Part 27
” 283. Carved trays (From G. T. Emmons, The Chilkat Blanket, fig. 557 _a-c_, _e_, _f_, p. 363, and A. M. N. H. 19/953) 272
” 284. Carved trays (From G. T. Emmons, The Chilkat Blanket, fig. 554) 273
” 285. Designs on Tlingit armor (From photograph from specimens in the Museum of the Academy of Sciences, Leningrad) 274
” 286. Painted tray (From G. T. Emmons, The Chilkat Blanket, fig. 558 _a_, p. 364) 275
” 287. Painted boxes (From G. T. Emmons, The Chilkat Blanket, fig. 558, _b-d_, p. 364) 276
” 288. Horn spoons showing carving on the back (A. M. N. H.). _a_, 16/8799 representing sea-monster, _b_, 16/8791 representing the hawk, _c_, 16/8792 representing the beaver (?), _d_, 16/8796 representing the raven, _e_, 16/8795 representing the killer-whale, _f_, 16/8798, representing the raven, _g_, 16/8794 representing dlia (?), _h_, 16/8793 representing the sun 277
” 289. Dish of horn of big-horn-sheep representing the bear (Private Property) 278
” 290. Mask of Kwakiutl Indians used in winter ceremonial; according to some representing fool dancer, according to others The-One-Shining-Down (After L. Adam, Nordwest-amerikanische Indianer Kunst, Pl. 19) 279
” 291. Ancient type of Kwakiutl box (A. M. N. H. 16/8117) 281
” 292. _a_, Food tray (A. M. N. H. 16/8215), _b_, Bucket (16/2243), Kwakiutl 282
” 293. Small boxes (_a_, 16/2248, _b_, 16/8148), Kwakiutl 282
” 294. Combs (A. M. N. H. _a_, 16/2299, _b_, 16/8911, _c_, 16/8180, _d_, 16/8235), Kwakiutl 282
” 295. Bone club and sword (A. M. N. H. _a_, 16/8274, _b_, 16/971), Kwakiutl 282
” 296. Spindle whirls, Ethnographisches Museum, Berlin, Lower Fraser River 283
” 297. Ladle made of big-horn-sheep horn, Columbia River 283
” 298. Clubs made of bone of whale. _a_, From Nootka, collected by Captain Cook (British Museum, Cat. No. N. W. C. 42); _b_, From Nootka (British Museum, Cat. No. N. W. C. 47); _c_, From Columbia River (Oregon Historical Society, Cat. No. 385, List 38); _d_, From Nootka, collected by Captain Cook, 1778 (Ethnographical Museum, Florence); _e_, From Barclay Sound, collected by Mr. A. Jacobsen (Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin, Cat. No. IV. A 1574); _f_, From Nootka, collected by Captain Cook (British Museum, Cat. No. N. W. C. 41); _g_, From shell-heap at Cadboro Bay collected by Mr. J. Maynard (Provincial Museum, Victoria, Cat. No. 769); _h_, From Neah Bay, collected by Hon. James Wickersham (U. S. National Museum, Cat. No. 198032); _i_, Collected by Vancouver (British Museum, Van. 93); _j_, From Nootka (collection of Mr. W. Sparrow Simpson, British Museum, Cat. No. 9383); _k_, From Upper Columbia River, collected by Col. Brooks, U. S. A., about 1810, property of Mr. M. F. Savage, New York (A. M. N. H. cast No. 16/8578); _l_, British Museum, Cat. No. 78-11-1.623; _m_, From Nootka (British Museum, Cat. No. 8766); _n_, University Museum, Cambridge, Eng. Cat. No. R. D. 112 d 284
” 299. Clubs made of bone of whale. _a_, From Quamichan Indians, collected by Dr. C. F. Newcombe (Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Cat. No. 85348); _b_, From shell-heap, Plumper’s Pass, collected by Mr. Eduard Lomas (Provincial Museum, Victoria, Cat. No. 770); _c_, From Neah Bay, collected by Hon. James Wickersham (U. S. National Museum, Cat. No. 198033); _d_, From Nuchatlath, collected by Mr. A. Jacobsen (Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin, Cat. No. IV A 1215); _e_, From Hesquiath, collected by Mr. A. Jacobsen (Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin, Cat. No. IV A 1573); _f_, 16/2106 From Clayoquath, collected by Mr. Fillip Jacobsen; _g_, 16/912 Bishop Collection from British Columbia; _h_, 200/1471 Made of serpentine, from Blalock Island, Wash., opposite Umatilla, Ore., collected by Mr. D. W. Owen; _i_, From Cadboro Bay, collected by Mr. James Deans (Provincial Museum, Victoria, Cat. No. 774); _j_, From Fort Vancouver, Wash., about 1830 (Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia); _k_, From Neah Bay, collected by Hon. James Wickersham (from cast in U. S. National Museum, Cat. No. 198031); _l_, Peabody Academy of Sciences, Salem, Mass., Cat. No. E. 6640; _m_, _n_, From Nootka, collected by Capt. James Magee about 1794 (Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass., Cat. Nos. 256, 255); _o_, From Neah Bay, collected by Hon. James Wickersham (from cast in U. S. National Museum, Cat. No. 198030); _p_, 16/855, From shell-heap at Cadboro Bay; _q_, 16/911 Bishop Collection; _r_, 16/1100 Excavated on Songish Reservation 286
” 300. House posts, Lower Fraser River, from photograph by Harlan I. Smith 288
” 301. Basket, Lower Chehalis (Private Property) 289
” 302. Designs on matting (A. M. N. H. _a_, 16/9990; _b_, 16/8222), Kwakiutl 289
” 303. Woven hat of spruce root, Kwakiutl (A. M. N. H. 16/9993) 290
” 304. Decorative designs from Tlingit basketry (From G. T. Emmons, The Basketry of the Tlingit Indians) 291
” 305. Decorative designs from Tlingit basketry (From G. T. Emmons, The Basketry of the Tlingit Indians) 293
” 306. _a_, Rawhide pouch, Salish or Chinook, collected by Wilkes, 1840; _b_, Design from parfleche, Fort Colville, Washington (United States National Museum, 2618 and 672) 296
” 307. Scraper of bone, Tahltan (Private Property) 297
” 308. Detail of imbricated basketry 297
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
Plate I. Basketry of Maidu (From Roland B. Dixon, Basketry Designs of California, Bull. Am. Museum of Natural History, Vol. 17). opp. p. 18
” II. Body Painting of an Andaman Islander (From Brown, The Andaman Islanders) 32
” III. Melanesian House 34
” IV. Peruvian Textiles (From Charles W. Mead, Boas Anniversary Volume, Pl. X) 46
” V. Kumiss Goblets of the Yakut (From W. Jochelson, Boas Anniversary Volume, Pl. XXI) 54
” VI. Shaman’s Dress, Amur River (A. M. N. H.) 66
” VII. Woven Pouch, British Columbia (A. M. N. H.) 124
” VIII. Woven Blanket, New Zealand, United States National Museum 182
” IX. Carved Figure, British Columbia, Linden Museum, Stuttgart 184
” X. Chilkat Blanket, Ethnological Museum, Copenhagen 278
” XI. Cedarbark Blanket, British Columbia, British Museum 278
” XII. Blankets of Mountain-goat Wool, Bella Coola, British Columbia 278
” XIII. House Post, near Eburne, Fraser River Delta, British Columbia 288
” XIV. Tlingit Baskets (From G. T. Emmons, The Basketry of the Tlingit Indians) 294
” XV. Imbricated Baskets from British Columbia and Washington 298
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface 1 Mental attitude of primitive people 1 Primitive culture, historical growth 4 The object of the investigation is a study of dynamic conditions of art growth 7 Acknowledgments 8
I. Introduction 9 What is art? 9 Technical perfection in art 10 Emotional appeal of contents of art colors 12 Historical notations 13
II. The formal elements in art 17 Virtuosity 17 Regularity of form and virtuosity 19 Lack of virtuosity and artistic form 22 Lack of effect of artistic form 25 The plain, strong line and regular curve 31 Symmetry 32 Inverted symmetry 36 Rhythm 40 Marginal designs 55 Decoration of prominent places 60 Conclusion 62
III. Representative art 64 Representation and representative art 64 Primitive symbolic and realistic representation 69 Influence of technique upon style of representation 81
IV. Symbolism 88 Wide distribution of symbolic interpretation 88 Lack of stability of explanation 102 Lack of coherence in symbols 106 Design names 109 Studies in conventionalization 113 Geographical distribution of explanations of similar designs 118 Reading in of meanings 121 Development of geometrical form according to representative tendencies 124 Stability of patterns of action as against instability of interpretation 128 Change of type due to slovenly execution 130 Technical motives applying to representations 138 Effect of decorative field 141 Effect of symbolic methods of representation 143
V. Style 144 The problem of style 144 Motor habits and form 145 Concentration of forms 148 Transfer of forms in new materials 150 Technical determination of form 153 Individuality of style 153 The artist in his cultural setting 155 Control of style over invention 156 Formal elements of style 161 Dissemination of art forms and local developments 161 Diversity of style in the same tribe and community 180
VI. The art of the Northwest coast of North America 183 Symbolic representations of animal forms 186 The beaver 186 The sculpin 188 The hawk and the eagle 190 The dragon-fly 192 The killer-whale 194 The bear 197 The sea-monster 198 The frog 198 The shark 198 Summary of symbols 202 Minor symbols are not strictly normative 207 The wolf; variations of form in representations of same animal 213 Variations in interpretation 214 Use of fragmentary symbols 216 Adaptation of animal forms to the decorative field 218 Formal elements in animal representations 221 Design arrangement on Chilkat blankets 257 Design arrangement on boxes 262 Design arrangement on food trays 270 Design arrangement on square boxes 275 Geometrical elements 279 Older art styles of the Gulf of Georgia 284 Realistic representations 285 Geometrical designs in basketry 289 Art of neighboring tribes 294
VII. Primitive literature, music, and dance 299 General occurrence of literature, music, and dance 299 Relation between song, music, and dance 303 Primitive prose 303 Rhythm 310 Emphasis 317 Symmetry 320 Metaphor 320 Poetic description 325 Local culture reflected in literary form 327 Symbolic meaning of narrative 337 Different literary styles are found in the same tribe 337 Distribution of literary forms 338 Music 340 Dance 344 Conclusion 349
Text figures 357
Explanation of plates 373
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to the corresponding illustrations.
Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.
Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added, when a predominant preference was found in the original book.
Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.
Pg 86: “underly” replaced by “underlie” 95: “Arapho” replaced by “Arapaho” 96: “rater” replaced by “rather” 96: “Arapho” replaced by “Arapaho” 98: “cocanut” replaced by “coconut” 103: “Arapho” replaced by “Arapaho” 106: “Arapho” replaced by “Arapaho” 131: “Oxaca” replaced by “Oaxaca” 147: “Czekanowsky” replaced by “Czekanowski” 163: “Wahpaton” replaced by “Wahpeton” 199: “sourmounted” replaced by “surmounted” 204: “brings” replaced by “beings” 223: “twowhile” replaced by “two whole” 243: “then” replaced by “than” 294: “wo” replaced by “so” 335: “woes” replaced by “woos” 336: “feasts” replaced by “feast” 341: “timber” replaced by “timbre” 345: “tapfrer” replaced by “tapfer” 364: “Wahpaton” replaced by “Wahpeton”