 615. Mitchell, Dr. John K., 161. Mitchell, Dr. S. Weir, 136, 572. Moebius on menstrual mental states, 434. Mommsen, 130. Monastic work intervals, 226. Mondeville, mental influence and, 747. Monotony in diet, 296. Moodiness, 233. Moral, influence of the, on the physical, 84. Morgagni, 16, 331; and venesection, 27; on nervous heart, 331. Morning, dawdling in the, 165; walks in the, 169. Mother and child, distinct beings, 462. Mothers of syphilitic children immune, 680. Motility, gastric, 261. Motion and will, 109. Mouth breathing, 105. Movements, habitual, 173; pain and, 396. Movements, passive, 207. Moxa and suggestion, 68. Mueller, Johann, 18, 607, 678. Mueller-Lyer lines, 767. Mueller, Max, 243. Mummies in therapy, 64. Muensterberg, Prof.; on Pastor Gassner, 778; on psychotherapy, 75. Murmurs, heart, 318; extraneous sounds and, 318; significance of, 318. Muscle reading, 195. Muscles, exercise of the, heart stimulation and, 328; gastric, 261; health and, 200; internal secretions in, 328; overtiredness of, 392; relaxation of, 197; thought and, 194; unconscious regulation of, 230; useless, 201. Muscular exertion, unaccustomed, 392. Muscular pains and aches, atrophy and, 394; causes of, 391; counter-irritation for, 393; habits and, 392; lead and, 398; local conditions in, 389; treatment of, 406. Music as recreation, 139. Musk, 69. Mutism, hysterical, 574. Myotatic, 556. Mysteriea, natural, 109.

N

Names, euphonious, 59. Nancy, hypnotism at, 154, 159. Napoleon, 85. Narcosis, nervous mechanism in, 123. Narcotism, 111. Nature, human, 359. Natures, two in man, 148. Nature's compensations, 508. Nauheim, baths at, 328; exercise at, 328; suggestion at, 216. Nectarium, proprietary medicine, 59. Nephritis, insidious, 642. Nerve currents, 123. Nerve explosions, 564. Nerve fibers, plexuses, systems, 109. Nerve impulses and electricity, 110. Nerve pressure, anesthetic for, 401. Nerves and tissues, 88. Nervous diseases, organic, 508. Nervous weakness, 555. Nervousness, Jews, Quakers, Roman Catholics and, 778. Neuralgia, 59. Neurasthenia, an American disease, 559; arteriosclerosis and, 557; Bright's disease and, 557; concentration of mind and, 560; diabetes and, 559; due to over-attention, 559; hysterical, 561; in the old, 557; melancholia and, 556; nervous weakness and, 555; paresis and, 532; rheumatism and, 555; significance of, 555, 556; simulation of, 557; splanchnic, 36, 297; substitution of symptoms and, 561; too satisfying, 555. Neuritis, deltoid, 397; ulnar, 398. Neuroglia cells, perivascular, 122; plexiform, 126; pseudopods of, 122; spinal, 122; subcortical, 122; superficial, 126. Neuroglia theory, 86, 119. Neurokym, 111. Neurons, from optic lobe, 117; in psychic states, 117; movement of, 114, 119; motor, lower, 114; peripheral, 118. Neuroses, accessory, 749; biliary, 586; intestinal weight in, 285; motor, 589; secretory, 586; sexual, 472. Neurosis, cardiac, 321; exercise and, 326; muscular, 393; neuritis and. 398. Neurotic joints, 589. Neurotic simulation, forms of, 585. Neurotic tendencies, 480. New Englanders, religious, 82. News, bad, 85. Newspapers at breakfast, 170. Newton, 130. Night air, 450. Night duty, 175. Night terrors, ghost stories and, 668; melodrama and, 668. Night workers and alcohol, 175. Nightmare, 339. Nihilism, therapeutic, 5. Nissl bodies, 114. Nitrate of silver, 36. Nitrous oxide, 18. Nodes, Heberden's, 422. Nomenclature of disease, 556. _Non nocere_, 187. Norman, 42. Nosology, preputial, 475. Nostrum promoters, 56. Nostrum venders, 3, 59. Nothing to do, 184, 218. Nursing, cheery, 760; suggestions and, 460. Nurslings' immunity, 460. Nutrition, intrauterine, 465. Nux vomica, 5.

O

Obese, 290. Obesity, alimentary, 293; constipation and, 296; early treatment of, 292; essential, 293; examples and, 293; exercise and, 294, 296; frequency of, with diabetes, 294; heredity and, 293, 295; pathological, with diabetes, 290; prophylaxis in, 293; sleep and, 294. Obsession, sexual, 476; subconscious, 476. Obsessions, 624. Obstacle sense, 214. Obstetrics, posture in, 459; suggestion in, 452; sympathy harmful in, 452. Occupation, alcohol and, 398; diversion of, 226; dual mental, 139; dusty, 172; feminine, 183; finding mental, 223; lack of, 219; mental condition in, 177; pleasant, 84; position during, 176; sedentary, 302; standing, sitting, intervals of rest in, 173. Occupation pains, 396. Ointment, expensive, 59; weapon, 54. Old-maid, psychasthenic, 221. Olfactory acuity, 619. Operation, idea of, 751; mental influence after, 759; suggestive, 306, 431; visits after, 760; work after, 760. Operations on the abdomen, 303; series of, 304. Opium, in hypnotism, 156; mind and, 192. Oppenheim, Prof., 323, 511, 512, 527, 660. Optic thalamus and dual dispositions, 151. Orchitis and epigastric reflex, 252. Ordure in therapy, 34. Organic disease, mental influence and, 190. Organic nervous diseases, 508; adventitious symptoms of, 509; compensation and, 508; incurable, 509; prophylaxis in, 509; unfavorable influence and, 508. Organs, feminine, out of pelvis, 430. Osler, Sir William, 11, 323. Osteoarthritis, 424. Osteopath, 52, 381. Osteopathy, success of, 207, 385, 386. Overcautiousness, 189. Overeating, habit of, 266, 291, 297. Oversensitiveness, neurotic, 239. Overseriousness, 218. Overweight, prevention of, 295; short life and, 294. Ozena, 98.

P

Paget, Sir James, 589; on hysterical joint, 749; on neurotic joints, 386. Pain, after operation, 761; a stimulus, 240; bearing, reconstructive, 235; character and, 238; consciousness of, 236; conservative, 240; contraindication to treatment, 394; deterrent, 68; differentiation of, 241; diffusion of, 238; discipline for, 238; dispelling, 130; distraction and, 754; diversion and, 225, 754; equanimity in, 779; in life, 237; location of, difficult, 251; memory of, pleasant, 238; 724; neurotic and organic, 240; on motion, 241; over healthy lung, 362; overattention and, 236; power to bear, and the individual, 441; preoccupation and, 235; psyche in, 761; radiation of, 240; relief of, in gynecology, 431. Pains, barometer and, 382; company in, 10; in rainy weather, 382; muscular aches and, 389; occupation of mind in, 395. Paladino, Eusapia, 88. Palpitation from over-attention, 324. Palsies, musculo-spiral, 401; neurotic, 589. Palsy, infantile, training for, 216. Panniculus, 299. Paracelsus, 15, 688. Parallels, distortion of, 770. Paralysis agitans, 579; cord stretching in, 544; cures of, 544; drugs in, 544; Frenkel's method in, 544; mental control in, 542; mental influence and, 543; organo-therapeutics and, 544; psychic factors in, 542; psychotherapy and, 545; suspension and, 544; vibration and, 544. Paranoia and paresis, 532. Paraplegia, mimicry of, 590. Paresis, alcohol and, 530, 532; consoling hesitancy in diagnosis of, 533; difficulty of diagnosis of, 534; exciting life and, 530; hereditary factors in, 532; low grade nervous system and, 530; paranoia and, 532; parasyphilitic, 530; psychic influence in, 533; simulants of, 534; sparing relatives in, 533; syphilis and, 631; worry over syphilis in, 530. Paris, Dr., 16. Parry, old Dr., of Bath, 163. Parthenon, optical corrections, 772. Pates de foie gras, 291. Pathology, humoral, 57. Pathophobia, 612. Patient, individual, 10; his disease and, 163. Patients, objective and subjective history of, 164; no incurable, 184. Paul of AEgina, 13. Paul, St., 148. Pawlow on digestion, 269. Payot, M. Jules, on will, 220. Pelvic discomfort and attention, 430.

Peristalsis, attention and, 270; experiments upon, 269; psychic influence and, 269. Perkins' tractors, 5, 48, 51, 386. Perversions, sexual, 489. Personal influence, 69; place of, 77; relationship and, 77. Personality, deeper levels in, 150; dual, hypnotism and, 150; dual, hysteria and, 149; human, 607; impressive, 70, 147; in therapeutics, 69; other. 135; primary, 148; secondary, 149; supernumerary, 149. Pessimism, 233. Pets, fat, 291. Pettigrew, 61. Phantasms of the dying, 147. Pharmaceutics, father of modern, 15. Pharmocopeia, 1. Phenomena, healing, 78; hysterical, 149. Philip Neri, St., 74. Phobophobia, 612. Phthisiophobia, 612. Phthisis, exaltation in, 642. Physicians, abdominal discomfort and, 302; as patients, 191; family and, 729; old family, 714; personality of, 191. Physiognomy, 106. Pictet, 18. Pieta, 36. Pigmentation, neurotic, 493; psyche and, 494. Pills, bread, 88, 281; ground biscuit. 281. Pinel, 8. Planes, intermuscular, 393. Plasters, medicinal, 63; suggestion of, 34. Plato, 10, 94, 99. Play and exercise, 204. Pleasure, joy and, 104; pain ingredient in, 240. Pleural adhesion, 401. Plexuses of nerve fibers, 109. Pliny, on proprietaries, 59; the elder, 59. Plombieres, 287. Plutarch on suicide, 719. Pneumogastric pressure, 315. Pneumonia, 3, 22; depression in, 23: heart failure in, 23; hereditary, 383; in athletes, 202; nursing in, 23; suggestion in, 23. Podmore, 55, 605, 607, 635. Polypharmacy, 41. Pomponatius, 14. Ponto, 68. Pope, 223. Pope Leo XIII, 223. Pork and cabbage, 249. Position, after meals, 176; changes of, 210; in constipation, 276; in emptying the bladder, 472; in therapy, 207; post-operative, 763; relief and suggestion and, 213. Pott's disease, 68. Poultices, of crushed lice, 34; of deterrent materials, 34; of insects, 34; of moss from mummy skull, 34; ordure, 34; signatures and, 34. Powder, sympathetic, 56. Power to choose, 149; will, 740; will, responsibility and, 738. Practice, metallic, 50. Precious stones, signatures and, 36; suggestions and, 36. Precordia, pain in, 339. Predisposition to tuberculosis, 354. Pregnancy, 453; abortion for vomiting in, 455; air in, 453; exercise in, 453; habits of life in, 454; natural life in, 454; obesity in, 454; termination of, natural, 454; vomiting in, 455; vomiting of, remedies for, 455. Premonition, 78, 634, 675; fulfilled, 637; memory hallucinations and, 635; paralyzing, 611; suggestion and, 635; superstitions and, 638; unfulfilled, 637. Premonitions, coincidence and, 638; telepathy and, 640. Prepuce, long, pathology in, 475. Preputial cleanliness, 485. Prescriptions, earliest, 60; favorite, 3; Latin, 191; many ingrediented, 41; secret, 192. Pressure discomfort, abdominal, 252. Principles, chemical and physical, 132; vitalistic, 132. Prognosis in Graves' Disease, 503. Prophylactic psychotherapeutics, 237. Prostate and self-abuse, 484. Prostatism, 468; castration and, 468; individual, 471; organotherapy and, 468; palliative treatment for, 471; position in, 471; seminal vesicle tissue for, 468; suggestion and, 270; vasectomy and, 469. Prostatitis and epigastric reflex, 252. Proteus, daughter of, 688. Providence, trust in, 775. Pruritus, air bath and, 494; diversion of mind in, 495; mental factors in, 494; occupation and, 495. Pseudo-angina, 338. Pseudo-cyesis, 438. Pseudo-epilepsy, 538; auto suggestion and, 539; dread and, 539; menopause and, 540; mental cures of, 541; neuronic disturbance and, 539, 597, 693. Pseudo-Messiahs, 81. Pseudo-paresis, memory disturbance in, 531; tremor in, 531. Pseudopods of neuroglia cells, 127. Pseudo-pregnancy, 438. Pseudo-presentiments, 635. Pseudo-rabies, 753. Pseudo-rheumatism, 379. Pseudo-science, 43, 61, 81, 35; mental healing and, 38. Psychasthenia, heredity and, 603; natural and acquired, 598; post-critical, 602; retirement and, 602. Psychic research, 144. Psychic states, neurons in, 117. Psycho-analysis, 77, 595, 625; dreams and, 595; hysteria and, 595; instruction in, 596; mesmerism, etc., and, 595; reversion and, 595; sex and, 595. Psychology of advertising, 690; of the mob, 690, 692; of patent medicines, 690; old and new, 58; principles of, 201. Psycho-neuroses, 239, 281; after-treatment for, 591; appetite and, 592; asafetida and, 593; bread pills and, 593; business worries and, 593; children in, 592; disappointments and, 593; diversion and, 592; dominant ideas in, 593; drugs and, 593; love and, 593; lumbar, sciatica and, 406; mental impression and, 591; motor, 589; occupation and, 592; painful, 589; post-operative, 762; quinine and pepper for, 593; sorrow and, 594; subconsciousness and, 594. Psychotherapeutics, unconscious, 19. Psychotherapy, abuse of, 6; Alexandrian, 11; at Rome, 12; concealed, 192; frank use of, 192; general principles of, 185; history of, 2; indeliberate, 3; individual patient and, 163; Muensterberg, Prof., on, 778; religion and, 775; skin diseases and, 491; surgical, 746; systematized, 192; tact and, 191. Pulse, intermission of the, 339; morning, 343. Pulse, rapid, hereditary, 340; paroxysmal, 340; persistent, 340; prognosis in, 340. Pulse, slow, athletes and, 344; congenital, 344; Napoleon and, 344. Punishment, deters, 743; of sub-rational, 743; responsibility and, 740. Purgatives, abuse of, 287. Purgings, old time, 381. Purifiers, blood, 57. Pyramid, 7, 112. Pythagoras, 26.

Q

Quack, 3. Quackery, history of, 53; mind cures and, 46. Quakers, color blindness in, 772; nervousness among, lack of, 778. Quinine, as a febrifuge, 28; as prophylactic, 28; in fever, 28; suggestion and, 28.

R

Radiation of pain, 241. Radium, 5, 45. Rainy weather pains, 382. Ramon y Cajal, 110; on attention, 126. Rattlesnake bite, 65. Raynaud's disease, 63, 492. Rays, actinic, 44; ultra-violet, 45. Razor, dread of, 195. Reaction, exaggerated, 360. Reading, for insomnia, 139; in bed, 139; mind quiescent during, 139; muscles during, 195; of newspapers, 138. Recreations, 9; mental, 13; music and, 139; social, 139; theater and, 139. Re-creation, 124, 138. Reduction in weight, alcoholism and, 293; a life task, 293; without effort, 293. Reflexes, cardiac, 330. Regulation, monastic, 104. Reid, Dr. Archdall, on heredity, 230, 699. Reil, Island of, 18. Relationship, personal, of physician and patient, 164. Relaxation, abdominal, 209; mental, 140; of mind, 138; sessions of, 198. Relief, in severe injuries, 85; natural, 188. Religion, cheapening, 779; insanity and, 777; meaning of, 779; psychotherapy and, 775. Religious sense, disintegration of, 776. Remedies, new, 19; plus suggestion, 19, 197; proprietary, 59; repugnant, 66; secret, 53; secret, origin of, 53; specific, 186; various, 1, 349. Reserve energy, law of, 18, 92, 93, 310. Reservoir of energy, 93. Residue, intestinal, 274. Responsibility, 738; differing, 741; of defectives, 743; personal, 148; punishment and; 740; will power and, 742. Rest, genuine, 224, 237; pain and, 52, 188; wear and, 602. Restlessness, conservative, 211. Retention, mental, 143. Reutergehem, 159. Rhazes, 13. Rheumatism, 44, 98; acute, 382; anodynes for, 406; classic symptoms of, 406; derivation and relationship of, 380; foot troubles and, 414; heredity of, 382; muscular, 391; no lasting effects in, 379; old injuries and so-called, 387; recurrence of, 384; sequelae of, 384; so-called, 385; so-called chronic, 383; subacute, 384; treatment, abuse of, in, 381; unfavorable suggestion and, 385. Rhinitis _sympathetica_, 369. Rhythm, nodal, 342. Ribot, 138. Richardson, Benjamin Ward, 16. Riding, horseback, 204. Ring-worm, 61. Robert Boyle, 61. Roberti, S. J., Father, 65. Robertson, Dr., 16. Roger Bacon, 466. Roman life and manners, 58. Rome, 8; patent medicine men in, 58. Roentgen, 44. Rose, catarrh suggested by, 372. Rose cold, 369, 375. Rose fever, artificial, 372. Rossetti's grief, 732. Routine, weekly, 183. Royal Society, 50. Royal touch, Charles I and II and, 79; Edward the Confessor and, 79; James I and, 79; Queen Anne and, 79; Queen Elizabeth and, 79; William III and, 79. Royce on premonitions, 635. Rubber, 52. Rules, dietetic, 256. Rumbling, intestinal, 284.

S

St. Ives, R. L. Stevenson, 357. St. John Long's liniment, 29, 381, 402. St. Moritz, 357. St. Vitus' dance, 688. Sacrocoxalgia, 68. Sacro-iliac joint, tuberculosis of, 403. "Safe cure," 58. Saleeby on gymnastics, 203. Salicylates, as specifics, 387; in old and young, elimination of, 387. Salivation, pregnancy and, 457. Salmon, not tortoise, 338. Salpetriere, 154, 159. Salt, excess of, 283; mucous colitis and, 284. Sanatoria, modern and ancient, 10. Sardonyx and suggestion, 62. Sarsaparilla, 5; suggestive value of, 57. Sauerkraut, 248. Sausage, blood, 77. Scheidemantel on psychotherapy, 17. Schools, teaching of pathology and physiology in, 95. Schopenhauer, 648. Schrenk-Notzing and hypnotism, 159. Schurz, Carl, and failed premonition, 637. Sciatica, 402; acupuncture for, 408; etiology of, 404; hot needles for, 408; intra-pelvic causes of, 405; position at work and, 405; pressure and, 404; stretching and, 408; treatment for, 405. Science and a Creator, 776. Seasickness, 97; remedies and suggestion, 97. Secretions as remedies, 66. Sedentary life, preparation for, 200. Self, over-attention to, 600; subliminal, 148; the other, 148. Self-abuse, after-cure of, 487; air and, 487; breaking off the habit of, 486; cleanliness and, 488; confession and, 486; confidence and, 486; effect of, on prostate, 484; exaggerated effects of, 483; female, 488; habit of, 482; insanity and, 484; occupations and, 488; preputial concretions and, 485; reading and, 488; relapse into, 486; sleep and, 487; times of danger and relapses into, 487. Self-consciousness, in clergymen, 582; in teachers, 582. Self-control, 148; for obesity, 294. Self-denial, 240. Self-discipline, 146. Self-hypnosis, 161. Self-indulgence, 148. Self-watching, 600. Sensations, ideas and, 109; manifold, 560; missed, 129; over-attention to, 560; simple painful, 131; transfer of, 252; uncomfortable, 218. Sense of pressure, 262. Sepsis and alcohol in suggestion, 30. Serpents in therapeutics, 65. Sex, cultivation of, 481; curiosity concerning, 489; exaggerated significance of, 479; expectorating, the, 346; in the background, 481; "mad," 480; on the mind, 479; perversion of, bathing and, 489; ugly habits and, 481. Sexual afflictions trivial, 473. Sexual neuroses, 472. Sexual perversions, 489. Sexual solicitude, 477. Sexual symptoms, exaggerated, 472. Sherrington on nerve mechanism, 123. Shilling, live on a, and earn it, 268. Shivering, 773. Shock, anesthesia and, 754; the heart and, 314. Shoe-maker, magic, 414; present day, 418. Shoes, old-fashioned, 418; sloppy weather, 414. Short circuit, mental, 223, 225. Shoulders and feelings, 103. Sidis, Boris, on psycho-analysis, 270. Sight, lapse of, 129. Signature, tremor in, 584. Signatures, doctrine of, 21, 34, 35; psychotherapy and, 35. Simpson, Sir James, 147. Simulation, psycho-neurotic, 588. Sitophobia, 264, 612. Sitting on foot, 405. Skin lesions, artefact, 495; mind and, 493. Sleep, 111, 122, 123; amount of, 165; at sea, 658; communications during, 136; encroachment on, 183; habits and, 660; how much necessary, 653; Humboldt on, 653; hypnotic, 152; hypnotism and, 159; loss of, longevity and, 661; mental diversion and, 661; monastic rule and, 295; not dreamless, 672; noise and, 666; on trains, 666; prevention of, 653; solicitude over, 652; starting in, 664; troubles of, 663; troubles of, hunger and, 665; vibration and, 566. Sleeping in the light, 669. Sleeplessness, 651. Smaragdum and suggestion, 62. Snake, bite of, suggestion for, prostration and, 32; in stomach, 13; skin of, in lichen, 25. Society, Perkinean, 49; Psychic Research, 146. Socrates, 11; diversion and, 610; headache cures and, 554. Solicitude and prognosis, 237. Somnambulism, 138; hypnotic, 161. Somnambulistic, 137. Sound in hypnotism, 156. Sound reproduction, 610. Space, filled, illusion of, 768. Spasm, expiratory, 364; inspiratory, 364. Specialist, advertising, 476, 482. Spectacles properly fitted, 258. Speech, tricks of, 566. _Spes pthisica_, 642. Spinal cell, 133. Spine, typhoid, 403. Spirit rapping through foot tendons, 419. Spiritualism, 78. Spitting, unnecessary, 346. Spleen as food, 244. Sport, 228; for its own sake, 229; indoor, 204; winning, 229. Sprain and fractures, 387. Sputum as a remedy, 67. Station, tremor in, 581. Steak, camel and elephant, 245. Steppes, 23. Stereoscopic vision, 766. Stevenson, Robert Louis, 356. Stew, cat, 245; dog, 245; lion, 245; rat, 245. Stigmata, hysterical, 590. Stomach, attention and the, 306; dilatation of the, 330; mental states and the, 243; motility of the, 261; not test tubes, 132, 242; resonance in, fifth interspace, 332; snake in the, 13. Stout people, constipated, 278. Stroke, "third fatal," 523. Stroking the forehead, 156; hypnotic, 153. Students, medical, 99; symptoms in, 93. Study, 125. Stupidity, bodily conditions and, 106. Stuttering, 570; attention to, 577; breathing and, 578; correction of respiratory defects in, 573; cures of, 576; distraction of mind in, 79; forms of, 570; hindrances to speech and, 577; inserted letters in treatment for, 578; in the young, 573; in women, 573; Itard's fork and, 578; Kingsley's cork and, 578; Leigh methods and, 578; mental influence and, 572; practice in self-control for, 573; regulation of respiration in, 577; singing in treatment for, 577; state of mind in, 57; suggestion for, 579; tongue against teeth in, 578; tongue lowered in, 578; treatment for, 576; type of loss of control in, 570; walking and, 571; writing and, 571. Subconscious self, 145, 148. Suedhoff, 38. Suffering, a tonic, 723; real, 222. Sugars in constipation, 276. Suggestion, 2; antimony and, 25; as to symptoms, 360; coincidence and, 20; death and, 91; for colitis, 288; for surgical lesions, 748; in cold, 21; influence of, 76; in rheumatism, so-called, 385; in tuberculosis, 362; mechanism of, 109; neutralizing contrary, 186; not heredity, 251; pathological, 93; physiological, 260; seasickness and, 97; unfavorable, 186. Suggestions, optimistic, 511. Suggestive operation, 306. Suicide, 713; among children, 720; bureau of, 714; burial in disgrace and, 719; cataclysm and, 718; Chesterton on, 722; confession and, 714; contagious, 691, 720; cowardice of, 721; disgrace and, 719; dread of, 714, 726; earthquakes and, 718; epidemic of, 691; functional irrationality and, 714; Hamlet and, 722; headache and, 715; insomnia and, 715; justification of, 9; melancholia and, 556; mental factors in, 716; most frequent in June, 717; pain and, 723; prevention of, 713; problems of, 718; physician and, 726; prosperity and, 713; rarest in December, 717; reassurance and, 725; religion and, 718; social factors in, 717; suggestion and, 713; underweight and, 297; unexplained, 195; war reduces, 717; weather and, 715; women of Milesia and, 719. Supernatural, naturalizing the, 607. Superstition concerning "13," 639. Superstitions connected with medicine and surgery, 62. Suppression of reaction, 86. Supreme Being, 78. Surgery, astrology in, 746; suggestion and, 748. Surveillance, heart, 323; inhibitory, 600; insistent, 269; of function, 269; self, 600. Swallowing, 575. Sydenham, 16, 71. Symonds, J. Addington, and consumption, 357. Sympathetic powder, 66. Sympathy, 188; as a remedy, 222; heart and, 319. Symptoms, hysterical, 590. Synapse theory of fatigue, 123, 124. Syncope, neurotic, 540. Syphilis, curability of, 630; congenital contagion and, 630; heredity and, 629, 631; imaginary, 753; maternal immunity from, 630; paresis and, 631; worry and, 509. System, sympathetic, 127. Systems of nerve fibers, 109. Systoles, extra, 333.

T

Tabes, complications in, 527; "cures" of, 529; diphtheria serum in, 529; drugs in, 530; magic shoes and, 529; mental attitude and, 527; mild course in, 527; muscle control in, 528; normal lifetime and, 527; over-stretching the spinal cord in, 530; reassurance in, 528; relearning muscular movements in, 528; suspension in, 530; urethral treatment for, 529. Tabetic neuroses, 527. Table, leaving the, hungry, 299. Tachycardia, 340; essential, 342; Mackenzie on, 342; paroxysmal, 341; Wood's case of, 341. Tails, expressions in, 141. Talismans, 60. Talking, co-ordination and, 230. Tar water, 56. Taste, cloying, 131. Tea and abdominal distress, 307. Teaching, disease, 95. Tears, 66; grief and, 103; joy and, 103; relief of, 103. Telegraphy, wireless, telepathy and, 142. Telepathic premonition, 640. Telepathy, accidents and, 145; in trade, in ordinary life, and in juries, 143; investigation of, by French Academy, 147; negation of, 144; negative tests of, 147; on the stage, 144; social life and, 143; supposed examples of, 144; twins and, 147; wireless telegraphy and, 142. Temper, bad, 739; uncontrollable, 739. Temperature, variations of, 203, 354. Tennyson, 35. Tension, relaxation of, 197. Tenting in tuberculosis, 369. Thackeray, 35. Theater fires, 85. Theory, Duval, 123. Therapeutic persuasions, 26. Therapeutics of position, 208; popular, 186. Theriac, 20; Bernard's, 20; Galen's, 3. Thick lips, meaning of, 106. Thinness, physical disadvantage of, 298. Thompson, Francis, 357. Thompson, Prof. J. J., 139. Thompson, Sir Henry, 494, 657. Thomson, Dr. Wm. H., 505. Thoreau, 357. Thought, for others, 221; New, 209; original, 135; pale cast of, 737; transference of, 141. Thunder, fear of, 612. Tics, 230, 564; as types of nerve explosions, 564; children's, 568 drumming with the fingers, 567 emotional, 565; expletives and, 565 facial, 565; familiar expressions and; 565; gestures and, 565; heredity and, 569; in games, 567; jerking, 565; mental treatment for, 569 motor, 569; prophylaxis in, 569; shrugging, 565; speech, 565, 566 squinting, 565; swearing, 568 teachers' habits and; 566; winking, 565; writers', 567. Time is money, 179. Tissues, nervous, changes of, 89. Toes, claw, 418; hammer, 418. Tolerance, intestinal, 217. "Tommyrotic" and erotic, 480. Torcular Herophili, 12. Torticollis, 393. Tortoise and salmon, lives of, 338. Touch and sight, 214. Tozzi twins, 229. Tractoration, 48. Tractors, Perkins', 49; in yellow fever, 51. Training, 213; appetite, 216; equilibrium and, 215; facial muscles, 101; feeling and, 215; for pain, 217; for weight, 217; hearing, 215, 636; heart, 216; infantile palsy and, 216; in self-control, 745; intellectual, 218; memory, 686; movement, 686; muscles, 215; of defectives, 743; sight, 215; touch, 215. Trains and intestinal disturbances, 280. Treatment, absent, 5, 141. Tremor, senile, longevity and, 580; premature, 580; prognosis of, 580; significance of, 580. Tremors, 579; actors and, 582; clergy and, 582; dread and, 581; fright and, 581; hypnotism and, 584; in intention, 581, 583; mental control and, 583; self-discipline and, 584; shaving, dread of, 581; standing, 581; suggestion waking, 584; teachers', 582; types of, 579; writing, 584. Treves, Sir Frederick, on alcohol, 30. Trifles, fascination of, 651; in health, 164. Troubles that do not happen, 233, 612. Troy, 62. Trudeau, 359. Tuberculosis, classes of, 188; contagion and, 353, 628; courage in, 356; "cures" for, 351; early diagnosis in, 354; early stage in, 353; heredity and, 352; heroes of, 356; immunity from, 629; incipient, 348; incurable, 352; predisposition to, 354; prevalence of, 351; protective, 629; pulse and, 354; quitters and, 355; remedies for, 351; slow, 352; stimulating, 356; suggestion and, 362; temperature range in, 354; unfavorable prognosis in, 352; vital resistance and, 351; whooping cough and, 346. Tumors, pelvic, sciatica and, 405. Twain, Mark, disappearance story of, 608. Types of expression, 102. Typewriters' fingers, 89. Typhoid fever, antisepsis in, 24; in athletes, 202; mental symptoms in, 93; nurses in, 24; spine in, 403; suggestion in, 24.

U

Unconscious cerebration, 128. Unconsciousness, 119, 123. Underclothing, variety in, 167. Undereating, 297. Underweight, correction of, 300. Unguentum _Armarium_, 54. Unknown, the, 189, 607. Urbantschitsch, hearing training, 686. Uric acid diathesis, 270. Urinary worries, 470. Urination, position in, 459, 472. Urticaria, diarrhea and, 281, 282; mind and, 491. Use and abuse, 196.

V

Vacuum cleaning, 174. Valerian, 68. Valerianate ammonium, 68. Van Eeden and hypnotism, 159. Van Helmont, 15, 55, 64. Van Swieten, 17, 71. Variation, 633. Varicocele, 473; depression, mental, and, 474. Varicose veins, 208. Varicosities, feet elevated in, 208; occupations and, 208. Vascular pedicles, 126. Vaso-motor disturbance, 492. Vegetarianism, 256. Venesection, for eye diseases, 28; for migrane, 28; mental influence and, 28; mind and, 14; suggestiveness of, 28. Version, by heel in perineum, 459; natural, 459. Vertigo, Meniere's, 516; over-attention and, 512; significance of, 512. Vest, 168. Vibrations of cells, moments of, 142. Viper venom, 66. Virchow, 62, 226, 618, 647; on hobbies, 226. Virility, The Ages of Mental, 624. Viscera, sensitive nerves and, 560. Vision, illusion of two-eyed, 764; stereoscopic, 766. Vitalism, 191. Vitality, resistive, and muscle, 108, 201. Volta, 48. Voltaic pile, 43. Vomiting, abortion and, 456; after anaesthesia, 758; distraction of mind and, 456; frequency of, 456; neurotic, 455; non-suggestion of abortion and, 456; of live mice, 462; of snakes, 462; pernicious, 455; pregnancy and, 456. Von Buelow's case of headache, 550. Von Leyden crystals, 364. Von Moltke, 647. Von Monakow, 115. Von Retzius, 121.

W

Wakefulness, matutinal, 662; persistent, 652. Waking, suggestion method for, 197. Walking, 205; complexity of, 229; coordination in, 3. Walks, morning, 169. Warming up, 92. Warning, coincidences and, 611 Warts, counting of, 493; Lord Bacon and, 493; mental influence and, 493. Wash water of little babies, 67. Water, dread of, 62; drinking, 232; hypodermic, 88. Waters, mineral, 45. Waves of nervous energy, 110. Weak foot, 391. Weakness and discomfort, 299. Weapon ointment, 54. Weapon salve, 55. Weight, abdominal distress and, 309; for height, 299; gain in, 301; good feeling and, 297; in intestinal neuroses, 285. Weir Mitchell's disease, 492. Wessex Tales, mental influence, instance of, 64. Whewell, 14. Which? (dream poem), 136. Whiskey, in hypnotism, 156; in snake bites, 32. White hair and fright, 494. Whoop, habit, 25. Whooping cough, 24; diphtheria serum in, 25; mine air in, 25; more air in, 25; sea water in, 25; tuberculosis and, 25. Wiggs, Mrs., of the Cabbage Patch, 234. Will, appetite and, 592; breaking the, 744; disorders of the, 694; education of the, 220; motion and the, 109; over the heart, 313; re-education of the, 737; to live, 90; training the, by punishment, 742, 744. Wimshurst machine, 43. Wind, second, 92; third and fourth, 92. Wine and the doctrine of signatures, 36. Winkel on vomiting at pregnancy, 457. Witchcraft, 141. Woman, average normal, 433. Women, feed hearts of, 221; home-keeping, 169; working, 169. Woodward, 286. Wordsworth, 135. Work, at home, 182; latent intellectual, 134; monastic division of, 227; night, 175; six hours of, 182; social, 221; the day's, 165, 171; two-hour periods of, 227. Workers, night, 175. Working woman, 183. Worldliness, this, 779; other, 779. Wraiths, 608. Writers' cramp, 396, 572. Writing rule, Gower's, 174, 396.

X

X-rays, 5, 44.

Y

Yawning, contagious, 688.

Z

Zoellner's distortion of parallels, 771, Zoophobia, 612.