Part 4

Everything considered, the 10 × 15 press is preferable for the school as well as other work. It accommodates large forms, which fact is often urged against it; but for the smaller work, like the most of the school work, it is practically as easily handled as an 8 × 12. It is considerably more expensive but it has a much greater capacity for work of the more advanced kind.

Of course, cabinets are preferable to open case stands. They are compact, free from dust and dirt, and of good appearance. However, they are more expensive than stands, if the matter must be determined by the question of cost. If one goes to the expense of getting a cutter, Fig. 30, it is the part of good judgment to get one that will be of the greatest service. So it is advisable to get a 25 or 26 inch cutter. The difference in cost above that of a twenty-two inch is overbalanced by the economy and convenience in cutting large stock. In case a large cutter cannot be bought, small table cutters, which give good service, may be had at various low prices. The stone mentioned in the $800 list on this page is practically ideal for the small printshop. It is a 26 × 44 marble, mounted upon a cabinet which contains a large quantity of wood furniture, and a number of drawers and letter boards. This stone is not so much more expensive after all, if one considers the cost of the furniture and case and the other conveniences.

Probably the general method of selecting equipment for any line of work is to take an ideal list and by elimination reduce it to within the limits of the appropriation. The following $800 equipment is the one selected by the author for his own classes, after several years of planning and investigation. During this time, a great many school men who have had to deal with the same problem, and a number of expert printers were consulted and asked for criticism of the proposed list under the conditions which the equipment has to meet:

1 ½ h. p. motor. 1 10 × 15 Chandler & Price Gordon Press with 3 chases. 1 Steel chase. 1 Boston Staple Binder, Style A. 1 26″ Chandler & Price Paper Cutter. 1 Utility Imposing Stone Frame and Stone, 26 × 44. 1 No. 68 New Departure Cabinet (50 cases). 1 No. 2 Paper and Card Stock Cabinet. 1 No. 8 Bettis Lead and Slug Case. 2 Pairs news cases. 2 Pair 2–3 case tilting brackets. 1 Metal furniture case. 1 No. 1 Harris Rule Case. 5 8¾ × 13 all brass galleys. 1 12 × 18 all brass galley. 8 8 × 2¼ Yankee Job Sticks. 1 18 × 2½ Yankee Job Stick. 2 Doz. No. 1 Wickersham Quoins. 2 Keys, No. 1. 1 Doz. Spring Tongue Gauge Pins. 1 Quart Success benzine can. 1 Benzine brush. 1 No. 2 press brake. 1 3 × 6 planer. 1 3½ × 8 proof planer. 1 2½ × 4½ mallet. 2 Pair roller supporters. 20 Pounds 6 Point Authors Roman Wide. 40 Pounds 8 Point Authors Roman Wide. 40 Pounds 10 Point Authors Roman Wide. 20 Pounds 12 Point Authors Roman Wide. 20 Pounds 18 Point Authors Roman Wide. 2 Fonts 6 Point Old Roman Black. 2 Fonts 8 Point Old Roman Black. 2 Fonts 10 Point Old Roman Black. 2 Fonts 12 Point Old Roman Black. 2 Fonts 18 Point Old Roman Black. 1 Font 24 Point Old Roman Black. 1 Font 30 Point Old Roman Black. 1 Font 36 Point Old Roman Black. 1 Font 48 Point Old Roman Black. 1 Font 8 Point Engraver’s Old Black. 4 Fonts 12 Point Engraver’s Old Black, L. C. 2 Fonts 12 Point Engraver’s Old Black, Caps. 1 Font 24 Point Engraver’s Old Black. 1 Font 48 Point Elzeverine Initials. 5 Pounds 6 point spaces assorted. 10 Pounds 8 point spaces assorted. 10 Pounds 10 point spaces assorted. 10 Pounds 12 point spaces assorted. 10 Pounds 18 point spaces assorted. 5 Pounds 24 point spaces assorted. 5 Pounds 30 point spaces assorted. 5 Pounds 36 point spaces assorted. 5 Pounds 48 point spaces assorted. 5 Pounds 6 point quads assorted. 10 Pounds 8 point quads assorted. 10 Pounds 10 point quads assorted. 10 Pounds 10 point 2- and 3-em quads. 5 Pounds each 12, 18, 24 point quads assorted. 5 Pounds each 30, 36, 48 point quads assorted. 10 Pounds 10 point leaders, three dots to em. 10 Pounds 8 point leaders, three dots to em. 50 Pounds each 2 point L. S. leads and 6 point L. S. slugs. 3 Pounds L. S. brass rule hair line, side centered on 2 point body. 3 Pounds L. S. brass rule, 1 point face, side centered on 2 point body. 2 Pounds 2 point L. S. black face rule. 2 Pounds 4 point L. S. black face rule. 2 Pounds 6 point L. S. black face rule. 2 Pounds 10 point L. S. black face rule. 24 Pounds metal furniture. 1 Font No. 1 brass and copper spaces. 4 Font solid brass panel ends. 1 Set 12 point brass squares. 100 1×3 brass label holders. 5M ¼″ Boston staples.

In case this amount of money is not available for a printing equipment, this list may be modified to come within the necessary limit. By substituting a smaller press and cutter, by getting stands instead of cabinets for the type and stone, by eliminating the stock cabinet, motor, and stapler, and by reducing the quantities of various items, one may still have an excellent equipment. The following is such a suggestive list, and can be bought for $400:

Press, 8″ × 12″ with four chases. Cutter, 23½″. ½ Doz. job sticks. 1 Doz. gauge pins. 1 Doz. quoins. 2 Keys. 1 Benzine can. 1 Benzine brush. 1 Waste can. ½ Doz. brass galleys, 8¾″ × 13″. 10 Lbs. metal furniture. 1 Two lb. font labor saving brass rule, 1 point, side centered on 2 point body. 1 Two lb. font brass rule, labor saving, 2 point. 50 Lbs. L. S. leads, 2 point. 25 Lbs. L. S. slugs, 6 point. 1 Rule case. 1 Metal furniture case. 1 Planer. 1 Proof planer. 1 Mallet. 1 Lead and slug case. 1 Case wood furniture. 24 California job cases. 2 Pairs news cases. 1 Double case stand, 24 cases. 1 Stone and frame, 26″ × 44″. 10 Pounds 8 point type. 50 Pounds 10 point type. 25 Pounds 12 point type. 2 Fonts 18 point type. 1 Font 24 point type. 5 Pounds 8 point quads and spaces. 15 Pounds 10 point quads and spaces. 10 Pounds 12 point quads and spaces. 5 Pounds 18 point quads and spaces. 2½ Pounds 24 point quads and spaces.

ARRANGEMENT AND DISPOSITION OF EQUIPMENT

If the machinery, cabinets, tables, etc., are compactly and properly arranged in good relative positions, a good job outfit can be placed and used in much smaller quarters than at first seems possible. The printshop is one place where a great amount of floor space between the various parts of the equipment is not entirely essential. When the groups or individuals have been set to work, there is no necessity for a great amount of passing back and forth. This is mentioned for the benefit of those who feel that printing cannot be installed unless there is an enormous amount of floor space available. Of course, large rooms are desirable, but after all, the effectiveness and availability of the equipment turn on the point of convenient arrangement of related parts, so that a job may pass easily from one stage to another without disturbance or interruption. In other words, the arrangement must be such that all the operations of the job shop may be in progress at the same time and that without confusion. In the first place, the type cabinet or case stand should be convenient to plenty of table space so that the boys may carry their cases back and forth without difficulty.

The proof stand or press and the imposing stone should be of easy access to those who are working at the type case and at the same time in close reach of the pressman.

A good position for the press is in a well lighted corner far enough from the walls to permit easy passing of the pressman for the purpose of oiling, cleaning, and general care of the press. The motor may be placed in the corner back of the press and entirely out of the way. The paper cutter and stock cabinet should be placed as closely together as possible not to interfere with the action of each other. There cannot well be too much in the way of drawers, wall cases, and shelving, for the work of the students, small items of supplies, inks, rollers, benzine and waste cans, etc. These conveniences can be added here and there in small, unoccupied spaces, with just a little time and a very small bit of expense. In this way and this only, can a place be provided for everything with any assurance that everything, at any one time, may be found in its place. These repositories should be properly labelled. Such additional items and conveniences not included in any list of equipment, are nevertheless among the essentials, and their presence greatly facilitates and systematizes the work. The matter of table space cannot be too greatly emphasized. Not only are tables used for rests for type cases but the make-up galleys are laid upon them for convenience in work. Proof reading also requires table space.

It seems proper, under this heading to speak of the disposition of the various sizes of type for the greatest convenience. Of course, the type ought to be divided and placed so as to be accessible to the greatest possible number. So, except in very small fonts, each size should be divided and put into as many cases as can be supplied with working quantities of type. Thus, fifty pounds of ten point, which is extensively used in general work, may be divided among five or even more cases. In this way, ten pupils can be accommodated at the ten point cases at one time, since two can work, to a very fair advantage, at one case.

The class works in groups, one setting type, one proofing and correcting, one making up forms, while the fourth operates the press. At the same time, there usually are jobs going forward in different kinds and sizes of type. So, it is difficult to think of needing accommodations for more than ten students at one size and kind of type at one time.

The little boy said, “I can not go home. My goat ran into the woods. He will not go home.” Then the boy began to cry. The squirrel tried to make the goat go home.

FIRST GRADE POEMS

Do you best your very best, And do it every day; Little toys and little girls, This is the wisest way.

See-saw! See-saw! Here we go up and down. See-saw! See-saw! This is the way to town.

The world’s a very happy place, where every child should dance and sing, And always have a smiling face, And never sulk for anything.

Politeness is to do or say

HIGH SCHOOL COMMERCIAL DEPARTMENT

_Bloomington, Illinois._

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It was late in mild October, and the long autumnal rain Had left the summer harvest-fields all green with grass again; The first sharp frosts had fallen, leaving all the woodlands gay With the hues of summer’s rainbow, or the meadow-flowers of May. —Whittier.

PRINT SHOP PRESS

_Ye High Schoole._

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═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ VOL. I. SIOUX CITY, IOWA, THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 27, 1913. NO. 1. ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ORGANIZED PLAY in Sioux City. He visits each school FLYING THE FLAG about once a week. He starts the pupils ———— in some kind of play and the teacher ———— THIS IDEA IS BEING CARRIED OUT continues this until Mr Morris returns H. H. RICE COMMENTS ON THE IN SIOUX CITY. the next week. All pupils are engaged SUBJECT.

HENRY METZGER RAYMOND L LINK Hawthorne Mother’s Club Meets Tuesday Chicago Automobile Co. September 23, 1913 AUTOMOBILES 3:15 o’clock and Accessories

1221 North State St. CHICAGO

=Series 1, Senior Eighth.=—Print Shop: _Ye Highe Schoole_.

=HISTORY=

=Senior Eighth Grade, December 1, 1913 9:30 to 11:30 A. M.=

NOTE: Answer any ten of the following twelve questions.

I. For what are the following places to be remembered?

_a._ Jamestown. _c._ Harper’s Ferry. _b._ Vicksburg. _d._ Yorktown.

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BOOKBINDING _and_ A COURSE OF INSTRUCTION FOR EACH GRADE OF THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

_By_

S. J. VAUGHN

Head Department of Manual Arts, State Normal School, DeKalb, Illinois.

1914 PUBLIC SCHOOL PUBLISHING CO., BLOOMINGTON, ILL.

_Copyright 1912 by the Public School Publishing Co._

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

PAGE Introduction 106 Classes of Bindings 109 Case Binding 111 Library Binding 122 Extra Binding 131 Rebinding 140 Equipment 145 Suggestive Course 147 First Grade 151 Second Grade 152 Third Grade 153 Fourth Grade 155 Fifth Grade 157 Sixth Grade 160 Seventh Grade 164 Eighth Grade 166

INTRODUCTION

There are a number of well defined reasons why bookbinding may justly claim recognition as an educational factor in our schools.

In the first place, the permanent and vital character of the book in one form or another has given it a place of respect in all civilizations. The book is the final form of all enduring literature and indeed of all enduring thought. It is the epitome of the printer’s, the engraver’s, the illustrator’s, the designer’s, and the binder’s art, and is the meeting point of all the crafts.

So the book idea appeals very strongly to people both in and out of school. Bookbinding is perhaps the most logical and consistent of all the crafts, in its development from the simple to the more complex forms. In this easy gradation, is repeated the history of the book itself and of its development.

From this point of view, books fall into four rather distinct classes.

1. The simplest idea of binding is the holding together in some manner, a number of single leaves. So the attention is directed simply to methods of fastening together leaves of related matter for convenience in handling.

2. After this simple convenience has been met, the matter of protecting the leaves forces itself upon us, and the attention is turned almost wholly to devising ways of making durable and beautiful covers. The various forms of separate covers are made to accomplish these ends.

3. Later, the attention turns back to the book proper and the different methods of putting together a number of sections which become necessary in larger books made of folded printed sheets. The emphasis now naturally falls upon this new feature of fastening sections together, and so, various methods of sewing are developed.

4. In the fourth division, the emphasis goes upon the covers and the decoration. Here come in the tooling, lettering, inlaying and such processes as are usually included in the term finishing.

APPLY TO CHILDREN’S WORK.

Not only is the book idea enduring and vital, and its development logical and consistent, but the book work may be intimately related to the other activities of the school, the pupil bringing about with his own effort the satisfaction of his own distinct needs.

In making books for spelling, reading, language, nature study, art, etc., these needs and relations are evident.

These books with their stories, their covers, and their end papers, offer abundant material for illustration, design, lettering, etc., in the art work.

Again, the bookbinding work in its elementary aspects of construction is peculiarly adapted to children. This is evidenced by the fact, easily demonstrated, that children do as well in their particular grades of work as matured but inexperienced people can do in the same grades of work.

Aside from the logical development and the genuineness of the problems presented and their intimate relations to the other work, perhaps the strongest argument in favor of bookbinding in the schools, is the fact of its adaptability to the conditions of the ordinary school room, with but little equipment and hence but little expense.

The work may be carried on in the primary and intermediate grades with as small, but practically the same equipment, as is necessary for such activities as “cardboard construction” and kindred work.

It will be seen by reference to page 45 how inexpensive even a good equipment for upper grade and high school work is.

CLASSES OF BINDINGS.

Forwarding—Finishing.

In advanced bookbinding, there are the two general divisions of work:—Forwarding, which includes in new books, sewing, backing, putting on boards, and covering; and finishing, which has to do with the lettering, tooling, inlaying, and general decorative treatment.

The elementary and high school treatment of the subject of bookbinding, such a treatment as is undertaken in the present volume, is almost wholly concerned with the various processes included in the term Forwarding, which in rebinding includes a number of other steps not mentioned above.

Case Binding; Library Binding; Extra Binding.

Based upon their methods of sewing, backing, covering, finishing, etc., there may be said to be three general classes of bindings:—Case Binding, Library Binding, and Extra Binding. These are arbitrary terms applied to methods of binding which have been fully established and recognized.

In the modern commercial binderies, all kinds of modifications, combinations and imitations are made, so that it is often difficult to tell by external appearances of bindings to what types they belong.

It is a common thing to see a case binding in full leather.

The proper way to have a book bound or rebound is to have written specifications which indicate details of methods, materials, etc.

The following are typical specifications for Case Binding:—

1. Plates guarded.

2. Sewed all along with five punctures and kettlestitches.

3. Full or half buckram.

4. Glued and backed.

5. Attached back.

6. Commercial silk headband.

7. First and last leaves used as pastedowns.

8. Edges uncut.

II. CASE BINDING.

Case Bindings or casings (for the craft binder refuses to call them bindings) are those covers which are made separately from the books and laid on. These covers have the characteristics enumerated in the specifications and are the unsubstantial covers usually found on modern cheap, temporary books.

If the book is to be bound from original sheets, each sheet is folded into a section. Such a section is called a signature. The number of leaves in a folded sheet or section gives the name to the book. A sheet folded once, making two leaves, is a folio; twice, making four leaves, a quarto or 4to; three times, making eight leaves, an octavo or 8vo; four times, making sixteen leaves, a 16mo; etc. It is seen by this that owing to the varying sizes of paper, any form of book may vary greatly in size. However, the following may be taken as a general standard of sizes:—

16mo 5×7 inches. Octavo (8vo) 6×9 inches. Quarto (4to) 10×12½ inches.

End Paper

If there have not been left an abundance of blank leaves at the first and last of the book, at least four folios are cut—two for each end—and these become the first and last sections of the book.

The sections are now assembled in proper order, a tin is placed between sections at several places in the book and all are put under heavy pressure. This is usually done at the last of a recitation, and the book left in press over night, so that the sections may be perfectly flat.

Mark Up—Puncture.

After the book is carefully evened up by knocking the back and head against the table, it is marked up; that is, a mark is put on each outside endpaper near the head, so that the head of the book may be recognized without opening; and then places are marked for five punctures along the back. The top puncture may be put about three-fourths of an inch or an inch from the head, and the bottom one about one and one-fourth or one and one-half inches from the foot. It is considered that the head should be somewhat stronger, since it must bear the strain of pulling the book from the shelf.

Then with a small saw or a sharp-edged file, punctures are made across the back at the marks. These should be just deep enough to reach through the inside folio of each section.

Sewing First Two Sections.

Now the book is ready to sew. It is placed on the table to the left of the workman with the back toward him and the head to the left. With a linen thread and a long, slim needle ready, the workman takes up the section of endpapers lying on top and turns it entirely over, laying it exactly in front of him with the head to his right. Fig. 14. With his right hand he inserts the needle into the head puncture, while with his left hand in the middle of the section between the leaves, he draws the needle through to the inside and runs it out at the foot puncture. “In at the head puncture and out at the foot.” The second section is turned over upon the first, and the needle run in at the foot puncture and out at the second puncture from the foot. Then it is inserted at the second puncture from the foot of the first section and immediately run out at the same puncture but on the opposite side of the thread which runs along inside the first section. Then apply this unfailing rule when in doubt as to what puncture to go into:—“Put the needle into a puncture so located that it will not undo work already done, and that the thread will not be left exposed on the outside of the book.”