CHAPTER VII
[297] _Morning News_, Aug. 7, 1956, p. 5.
[298] _News and Courier_, May 19, 1954, p. 4; May 20, 1954, p. 4.
[299] _Morning News_, May 22, 1954, p. 4.
[300] _News and Courier_, May 30, 1954, p. 8-A.
[301] _Morning News_, May 21, 1954, p. 1; July 16, 1954, p. 3-A; Sept. 1, 1954, p. 1.
[302] _Record_, Jan. 4, 1956, p. 1; _Morning News_, Jan. 15, 1956, p. 3-B.
[303] _News and Courier_, July 30, 1956, p. 1.
[304] _Independent_, July 29, 1955, p. 1; Nov. 4, 1955, p. 28.
[305] _News and Courier_, Oct. 20, 1954, p. 8-A.
[306] S. C. Senate _Journal_ (1956), p. 55.
[307] _News and Courier_, Jan. 20, 1955, p. 11-A.
[308] _Record_, Nov. 4, 1955, p. 7-A.
[309] South Carolina Senate _Journal_ (1955), p. 15.
[310] _Independent_, June 26, 1956, p. 7.
[311] _Morning News_, Apr. 27, 1956, p. 10-A.
[312] _News and Courier_, Jan. 13, 1955, p. 14-A.
[313] _Morning News_, July 9, 1954, p. 4-A; Aug. 4, 1954, p. 4.
[314] South Carolina Senate _Journal_ (1955), p. 15.
[315] _News and Courier_, May 21, 1955, p. 6-A.
[316] _Ibid._, Nov. 29, 1955, p. 1-B; Sept. 8, 1955, p. 1-B; also South Carolina Senate _Journal_ (1955), pp. 14-27; South Carolina Senate _Journal_ (1956), pp. 38-44.
[317] _Independent_, May 26, 1954, p. 3.
[318] _News and Courier_, Aug. 9, 1954, p. 4.
[319] _Independent_, July 25, 1954, p. 4.
[320] _News and Courier_, Aug. 7, 1954, p. 16.
[321] _Ibid._, May 30, 1954, p. 8-A; Oct. 29, 1955, p. 8-A; May 25, 1956, p. 4.
[322] _Morning News_, Apr. 28, 1956, p. 1; Aug. 7, 1956, p. 5.
[323] _News and Courier_, Aug. 1, 1955, p. 7-A.
[324] _Morning News_, May 28, 1954, p. 4.
[325] _News and Courier_, May 25, 1954, p. 6.
[326] _Ibid._, Oct. 10, 1954, p. 2-A.
[327] _Morning News_, Aug. 12, 1955, p. 1; Aug. 7, 1955, p. 1.
[328] _News and Courier_, June 30, 1955, p. 10-A; S. C. Senate _Journal_ (1956), pp. 52-53.
[329] _Independent_, Jan. 9, 1956, p. 1.
[330] _News and Courier_, Mar. 29, 1957, p. 1.
[331] _Independent_, Oct. 26, 1955, p. 14.
[332] _Ibid._, Jan. 7, 1956, p. 5. According to the annual report of the state Superintendent of Education for 1953-54 South Carolina received $8,216,840 from the federal government for education in 1952-53 and $5,946,597 for 1953-54. These figures represented 8.88 percent and 4.38 percent respectively of the total school budget.
[333] _News and Courier_, Feb. 26, 1956, p. 8-A; _Record_, May 24, 1954, p. 4-A; _Morning News_, Aug. 26, 1955, p. 4-A.
[334] _Independent_, Dec. 17, 1955, p. 4; _Morning News_, July 15, 1956, p. 4-A.
[335] _Record_, Aug. 15, 1957, p. 1; _State_, Aug. 19, 1957, p. 4-A; _News and Courier_, Aug. 17, 1957, p. 6-A.
[336] _News and Courier_, Nov. 29, 1955, p. 1-B; South Carolina Senate _Journal_ (1955), pp. 19-27.
[337] _Morning News_, Feb. 9, 1955, p. 1; Mar. 2, 1955, p. 1; _Independent_, Feb. 23, 1955, p. 1.
[338] _Independent_, Feb. 11, 1955, p. 4.
[339] _News and Courier_, Mar. 12, 1955, p. 6-A.
[340] _Ibid._, May 28, 1955, p. 1.
[341] South Carolina Senate _Journal_ (1955), pp. 134, 652.
[342] _Morning News_, May 26, 1956, p. 10. A further example of the frame of mind of the legislature was the passage of a resolution which declared that the Confederate Battle Flag symbolized “the divine cause of human freedom for which our forefathers fought and for which the men, women and children of the South displayed a courage and devotion to duty unparalleled in the history of the world.” South Carolina Senate _Journal_ (1956), p. 1185.
[343] _News and Courier_, Dec. 18, 1955, p. 1.
[344] _Morning News_, Dec. 29, 1955, p. 1; Feb. 15, 1956, p. 6.
[345] _News and Courier_, Feb. 7, 1956, p. 1-B.
[346] _Record_, May 1, 1956, p. 4-A.
[347] _Ibid._, Jan. 10, 1956, p. 4-A.
[348] _Morning News_, Dec. 30, 1955, p. 4.
[349] _Independent_, Feb. 1, 1956, p. 4; Feb. 5, 1956, p. 4.
[350] _News and Courier_, Feb. 3, 1956, p. 16-A; Dec. 17, 1955, p. 6-A; Apr. 26, 1956, p. 16-A.
[351] South Carolina Senate _Journal_ (1956), p. 164.
[352] _Ibid._, pp. 150-155.
[353] _Morning News_, Jan. 11, 1956, p. 1.
[354] South Carolina House _Journal_ (1956), p. 322.
[355] _News and Courier_, Feb. 3, 1956, p. 1.
[356] _Independent_, Feb. 9, 1956, p. 4.
[357] _Record_, Feb. 3, 1956, p. 4-A.
[358] _Morning News_, Feb. 3, 1956, p. 1.
[359] _News and Courier_, Sept. 4, 1957, p. 10-A; _State_, Sept. 5, 1957, p. 4-A; Sept. 7, 1957, p. 4-A.
[360] South Carolina Senate _Journal_ (1956), pp. 387-388.
[361] _News and Courier_, Jan. 24, 1957, p. 12-A. Most, though not all of South Carolina’s Negro teachers apparently answered these questions satisfactorily. Those who did not lost their jobs. However, when considering this fact one should also bear in mind that the Palmetto Education Association, which represents the state’s approximately 7,000 Negro teachers, adopted a resolution in 1955 stating its approval of the Supreme Court’s desegregation decision and offering its assistance to white school authorities in “discussing, outlining, and implementing plans for universal public education” in South Carolina “within the framework of the recent ruling of the United States Supreme Court.”
[362] _Morning News_, Jan. 18, 1956, p. 1.
[363] _Ibid._, Feb. 10, 1956, p. 4-A; Jan. 20, 1956, p. 4-A.
[364] _Independent_, Feb. 21, 1956, p. 1. The quotation from the Walterboro _Press and Standard_ appears in this article.
[365] _Record_, Feb. 16, 1956, p. 4-A.
[366] _News and Courier_, July 15, 1955, p. 12-A; Jan. 21, 1956, p. 6-A.
[367] _Morning News_, Jan. 18, 1956, p. 1; Feb. 18, 1956, p. 7.
[368] _Ibid._, Mar. 1, 1956, p. 2.
[369] Jerrold Beim, _The Swimming Hole_, (New York: Morrow and Co., 1950).
[370] This summary of the _Swimming Hole_ affair was taken from _Morning News_, Mar. 2, 1956, p. 1; Mar. 7, 1956, p. 1; and Mar. 9, 1956, p. 1; South Carolina House _Journal_ (1956), pp. 936-937; _Record_, Mar. 10, 1956, p. 4-A; and _News and Courier_, Mar. 8, 1956, p. 16-A.
[371] _News and Courier_, Apr. 24, 1957, p. 1-B; Apr. 27, 1957, p. 8-A; _State_, Apr. 17, 1957; Apr. 24, 1957.
[372] _State_, Apr. 17, 1957; Apr. 24, 1957.
[373] _News and Courier_, Mar. 1, 1957, p. 1; Mar. 2, 1957, p. 8-A.
[374] _Ibid._, Feb. 10, 1957, p. 3-A; Apr. 25, 1957, p. 1; Apr. 8, 1957, p. 12; Jan. 17, 1957, p. 14-A; Mar. 8, 1957, p. 1-B.
[375] _Record_, May 2, 1957.
[376] _State_, Aug. 6, 1957, p. 1; Sept. 10, 1957, p. 1; _Record_, Aug. 6, 1957, p. 1.
[377] _Record_, Sept. 21, 1957, p. 10-A.
[378] Radio WIS broadcast, Sept. 14, 1957.
[379] _State_, Sept. 21, 1957, p. 3-B.
[380] _Morning News_, Sept. 24, 1957, p. 4.
[381] _Record_, Jan. 10, 1958, p. 1; _State_, Jan. 11, 1958, p. 1; Baltimore _Afro-American_, Jan. 11, 1958, p. 2.
[382] _State_, Jan. 1, 1958, p. 1; Jan. 3, 1958, p. 1; _Record_, Jan. 2, 1958, p. 1; _New York Times_, Jan. 3, 1958, p. 14.
[383] _Record_, Jan. 10, 1958, p. 1; _State_, Jan. 11, 1958, p. 1; _News and Courier_, Jan. 11, 1958, p. 1-B.
[384] _Record_, Jan. 15, 1958, p. 8-B. On April 9 the South Carolina general assembly provided for a 6 man committee, 3 members from the Senate and 3 from the House, to probe Communism and Communist activities in the state. _Ibid._, April 9, 1958.
[385] U.P. Wire, Jan. 16, 1958.
[386] _State_, Jan. 16, 1958, p. 1; _ibid._, Jan. 17, 1958, p. 1-B; _ibid._, Jan. 23, 1958, p. 8-A; _Record_, Jan. 17, 1958, p. 3-A.
[387] _State_, Jan. 16, 1958, p. 1; _Record_, Jan. 17, 1958, p. 3-A.
[388] _State_, Jan. 17, 1958, p. 1-B.
[389] _Record_, Jan. 29, 1958, pp. 1, 6-A.
[390] _State_, Feb. 5, 1958, p. 8-B; Feb. 8, 1958, p. 1-B; Feb. 4, 1958, p. 9-B; _Record_, Feb. 1, 1958, p. 10-A.
[391] _Record_, Feb. 14, 1958, p. 6-A; Feb. 20, 1958, p. 1; _State_, Feb. 25, 1958, p. 9-A.
[392] _News and Courier_, Dec. 1, 1955, p. 1-B; Dec. 2, 1955, p. 8-A.
[393] S. C. Senate _Journal_ (1956), pp. 226-227.
[394] _News and Courier_, Apr. 28, 1956, p. 1.
[395] _Record_, Apr. 23, 1956, p. 1; Apr. 26, 1956, p. 4-A; _Morning News_, Apr. 24, 1956, p. 1.
[396] _Morning News_, Apr. 24, 1956, p. 3; _News and Courier_, Dec. 8, 1955, p. 8-A; S. C. House _Journal_ (1956), p. 15.
[397] _Independent_, July 24, 1955, p. 1; July 25, 1955, p. 3; Aug. 18, 1955, p. 1.
[398] _State_, June 26, 1957, p. 4-A.