Part 25
We are at the end of our considerations, but one question remains to be answered. We have seen that the desire for artistic expression is universal. We may even say that the mass of the population in primitive society feels the need of beautifying their lives more keenly than civilized man, at least more than those whose lives are spent under the urgent necessity of acquiring the meagre means of sustenance. But among others also the desire for comfort has often superseded the desire for beauty. Among primitive people the καλὸν κἀγαθόν coincide. Goodness and beauty are the same. Do they then possess the same keenness of esthetic appreciation that is found at least in part of our population? I believe we may safely say that in the narrow field of art that is characteristic of each people the enjoyment of beauty is quite the same as among ourselves: intense among a few, slight among the mass. The readiness to abandon one’s self to the exaltation induced by art, is probably greater, because the conventional restraint of our times does not exist in the same forms in their lives. What distinguishes modern esthetic feeling from that of primitive people is the manifold character of its manifestations. We are not so much bound by a fixed style. The complexity of our social structure and our more varied interests allow us to see beauties that are closed to the senses of people living in a narrower culture. It is the quality of their experience, not a difference in mental make-up that determines the difference between modern and primitive art production and art appreciation.
TEXT FIGURES
Page
Fig. 1. Front of painted box, Tlingit, Alaska (A. M. N. H. 19/1074) 18
” 2. Jar from Zuni (A. M. N. H. 50.1/3333) 19
” 3. Coiled basketry 20
” 4. Twined basketry (From G. T. Emmons, Basketry of the Tlingit, Memoirs A. M. N. H., Vol. 3, fig. 294, p. 240) 20
” 5. Chipped flint implements; _a_, American Indian, A. M. N. H. T 18542; _b_, Egypt, A. M. N. H. 75.0/820 21
” 6. Part of surface of wooden sail, Kwakiutl Indians, Vancouver Island (A. M. N. H. 16.1/1744) 23
” 7. Painted board, Tierra del Fuego (After Wilhelm Koppers, Unter Feuerland-Indianern, fig. 6, p. 48) 23
” 8. Bushman designs; to the left, designs from ostrich eggs (After Felix von Luschan, Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, Vol. 55, pp. 32, 33, 37); to the right above (From Leonhard Schultze, Aus Namaland und Kalahari, p. 672); to the right below, bracelet made of horn (After E. von Sydow, Die Kunst der Naturvölker und der Vorzeit, p. 158) 23
” 9. Kaffer headrests (After Henrik P. M. Muller and John F. Snelleman, L’Industrie des Caffres, Pl. XIV, figs. 4 and 5) 23
” 10. Paddle and shield, New Ireland (A. M. N. H. S 2266, S 1409) 25
” 11. Plan of rawhide box, Sauk and Fox Indians 26
” 12. Rawhide box, Sauk and Fox Indians 26
” 13. Design on rawhide for a box, Sauk and Fox Indians (A. M. N. H. 50/3594) 27
” 14. Design on rawhide for a box, Sauk and Fox Indians (A. M. N. H. 50/3596) 27
” 15. _a_, Design on rawhide for a box, Sauk and Fox Indians, Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee, 30740; _b_, Design on rawhide for a box, Sauk and Fox Indians (A. M. N. H. 50/2284) 28
” 16. Fringe from legging, Thompson Indians (From James Teit, The Thompson Indians, Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. I, fig. 313, p. 384) 29
” 17. Twilled weaving showing alternation of patterns (A. M N. H. 16/8191) 30
” 18. Carving on bow of Bella Bella canoe, British Columbia (A. M. N. H.) 30
” 19. Rattle used in twin ceremonial. Kwakiutl Indians, British Columbia (A. M. N. H. 16/8282) 31
” 20. Base of flint knife, Scandinavia (After Sophus Müller, Nordische Altertumskunde, fig. 97, p. 190) 31
” 21. Face painting, Tierra del Fuego (After Wilhelm Koppers, Unter Feuerland-Indianern, Pl. V) 32
” 22. Australian shields (A. M. N. H. S 3957, S 421) 33
” 23. Paleolithic paintings (After Hugo Obermaier, Fossil Man in Spain, fig. 104, p. 234) 33
” 24. Patterns from bamboo combs (After Vaughn Stevens, Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, Vol. XXV, Pl. I) 35
” 25. Designs from bamboo spear, New Guinea (Museum für Völkerkunde, Hamburg. After Ernst Fuhrmann, Neu Guinea, p. 114) 35
” 26. Etruscan vase (After M. Ebert, Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte, Vol. III, Pl. XXVIII c, p. 140) 35
” 27. Peruvian designs (After Inca, Vol. I, fig. 32, p. 230) 35
” 28. Painted rawhide bags, Shuswap, British Columbia (From James Teit, The Shuswap, Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. II, fig. 220, p. 498) 36
” 29. Designs of the Dayak (After Alois Raimund Hein, Die bildenden Künste bei den Dayaks auf Borneo, Pl. IV, fig. 6; Pl. V, fig. 1) 37
” 30. Carved board, Kaiserin Augusta Fluss, New Guinea (Museum für Völkerkunde, Hamburg. After E. Fuhrmann, Neu Guinea, p. 112). The two reversed spiral elements are indicated by dark and light shading. 36
” 31. _a_, Designs from pottery of ancient Pueblos (After J. Walter Fewkes, An Archaeological Collection from Youngs Canyon near Flagstaff, Arizona, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection, Vol. 77, No. 10, Pl. 4_e_).
_b_, Designs from pottery of ancient Pueblos (After J. Walter Fewkes, Designs on Prehistoric Pottery from Mimbres Valley, New Mexico, _Ibid._ Vol. 74, No. 6, fig. 36, p. 33) 37
” 32. Bronze ornament, Sweden, 7th Century A. D. (After E. von Sydow, Die Kunst der Naturvölker und der Vorzeit, p. 480) 38
” 33. Design from Peruvian textile (After Walter Lehmann, Kunstgeschichte des alten Peru, Pl. 4, p. 20) 38
” 34. Designs from Peruvian textile (_Ibid._ Pl. 3, p. 16) 39
” 35. Pot of coiled pottery, prehistoric Pueblo Indians (A. M. N. H.) 40
” 36. Necklace of Thompson Indians (After Gladys A. Reichard, American Anthropologist, Vol. XXIV, 1922, p. 188) 41
” 37. _a_, Koryak embroidery (From W. Jochelson, The Koryak, Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. VI, fig. 206, p. 690). _b_,Koryak embroidery (_Ibid._ fig. 210, p. 693) 43
” 38. _a_, _b_, _c_, _d_, Koryak embroideries (_Ibid._ figs. 211-215, p. 693-696) 45
” 39. Peruvian embroidery from Ica (A. M. N. H.) 47
” 40. Peruvian fabric (The Necropolis of Ancon, W. Reiss and A. Stübel, Vol. II, Pl. 67 _b_, fig. 3) 49
” 41. Peruvian fabric (_Ibid._ Pl. 67, fig. 6) 49
” 42. Peruvian fabric (_Ibid._ Pl. 48, fig. 2) 50
” 43. Peruvian fabric (_Ibid._ Pl. 61) 50
” 44. Peruvian fabric (_Ibid._ Pl. 66 _a_, fig. 1) 51
” 45. Peruvian fabric (_Ibid._ Pl. 68 _a_, fig. 3) 51
” 46. Peruvian fabric (_Ibid._ Pl. 66, fig. 3) 51
” 47. Patterns from Mexican Codex (Codex Nuttall) 53
” 48. _a_, Pottery vessel from Finland (After M. Ebert, Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte, Vol. III, Pl. 125 _k_). _b_, Pottery vessel, Ica, Peru, A. M. N. H. 55
” 49. _a_, _b_, Birchbark vessels from the Amur River (From Berthold Laufer, The Decorative Art of the Amur Tribes, Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. IV, Pl. 20). _c_, Birchbark basket, Shuswap, British Columbia. _d_, _e_, Bark buckets, Alaska (_c_, _d_, _e_, from James Teit, The Shuswap, Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. II, figs. 205, 207). 56
” 50. _a_, _b_, Pottery vessels, Chiriqui, Costa Rica (After G. G. MacCurdy, A Study of Chiriquian Antiquities, Memoirs of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. III [1911], figs. 92, 85). _c_, Fort Colburne, Ontario (After 31st. Ann. Archaeological Report, Ontario, 1919, p. 83). 57
” 51. _a_, Part of soapstone kettle; _b_, _c_, _d_, Ivory combs, Eskimo (From F. Boas, The Eskimo of Baffinland and Hudson Bay, Bull. A. M. N. H. Vol. XV, 1907, figs. 215, 254) 58
” 52. Wood carving, Bambala, Congo (After Torday and Joyce, Notes ethnographiques sur les peuples communément appelés Bakuba, etc. Les Bushongo, Documents ethnographiques concernant les populations du Congo Belge, Vol. II, Pl. 25, fig. 7) 59
” 53. Pottery vessel, Molkenberg type, Megalithic period (After M. Ebert, Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte, Vol. III, Pl. 11, p. 84) 60
” 54. Pouch, Arapaho (From A. L. Kroeber, The Arapaho, Bull. A. M. N. H. Vol. XVIII, fig. 23 _c_, p. 89) 60
” 55. Embroidered Moccasin, Apache, A. M. N. H. 50/8622 _b_ 60
” 56. _a_, _b_, _c_, Birchbark vessels, eastern Indians (From James Teit, The Shuswap, Vol. II, fig. 214). _d_, Birchbark vessels, Koryak (From W. Jochelson, The Koryak, Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. VI, fig. 192 _c_, p. 675). 61
” 57. Pottery vessel, Arkansas (After W. H. Holmes, Aboriginal Pottery of the eastern United States, 20th Annual Report Bureau of American Ethnology, Pl. XXV) 61
” 58. Imbricated basket, Chilcotin, British Columbia (After James Teit, The Shuswap, Vol. II, fig. 268, p. 772) 62
” 59. _a_, Embroidery, Huichol Indians, Mexico (From Carl Lumholtz, Decorative Art of the Huichol Indians, Memoirs A. M. N. H., Vol. III, Part 3, fig. 430, p. 303) 65
_b_, Symbolism of the Huichol Indian, _Ibid._ Part. 1, fig. 92, p. 92 66
” 60. Decorated fishskin garment, Amur River (After Berthold Laufer, The Decorative Art of the Amur Tribes, Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. IV, Pl. 30) 66
” 61. Upper row, pictographs of Ojibwa Indians; lower row, pictographs of Dakota Indians (From Garrick Mallery, Picture Writing of American Indians, 10th Annual Report Bureau of American Ethnology, figs. 168 and 184 et seq.) 67
” 62. Mexican painting from Codex Borbonicus (After Eduard Seler, Gesammelte Abhandlungen, Vol. IV, p. 139) 68
” 63. _a_, Carved figure, Philippine Islands (After E. von Sydow, Die Kunst der Naturvölker und der Vorzeit, p. 273). _b_, Marble figure representing harpist (After Helmuth Th. Bossert, Altkreta, fig. 17 _b_.) 69
” 64. Wooden mask, Urua, Congo (After Herbert Kühn, Die Kunst der Primitiven, Pl. XXIX) 70
” 65. Carved board, Papua Gulf, New Guinea (After Herbert Kühn, Die Kunst der Primitiven, Pl. LIV) 70
” 66. Egyptian painting (After Heinrich Schäfer, Von Ägyptischer Kunst fig. 200, p. 257) 71
” 67. Haida drawing representing eagle carrying away a woman; original by Charles Edensaw 71
” 68. Egyptian drawings, _a_, Bowl and pitcher; _b_, Sleeping person covered by blanket (After Heinrich Schäfer, Von Ägyptischer Kunst, p. 111) 75
” 69. Eskimo etching on walrus tusk, Alaska (A. M. N. H. 60/239) 76
” 70. Bushman rock paintings (After Moszeik, Die Malereien der Buschmänner in Südafrika, Pl. I, fig. 236) 76
” 71. Paleolithic painting representing bison (After Hugo Obermaier, Fossil Man in Spain, Pl. I) 77
” 72. Hat of the Nootka Indians (After Handbook of the Ethnographic collections, British Museum, fig. 235, p. 256) 78
” 73. Koryak carvings (From W. Jochelson, The Koryak, Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. 6, figs. 170, 172, 175) 79
” 74. Bronze casting, Benin (After Felix von Luschan, Alterthümer von Benin, Pl. LI) 81
” 75. Headmask, Cross River, Cameroon (After Ernst Vatter, Religiöse Plastik der Naturvölker, 1926, fig. 57) 82
” 76. Terra cotta head from Ife, Yoruba country (After Herbert Kühn, Die Kunst der Primitiven, p. 92) 82
” 77. Pottery head from Arkansas (After W. H. Holmes, Aboriginal Pottery of the eastern United States, 20th Annual Report Bureau of American Ethnology, Pl. XXX) 85
” 78. Ivory and bone carvings, and tattooing of eastern Eskimo (From F. Boas, Eskimo of Baffinland and Hudson Bay, Bulletin A. M. N. H. Vol, XV. figs. 257, 258, 268). 86
” 79. Ornaments of the Auetö, Brazil (After Karl von den Steinen, Unter den Naturvölkern Zentral Brasiliens, Pl. XXII). 89
” 80. Ornaments of the Karayá (After Paul Ehrenreich, Die Karayástämme am Rio Araguaya (Goyaz); Veröffentlichungen aus dem Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin. Vol. II, fig. 11, p. 25). 89
” 81. Basketry patterns from British Guyana, _a_, snake pursuing frog; _b_, man; _c._, dog; _d-f_, wild nutmeg (From Walter Edmond Roth, An Introductory Study of the arts, crafts, and customs of the Guyana Indians, 38th Annual Report Bureau of American Ethnology, figs. 168, 178). 90
” 82. Basketry patterns from British Guyana; _a_, centiped; _b_, savannah grass; _c-f_, periwinkles; _g_, butterflies; _h-j_, snakes, _Ibid._ fig. 169. 91
” 83. Designs of the Cheyenne Indians (After Paul Ehrenreich, Ethnologisches Notizblatt, Vol. II, No. 1, pp. 27-29, 1899). 92
” 84. Moccasin, Arapaho (After A. L. Kroeber, The Arapaho, Bulletin A. M. N. H. Vol. XVIII, fig. 5_b_, p. 39). 94
” 85. Knife case, Arapaho (_Ibid._ fig. 22, p. 88). 94
” 86. Legging, Sioux Indians (After Clark Wissler, Decorative Art of the Sioux Indians, Bulletin A. M. N. H. Vol. XVIII, Pl. LI, fig. 5). 95
” 87. Drum of the Assiniboine (From Robert H. Lowie, The Assiniboine, Vol. IV, Anthropological Papers A. M. N. H. fig. 11, p. 27). 96
” 88. Rawhide bag, Arapaho (After A. L. Kroeber, The Arapaho, Bulletin A. M. N. H. Vol. XVIII, fig. 33, p. 115). 97
” 89. Design from parfleche, Shoshone (A. M. N. H. 50/2299). 97
” 90. Bamboo case from Friedrich-Wilhelm Hafen, New Guinea, (After Emil Stephan, Südseekunst, p. 101). 98
” 91. Zuni bowl, broken and edges ground down, (private property). 98
” 92. Ceremonial object, Huichol Indians, Mexico (From Karl Lumholtz, Symbolism of the Huichol Indians, Memoirs A. M. N. H. Vol III, fig. 133, p. 125) 99
” 93. Woven ceremonial object, Huichol Indians, Mexico (From Karl Lumholtz, Symbolism of the Huichol Indians, _Ibid._ fig. 173, p. 146). 101
” 94. Design from a pouch, Huichol Indians (From Karl Lumholtz, Decorative art of the Huichol Indians, Memoirs A. M. N. H. Vol. III, Pt. 3, fig. 527, p. 325). 101
” 95. Tattooed designs, Marquesas (After Karl von den Steinen, Die Marquesaner und ihre Kunst, _a_, fig. 103, p. 155; _b_, fig. 101, p. 154; _c_, fig. 99, p. 152; _d_, fig. 100, p. 153; _e_, fig. 112, p. 163). 101
” 96. Patterns representing the star, Arapaho (After A. L. Kroeber, Decorative art of the Arapaho, Bulletin A. M. N. H. Vol. XVIII). 103
” 97. Patterns representing persons (_Ibid._). 104
” 98. Patterns representing butterfly (_Ibid._). 104
” 99. Designs from Neu-Mecklenburg, _a_, Carved bamboo; _b_, embroidered mat (After Emil Stephan and Fritz Gräbner, Neu-Mecklenburg, _a_, fig. 120, p. 114; _b._ Pl. I, fig. 3). 104
” 100. Embroidered knife sheath, Arapaho (From A. L. Kroeber, Decorative art of the Arapaho, Bulletin A. M. N. H. Vol. XVIII, Pl. 13, fig. 5). 107
” 101. Painted board, Neu-Mecklenburg (After Emil Stephan and Fritz Gräbner, Neu-Mecklenburg, Pl. IX, fig. 8). 107
” 102. Decorated paddle, Neu-Mecklenburg (_Ibid._ Pl. VI, fig. 3 b). 107
” 103. Blanket of mountain-goat wool, Tlingit, Alaska (From G. T. Emmons, The Chilkat Blanket, Memoirs A. M. N. H. Vol. III, fig. 567, p. 377). 108
” 104. Basketry patterns of the Pomo Indians, California (After S. A. Barrett, Pomo Indian Basketry, Univ. California Publications, Vol. 7, No. 3. pp. 180, 182, 187, 190, 204, 232). 109
” 105. Drawn work, Mexico (From Journal of American Folk-lore, Vol. 33, 1920, p. 73). 110
” 106. Designs of the Ruanda (After Jan Czekanowski, Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Afrika Expedition, 1907-1908, Vol. VI, Part 1, p. 330). 111
” 107. Designs of the Pangwe (After Günther Tessmann, Die Pangwe, Berlin 1913, Vol. I, fig. 211, p. 254). 112
” 108. Designs of the Bushongo (After E. Torday and T. A. Joyce, Les Bushongo, Documents ethnographiques concernant les populations du Congo Belge, figs. 322, 323, 219, 330). 113
” 109. Feet of flat pottery dishes, Chiriqui, Costa Rica (After G. G. MacCurdy, A Study of Chiriquian Antiquities, Mem. Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. III [1911], figs. 140, 141, 139, 135). 114
” 110. Polynesian ornaments (After Charles H. Read, Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 21 [1892] Pl. 12). 115
” 111. Crocodile arrows, New Guinea (After A. C. Haddon, The Decorative Art of British New Guinea, Cunningham Memoir, Royal Irish Academy, X [1894] fig. 19). 115
” 112. Designs representing frigate bird and crocodile (_Ibid._ Pl. XII). 116
” 113. Facial urns (After M. Ebert, Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte, Vol. IV, Pl. 116). 117
” 114. Armadillo designs, Chiriqui (After G. G. MacCurdy, _l. c._ figs. 77, 78) 117
” 115. Designs of the Bushongo representing the head of the antelope and the beetle (From E. Torday and T. A. Joyce, Notes ethnographiques sur les peuples communément appelés Bakuba etc. Les Bushongo, Documents ethnographiques concernant les populations du Congo Belge, p. 211). 117
” 116. Design representing the buffalo, Arapaho (From A. L. Kroeber, Decorative Art of the Arapaho, Bulletin A. M. N. H. Vol. XIII, p. 85). 119
” 117. Designs of North American Indians; the first nine, Arapaho (After A. L. Kroeber, Decorative Art of the Arapaho, Bulletin A. M. N. H. Vol. XVIII); the next six, Eastern Algonquin (After Frank G. Speck, The Double Curve Motive of Northeastern Algonkian Art, Geological Survey of Canada, Anthropological Series No. 1); the last line; first, Hopi; then archaeological specimens, Pueblo region. 120
” 118. Triangular design, prehistoric Pueblo (After J. W. Fewkes, Preliminary Account of an Expedition to the Pueblo Ruins near Winslow, Arizona, Smithsonian Report for 1896, Pl. 34). 121
” 119. Alaskan needle cases (After F. Boas, Decorative Designs of Alaskan Needle Cases, Proceedings United States National Museum, Vol. 34, p. 321 et seq., 1908). 125
” 120. Reels of Alaskan Eskimo (United States National Museum, numbers from above downwards, 44 994, 33 095, 38 276, 33 267, 45 110). 126
” 121. Eye shades and vessel, Ammassalik (After W. Thalbitzer, The Ammassalik Eskimo, Meddelelser om Grønland, Vol. XXXIX, fig. 278, and after Hjalmar Stolpe, On Evolution in the Ornamental Art of Savage Peoples, figs. 22, 24, p. 80). 127
” 122. Designs from vessels made of tree calabashes, Oaxaca, (Private collection). 131
” 123. Fragments of pottery vessels, Texcoco, D. F., Mexico. 132
” 124. Designs from pottery vessels, Culhuacan, D. F., Mexico. 132
” 125. Designs from pottery vessels, Culhuacan, D. F., Mexico. 133
” 126. Designs from pottery vessels, Culhuacan, D. F., Mexico. 135
” 127. Designs from pottery vessels, Culhuacan, D. F., Mexico. 135
” 128. Designs from pottery vessels, Culhuacan, D. F., Mexico. 135
” 129. Alligator designs from Chiriqui pottery (A. M. N. H. 30.0/1881; 7608; 5760; 1098; 5727). 137
” 130. Chinese embroidery representing bats (After A. H. Balfour, The Evolution of Decorative Art, fig. 18, p. 50). 141