CHAPTER XVIII

THE RIVALS

The essential superiority of a White Race over a Coloured Race may fairly be accepted as a "first principle" in any discussion of world politics. There are numberless facts to be gathered from 2500 years of history to justify that faith, and there is lacking as yet any great body of evidence to support the other idea, that modern conditions of warfare and of industry at last have so changed the factors in human greatness that mere numbers and imitative faculty can outweigh the superior intellectual capacity and originating genius characteristic of the European peoples. Nevertheless it must be admitted that the conditions, in warfare and in industry, of life to-day as compared with life in past centuries, have increased the value of numbers and of a faculty of blind obedience, and have proportionately decreased the relative value of individual character. An Asiatic army to-day is relatively better fitted to cope with a European army; an Asiatic factory is relatively more efficient.

It is necessary, therefore, to call to aid all the reassuring records of history if one would keep a serene faith that the future of the Pacific, and with it the future of the world, is not destined to be dominated by the Asiatic rather than by the European. Japan with her fertile people and sterile soil has done so much since she discovered that the test imposed on a people by Christian civilisation is based on their powers of destruction, that there is good reason for the alarm expressed by many thinkers (with the German Emperor as their leader) as to "the Yellow Peril." China, too, awaking now after the slumber of centuries and grasping at the full equipment of a modern nation, reinforces that alarm. It is conceivable that White civilisation may be for a while worsted and driven from some of its strongholds by the arms which it has taught the Coloured Races to use. "Asia for the Asiatics," may be a battle-cry raised in the future not without avail. But in time European superiority must again assert itself.

There are many pessimists who foretell the doom of the White Races coming from a sterility self-imposed for the sake of better ease. They see in every advance of comfort a cause of further weakness, and they picture luxury as rapidly corroding the supports of our society. But it is comforting to recall that every age has had the same gloomy critics, and the Golden Age has always been represented in the past by the pessimists of the present. For myself, I am daring enough to think that the White Races of to-day are neither enervated nor decadent: that in physique, in good health and in sense of public duty they are improving rather than deteriorating; and that the Europe of next century will be more happy, more vigorous and more sane than the Europe of to-day. There _was_ a time for the joy of pessimists, but it is a past time, that dismal past century when the industrial epoch rushed on man all unawares, when the clattering machine came to sweep away handicrafts, and the new economic idea of human beings as "hands" affected poisonously all social relations. It was as though a cumbrous wain, well-built for its slow and sedate rumbling, had suddenly been hitched to a rushing steam engine. There were disturbances, clatterings, groanings, and creakings. The period of adjustment was a painful one. But it is passing. Meliorism is the justifiable faith of the future.

The future of the Pacific, I hold then, is with the White Races. At the best, the Asiatic can hope to hold his own continent in security. Japan had the chance of securing a temporary dominance after the war with Russia, and at one time was said to have been on the verge of a struggle with the United States, as an assertion of that dominance. But the cloud passed over. With the opening of the Panama Canal, now a matter only of months, the opportunity of Japan will have finally passed. With the gradual re-establishment of British naval power in the ocean, a re-establishment which will come through the agency of Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, if not through the Home Country, and which will be "anti-Asiatic" in purpose, a further veto will be put on any aggressive ambitions on the part of an Asiatic Power. The statesmen of Japan, indeed, seem to recognise that she has had her day of greatest power, and must be content for the future to be tolerated in her present position as one of the "Powers" forming the great council of the foremost nations. But in considering Japan, allowance must always be made for the danger of the people getting out of the hands of the oligarchy which rules them. The Japanese people, fed fat on praise of their own prowess, may one day force a mad course on statesmen asked to choose between civil and foreign war. Such a war would be doomed to failure for financial if for no other reasons. But it might leave a deep stain of blood on the Pacific.

China--a Federal Republic, and rid of the Manchus if present appearances (1912) are not belied--will have no aggressive ambitions for some years to come. She may insist, and rightly insist, on more honourable treatment from foreign nations. But it is not likely that she will set Fleets ranging over the Pacific in search of conquests. By the time that China has come to a warlike mood--if she does ever come--the White Races will be fully equipped for any struggle. The greatest Asiatic peril, so far as warlike forces are concerned, is of a Japanese-Chinese alliance: and the chance of that is slight, for the two peoples are not sympathetic. It will be noted that the very first official paper of the nascent Chinese Republic is a letter of complaint to the Japanese Government.

If it is agreed that the Pacific will fall, as the Mediterranean did, as the Atlantic did, to the rule of the White Man, the next step is to consider, which people? There is, in addition to much evidence, the temptation of race-pride to suggest that of all the European peoples the Anglo-Celtic (controlling the British Empire and the United States) is inherently the best equipped for world dominance. But that is not nearly so sure as is the superiority of the White over the Coloured Races. The Latin peoples--Italians, Portuguese, Spaniards--have in their day won to lofty greatness. The French--in the main Latin, but with a large element of Celtic and some element of Teutonic blood--were supreme in the world for many generations, and are not exhausted to-day. There is not an incident of Anglo-Saxon history; either of fighting against tremendous odds and winning a victory which the stars in their courses seemed to forbid; or of making disaster glorious by a Spartan death; or of pushing out on some frail plank into an unknown sea--which cannot be matched by some incident equally noble from the records of the Latin peoples or the French people. The Teutons are only now making their bid for mastery: the Slavs may have a great future. The future dominance of Europe may be for any one of the European peoples.

But the position in the Pacific can be simplified for the present by the elimination of all the European Powers but two. Spain and Portugal have had their day there, and have passed away. Neither France, Germany, Austria nor Italy can venture any great force from Europe. Nor is any one of them strongly established in the Pacific. Great Britain would be content with the Atlantic but that her overseas Empire gives her duties and advantages in the new ocean. The Pacific possessions of the British Empire were unsought. But they will be held. The other European Power in the Pacific is Russia, which has been checked but not destroyed there. That the supremacy of Europe--at present held, so far as any enterprises beyond its seas are concerned, by Great Britain--may pass to other hands is not impossible; and that would affect, of course, the position in the Pacific. Speculation on that point, however, is outside the scope of this book, which has attempted to deal with the Pacific conditions of the present and immediate future.

On the facts there must be a further elimination of European Powers in the Pacific, since Russia has no naval forces there and no design of creating such forces. There is at present a natural bewilderment in the Russian mind as a consequence of the recent war with Japan. That struggle destroyed her power in Europe as well as in Asia, and the European balance must be restored first. During the next five years--which will be the critical years--Russia will not count in the Pacific except as the useful ally of some powerful naval nation--either of Japan, the United States or Great Britain.

Great Britain is thus left as the sole European Power capable of independent effort in the Pacific. Clearly the rivalry for the dominance of the ocean lies between her and the United States. To discuss that rivalry is to discuss the real problem of the Pacific. It may be done frankly, I trust, without raising suggestions of unfriendliness. A frank discussion of the problem, carried out on both sides of the Atlantic, would be of the greatest value to civilisation. For the position seems to be that both Powers are preparing to capture the Pacific; that neither Power can hold it against the other; and that a peaceful settlement can only be founded on complete mutual understanding.

It is true that if the United States decides "to play a lone hand," she may win through if all the circumstances are favourable, for she seems destined to control the resources of all America. It is likely that within this decade the United States Flag will fly (either as that of the actually governing or the suzerain Power) over all the territory south of the Canadian border to the southern bank of the Panama Canal. Intervention has been threatened once already in Mexico. With any further disorder it may be carried into effect. The United States cannot afford to allow the chance of a disorderly force marching down to destroy £70,000,000 worth of United States property. Central America has been marked down for a process of peaceful absorption. The treaty with Honduras (a similar one exists with Nicaragua) shows the method of this absorption. It provides:

"The Government of Honduras undertakes to make and negotiate a contract providing for the refunding of its present internal and external debt and the adjustment and settlement of unliquidated claims for the placing of its finances upon a sound and stable basis, and for the future development of the natural and economic resources of that country. The Governments of the United States and Honduras will take due note of all the provisions of the said contract when made, and will consult, in order that all the benefits to Honduras and the security of the loan may at the same time be assured.

"The loan, which shall be made pursuant to the above undertaking, shall be secured upon the customs of Honduras, and the Government of Honduras agrees not to alter the import or export Customs duties, or other charges affecting the entry, exit, or transit of goods, during the existence of the loan under the said contract, without consultation and agreement with the Government of the United States.

"A full and detailed statement of the operations under this contract shall be submitted by the fiscal agent of the loan to the Department of State of the United States and to the Minister of Finance of the Government of Honduras at the expiration of each twelve months, and at such other times as may be requested by either of the two Governments.

"The Government of Honduras, so long as the loan exists, will appoint from a list of names to be presented to it by the fiscal agent of the loan and approved by the President of the United States of America, a collector-general of Customs, who shall administer the Customs in accordance with the contract securing said loan, and will give this official full protection in the exercise of his functions. The Government of the United States will in turn afford such protection as it may find necessary."

Under the terms of these loan conventions the independence of Honduras and Nicaragua dwindles to nothing. The purpose of the arrangements was stated by Mr President Taft in his message to Congress: "Now that the linking of the oceans by the Isthmian Canal is nearing assured realisation, the conservation of stable conditions in the adjacent countries becomes a still more pressing need, and all that the United States has hitherto done in that direction is amply justified, if there were no other consideration, by the one fact that this country has acquired such vast interest in that quarter as to demand every effort on its part to make solid and durable the tranquillity of the neighbouring countries."

"Solid and durable tranquillity" means in effect United States control. From the control of Central America to that of South America is a big step, but not an impossible one; and the United States already claims some form of suzerainty over the Latin-American peoples there. It insists upon giving them protection against Europe, whether they wish it or not, and under certain circumstances would exercise a right of veto over their foreign policy. The United States also is engaged in promoting through the Pan-American Bureau a policy of American continental unity. This Bureau was the outcome of the Pan-American Conference convened by Mr Blaine in 1890. The general object of the Bureau "is not only to develop friendship, commerce, and trade, but to promote close relations, better acquaintance, and more intimate association along economic, intellectual, educational and social lines, as well as political and material lines, among the American Republics." "The Bureau for commercial purposes," its Director, Mr Barrett, reports, "is in touch in both North and South America, on the one hand with manufacturers, merchants, exporters, and importers, doing all it can to facilitate the exchange and building up of trade among the American nations, and on the other hand with University and College Presidents, professors, and students, writers, newspaper men, scientists, and travellers, providing them with a large variety of information that will increase their interests in the different American nations." The Bureau publishes handbooks and reports on the various countries containing information relating to their commercial development and tariffs.

There will be held this year (1912) at Washington a Pan-American Conference on trade, organised by the Bureau, "to awaken the commercial organisations, representative business men, and the general public of both North and South America to an appreciation of the possibilities of Pan-American commerce, and the necessity of preparing for the opening of the Panama Canal." "The Conference," says the official announcement, "will have a novel feature in that it will consider the exchange of trade--imports as well as exports--and the opportunities not only of the United States to extend the sale of her products in Latin America, but of Latin America to sell her products in the United States, for only upon the basis of reciprocal exchange of trade can a permanent large commerce and lasting good relations be built up between the United States and her twenty sister American Republics. Heretofore all discussions and meetings have considered only the export field, with a corresponding unfortunate effect on public opinion in Latin America, and her attitude towards the efforts of the United States to increase her commerce with that important part of the world. Another special feature will be a careful consideration, from the standpoint of the business interests of all the American countries interested in the Panama Canal, of what should be done to get ready for greater exchange of trade through that waterway, and to gain practical advantages to their commerce from the day it is opened."

The policy of Pan-America may one day come into effect, and the United States Power command the resources of all America except Canada. (That Canada will ever willingly come under her suzerainty seems now little likely.) But from Cape Horn to the Gulf of St Lawrence is an Empire of mighty resources, great enough to sate the ambition of any Power, but yet not forbidding the ambition to make it the base for further conquests.

Yet, withal, the United States cannot rely confidently on an unchecked career of prosperity. She may have her troubles. Indeed, she has her troubles. No American of to-day professes to know a solution of the negro problem. "There are two ways out of the difficulty," said one American grimly; "to kill all the negroes, and to deport all the negroes; and neither is humanly possible." To allow them to be absorbed by intermarriage with the White population is unthinkable, and would, in a generation or two, drag the United States down to the level of a larger Hayti. A settlement of the black question will one day, sooner or later, absorb the American mind for some time to the exclusion of all else. Neither the acquisition of territories with great coloured populations, nor the extension of suzerainty over half-breed countries will do anything to simplify that problem.

There is also a possible social difficulty to be faced by the United States. The present differences between rich and poor are too extreme to be safe. Too many of the rich despise the poor on the ground that to be poor is to be a failure: too many of the poor hate the rich with a wolfish hatred as successful bandits. The quick growth of material prosperity has cloaked over this class feeling. When there were good crumbs for everybody the too-great wealth of the rich was not so obvious. But the time comes when the United States is no longer a Tom Tiddler's ground where everybody can pick up something: and the rivalry between those who have too much and those who have too little begins to show nakedly.

In short, the United States, justified as she is to keep a superb confidence in her own resources, might find a policy of hostile rivalry to the British Power in the Pacific an impossible one to carry through, for it would not be wise statesmanship on her part to presume that her future history will be, at home and abroad, an uninterrupted course of prosperity.

There is no need to presume that hostile rivalry. On the other hand, there is no wisdom in following blindly a policy of drift which may lead to that rivalry. The question of the future of the Pacific narrows down to this: Will two great Powers, sprung from the same race, take advantage of a common tongue to talk out frankly, honestly, their aims and purpose so that they may arrive at a common understanding?

There are some obstacles to such an understanding. The first is American diplomacy, which, whilst truthful to the point of brusqueness, is strangely reluctant to avow its real objects, for the reason, I think, that it often acts without admitting even its own mind into confidence. The boy who makes his way to the unguarded apple orchard does not admit to himself that he is after apples. He professes to like the scenery in that direction. American diplomacy acts in the same way. It would have been impossible, for instance, to have obtained from the American Government ten years ago a confidential declaration, in a friendly way, of the Pacific policy which is now announced. Yet it should have been quite plain to the American mind after the seizure of the Philippines and the fortification of Hawaii, if the American mind would have consented to examine into itself. Now, it is not possible for two great nations to preserve a mutual friendship without a mutual confidence.

Another obstacle to a perfect British-American understanding is that British diplomacy is always at its worst in dealing with the United States. That combination of firmness with politeness which is used in European relations is abandoned for a policy of gush when dealing with America. Claims for a particular consideration founded on relationship are made which are sometimes a little resented, sometimes a little ridiculed. British diplomats do not "keep their dignity" well in negotiating with the United States. They are so obsessed with the feeling that to drift into bad terms with the great English-speaking Republic would be calamitous, that they give a suspicion sometimes of truckling. There would be a better feeling if relationship were not so much insisted upon and reliance were placed instead on a mutual respect for power and on a community of purpose in most quarters of the globe. Meekness does not sit well on the British manner, and often the American's view of "relationship talk" is that it is intended as a prelude to inducing him into a bad bargain.

It should always be the aim of the leaders of American and British public opinion to encourage friendship between the two nations. But it is not wise to be for ever insisting that, because of their blood relationship, a serious quarrel between them is impossible. True, a struggle between Great Britain and the United States would have all the horrors of a civil war, but even civil wars happen; and it is human nature that relatives should sometimes let bickering, not intended at the outset to be serious, drift into open rupture. The sentimental talk founded, as it were, on the idea that the United States and Great Britain are married and must hold together "for better or for worse," is dangerous.

When Pacific questions come up for discussion in the near future, there is likely, however, to be a modification in the old British methods of diplomacy, for the Dominions of Canada, Australia and New Zealand must be allowed to take part in the discussions; and Australia and New Zealand have a certain impatient Imperialism on which I have remarked before. Their attitude in foreign affairs appears as almost truculent to European ideas of diplomacy. Probably Canada will show the same spirit, for it is the spirit of youth in nationhood, with its superb self-confidence still lacking the sobering effects of experience.

It is a mistaken idea, though an idea generally held in some quarters, that the British Dominions in the Pacific are more sympathetic with American than with British ideas. The contrary is the case. Where there are points of difference between the Anglo-Celtic race in Great Britain and in the United States, the British Dominions lean to their Mother Country. Their progressive democracy is better satisfied with the conditions under the shadow of a Throne, which has nothing of tyranny and little of privilege, than with those offering under a Republic whose freedom is tempered a good deal with plutocratic influences. "To be exactly opposite to everything which is known as 'American'--that is the ideal of Australian democracy," said a responsible statesman of the Commonwealth. The statement was put strongly so as to arrest attention; but it contained a germ of truth. In spite of the theoretical Republicanism of a majority of the Australian people, their practical decisions would almost always favour the British rather than the American political system.

The fervid welcome recently given in the Pacific to the Fleet of American battleships which circumnavigated the world, gave rise to some misconceptions. American press correspondents with the Fleet generally formed the idea that Australia in particular was ready to fall into the arms of the United States at the first advance. But that welcome was in part simply the expression of a warm feeling of hospitality for visitors of a kindred race. For the rest, it was an expression of gratitude for the reassurance which the American Fleet gave that a White Race was determined to be a Power in the Pacific. Great Britain had just renewed her treaty with Japan, which had defeated Russia, and this treaty left the Japanese Fleet as the guardian of the British interests in the ocean. To the Australian mind such guardianship was worse than useless. If it were ever a question between accepting the guardianship of the United States--with all its implied obligations--and modifying their anti-Asiatic policy, Australia, Canada and New Zealand would, without a doubt, accept the first alternative. But they would very much prefer that the British Power should be the guardian of their safety, especially a British Power largely supplied and controlled by themselves.

It is towards that development that events now move. It has its danger in that there may be a growing brusqueness in British negotiations in the Pacific. The Dominions of Canada, Australia and New Zealand (I include Canada because all the indications are that she will now fall into line with the other Pacific British nations), paying so much to the piper, will want to call the tune: and whereas British diplomacy with the United States is to-day a shade too deferential, Australasian and Canadian diplomacy possibly will fall into the other error. Experience, of course, will cure the impatience of youth in time. But it is important that at the outset there should be no occasions for bad feeling. A friendly informal conference between Great Britain, the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, ushering in the opening of the Panama Canal, would provide an opportunity for beginning the frank discussion which is needed.

The position in the Pacific confronting such a conference would be this: that friendly co-operation between the United States and Great Britain would give to the Anglo-Saxon race the mastery of the world's greatest ocean, laying for ever the fear of the Yellow Peril, securing for the world that its greatest readjustment of the balance of power shall be effected in peace: but that rivalry between these two kindred nations may cause the gravest evils, and possibly irreparable disasters.

THE END

INDEX

Acadia (_see_ Nova Scotia).

Adriatic, the, 41.

Ainus, the, 35, 138.

Albuquerque takes Malacca, 96.

Alexander the Great, 21, 103.

Alliance between Great Britain and Japan, 39, 42, 199 _et seq._

Amber, the Arabian search for, 22.

America: a "New France" in, 165.

American bureau, the, 272, 273. conferences, 272, 273. diplomacy, 224, 275, 276. --educated Chinese, 53, 54. Empire, growth of, 69. Imperial system, an, 12, 161, 164. Imperialism and the Filipinos, 82. national temper, the, 67. naval bases, 224. "relationship talk," 277. War of Independence, the, 86.

Andes, the, 151.

Anglo-Celtic alliance, an, 14, 15. race and the British Dominions, 278. race best equipped for world dominance, 267.

Anglo-Saxon, the Elizabethan, 69, 148.

Anson, Admiral, 91.

Apia Harbour, Samoa, 215.

Arabians search for amber, 22.

Arabs and the Baltic, 22.

Argentine Republic, the, 150, 160, 162. army of, 197. navy of, 183.

Armies of the Pacific: Argentine, 197. Australian, 191. Bolivian, 197. Brazilian, 197. British, 191. Canadian, 191. Chinese, 190. Colombian, 198. Ecuador, 198. Indian, 191. Japanese, 189. Mexican, 197. New Zealand, 191. Paraguay, 198. Russian, 186, 187. South American, 198. United States, 190.

Aryans, the, 21.

_Asahi Shimbun_, the, 46.

Asia, arrogance of, 40. for the Asiatics, 241, 264.

Asiatic colonisation, White fear of, 231. immigration, 234. labour, 228. labour, cheapness exaggerated, 237. peril, the greatest, 266. populations, natural checks, 58. European influence on, 59. trade competition, 235, 236, 237.

Asiatics as navvies and dock-labourers, 239. preventive medicine and, 59. cannot compete with Europeans, 239.

Atlantic, the, and the White Man, 267. German power in, 212.

Australasia, 100.

Australasia and the White Race, 101.

Australasian Empire, an, 126.

Australia, 3, 11, 13, 21, 93, 94, 109, 248, 250, 265, 277. a "colonising invasion" of, by Japan, 253. and Imperial naval co-operation, 116. annexed by Capt. Cook, 94-95, 101, 123. anti-Asiatic policy of, 106, 279. army of, 191. Chinese poll-tax in, 234. coloured labour in the mines, 238 (footnote). Defence Act, the, 109. early settlers, 102. first Fleet sails for, 95. food production possibilities of, 119. impatient Imperialism of, 277. Imperialism of, 110. in 1901 prohibits coloured immigration, 202. keeping the Asiatic out of, 106. laws against Asiatic immigration, 234. Military College of, 192, 193. official conditions, 193. cadets, 193. gambling and cigarette-smoking prohibited, 194. nation-building material, 105. Northern Territory of, 138, 238 (footnote), 251, 252, 253, 254, 262. populating, 255. potentially the greatest asset of the British race, 118. prayers for rain, 106. prolific, 102. strategical position of, 251. universal training for military service, 108. unvisited by Asiatics in the early days of the Pacific, 58. William Dampier in, 104.

Australian aboriginal race, the, 137, 138. birth-rate, 256, 257. Bushman, the, 121. as material for a great warrior nation, 122. colonists aggressively Imperial, 95. democracy, ideal of, 278. Education Test, 203, 234. Fleet unit, the, 113 _et seq._ Pacific Fleet, the, 181. sternly resolute, 106.

Australians, warlike spirit of, 108. aggressive patriotism of, 117.

Aztecs, the, 156.

"Balance of power," 17.

Balboa of Castile, 2, 153.

Baltic, the, 22.

Banana tree, the, 145.

Barbary States, U.S.A., war with, 70, 72.

Barrett, Mr, 272.

Bible, the, 148.

Bingham, Hiram, at Honolulu, 77.

Blaine, Mr, 272.

"Blue-water School of Strategy," 245.

Boccaccio's story of a Christian, 53.

Bolivia, 151, 160. army of, 197.

Bombay, rats in, 61.

Borneo, 248.

Boston, 77.

Botany Bay, 104.

Boxer outbreak of 1900, the, 50, 59.

Brazil, army of, 197. Republic of, 160, 162.

Britain, military forces, 191. Roman invasion of, 87.

British Admiralty and Imperial naval co-operation, 112. and Japanese, analogy between, 35. Columbia and Asiatic immigration, 45, 234. Continent in the Pacific, the, 100 _et seq._ diplomacy in Pacific, 276, 279. modification of, in the future, 277. Dominions, their loyalty to the Mother Country, 277. Empire, one grave strategical weakness, 251. foundation of, 76. strategical position of, 258. the possibilities of, 129. White population of, 129. Flag in the South Pacific, the 135. foreign policy, 17. garrisons in India, 191. Government recognise Maoris as a nation, 125. Imperial expansion, 17. intentions on Tibet, 211. --Japanese Alliance, renewal of, 208. Trade Treaty, right of British overseas Dominions regarding Japanese immigration, 207. Treaties: of 1902, 199. of 1905, 204, 209. of 1911, 199, 206, 207-208. Treaty, the, 279. provisions of, 199-201, 204-206. War against United States, contingency abolished, 208. maritime intercourse with Russia, 214. naval power in the Pacific, re-establishment of, 265. Navy: effective tonnage, 185. Pacific Fleet, a, 181. Pacific naval strength, 14. people, the, Empire-making of, 87. people, the racial origin of, 87. --Russian Alliance not impossible, 213. trade with Latin America, 162, 163. treaty with Holland, 96.

Britons, Romanised, 88.

"Brown Bess" musket, the, 197.

"Bush," the, in Australia, 121. in New Zealand, 120.

Byzantine culture and the Southern Slavs, 22. Empire, the Greek Church and the, 23.

Byzantium and the Normans, 22.

California, annexation of, 73. Japanese in, 45.

Canada, 2, 11, 13, 259, 265, 277. and the Japanese immigrants, 202. and the Pacific, 165 _et seq._ anti-Asiatic policy of, 279. French in, 165, 167, 168. importance of, to British position in the Pacific, 248. landing fees on Chinese, 234. militia forces of, 191, 194. naval plans, 183. organisation of militia, 195. originally a French colony, 165. policy of Colonel Hughes, Defence Minister, 174. political tendencies, 170. proposed Reciprocity Treaty with United States, 174. race troubles in, 233. religion of, 168. rifle factory, 194. strategical position of, 247. the coastal waters of, 169. the new spirit regarding Defence, 194. universal military training and, 196. water power of, 243.

Canadian Defence League, The, 195. feudal system, 167. Fleet unit, Sir Wilfrid Laurier on, 172. General Election of 1911, the, 171, 195. militia, the, 171. naval policy, 172. Pacific provinces and Japanese immigration, 202 (and footnote). Provinces, federation of, 73. protests against, 73, 74. railways and Chinese labour, 233.

Cannibalism, 140.

Canute, King, 213.

Carausius, 88.

Caribbean naval base for United States, 179. Sea, Spanish power destroyed, 82. the United States and the, 67.

Cartier, Jacques, 166.

Castile, the King of, 2.

Catherine the Great, 189, 214.

Caxamalco, Pizarro at, 153.

Chagres, the, 219.

Champlain, 166.

Chang Chih-tung, 51, 52.

Chili, 2, 10, 150, 151. army of, 197. navy of, 183. Republic of, 160, 163.

China, 3, 25, 266. a new, 56. ancestor worship in, 55. and the German Emperor, 10. and the teeming millions of Asia, 47. and the White Race, 56. army of, 190. Chang Chih-tung's suggestions for reform, 51, 52. Christian missionaries in, 50. Confucianism in, 48, 49, 56 (footnote), 57. deprived of Malthusian checks, 57, 65. first European ambassadors to, 40. infanticide in, 57. Jesuit missionaries in, 50. legendary history of, 48. militancy in, 64. Mohammedans in, 48. nation-birth of, 8. navy of, 178. not a Power in world-politics generally, 34. persecution of missionaries, 50. population of, 8, 63. Republic of, 54. a united, 55. Republicanism in, 54, 55. Mr Kwei Chih on, 55 (footnote). Revolution in, 8. suggested alliance with France, 48. Taoism in, 49. territorial integrity of, 200, 201, 202, 204, 209, 210, 211. the Manchu dynasty, 50, 55 (footnote). the Ming dynasty, 50. the Mongol dynasty, 49. the power of, in the Pacific, 9. the Reform movement in, 51 _et seq._

Chinaman, the, arrogance of, 48. courage of the, 47. superior to Japanese, 47.

China's attitude regarding Pacific issues, 65. indemnity to Japan, 26.

Chinese ancestor worship, 55.

Chinese, artistry of the, 34. as agriculturists, 238. as miners, 237. contempt of, by Japanese, 56. distaste for adventure, 57. Grand Khan, the, 49. exchanges greetings with Pope of Rome, 50. hatred of the Japanese, 56. immigration forbidden in United States, 235. immigration, restrictions on, 64. in the Malay Archipelago, 58. in the United States, 53. --Japanese alliance not likely, 56. labour on Canadian railways, 233. landing fees in Canada, 234. national spirit of the, 51. non-aggressive, 56. parent races of, 49. poll-tax in Australia, 234. rights in the Malay Peninsula, 142. Socialists, 49. students visit Japan, 53. war, the, 26.

Christian missionaries in China, 50.

_Chuen Hsueh Pien_, the Bible of Chinese moderate reformers, 52.

Clayton-Bulwer treaty, the, 81.

Colbert, the Minister of Louis XIV., 167.

Colombia, army of, 198.

Colombo, Capt. Macaulay on, 97.

"Colossus of the North," the, 17, 25.

Columbia, 163.

Columbus, 104, 105.

_Commonwealth Crisis, The_, 253.

Commonwealth of Australia, birth-rate of, 256, 257.

Confucianism in China, 48, 49, 56 (footnote), 57.

Constantinople, Convention of, 221. Russia in, 23. the Turk in possession of, 41.

Cook, Captain, 94, 101. annexes Australia, 95, 123. lands at Botany Bay, 104. visits New Zealand, 123, 141.

Corea, 5, 6. and the Tartar invaders of Japan, 35. annexed by Japan, 38, 42, 260. independence of, 202. Japan and, 64. Japanese interests in, 205. territorial integrity of, 25, 200, 202, 206.

Cortes, 2, 3, 156.

Cossacks, the, 187, 188. the, and Siberia, 5.

Courteen, Sir William, 104.

Crimean War, the, 24.

Cross and Crescent, 23.

Cuba, 260. conquered by Velasquez, 156. fate of, 155. Guantanamo Bay, 179. naval base at, 222. Spain's misgovernment of, 82.

Cushing, Mr Caleb, 81.

_Cygnet_, the, 104.

Dale, Sir Thomas, 166.

Dampier, William, visits Australia, 104.

Darius and the Greeks, 40.

Dashwood, Mr, 252.

Declaration of Neutrality of 1893, American, 68.

De Monts, 166.

De Quiros, 104.

De Torres, 104.

Diaz, 2. abdication of, 159. and the Mexican revolutionaries, 158. fall of, 158.

Dickinson, Mr, United States Secretary for War, 172 (footnote).

Drake, Sir Francis, 69, 91.

"Dreadnought" types in 1912 and 1915, forecast of, 184.

Ecuador, 151, 161, 260. army of, 198.

Edward, Dr Hall, 229.

Effective tonnage of the three greatest Naval Powers in 1912 and 1915, 185.

Egyptians' device for avoiding mosquitoes, 217.

Elizabeth, Queen, 24.

Elizabethan Englishman, the, 69, 148. era, the, 90, 214.

England, an ingenious speculation as to her climate on opening of Panama Canal, 220. Elizabethan, the spirit of, 76. her sea-power, 89.

English Channel, the, 87.

Englishman, the Elizabethan, 69, 148.

_Entente_ between Great Britain and Russia, 199.

Europe prohibits Asiatic internecine warfare, 59.

European ambassadors to China, the first, 40. "balance of power," a, 17. hegemony, the, 40. relations with China, 49. scientists and Asiatics, 59. trade and missions in China, 50.

Fanning Island, 251.

Fiji, 3. Group acquired by Great Britain, 134. Hindoo labourers in, 231.

Fijian, a typical gardener, 143.

Filipinos, the, 82.

Finns, the, 21.

Fisher, Mr, Prime Minister of Australia, 133.

Fitz-Gerald, Mr James Edward, 126.

Fleet unit, the Australian, 113 _et seq._

Formosa, 4. ceded by China to Japan, 38.

Fotheringham, Colonel, 196.

France, 3, 10, 199. and China, suggested alliance, 48. Napoleon and, 18. trade relations with Japan, 38.

Fremantle, Dr Francis, 60.

French Canada of to-day, 167. under theocratic despotism, 167.

French-Canadian priesthood, the, 168.

French Canadians, 165, 168. their national character, 168.

French project for Panama Canal, 216. Revolution, the, 124.

French, the, 267.

Galapagos Islands, the, 222, 224, 260.

Gatun Lake, area of, 218, 219.

Gengis Khan, 22, 49.

German navy: effective tonnage, 185. power in the Atlantic, 212.

Germans, the, in Kiao-Chau, 10.

Germany, 3, 10. a possible ally of Japan, 199. a possible ally of United States, 199, 212.

Gordon, General, 47.

Grant, President, 74.

Great Britain a Free Trade country, 206. abandons "splendid isolation" ideal, 27. acquires the Fiji Group, 134. and her Indian Empire, 86. and Japan, alliance, 14, 28, 34, 39, 199. Treaty of Commerce and Navigation with Japan, 206, 207-211. and Russia, an understanding between, 213, 214. _entente_ between, 199. friendship between, 211. and the Pacific, 269. and United States, an instinct towards friendliness, 199. friendliness between, 215. treaty with United States, 220. annexes New Zealand, 125. entry into the Pacific, 85. her naval strength in the Pacific, 14. Imperialist sentiment in, 203. navy of, 180. sensitive to opinions of her Dominions, 203. the rivalry of the United States, 269. trade relations with Japan, 38.

Great Britain, where established on west of Pacific, 248.

Great Lakes, the, and the United States, 70.

Greek Church, the, 22, 188. and the Byzantine Empire, 23. republics, the, and the Persian Empire, 41.

Greeks and Persians, 40.

Grijalba in Mexico, 156.

Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, 179.

Gulf Stream, the, 87, 219.

"Habitants," 167.

Hairy Ainus, the, 35.

Hamilton, Alexander, 71.

Hawaii and the Maoris, 139. Arms Registration Ordinance, 79. Spaniards in, 93. the coolies and traders of, 145. the key to the Pacific coast of North America, 3.

Hawaiian garrison, the, 190. Group, natives helpless material for nation-making, 145. Islands, the, 77, 258, 259. annexation of, 78, 81, 83. Japanese in the, 44, 45, 58. Republic formed, 78. population: the chief element, 79, 80, 81.

Hawaiians, the parent stock of the, 142, 145.

_Health and Empire_, cit., 59-62.

Hegemony of Pacific Ocean, 258.

Heine, cit., 24.

Henderson, Sir Reginald, 181.

Hercules, the Pillars of, 1.

Herodotus, 217.

Holland, British treaty with, 96.

Holy Alliance, the, 72, 155.

Honduras, U.S.A., treaty with, 270-271.

Hong Kong, 11, 85, 97, 248, 250. harbour of, 98.

Honolulu, 12, 260. a holiday scene at, 80. Harbour, 259. Hiram Bingham's first sermon at, 77. naval base at, 78, 80.

Hughes, Colonel, 174, 195.

Huidekoper, Mr, 171 (footnote), 172 (footnote).

Huns, the, 40.

Imperial Conference of 1911, the, 127 _et seq._ Defence Conference of 1909, the, 111, 172, 181, 183. the British Admiralty memorandum concerning, 112. Navy, an, 112, 130.

Imperialism of Australia, 110.

Imperialist sentiment in Great Britain, 203.

Incas, the, 151, 152, 153.

"Independent Tribes of New Zealand," the, 125.

India, 11. an independent, 9. British garrisons in, 191. defence of, 249. Great Britain's apprehensions regarding, 25. internecine warfare prohibited in, 59. occupation of, 249. Russia and, 25. the British in, 9. the _Raj_ and, 9. the Sepoy forces in, 191. western sea-passage to, 92. White garrison of, 249.

Indian Empire, the, Great Britain and, 86. frontier, the, 205. Ocean, the, 85.

Industrial position in the Pacific, 235, 240. "spheres of influence," 236, 240.

Infanticide in China, 57.

Internecine warfare prohibited by Europe, 59.

Isthmian Canal, the, 271.

Ivan the Terrible, 5.

James I., 104.

Japan, 3, 4 _et al._ a dwindling Power, 8. alliance with Great Britain, 39. an offender against China's national pride, 64. and Christianity, 32, 33. and Corea, 64. and Great Britain, alliance, 14, 199. and Manchuria, 64. and Russia, 25, 26. and Shintoism, 32. and the Christian faith, 37. and the problem of the Pacific, 42. and trade relations with White civilisation, 37, 38. army of, 189. army and navy of, 6. bases for industrial prosperity in, 7. character of her population, 43. exclusiveness of, 37. feudal, 36. Germany a possible ally of, 199. healing of local feuds in, 59. in the Pacific, strategical position of, 260. industrial expansion of, 7. labour movement in, 7. "most-favoured-nation" rates, 206. nation-making, 32. "natural capital" of, 44. natural resources of, 6. navy of, 14, 177, 178. poverty of, 5, 6. rumoured alliance with Mexico, 159. Sea of, 260. Shintoism in, 36. territories won in battle, 6. the awakening of, 31. the greatest warrior Power in the Pacific, 32. the "honoured ally" of Great Britain, 33. the Mikados of, 31, 36. the rise of, 31. the Tartar invaders of, 35. Treaty of Commerce and Navigation with Great Britain, 206, 207-211. war with China, 26. war with Russia, 7, 25 _et seq._, 265, 268. warlike confidence of, 6.

Japanese acquire Formosa, 38. acquire the Pescadores, 38. ancestry of, 35. and British, analogy between, 35. annex Corea, 38, 42. arrogance of the, 46. artistry of the, 34. as painters and potters, 33. --Chinese alliance the greatest Asiatic peril, 266. contempt for Chinese, 56. disappointment with the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 210-211. emigrants, 45, 46. Government proposes State adoption of Christian religion, 32 (footnote). hatred of, by Chinese, 56. interests in Corea, 205. Minister for Home Affairs: communication to Japanese Press, 32-33 (footnote). national feeling of the, 46. naval estimates (current), 177. settlements, 44. tariffs, 241, 242. the chief element of Hawaiian population, 79, 80, 81. their reputed genius for war, 28. transformation of the race, 33.

Java, 93.

Java Major, 103.

Jebb, Mr Richard, 232.

Jesuit missionaries in China, 50.

"Jingoism" of British nations in South Pacific, the, 95.

Kanakas, the, 136, 142, 143, 144, 145.

Kiao-Chou and the German "mailed fist," 10.

Kidman, Mr Sydney, 252.

Kirk, David, 166.

Kirness, C. H., 253.

Kitchener, Field-Marshal Lord, 111.

Knox, Secretary, 159 (footnote), 212.

Kouropatkin, General, 29.

Kwei Chih, Mr, 55 (footnote).

Labour and anti-Asiatic movements, 232, 233. movement in Japan, the, 7.

Lansdowne, Marquess of, 201.

Latin America, 147 _et seq._, 162, 273. and the Monroe doctrine, 162. British export trade with, 162, 163. navy of, 183. race-mixture in, 147. strength of, 160-161. summary of position of, 163. the military strength of, 196. universal service in, 197.

Latin-American armies, the, 197. Empire, a, 161. Power, a, 150. Republics, the, 72, 75. United States, the Suzerain Power of, 74.

Latin-Indian race, the, 147.

Latin peoples, the, 267.

Laurier, Sir Wilfrid, 128, 183, 194. defeat of, 170 _et seq._

Laval, Monseigneur, 167.

Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 216.

Levant, the, 41.

Lithuania, Roman culture in, 22.

Lithuanians, the, 22.

Logie, Colonel, 196.

_London Gazette_, the, on America, 70.

Louis XIV. of France, 167.

Louisiana, cession of, 72.

Macaulay, Captain, 97.

Macdonald, Sir C., 201.

Machiavelli, 57.

Magalhaes, 104.

Malacca, 95.

Malakiki Hill, the Gibraltar of Honolulu, 79.

Malay Archipelago, the, 58. Peninsula, the, 230. Chinese rights in, 142. States, the, 142.

Malays and Chinese, 230.

Malaysians, the, 139.

Malthusian checks, 57, 65.

Manchu dynasty, the, 50, 55 (footnote).

Manchuria, 5, 6, 20. Japan and, 64. Russian generals in, 29.

Manchus, the, 8, 9, 266.

Manila, 260.

Maori flag saluted by British warship, 125.

Maori, the, 122, 136, 138, 139. race in 1769, population of, 141. system of government, the, 139. War, the, 140.

Maoris, cannibalism prevalent among, 140. cede their country to Queen Victoria, 125. chivalry of, 140. in New Zealand, population of, 145. results of civilisation, 141. similarity to Japanese, 141. the parent stock of the, 142.

Marco Polo, 49, 103.

Marsden, Rev. Samuel, 123.

Maximilian, 157.

Mediterranean, the, 1. and the White Man, 267. Russia and, 18, 23.

Melanesia, 94.

Meliorism, 265.

Mencius, 52.

Merritt, Lieut.-Col. Wm. Hamilton, 195.

Mexicans, the aboriginal, 137. the, and Diaz, 158.

Mexico, 2, 150, 259. army of, 197. Balboa in, 153. Empire of, 157. Grijalba lands at, 156. Gulf of, and the United States, 70. Republic of, 161, 163. rumoured alliance with Japan, 159. Spaniards in, 92. under Spanish rule, 157. United States and intervention, 159, 269. Velasquez in, 156-157. yields independence to Cortes, 156.

Meyer, Secretary, U.S. Navy, 178, 179.

Mikados of Japan, 31, 36.

Military College of Australia, the, 192. official conditions of, 193. strength of Latin America, the, 196. training in Canada, 196.

Militia, Canadian, a conference on organisation, 195.

Militia force of Canada, 194.

Ming dynasty, the, 50.

Miscegenation, 148, 149.

Mississippi, the, 165.

Mogul, the Great, 3.

Mohammedans and China, 48.

Mongol dynasty, the, 49. invasion of Russia, 22.

Mongolia, Russia's designs on, 211.

Mongols, the, 21, 44.

Monroe doctrine, the, 155, 159 (footnote), 160, 171, 220. in United States, 71, 72, 73, 75. extended in scope, 73-74.

Monroe, President, 71. his formal message, 72 _et seq._

Morioris, the, 139.

Moscow, 22.

Mosquitoes, 217. Herodotus on, 217. massacre of, in Panama Canal-building, 217. Papuan natives and, 217. trouble of, in cutting Suez Canal, 218.

Mukden, battle of, 29, 39, 40, 41, 42.

Murray, His Excellency Colonel, 144.

Muscovite Czars, the, 23.

Napoleon, 16, 17, 18, 40, 72, 157, 246. and Russia, 24.

Napoleonic Wars, the, 155.

Naval forces of the Pacific, 176 _et seq._

Navies of the Pacific: Argentine Republic, 183. Australia, 182. Canada, 183. Chili, 183. China, 178. Great Britain, 180. Japan, 177. Latin America, 183. Russia, 176. United States, 178.

Navy, an Imperial, 130.

Neutral market, a, 230. markets, Asiatics in, 235, 236, 237. in which Asiatics can compete, 244.

Negro problem, the, 274.

"New France," a, in America, 165. the early founders of, 166.

New Guinea, 248. annexed by Queensland, 134.

New South Wales, birth-rate of, 255. Royal Commission on fall of birth-rate, 255, 257.

New York, Naval Yard of, 13.

_New York Sun_, the, 212.

New Zealand, 3, 11, 13, 94, 248, 250, 265, 277. a Company formed to colonise, 123. its prospectus, 124. a steady flow of emigrants to, 125. and the smaller Colonies, 120 _et seq._ anti-Asiatic policy of, 279. army of, 191. Captain Cook visits, 123, 141. Christianity introduced, 123. colonists aggressively Imperial, 95. early settlers, 122. Empire, a, 134. exclusion of Asiatics, 234. formally taken over by Great Britain, 125. impatient Imperialism of, 277. Imperial patriotism of, 127. Maoris in, 145. naval agreement with, 132, 133 (footnote). naval policy of, 133. population of, 141. strategical position of, 251. the "Bush," 120. the Treaty of Waitangi, 125, 126. universal training for military service, 130.

Nicaragua, U.S.A., treaty with, 270.

Norfolk Island, 251.

Normans, the, 22, 89, 90.

Norsemen pirates, the, 89.

North America, the Republic of, 150.

North Sea, the, 87.

Northern Territory of Australia, the, 138, 238 (footnote), 251, 252, 253, 254, 262. conditions as regards productiveness and health, 254. decidedly healthy, 254. life in, 254.

Novgorod, 213.

Ocean of the future, the, 1 _et seq._

"Open-door" agreements, 236, 241.

Opium War of 1840, the, 50.

Oregon, annexation of, 73.

Osaka _Mainichi_, the, on the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 210.

Ottoman invasion, the, 41. suzerainty of Europe, Napoleon and the, 40.

Oversea Dominions, population of, 128, 129.

Pacific armies, the chief, 198. British Dominions, uneasiness regarding British-Japanese Treaty, 202, 204. Fleet: Australian unit, 181. of American battleships, the welcome given to, 278. Russia urged to build a, 213.

Pacific, the, American influence in, 11-12. and Great Britain, 269. and the United States, 269. armies of the, 186 _et seq._ British Empire and the mastery of, 11. British influence in, 11. British possessions in, 13. British trade interests in, 162. China and, 8 _et seq._ control of: an Anglo-Celtic union advisable, 14. Drake's log on entering, 91. fortresses and trading stations, 3. France and, 10. future of, Japan's chance, 265. future of, with White Races, 265. Germany and, 10. Great Britain and, 10. hegemony of, 4, 46. India and, 9, 10. industrial position, governed by excluding Asiatic labour, 235, 240. industrial position in, 228 _et seq._ Japan and, 5 _et seq._ Japan the greatest warrior Power in, 32. naval and military forces in, 15. navies of the, 176 _et seq._ no Free Trade ideas in the, 235. ocean of the future, 1. position of Japan in, 46. rivals for, 263 _et seq._ Russia in, 16 _et seq._, 268. Russian influence in, 4. South America and, 10. Spain in, 91. strategical position of Japan in, 260. of United States in, 260. strategy of, 246. Treaties in, 199. United States and, 68. Yellow and White Races and, 63.

Palmyra Island, 12 (footnote).

Pan-American Bureau, the, 272. Conferences, 272, 273.

Panama Canal, the, 5, 12, 13, 42, 75, 160, 163, 176, 178, 179, 216 _et seq._, 218, 220, 243, 259, 260, 265, 280. and United States, 269. American commerce and, 225. amount expended by United States, 227. amount of Pacific and Atlantic water exchanged by, 220. as a tariff weapon, 224. early difficulties, 216. free navigation of, 221. intended by United States as means of securing dominance in Pacific, 223, 224. military police for, 221. naval base at Cuba, 222. "neutralisation" of the, 220. plague of mosquitoes, 217. Secretary Meyer on, 179. sovereign rights of the United States, 222. tolls, 225. treaty regarding management, 220.

Panama, hills of, 219 Isthmus, the, 81, 155. by no means unhealthy, 218. the United States and, 67.

Papua, natives of, and mosquitoes, 217.

Papua, New Guinea, 144.

Paraguay, army of, 198. Republic of, 161.

Peace Societies, 109.

Peace of Shimonoseki, the, and its consequences, 38.

Pearl Harbour, 78, 79.

Pekin, the expedition of 1900 to, 50.

Penang, 95.

Persia and the Greeks, 40.

Persian Gulf, the, 25.

Peru, 2, 10, 92, 150, 151 _et seq._, 160. occupied by Spaniards, 154.

Peruvians, the, 8, 137. and the elimination of the fighting instinct, 111. Spanish description of, 152.

Pescadores, the, acquired by Japan, 38.

Philippine garrison, the, 190.

Philippines, the, 3, 4, 12, 104, 259. Anson's attempt to subdue, 91. the Spaniards at, 104. United States acquire, 82.

Pizarro, Francisco, 153, 156.

"Places at table," 118.

"Places in the sun," 118.

Plague, the, 59. Dr Francis Fremantle on, 60. Prof. W. J. Simpson on, 61.

Polk, President, 73.

Polo, Marco, 49, 103.

Polynesia, 94.

Pope of Rome exchanges greetings with Chinese Grand Khan, 50.

Portugal: trade relations with Japan, 38.

Poutrincourt, 166.

Power, Senator, 196.

Prayers for rain, 106.

Preventive medicine as aid to population, 118.

Protection, a rigid system of, 226.

Quebec, 166. captured by Admiral Kirk, 166. restored to France, 167. the capital of "New France," 166.

Queensland annexes New Guinea, 134.

Race-mixture, instinct against, 20.

Race troubles in Canada, 233.

Races, psychology of, 35.

Raffles, Sir Stamford, 96.

Rain, prayers for, 106.

Raw levies, uselessness of, 197.

Republicanism in China, 54, 55. Mr Kwei Chih on, 55 (footnote).

Richelieu, 166.

Rocky Mountains, the, 169, 243.

_Roebuck_, the, 104.

Roman Catholics in Canada, 168.

Roman invasion of Britain, 87, 88.

Romanised Britons, 88.

_Rosanna_, the, conveys pioneers to New Zealand, 123.

Rurik, 22.

Russia, 3, 4. and a Pacific Fleet, 213. and Great Britain, _entente_ between, 199. and India, 18. and Japan, 25, 26. and Napoleon, 24. and Siberia, 25. and the Mediterranean, 18, 23. and the Napoleonic invasion, 16, 17. and the Pacific, 10. and the Persian Gulf, 25. army of, 186, 187. British dread of, 18. British maritime intercourse with, 214. Cross versus Crescent, 23. early European civilisations, 21. European jealousy of, 5. expansion of, 19. mistrust of European Powers, 24. future position of, in the Pacific, 29. Great Britain's alarm of, 24, 25. Greeks and Romans in, 21. in Constantinople, 23. interior of, 21. invasion of the Turks, 23. Lord Salisbury on, 16. national heroes of, 22. naval strategy of, 261. navy of, 176. race-mixture in, 20. religious faith, 22. service to civilisation, 23. the avenger of the White Races, 23. war with Japan, 7, 19, 25 _et seq._, 265.

Russian intentions on Mongolia, 211.

Russians, faith of the, 23.

Russo-Japanese War, the, 7, 19, 25 _et seq._, 265. difficulties of Russians, 29.

St Francis Xavier, 37.

St Germain-en-Laye, Treaty of, 167.

St Helena, Napoleon in, 18.

St Lawrence, the, 165.

Saito, Baron, 46.

Salisbury, Lord, 16.

Sandwich Islands, 77.

San Francisco, 91, 260.

Satsuma, revolt of the, 38.

Sea of Japan, 260, 261.

Selkirks, the, 169, 243.

Semites, the, 21.

Sepoy forces in India, 191.

"Setch," the Cossack, 188, 189.

Shimonoseki, the Peace of, 38. the Straits of, 38.

Shintoism, 32, 36.

Shoguns, the, 36.

Siberia, Russia and, 25. the Cossacks and, 5.

Siberian Railway, the, 186.

Simeon, 22.

Simpson, Prof. W. J., on the Plague, 61.

Singapore, 11, 85, 95, 96, 250, 258. harbour of, 97.

Slavs, the, 22, 267.

Socialism in Japan, 7.

Socialists in China, 49.

Sorcerer, the, in the South Sea Islands, 149.

South America, 10.

South American armies, 198.

South Pacific, the British Flag in, 135. the native races, 135.

South Sea Islands, 93, 149.

Spain: war with United States, 82.

"Spheres of influence," the, 85, 236, 240.

Spice Islands, the, 93.

Straits of Shimonoseki forced, 38.

Straits Settlements, the, 248.

Strategical considerations, 245 _et seq._

Suez Canal, free navigation of, 221. the mosquito trouble, 218.

Sumarai, the, 32.

Sun-worship, 151.

Suva, 143.

Taft, President, 159 (footnote), 171 (footnote), 218, 225, 271.

Talon, Jean Baptiste, 167.

Taoism, 49.

Tartar and Mongol tribes, the, 49.

Tartary, 3, 22.

Tasmania, 137.

Teutons, the, 267.

Texas, annexation of, 73.

Thakombau, King, 134.

Theodosius, Emperor, 49.

Tibet, British intentions on, 211.

Tokio _Nichi-Nichi_, the, 211.

Tracy, Marquis de, 167.

Trade reciprocity, 164, 174.

Trans-Andine railways, the, 10.

Treaties in the Pacific, 199.

Treaties with Japan, British (1902), 199. (1905), 204-209. (1911), 199, 206, 207-211.

Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Great Britain and Japan, 206, 207-211. of St Germain-en-Laye, 167.

Triple Alliance, the, 199.

Triple Entente, the, 213.

Truvor, 22.

Turkey, Lord Salisbury on, 16.

Turks, the, 23, 40. at Constantinople, 41. Russia and, 19.

United States, the, 2, 3, 12, 13. a social difficulty, 274. absorption of Mexican territory by, 158. acquisition of Hawaii, 78, 81, 83. aggressively Imperial, 68. and Cuba, 82. and Germany, possibilities of an "understanding" between, 212. and Great Britain, an instinct towards friendliness, 199, 215. and the Atlantic, 67. and the Negroes, 233. and the Philippines, 82. and trade relations with Japan, 37. army of, 190. British diplomacy and, 276, 277, 279. considering intervention in Mexico, 159. control waterway from Atlantic to Pacific, 82. decide to construct Panama Canal, 216. Declaration of Neutrality, 70. established in the Caribbean Sea, 67. on the Isthmus of Panama, 67. establishing naval base at Cuba, 222. foreign policy, 75. Germany a possible ally of, 199. imperialism in, 66. in the Pacific, strategical position of, 260. lynchings in, 20. marvellous growth of, 70, 72. miscegenation in, 20. naval strength of, in the Pacific, 14. navy, 178. effective tonnage, 185. Secretary Meyer's report on, 178. neutral markets, 83. organisation of industrial machinery, 243. Pacific possessions, 84. policy, Imperialist tendency of, 77. rivals of Great Britain, 269. rules for exclusion of Chinese, 235. strategical position of, 258. the greatest factor in the Problem of the Pacific, 68. the greatest White nation of the world, 150. the "Monroe doctrine" in, 71, 72, 73, 75. the Suzerain Power of the Latin-American Republics, 74. war with Spain, 82 when Panama Canal opened, the greatest Power of the Pacific, 243.

Universal military training proposed in Canada, 196.

"Universal service" in Latin America, 197.

Ural Mountains, the, 20.

Uruguay, 161, 163.

Vancouver, 251.

Veddas, the, 138.

Velasquez, conqueror of Cuba, 156.

Venezuela controversy, the, 74. Republic of, 161.

Victoria, Queen, 24, 125.

Vienna and the Ottoman invasion, 41.

Waitangi, the Treaty of, 125, 126.

Wakefield, Mr Edward Gibbon, 124.

Wallace on the black Australian, 137.

War, the necessity of, 6.

Ward, Sir Joseph, 127 _et seq._

Washington's farewell address, 71.

Wei-hai-wei, 248, 250.

Wesleyan mission to New Zealand, 132.

"White Australia," 107, 254. laws, the, 20. policy, basis of, 232.

White garrison of India, the, 249. labour, impatient, 240. Man and the Pacific, 63. Race, the, 2, 4, 107. conquests of, 41. superiority of, 263, 267. Races, America and the, 12. birth-rate, 257. neither enervated nor decadent, 264. the future of the Pacific with the, 265. Russia consolidated by the Normans, 22. Mongol invasion of, 22.

_Worker, The_, on Asiatic colonisation, 240 (footnote).

Xavier, St Francis, 37.

"X-Ray Martyr," the, 229.

Yellow Man, danger of overrunning the Pacific, 63.

"Yellow Peril," the, 264, 280.

Yellow Race, the, 2, 4. defeats the White Race in war, 39.

Yellow Races, the United States and the, 13.

Yturbidi, Emperor Augustin de, 157.

Yuan Shih-Kai, 54.

PRINTED BY NEILL AND CO., LTD., EDINBURGH.

* * * * *

Transcriber's note:

1. Except as noted below, spelling and inconsistencies have been retained as they appear in the original publication.

2. "X-ray" in the text appears as "X-Ray" in the index.

3. "FitzGerald" in the text appears as "Fitz-Gerald" in the index.

4. On page 205, in the sentence starting "Japan possessing paramount", "Great Britain" was "Gerat Britain" in the original.

5. On page 240, "wheel-barrow" was "wheel-barrrow" in the original.

6. The punctuation in the index has been made consistent.

7. The name "Terra Austrialia del Espiritu Santo" is correct. "Austrialia" was an invented hybrid word combining the names "Austria" and "australis" as a compliment to King Phillip III of Spain who was a member of the House of Habsburg (Austria).

8. "the cageing of the great soldier" was changed to "the caging of the great soldier"

9. "Hayti" is an old spelling of "Haiti". It has been retained.

10. On p. 155 the word "reassert" has been changed from "re-assert" to match the spelling elsewhere in the book.