book iii. ch. xii.

Footnote 550:

Benjamin of Tudela, ‘Itinerary,’ ed. and tr. by Asher, 83; Plin. vii. 2. See Max Müller in Bunsen ‘Philos. Univ. Hist.,’ vol. i. pp. 346, 358.

Footnote 551:

Plin. iv. 27; Mela, iii. 6; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. i. p. 120; vol. ii. p. 93; St. John, vol. ii. p. 117; Marsden, p. 53; Lane, ‘Thousand and One N.’ vol. iii. pp. 92, 305; Petherick, ‘Egypt, &c.’ p. 367; Burton, ‘Central Afr.’ vol. i. p. 235; Pedro Simon, ‘Indias Occidentales,’ p. 7.

Footnote 552:

Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol i. p. 133.

Footnote 553:

Marco Polo, book iii. ch. xviii.

Footnote 554:

Ælian, iv. 46; Plin. vi. 35; vii. 2. See for other versions, Purchas, vol. iv. p. 1191; vol. v. p. 901; Cranz, p. 267; Lane, ‘Thousand and One Nights,’ vol. iii. pp. 36, 94, 97, 305; Davis, ‘Carthage,’ p. 230; Latham, ‘Descr. Eth.’ vol. ii. p. 83.

Footnote 555:

Plin. v. 8; vi. 24, 35; vii. 2; Mela, iii. 9; Herberstein in Hakluyt, vol. i. p. 593; Latham, ‘Descr. Eth.’ vol. i. p. 483; Davis, l.c.; see ‘Early Hist. of Mankind,’ p. 77.

Footnote 556:

Plin. v. 8; Lane, vol. i. p. 33; vol. ii. p. 377; vol. iii. p. 81; Eisenmenger, vol. ii. p. 559; Mandeville, p. 243; Raleigh in Hakluyt, vol. iii. pp. 652, 665; Humboldt and Bonpland, vol. v. p. 176; Purchas, vol. iv. p. 1285; vol. v. p. 901; Isidor. Hispal. s.v. ‘Acephali;’ Vambéry, p. 310, see p. 436.

Footnote 557:

Lane, vol. i. p. 33; Callaway, ‘Zulu Tales,’ vol. i. pp. 199, 202. Virg. Æn. viii. 194; a similar metaphor is the name of the _Nimchas_, from Persian nim—half, ‘Journ. Eth. Soc.’ vol. i. p. 192, cf. French _demi-monde_. Compare the ‘one-legged’ tribes, Plin. vii. 2; Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part iii. p. 521; Charlevoix, vol. i. p. 25. The Australians use the metaphor ‘of one leg’ (matta gyn) to describe tribes as of one stock, G. F. Moore, ‘Vocab.’ pp. 5, 71.

Footnote 558:

Hayton in Purchas, vol. iii. p. 108; see Klemm, ‘C. G.’ vol. vi. p. 129; Vambéry, p. 49; Homer. Odyss. ix.; Strabo, i. 2, 12; see Scherzer, ‘Voy. of Novara,’ vol. ii. p. 40; C. J. Andersson, ‘Lake Ngami, &c.,’ p. 453; Du Chaillu, ‘Equatorial Africa,’ p. 440; Sir J. Richardson, ‘Polar Regions,’ p. 300. For tribes with more than two eyes, see Pliny’s metaphorically explained Nisacæthæ and Nisyti, Plin. vi. 35; also Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 414; ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. i. pp. 25, 76; Petherick, l.c.; Bowen, ‘Yoruba Gr.’ p. xx.; Schirren, p. 196.

Footnote 559:

Kölle, ‘Vei Gr.’ p. 229; Strabo, i. 2, 35. The artificially elongated skulls of real Μακροκέφαλοι (Hippokrates, ‘De Aeris,’ 14.) are found in the burial-places of Kertch.

Footnote 560:

Plin., vii. 2.; Humboldt and Bonpland, vol. v. p. 81.

Footnote 561:

Krapf, p. 359.

Footnote 562:

Southey, ‘Brazil,’ vol. iii. p. 390.

Footnote 563:

D. Wilson, ‘Archæology, &c. of Scotland,’ p. 123.

Footnote 564:

Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. i. p. 128; Livingstone, p. 532.

Footnote 565:

Williams, ‘Fiji,’ p. 160; Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 113; Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 182 (a similar legend told by the Samoans). Another tattooing legend in Latham, ‘Descr. Eth.’ vol. i. p. 152; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. i. p. 112.

Footnote 566:

Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. iii. pp. 167-8; Wilkinson in Rawlinson’s ‘Herodotus,’ vol. ii. p. 79; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ pp. 972-6; W. G. Palgrave, ‘Arabia,’ vol. i. p. 251; Squier and Davis, ‘Monuments of Mississippi Valley,’ p. 134; Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 258.

Footnote 567:

Latham, ‘Descr. Eth.’ vol. i. p. 43; Lejean in ‘Rev. des Deux Mondes,’ 15 Feb. 1862, p. 856; Apollodor. iii. 8. Compare the derivation of _Arequipa_ by the Peruvians from the words _ari! quepay_== ‘yes! remain,’ said to have been addressed to the colonists by the Inca: Markham, ‘Quichua Gr. and Dic.;’ also the supposed etymology of _Dahome_, _Danh-ho-men_== ‘on the belly of Danh,’ from the story of King Dako building his palace on the body of the conquered King Danh: Burton, in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 401.

Footnote 568:

Charnock, ‘Verba Nominalia,’ s.v. ‘chic;’ see Francisque-Michel, ‘Argot,’ s.v.

Footnote 569:

‘Spectator,’ No. 147; Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’ vol. iii. p. 93; Hotten, ‘Slang Dictionary,’ p. 3; Charnock, s.v. ‘cant.’ As to the real etymology, that from the beggar’s whining _chaunt_ is defective, for the beggar drops this tone exactly when he _cants_, i.e., talks jargon with his fellows. If _cant_ is directly from Latin _cantare_, it will correspond with Italian _cantare_ and French _chanter_, both used as slang words for to speak (Francisque-Michel, ‘Argot’). A Keltic origin is more probable, Gaelic and Irish _cainnt_, _caint_ == talk, language, dialect (see Wedgwood ‘Etymological Dictionary’). The Gaelic equivalents for pedlars’ French or tramps’ slang, are ‘Laidionn nan ceard,’ ‘_cainnt_ cheard,’ i.e., tinkers’ Latin or jargon, or exactly ‘cairds’ _cant_.’ A deeper connexion between _cainnt_ and _cantare_ does not affect this.

Footnote 570:

See also Francisque-Michel, ‘Argot,’ s.v. ‘maccabe, macchabée’==noyé.

Footnote 571:

Musters, ‘Patagonians,’ pp. 69, 184.

Footnote 572:

Döhne, ‘Zulu Dic.’ p. 417; Arbousset and Daumas, p. 269; Waitz, vol. ii. pp. 349, 352.

Footnote 573:

Shortland, ‘Trads. of N. Z.’ p. 224.

Footnote 574:

On the adoption of imaginary ancestors as connected with the fiction of a common descent, and the important political and religious effects of these proceedings, see especially Grote, ‘History of Greece,’ vol. i.; McLennan, ‘Primitive Marriage;’ Maine, ‘Ancient Law.’ Interesting details on eponymic ancestors in Pott, ‘Anti-Kaulen, oder Mythische Vorstellungen vom Ursprnge der Völker and Sprachen.’

Footnote 575:

Martius, ‘Ethnog. Amer.’ vol. i. p. 54; see p. 283.

Footnote 576:

Macpherson, ‘India,’ p. 78.

Footnote 577:

Vambéry, ‘Central Asia,’ p. 325; see also Latham, ‘Descr. Eth.’ vol. i. p. 456 (Ostyaks); Georgi, ‘Reise im Russ. Reich,’ vol. i. 242 (Tunguz).

Footnote 578:

Barth, ‘N. & Centr. Afr.’ vol. ii. p. 71.

Footnote 579:

J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrelig.’ p. 574.

Footnote 580:

Martius, vol. i. pp. 180-4; Waitz, vol. iii. p. 416.

Footnote 581:

Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part i. p. 319, part iii. p. 268, see