Principles and practice of agricultural analysis. Volume 3 (of 3), Agricultural products

Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text. Equal signs “=” before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= in the original text...

Page. Figure 1. Mill for grinding dry samples 7 ” 2. Comminutor for green samples 9 ” 3. Rasp for sugar beets 10 ” 4. Dreef grinding apparatus 11 ” 5. Water jacket drying oven 1...

Where many samples are to be prepared, or in large quantities, mills should take the place of mortars. For properly air-dried vegetable substances, some form of mill used in gri...

A smaller apparatus is shown in Fig. 9. The heating part G is made of a small brass tube arranged near the bottom in a horizontal coil and continued about the sides in a perpend...

=29. Products Of Combustion.=—The most important product of combustion, from the present point of view, is the mineral residue obtained. The organic matter of the sample undergo...

A section of the double conical condenser is shown in the upper right hand corner. It is provided with two small hooks _hh_, soldered on the lower surface, by means of which the...

The apparatus may not even be of flask form, but assume a quite different shape as in Sprengel’s tube. Pyknometers are often made to hold an even number of cubic centimeters, bu...

Polarization is therefore a term applied to a phenomenon of light, in which the vibrations of the ether are supposed to be restricted to a particular form of an ellipse whose ax...

8. Trough L for holding the observation tube: In the large instrument shown in the figure, it is more than half a meter in length and arranged to hold an observation tube 500 mi...

=83. Preparing Sugar Solutions for Polarization.=—If sugar samples were always pure the percentage of sugar in a given solution could be directly determined by immediate polariz...

_Second, to Obtain the Rotation after Inversion._—Place twenty cubic centimeters of the original solution, in a flask marked at fifty cubic centimeters, containing five grams of...

Direct gravimetric methods are also practiced to a limited extent in the determination of sugars as in the use of the formation of sucrates of the alkaline earths and of the com...

=119. Suppression of the Error Caused by the Action of the Alkali on Reducing Sugars.=—Three methods are proposed by Gaud for correcting or suppressing the error due to the acti...

Copper. Invert Sugar. Dextrose. Levulose. Galactose. Arabinose. Milli- Milli- Milli- Milli- Milli- Milli- grams. grams. grams. grams. grams. grams. 50 15.2 15.6 14.7 17.4 17.0 5...

=137. Precipitating the Copper.=—When no more nitric acid is used than indicated in the previous paragraph, it will not be necessary to remove it by evaporation. The platinum di...

In the conduct of the work twenty-five cubic centimeters of the copper solution are mixed with an equal quantity of the alkaline tartrate mixture, and from twenty to one hundred...

Sorbine, crystallized 0.82 Levulose ” 0.70 Xylose ” 0.40 Glucose, anhydrous 0.32 Arabinose, crystallized 0.27 Galactose ” 0.23 Rhamnose ” 0.15 Lactose ” 0.11 Maltose ” 0.11

The reaction which takes place with furfurol and phloroglucin is simply a condensation of the reagents with the separation of water. It is very nearly represented by the followi...

If the liquids be mixed by shaking when the violet ring is seen, a carmine tint with a trace of blue is produced. If this be examined with a spectroscope, a small absorption ban...

In this method no account is taken of the sucrose and other sugars which are present in cereals. In the case of sucrose the left-handed sugar produced by treatment with nitric a...

+--------------+-------------+------------------------ Name. Shape. | Normal | Remarks. | |measurements.| -------------+--------------+-------------+------------------------ Cas...

=203. Introduction.=—In the preceding part directions have been given for the estimation of sugars and starches in approximately pure forms. In the present part will be describe...

The flask in which the mixture takes place should be marked to compensate for the volume of the fiber of the cane. When the normal weight of cane is taken for the ventzke scale,...

The beet is not injured for seed production by this process, and the pulp obtained is used for the determination of sugar. The juice is expressed by means of the small hand pres...

435 263.7 277.6 430 259.3 273.0 425 255.0 268.4 420 250.9 264.1 415 247.0 260.0 410 243.2 256.0 405 339.4 252.0 400 235.6 248.0 395 231.9 244.1 390 228.2 240.2 385 224.6 236.4 3...

An interesting fact is observed in cooling solutions of honey to 0°. The maximum left hand rotation is not reached as soon as the temperature reaches 0° but only after it has be...

=252. Separation of Sugars by Lead Oxid.=—In addition to the combination with the earthy bases, sugar forms well defined compounds with lead oxid. One of these compounds is of s...

Twenty-five cubic centimeters of milk are diluted with an equal volume of distilled water, and strong acetic acid added until the casein begins to separate. The liquid is heated...

=274. Solubility of Cellulose.=—Cellulose resembles starch in its general insolubility, but, unlike starch, it may be dissolved in some reagents and afterwards precipitated prac...

When great delicacy of manipulation is desired, combined with rapid work, an analytical balance and westphal sinker may be used conjointly.[235] In this case it is well to have...

For butter fats the apparatus should be kept in a warm place, the temperature of which does not fall below 30°. For reducing the results obtained to a standard temperature, say...

This retardation may be read in a number of ways, but the simplest is to read directly the number of degrees of retardation between the first and second complete arcs covered by...

=319. Coloration with Picric Acid.=—If to ten cubic centimeters of oil a cold saturated solution of picric acid in ether be added and the latter be allowed to evaporate slowly,...

=330. Character of Chemical Reaction.=—The exact nature of the chemical process which takes place in this reaction is not definitely known. Hübl supposed that the products forme...

The actual changes which take place in ordinary saponification are not so simple, however, since natural glycerids are mixtures of several widely differing fats, each of which h...

_Determination.—Soluble Acids._—About five grams of the sample are placed in the saponification flask already described, fifty cubic centimeters of the alcoholic potash solution...

=362. Cottonseed Oil, Bechi’s Test.=—Crude, fresh cottonseed oil, when not too highly colored, and generally the refined article, may be distinguished from other oils by the pro...

It is probable that these bodies do not exist as such in the fresh seeds in question but are produced therein from the other proteids by the alkali used in extraction. A further...

=382. Total Nitrogen.=—Any one of the methods heretofore described for the estimation of total nitrogen in soils or fertilizers is applicable for the same purpose to agricultura...

=393. Diversity of Character.=—The proteids which occur in vegetable products are found in all parts of the tissues of the plants, but in cereals especially in the seeds. In gra...

=406. Carbon and Hydrogen.=—Carbon and hydrogen are estimated in proteid matters by combustion with copper oxid. Osborne prefers to burn the sample in a platinum boat in a curre...

If the proteid matters contain salts of ammonium it is probable that a difficultly soluble double sulfate of zinc and ammonium, (NH₄)₂SO₄.ZnSO₄.6H₂O, will be found in the precip...

=428. Alterability of Milk.=—The natural souring and coagulation of milk is attributed by most authorities to bacterial action produced by infection from the air or containing v...

The asbestos best suited for use in this process should be of a woolly nature, quite absorbent, and, previous to use, be ignited to free it of moisture and organic matter. A var...

The principle on which the methods of wet extraction are based is a simple one; _viz._, to secure a complete or partial solution of the casein and subsequently to extract the fa...

In testing cream by the babcock process, it may either be diluted until the column of fat secured is contained in the graduated part of the neck or specially graduated bottles m...

In connection with the supposed presence of an amyloid body in milk, it should be remembered that certain decomposition nitrogenous bodies give practically the same reactions as...

Turmeric is easily identified by the brownish to reddish stratum that forms between the ethereal fat solution and the alkaline solution before they are intimately mixed. It may...

Ten cubic centimeters of the milk are diluted with from three to five times that quantity of water and warmed to a temperature of about 40°. One cubic centimeter of a concentrat...

=533. Organic Acids in Ensilage.=—In the examination of ensilage, the organic acids which are present may be determined by the processes described in following paragraphs. The a...

=547. Proteolytic Ferments.=—The most important process in artificial digestion is the one relating to the action of the ferments on proteid matters. The hydrolysis of fats and...

In the figure the steel cylinder _A_, about 12.5 centimeters deep and 6.2 in diameter, represents the chamber in which the combustion takes place. Its walls are about half a cen...

Prune 0.47 63.83 2.65 4.66 5.47 2.72 0.39 Apricot 0.51 59.36 10.26 3.17 3.68 1.68 0.37 Orange 0.43 48.94 2.50 22.71 5.34 0.97 0.37 Lemon 0.53 48.26 1.76 29.87 4.40 0.43 0.28 App...

=591. The Gelatin Method.=—The precipitation of tannin with gelatin is the basis of a process for its quantitive estimation which, according to Trimble, is conducted as follows:...

To avoid loss of chlorin from volatilization during incineration the temperature should be kept at the lowest possible point until the mass is charred, the soluble salts extract...

=617. Determination of Alcohol.=—The determination of the percentage of alcohol present in a solution is based on two general principles. On the one hand, and this is the base o...

TABLE SHOWING PERCENTAGE OF ALCOHOL BY WEIGHT AND BY VOLUME. -------------+------------------+--------------- Specific | Per cent | Per cent gravity at | alcohol | alcohol 15°.6...

=621. Determination of Percentage of Alcohol by Means Of Vapor Temperature.=—The temperature of a mixture of alcohol and water vapors is less than that of water alone and the de...

Malic acid in wines and ciders is determined by the method of Berthelot in the following manner:[647] The sample is evaporated until reduced to a tenth of its volume. To the res...

[582] Vid. op. cit. 46, Ss. 522-523. The data in paragraph =566= are taken from Stohmann, Zeitschrift für Biologie, Band 31, S. 364 and Experiment Station Record, Vol. 6, p. 590.

K Keratin, 416 Kieselguhr, use in drying, 486 Knorr, extraction apparatus, 44 fractional analysis of meats, 552 Koettstorfer, saponification value, 382, 383 Koumiss, acidity, 53...