Part 6
Posit. Rādīx Comp. Superl. clārus clār- clār-ior clār-issimus brevis brev- brev-ior brev-issimus audāx audāc- audāc-ior audāc-issimus prūdēns prūdent- prūdent-ior prūdent-issimus
N.B.1. niger nigr- nigr-ior nigerrimus miser miser- miser-ior miserrimus
Eōdem modō quō _niger_ et _miser_ comparantur alia adiectīva quae in -er exeunt, e.g. pulcher, ācer, celer.
N.B.2. facilis facil- facil-ior facil-limus difficilis difficil- difficil-ior difficil-limus
§19. Anōmala Comparātiō. bonus melior optimus malus pēior pessimus māgnus māior māximus parvus minor minimus multus plūs (1) plūrimus multī plūrēs (2) plūrimī vetus vetustior veterrimus exterus exterior extrēmus īnferus īnferior īnfimus _vel_ īmus superus superior summus (dēest) prior prīmus (dēest) propior proximus (1) Neut. (2) Gen. plūrium, N. et A. Neut. plūra.
ADVERBIA. §20. Formātiō Adverbiōrum.
(a) Adiectīva prīmae classis -ē plērumque rādīcī addunt, e.g. amīcē, īgnāvē, lentē, miserē, &c. Excepta: bene, male. cito, subitō, rārō. multum, māgnopere, plērumque.
(b) Adiectīva secundae classis -iter rādīcī addunt, e.g. ācriter, celeriter, fortiter, sagāciter. Excepta: audācter, dīligenter, libenter, prūdenter. facile, difficulter.
Index Adverbiōrum. §21. Adverbia modi.
Quōmodo? forte, fortasse, ita, quam? sēparātim, sīc; accedunt etiam omnia quae in -ē et -ter exeunt.
Quantum? haud, immō, multum, magis, māximē, nē...quidem, nōn, plūs, minimē, satis, nimis, ferē, paene, praecipuē, longē, procul, plērumque, tantum, vīx.
Adverbia temporis.
Quandō? adhūc, aliquandō, anteā, cottīdiē, crās, deinde, dēnique, extemplō, herī, hodiē, iam, interdum, intereā, māne, modo, mox, noctū, nōndum, nōnnunquam, nunquam, nunc, nūper, ōlim, posteā, posthāc, postrēmō, prīmō, prīmum, semper, statim, tandem, unquam, vesperī.
Quamdiū? diū, parumper.
Quotiēns? iterum, saepe, semel, bis, ter, &c.
Adverbia locī. Ubi? circā, hīc, ibi, illīc, īnfrā, ubīque; domī, humī, rūrī, Brundisiī, Rōmae, &c.
Quō? hūc, illūc; domum, Rōmam, &c.
Unde? hīnc, illīnc, undique; domō, rūre, Rōmā, &c.
Comparātiō Adverbiōrum.
§22. Grad. pos. Grad. comp. Grad. superl. clār-ē clār-ius clār-issimē brev-iter brev-ius brev-issimē audāc-ter audāc-ius audāc-issimē prūden(t-)ter prūdent-ius prūdent-issimē miser-ē miser-ius miser-rimē facil-e facil-ius facil-limē ----------------------------------------- bene melius optimē male pēius pessimē māgnopere magis māximē multum plūs plūrimum paullum minus minimē diū diūtius diūtissimē (dēest) prius prīmum (dēest) propius proximē
NUMERĀLIA. §23. Cardinālia Ordinālia Adverbia (Quot?) (Quotus?) (Quotiēns?) I ūnus prīmus semel II duo secundus _vel_ alter bis III trēs tertius ter IV quattuor quārtus quater V quīnque quīntus quīnquiēns VI sex sextus sexiēns VII septem septimus septiēns VIII octō octāvus octiēns IX novem nōnus noviēns X decem decimus deciēns XI ūndecim ūndecimus ūndeciēns XII duodecim duodecimus duodeciēns XIII tredecim tertius decimus terdeciēns XIV quattuordecim quārtus decimus quaterdeciēns XV quīndecim quīntus decimus quīndeciēns XVI sēdecim sextus decimus sēdeciēns
Cardinālia Ordinālia Adverbia (Quot?) (Quotus?) (Quotiens?) XVII septendecim septimus decimus septiēns deciēns XVIII duodēvīgintī duodēvīcēnsimus duodēvīciēns XIX ūndēvīgintī ūndēvīcēnsimus ūndēvīciēns XX vīgintī vīcēnsimus vīciēns XXI ūnus et vīgintī ūnus et vīcēnsimus semel et vīciēns XXX trīgintā trīcēnsimus trīciēns XL quadrāgintā quadrāgēnsimus quadrāgiēns L quīnquāgintā quīnquāgēnsimus quīnquāgiēns LX sexāgintā sexāgēnsimus sexāgiēns LXX septuāgintā septuāgēnsimus septuāgiēns LXXX octōgintā octōgēnsimus octōgiēns XC nōnāgintā nōnāgēnsimus nōnāgiēns C centum centēnsimus centiēns
Dēclīnātiō Numerālium. §24. Dēclīnantur ūnus (v. §15), duo, trēs. Alia ā quattuor usque ad centum Cardinālia indēclīnābilia sunt.
Duo (ambō) et trēs hōc modō dēclīnantur: M. F. N. M.F. N. N.V. duo duae duo trēs tria A. duōs duās duo trēs tria G. duōrum duārum duōrum trium D.Abl. duōbus duābus duōbus tribus
Ordinālia eōdem modō dēclīnantur quō _bonus, bona, bonum_.
PRŌNŌMINA. §25. (a) Persōnālia. Sing. Plūr. Sing. Plūr. N. ego nōs tū vōs A. mē nōs tē vōs G. meī nostrum, nostrī tuī vestrum, vestrī D. mihi nōbīs tibi vōbīs Abl. mē nōbīs tē vōbīs
(b) Reflexīva. Sing. et Plūr. A. sē _vel_ sēsē G. suī D. sibi Abl. sē _vel_ sēsē
(c) Dēmōnstrātīva. Sing. M. F. N. Plūr. M. F. N. N. hic haec hoc hī hae haec A. hunc hanc hoc hōs hās haec G. hūius hōrum hārum hōrum D. huīc hīs Abl. hōc hāc hōc hīs
N. is ea id eī, iī eae ea A. eum eam id eōs eās ea G. ēius eōrum eārum eōrum D. eī eīs _vel_ iīs Abl. eō eā eō eīs _vel_ iīs
N. ille illa illud illī illae illa A. illum illam illud illōs illās illa G. illīus illōrum illārum illōrum D. illī illīs Abl. illō illā illō illīs
Eōdem modō qua ille dēclīnatur iste et ipse, nisi quod ipse Neutrum N. et A. ips-um praebet.
Īdem, quod vocābulum ex is et -dem compositum est, hōc modō dēclīnātur:
Sing. M. F. N. Plūr. M. F. N. N. īdem eadem idem īdem eaedem eadem A. eundem eandem idem eōsdem eāsdem eadem G. ēiusdem eōrundem eārundem eōrundem D. eīdem īsdem _vel_ eīsdem Abl. eōdem eādem eōdem īsdem _vel_ eīsdem
(d) Relātīvum. Sing. M. F. N. Plūr. M. F. N. N. quī quae quod quī quae quae A. quem quam quod quōs quās quae G. cūius quōrum quārum quōrum D. cuī quibus Abl. quō quā quō quibus
Ita dēclīnantur Prōnōmina quis? quid?-aliquis aliqua aliquid-quis qua quid-quisque quaeque quidque-quīdam quaedam quiddam; etiam Adiectīva quī? quae? quod?- quisque quaeque quodque-quīdam quaedam quoddam. N.B. Acc. S. quendam quandam quiddam. Gen. Pl. quōrundam quārundam quōrundam.
PRAEPOSITIŌNĒS. §26. Ā, ab, cum, dē, Prō, sine, ex, ē, Cāsum regunt Ablātīvum. Ad, ante, apud, circum, Contrā, extrā, infrā, inter, Intrā, per, post, praeter, Prope, propter, suprā, ultrā, Cāsum regunt Accūsātīvum. Haec tria, in, sub, super, Secundum sēnsum Ablātīvum Regunt aut Accūsātīvum.
CONIŪNCTIŌNĒS. §27. (1) Hae coniūnctiōnēs aliam aliī sententiās coniungunt: At, aut (aut ... aut), autem (1), enim (1), et (et ... et), etiam, igitur (1), itaque, nam, neque (neque ... neque), -que (1), sed, tamen, vel (vel ... vel). (1) Nōn potest prīmum in sententiā stāre; _tamen_ etiam plērumque post prīmum vocābulum stat.
(2) Hae coniūnctiōnēs clausulam sententiae coniungunt: Antequam, cum, dum, nisi, postquam, quam, quia, quod, sī, simul āc _vel_ atque, ut.
(3) Hae coniūnctiōnēs Interrogātīvam sententiam indicant: -ne, num, utrum...an, -ne...an, annōn.
INTERIECTIŌNĒS. §28. Haec vocābula sunt quae extrā sententiam stant, e.g. ecce, heus, iō, ō.
VERBA. §29. Inflexiōnēs verbōrum Persōnam, Numerum, Tempus, Modum, Vōcem dēclārant.
Trēs sunt Persōnae, Prīma, Secunda, Tertia: e.g. amāba-m, amābā-s, amāba-t.
Duo sunt Numerī, Singulāris et Plūrālis: e.g. amāba-m, amābā-mus.
Sex sunt Tempora, Praesēns, Praeteritum Imperfectum, Futūrum, Perfectum, Praeteritum Perfectum, Futūrum Perfectum: e.g. ama-t, amā-bat, amā-bit, amā-vit, amā-verat, amā-verit.
Quattuor sunt Modī, Indicātīvus, Imperātīvus, Īnfīnītīvus, Coniūnctīvus: e.g. am-ās, am-ā, am-āre am-ēs.
Duae sunt Vōcēs, Āctīva et Passīva: e.g. am-at, am-atur.
Dēpōnentia sunt ea verba quae formam Passīvam sed sēnsum Āctīvum habent.
Coniugātiō Verbōrum.
§30. Quattuor sunt Coniugātiōnes verbōrum; distinguuntur autem secundum rādīcem hōc modō: _Prīma Coniugātiō_: Rādīx amā- _Secunda Coniugātiō_: Rādīx monē- _Tertia Coniugātiō_: Rādīx rege- _Quārta Coniugātiō_: Rādīx audī-
Vōx Āctiva: Modus Indicātivus. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 1. Rādīx amā- | 2. Rādīx monē- | 3. Rādīx rege- | 4. Rādīx audī- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Praesēns | | | | S.1 | amō | mone-ō | regō | audi-ō 2 | amā-s | monē-s | regi-s | audī-s 3 | ama-t | mone-t | regi-t | audi-t Pl.1 | amā-mus | monē-mus | regi-mus | audī-mus 2 | amā-tis | monē-tis | regi-tis | audī-tis 3 | ama-nt | mone-nt | reg-unt | audi-unt ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Praeteritum | | | | Imperfectum | | | | S.1 | amā-bam | monē-bam | regē-bam | audiē-bam 2 | amā-bās | monē-bās | regē-bās | audiē-bās 3 | amā-bat | monē-bat | regē-bat | audiē-bat Pl.1 | amā-bāmus | monē-bāmus | regē-bāmus | audiē-bāmus 2 | amā-bātis | monē-bātis | regē-bātis | audiē-bātis 3 | amā-bant | monē-bant | regē-bant | audiē-bant ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Futūrum | | | | S.1 | amā-bō | monē-bō | reg-am | audi-am 2 | amā-bis | monē-bis | reg-ēs | audi-ēs 3 | amā-bit | monē-bit | reg-et | audi-et Pl.1 | amā-bimus | monē-bimus | reg-ēmus | audi-ēmus 2 | amā-bitis | monē-bitis | reg-ētis | audi-ētis 3 | amā-bunt | monē-bunt | reg-ent | audi-ent -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vōx Āctiva: Modus Indicātivus. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Perfectum | | | | S.1 | amāv-ī * | monu-ī * | rēx-ī * | audīv-ī * 2 | amāv-isti | monu-istī | rēx-istī | audīv-istī 3 | amāv-it | monu-it | rēx-it | audīv-it Pl.1 | amāv-imus | monu-imus | rēx-imus | audīv-mus 2 | amāv-itis | monu-istis | rēx-istis | audīv-istis 3 | amāv-ērunt | monu-ērunt | rēx-ērunt | audīv-ērunt ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Praeteritum | | | | Perfectum | | | | S.1 | amāv-eram | monu-eram | rēx-eram | audīv-eram 2 | amāv-erās | monu-erās | rēx-erās | audīv-erās 3 | amāv-erat | monu-erat | rēx-erat | audīv-erat Pl.1 | amāv-erāmus | monu-erāmus | rēx-erāmus | audīv-erāmus 2 | amāv-erātis | monu-erātis | rēx-erātis | audīv-erātis 3 | amāv-erant | monu-erant | rēx-erant | audīv-erant ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Futūrum | | | | Perfectum | | | | S.1 | amāv-erō | monu-erō | rēx-erō | audīv-erō 2 | amāv-eris | monu-eris | rēx-eris | audīv-eris 3 | amāv-erit | monu-erit | rēx-erit | audīv-erit Pl.1 | amāv-erimus | monu-erimus | rēx-erimus | audīv-erimus 2 | amāv-eritis | monu-eritis | rēx-eritis | audīv-eritis 3 | amāv-erint | monu-erint | rēx-erint | audīv-erint ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *Rādīcēs Perfectī Temporis: amāv-, monu-, rēx (=reg-s), audīv-
Imperātīvus Modus. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- S.2 | amā | monē | rege | audī 3 | amā-tō | monē-tō | regi-tō | audī-tō Pl.2 | amā-te | monē-te | regi-te | audī-te 3 | ama-ntō | mone-ntō | reguntō | audiuntō ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Participia | | | | Praes. | amā-ns | monē-ns | reg-ēns | audiē-ns Pers. | (dēest) | (dēest) | (dēest) | (dēest) Fut. | amātūrus | monit-ūrus | rēct-ūrus | audīt-ūrus ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Īnfīnītīvus | | | | Praes. | amā-re | monē-re | rege-re | audī-re Pers. | amāv-isse * | monu-isse * | rēx-isse * | audīv-isse * Fut. | amātūrus esse | monitūrus esse | rēctūrus esse | audītūrus esse ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Gerundium | amandum | monendum | regendum | audiendum Supīnum | amātum | monitum | rēctum | audītum ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- *Rādīcēs Perfectī Temporis: amāv-, monu-, rēx (=reg-s), audīv-
§31. Vōx Passīva: Modus Indicātivus. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 1a. Coni. | 2a. Coni. | 3a. Coni. | 4a. Coni. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Praesēns | | | | S.1 | am-or | mone-or | reg-or | audi-or 2 | amā-ris | monē-ris | rege-ris | audī-ris 3 | amā-tur | monē-tur | regi-tur | audī-tur Pl.1 | amā-mur | monē-mur | regi-mur | audī-mur 2 | amā-minī | monē-minī | regi-minī | audī-minī 3 | ama-ntur | mone-ntur | reguntur | audiuntur ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Praeteritum | | | | Imperfectum | | | | S.1 | amā-bar | monē-bar | regē-bar | audiē-bar 2 | amā-bāris | monē-bāris | regē-bāris | audiē-bāris 3 | amā-bātur | monē-bātur | regē-bātur | audiē-bātur Pl.1 | amā-bāmur | monē-bāmur | regē-bāmur | audiē-bāmur 2 | amā-bāminī | monē-bāminī | regē-bāminī | audiē-bāminī 3 | amā-bantur | monē-bantur | regē-bantur | audiē-bantur ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Futūrum | | | | S.1 | amā-bōr | monē-bōr | regar | audiar 2 | amā-beris | monē-beris | regē-ris | audiē-ris 3 | amā-bitur | monē-bitur | regē-tur | audiē-tur Pl.1 | amā-bimur | monē-bimur | regē-mur | audiē-mur 2 | amā-biminī | monē-biminī | regē-minī | audiē-minī 3 | amā-buntur | monē-buntur | rege-ntur | audie-ntur -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vōx Āctiva: Modus Indicātivus. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Perfectum | | | | S.1 | amātus sum | monitus sum | rēctus sum | audītus sum 2 | amātus es | monitus es | rēctus es | audītus es 3 | amātus est | monitus est | rēctus est | audītus est Pl.1 | amātī sumus | monitī sumus | rēctī sumus | audītī sumus 2 | amātī estis | monitī estis | rēctī estis | audītī estis 3 | amātī sunt | monitī sunt | rēctī sunt | audītī sunt ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Praeteritum | | | | Perfectum | | | | S.1 | amātus eram | monitus eram | rēctus eram | audītus eram 2 | amātus erās | monitus erās | rēctus erās | audītus erās 3 | amātus erat | monitus erat | rēctus erat | audītus erat Pl.1 | amātī erāmus | monitī erāmus | rēctī erāmus | audītī erāmus 2 | amātī erātis | monitī erātis | rēctī erātis | audītī erātis 3 | amātī erant | monitī erant | rēctī erant | audītī erant ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Futūrum | | | | Perfectum | | | | S.1 | amātus erō | monitus erō | rēctus erō | audītus erō 2 | amātus eris | monitus eris | rēctus eris | audītus eris 3 | amātus erit | monitus erit | rēctus erit | audītus erit Pl.1 | amātī erimus | monitī erimus | rēctī erimus | audītī erimus 2 | amātī eritis | monitī eritis | rēctī eritis | audītī eritis 3 | amātī erunt | monitī erunt | rēctī erunt | audītī erunt ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Imperātīvus Modus. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- S.2 | amā-re | monē-re | rege-re | audī-re 3 | amā-tor | monē-tor | regi-tor | audī-tor Pl.2 | amā-minī | monē-minī | regi-minī | audī-minī 3 | ama-ntor | mone-ntor | reguntor | audiuntor ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Participia | | | | Praes. | (dēest) | (dēest) | (dēest) | (dēest) Pers. | amā-tus | moni-tus | rēc-tus | audī-tus Fut. | (dēest) | (dēest) | (dēest) | (dēest) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Īnfinitivus | | | | Praes. | amā-rī | monē-rī | regī | audī-rī Pers. | amātus esse | monitus esse | rēctus esse | audītus esse Fut. | amātum īrī | monitum īrī | rēctum īrī | audītum īrī -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Verba Dēpōnentia. Eōdem modō quō Vōx Passīva dēclīnantur verba Dēpōnentia. Āctīva etiam Participia habent.
Index Verbōrum.
§32. (1) Verba Prīmae Coniugātiōnis quae eōdem modō quō amō coniugantur:
aedificō cūrō interrogō pulsō aegrōtō dēdicō intrō putō ambulō dēspērō inundō recitō amō dēvolō iterō rēgnō annūntiō errō labōrō rēmigō appropinquō excitō lacrimō renovō arō exclāmō laudō revocō cantō explicō mōnstrō rogō cēnō explōrō nārrō sacrificō cessō expūgnō natō salūtō clāmitō exspectō necō servō clāmō fīrmō numerō sīgnō cōgitō flō nūntiō spectō comparō fugō onerō spērō coniūrō fūmō oppūgnō superō cōnservō gubernō ornō vītō convocō habitō parō vocō corōnō īgnōrō portō volitō culpō imperō properō vorō cumulō indicō pūgnō vulnerō.
(2) Verba Secundae Coniugātiōnis quae eōdem modō quō moneō coniugantur: admoneō flōreō (1) lateō (1) praebeō careō (1) habeō pāreō sileō (1) doleō adhibeō appāreō timeō (1) exerceō iaceō (1) (1) Dēest Supīnum.
(3) Verba Tertiae Coniugātōnis: vidē §35.
(4) Verba Quārtae Coniugātiōnis quae eōdem modō quō audiō coniugantur:
cūstōdiō nūtriō serviō feriō (2) dormiō sciō vestiō sitiō (2) mūniō nesciō ēsuriō (2) (2) Dēsunt et Perfectum et Supīnum.
Anōmala Verba. §33. (1) Capio, capere, cēpī, captum.
Vōx Āctīva. | Vōx Passīva. --------------------------------------------------------- | Indic. | Imper. | Indic. | Imper. --------------------------------------------------------- Praesēns: S. 1 | capiō | | capior | 2 | capis | cape | caperis | capere 3 | capit | capitō | capitur | capitor Pl. 1 | capimus | | capimur | 2 | capitis | capite | capiminī | capiminī 3 | capiunt | capiuntō | capiuntur | capiuntor --------------------------------------------------------- Praet. | capiēbam | | capiēbar | Imp. | &c. | | &c. | -------------------------------------------------------- Fut. | capiam,&c.| | capiar,&c.| -------------------------------------------------------- Īnfīnīt. | capere | capī -------------------------------------------------------- Gerund. | capiendum
Ita etiam coniugantur cupiō, faciō, fodiō, fugiō, iaciō, rapiō, -spiciō, et hōrum composita.
Eōdem modō quō capior coniugantur gradior, morior, patior.