Chapter VI, Part 2.

[1] Common Law fully admits the legality of pressing sailors into service, see Blackstone, I, 419.

[2] Influence of Sea Power upon History, pp. 132-138; Lord Palmerstone also deprecated the value of commercial war, Political Science Quarterly, 1905, xx, 711.

[3] Atherley-Jones, op. cit. 529, 534.

[4] Atherley-Jones, op. cit. 530.

[5] The Declaration of London, Chap. iv. The Declaration of London however is not officially ratified by Great Britain, see Bentwich, The Declaration of London.

[6] England's delegates, Messrs. Twiss, Westlake, Lorimer, and Bernard gave the only dissenting votes to the proposition favoring the abolition of the right to capture private property at sea, Institute of International Law at its meeting at the Hague in 1875, see Revue de Droit International, 1875, vii, 288. England also opposed the proposition at the Second Hague Conference, in 1907, see Second Hague Conference, Acts and Documents, iii, 832.

[7] Among English Publicists favoring the abolition of the right to capture private property at sea may be mentioned Lawrence, Hall and Maine. The question came before the house of commons by motion of Sir John Lubbock, March 22, 1878, but was negatived without division. (See Phillimore, op. cit. iii, 361.) Lord Palmerstone once said, "Question Statesmen, none will tell you that the depredations of privateers have ever decided the success or final result of a war." (See Political Science Quarterly, 1905, xx, 711) and in a speech of 1856 he hoped for the abolition of the right to capture private property at sea. (See Speech by Rufus Choate, Second Hague Conference, Acts and Documents, iii, 770.) Among English publicists on the opposite side are Phillimore, Westlake, T.C. Bowles, Twiss, Lorimer, Sir Shurston Baker, and Norman Bentwich. John Stuart Mill in a letter to the Times, March 11, 1871 spoke of abandonment of the right to capture private property, as "the abandonment of our chief defensive weapon--the right to attack an enemy in his commerce." (See Phillimore, op. cit. 361.) However, in a speech in 1867 he had apparently countenanced the reform, (See Speech of Rufus Choate, Second Hague Conference Acts and Documents, iii, 770.)

[8] Section 21 of the proposed act. For text of this act see Bentwich, The Declaration of London, 174.

[9] Political Science Quarterly, 1905, xx, 711, see also note 7 above.

[10] The full result of the vote was as follows: Aye--Germany, United States, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Cuba, Denmark, Equador, Greece, Hayti, Italy, Norway, Netherlands, Persia, Roumania, Siam, Sweden, Switzerland and Turkey,--21; Nay--Columbia, Spain, France, Great Britain, Japan, Mexico, Montenegro, Panama, Portugal, Russia, Salvador--11; Not Voting, Chile.

[11] For attitude of United States and other countries on this question see speech by Andrew D. White, at the first Hague Conference, (Holls, The Peace Conference at the Hague) and speech by Rufus Choate at the Second Hague Conference, (Second Hague Conference, Acts and Documents, iii, 770.)

[12] The French proposition was as follows: "Considering that, as the law of nations still positively admits the legality of the right of capture, applied to private enemy property at sea, it is eminently desirable that, until a binding agreement is established between states on the subject of suppression, the exercise of it be subordinated to certain modifications.

"Considering, that it is necessary to the above point that, conforming to the modern conception of war that it ought to be directed against states and not against individuals, the right of capturing private property apply only as a means of coercion practiced by a state against a state;

"That in view of these ideas all the individual benefit to the profit of agents of the state which exercises the right of capture ought to be excluded and that the loss suffered by individuals from the taking of prize ought to be finally borne by the state to which they belong;

"The French delegation has the honor of proposing to the fourth commission that it express the wish that states which exercise the right of capture appropriate the portion of prizes given to the crews of the capturing vessels and promulgate the necessary measures, so that the loss, caused by the exercise of the right of capture, will not rest entirely upon the individuals from whom the wealth may have been captured."--This "Voeu" known as annexe 16 of the fourth commission appears in French text in Second Hague Conference Acts and Documents, iii, 1148; English translation in Westlake, International Law, ii, 313. For discussion of the measure see Second Hague Conference, Acts and Documents, iii, 792, 809, 842, 845, 906, 909. Before a vote was taken the two portions of the motion were separated. The final result as given on page 909 of the volume cited was as follows:

On Abolition of prize money; Aye--Germany, Austria-Hungary, Chile, China, France, Greece, Italy, Japan, Montenegro, Norway, Holland, Persia, Russia, Servia, Sweden, Turkey, 16. Nay--United States, Argentina, Cuba, Mexico, 4. Not Voting--Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Equador, Spain, Great Britain, Hayti, Panama, Paraguay, Portugal, Salvador, Siam, Switzerland, 14.

On State insurance against private loss; Aye--Austria-Hungary, France, Great Britain, Montenegro, Holland, Russia, Servia, 7. Nay--Germany, United States, Argentina, Chile, China, Cuba, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Persia, Sweden, Turkey, 13. Not Voting--Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Equador, Spain, Greece, Hayti, Panama, Paraguay, Portugal, Salvador, Siam, Switzerland, 14.

Although the United States has abolished prize money, her delegates voted against the proposition on this occasion on the grounds that it was a matter for internal regulation, and that they did not wish to take the emphasis from the broader project of total abolition of the right to capture private property which they advocated. Though England abstained from voting, her delegate expressed opposition to the "Voeu" in debate.

[13] Second Hague Conferences, iii, 906.

[14] Bentwich, The Law of Private Property in War, p. 72.

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TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE

Underlined text is denoted by _underscores_. There is no 'bold' or 'italic' text.

Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.

For consistency, instances of 'op. cit,' and 'op. cit.,' have been replaced by 'op. cit.' and instances of 'ibid,' and 'ibid.,' have been replaced by 'ibid.'

The original text is a typed manuscript for a graduate thesis paper, using one side of the paper. There is a second 'Page 53' which has been renumbered in the html version of the etext as '53a', and a second 'Page 73' renumbered as '73a'. There is no 'Page 125'.

Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained. For example: Hayti; Equador; one-tenth, one tenth; unneutral.

All instances of 'Brittanica' have been replaced by 'Britannica'.

Table of Contents, 'Crimmean' replaced by 'Crimean'. Table of Contents, 'personel' replaced by 'personnel'. Pg 2, 'land war fare' replaced by 'land warfare'. Pg 2, 'Platea' replaced by 'Plataea'. Pg 4, 'Herodutus' replaced by 'Herodotus'. Pg 8, Footnote [11], 'Philipson' replaced by 'Phillipson'. Pg 8, Footnote [12], missing name added and assumed to be 'Plato' in 'quoted in Plato'. Pg 12, 'harrass' replaced by 'harass'. Pg 13, 'combattant' replaced by 'combatant'. Pg 13, 'guerilla' replaced by 'guerrilla'. Pg 13, 'devestated' replaced by 'devastated'. Pg 15, Footnote [8], 'Polyibius' replaced by 'Polybius'. Pg 20, 'Ceasars' replaced by 'Caesars'. Pg 23, 'ennunciated' replaced by 'enunciated'. Pg 23, 'Machivellian' replaced by 'Machiavellian'. Pg 25, 'permissable' replaced by 'permissible'. Pg 25, 'soverign' replaced by 'sovereign'. Pg 28, Footnote [8], 'Ordinnance' replaced by 'Ordinance'. Pg 36, 'ennunciation' replaced by 'enunciation'. Pg 40, 'immerged' replaced by 'emerged'. Pg 46, 'cargoe' replaced by 'cargo'. Pg 46, 'and "and tooke' replaced by 'and "tooke'. Pg 53, 'Parlementarians' replaced by 'Parliamentarians'. Pg 61, 'propriators' replaced by 'proprietors'. Pg 61, 'Breat Britain' replaced by 'Great Britain'. Pg 65, 'proceedure' replaced by 'procedure'. Pg 67, 'comdemned' replaced by 'condemned'. Pg 70, 'CHAPTER V. ADMINISTRATION.' replaced by 'CHAPTER V. GREAT BRITAIN, RECENT ADMINISTRATION.' to match the Table of Contents. Pg 70, 'clew' replaced by 'clue'. Pg 72, 'United Stated' replaced by 'United States'. Pg 73, 'in 1867.[22]' replaced by 'in 1863[21] and in 1867.[22]'. Pg 73, 'undistrubed' replaced by 'undisturbed'. Pg 73a, 'appelate' replaced by 'appellate'. Pg 75, 'signing' replaced by 'signed'. Pg 76, Footnote [17], '38 and 38' replaced by '38 and 39'. Pg 83, 'unequivically' replaced by 'unequivocally'. Pg 84, 'unequivically' replaced by 'unequivocally'. Pg 86, 'duely' replaced by 'duly'. Pg 86, 'statuatory' replaced by 'statutory'. Pg 89, Footnote [3], 'ennunciated' replaced by 'enunciated'. Pg 96, 'cargoe' replaced by 'cargo'. Pg 105, Footnote [13], 'bidi.,' replaced by 'ibid.'. Pg 108, 'Esprit de Lois' replaced by 'Esprit des Lois'. Pg 110, 'deterent' replaced by 'deterrent'. Pg 110, 'imperriled' replaced by 'imperiled'. Pg 111, 'legallity' replaced by 'legality'. Pg 112, 'personel' replaced by 'personnel'. Pg 112, 'liberalty' replaced by 'liberality'. Pg 130, 'Rools' replaced by 'Rolls'. Pg 132, 'Black Book' replaced by 'the Black Book'.