CHAPTER XLIII.

CONTINUATION OF THE SAME SUBJECT--EUROPE IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.

Transformation of the monastic spirit in the thirteenth century--Religious institutions arise every where--Character of European opposed to that of other civilizations--Mixture of various elements in the spirit of the thirteenth century--Semi-barbarous society--Christianity and barbarism--A delusion common in the study of history--Condition of Europe at the beginning of the thirteenth century--Wars become more popular--Why the intellectual movement began in Spain sooner than in the rest of Europe--Ebullition of evil during the course of the twelfth century--Tanchème--Eon--The Manichees--Vaudois--Religious movement at the beginning of the thirteenth century--The mendicant and preaching orders--The character of these orders--Their influence--Their relations with the Papacy, 244