vii. 52; Plutarch, De sera numinis vindicta; Apuleius, Floridorum,

lib. vi.; St. Augustine, De cura mortuorum; Thuanus (no ref.); Diomed Cornarus, Hist. admirand. (case of a Madrid lady who is supposed to have given birth to a child after she was laid in the tomb, the corpse having a new-born dead infant in the right hand when the vault was opened a few months after); Chr. Landinus, notes to Virgil, Æn. vi. (incident at a funeral, of which he was an eye-witness at Florence); Horst. Med. mir., cap. ix. (woman left for dead of the plague at Cologne in 1357); and the case of a glazier, then living at Wittenberg, who was treated as dead when a child of three years.]

GARMANN (L. Christ. Frid.). De miraculis mortuorum libri tres, quibus praemissa dissertatio de cadavere et miraculis in genere. Opus physico-medicum curiosis observationibus experimentis aliisque rebus exornatum. Ed. L. J. H. Garmann. Dresden and Leipzig, 1709. (First ed., Leipzig, 1670.)

BEBEL (Balthasar). Dissertatio de bis mortuis. Jena, 1672.

_EIGHTEENTH CENTURY._

HAWES (Dr.). On the duty of the relations of those who are in dangerous illness, and the hazard of hasty interment. A sermon preached in the Presbyterian Chapel of Lancaster in 1703, wherein it is clearly proved, from the attestation of unexceptionable witnesses, that many persons have been buried alive.

LANCISI (Johannes M.). De subitaneis mortibus libri duo. Romae, 1707; Lucae, 1707; Lipsiae, 1709.

WILFROTH (Johannes Christianus). Dissertatio de resuscitatione semi-mortuorum medica. Halae, 1725.

RANFT (Michael). Tractat von den Kauen und Schmatzen der Todten in Gräbern, worm die wahre Beschaffenheit derer Hungarischen Vampyrs gezeight, etc. Leipzig, 1734.

BEYSCHLAG (Fr. Jac.). Sylloge variorum opusculorum. “De hominum a morte resuscitatorum exemplis.” Halae Sueviorum, 1727-31.

WINSLOW (Jacques Benigne), Professor of Anatomy at Paris. An mortis incertæ signa minus incerta a chirurgicis quam ab aliis experimentis. Paris, 1740. Dissertation.

---- Dissertation sur l’incertitude des signes de la mort, et l’abus des enterremens et embaumemens precipités; traduite et commentée par Jacques Jean Bruhier. Paris, 1742. (With the Latin text.)

BRUHIER (Jacques Jean), d’Ablaincourt. Mémoire sur la nécessité d’un règlement général au sujet des enterremens et embaumemens--addition au mémoire presente au Roi. Paris, 1745-46.

---- Dissertation sur l’incertitude des signes de la mort, et l’abus des enterrements et embaumemens précipités. Second ed. Two vols. Paris, 1749.

---- The uncertainty of the signs of death and the danger of precipitate interments and dissections. Second ed. London, 1751.

[Bruhier, in his work Dissertations sur l’incertitude des signes de la mort et l’abus des enterremens, produces accounts of one hundred and eighty-one cases, among which there are those of fifty-two persons buried alive, four dissected alive, fifty-three that awoke in their coffins before being buried, and seventy-two other cases of apparent death.]

ANON. The uncertainty of the signs of death, and the danger of precipitate interments and dissections demonstrated. Dublin, 1748.

COOPER (M). Uncertainty of the signs of death, precipitate interment and dissection, and funeral solemnities. London, 1746.

JANKE (J. G.). Abhandlung von der Ungewissheit der Kennzeichen des Todes. Leipzig, 1749.

LOUIS (Antoine). Six lettres sur la certitude des signes de la mort, ou l’on rassure les citoyens de la crainte d’être enterrés vivans; avec des observations et des experiences sur les noyés. Paris, 1752.

PLAZ (Antonius Gulielmus). De signis mortis non solute explorandis. Specimen primum, Lipsiae, 1765; secundum, 1766; tertium, 1766; quartum, 1767.

---- De mortuis curandis. Diss. Lipsiae, 1770.

MENGHIN (Joh. Mich. de). Diss. de incertitudine signorum vitae et mortis. Vienna, 1768.

ESCHENBACH (Christ. Ehrenfr.). De apparenter mortuis. Vienna, 1768.

JANIN DE COMBE BLANCHE (Jean). Reflexions sur le triste sort de personnes qui sous un apparance de mort ont été enterrées vivants, etc. Paris, 1774.

DE GARDANE (Joseph Jacques). Avis au peuple sur les asphyxies ou morts apparentes et subites. Paris, 1774. Portuguese transl. included in Avisos interessantes sobre as mortes apparentes. Lisbon, 1790.

---- Catechisme sur les morts apparentes, dites asphyxies, etc. Paris, 1781.

NAVIER (Pierre Toussaint). Réflexions sur les dangers des inhumations precipitées et sur les abus des inhumations dans les eglises, etc. Paris, 1775.

PINEAU (----). Mémoire sur le danger des inhumations precipitées, et sur la nécessité d’un règlement pour mettre les citoyens à l’abri du malheur d’etre enterées vivans. Niort, 1776.

MARET (Hugues). Mémoire pour rappeler à la vie les personnes en état de mort apparente. Dijon, 1776.

BRINKMANN (Joh. Pet.). Beweis der Möglichkeit dass einige Leute können lebendig begraben werden, etc. Düsseldorf, 1777.

SWIETEN (Baron Geerard Van). De morte dubia. Vienna, 1778.

TESTA (Antonio Guiseppe). Della morte apparente. Firenze, 1780.

DOPPET (F. A.). Des moyens de rappeler à la vie les personnes qui ont toutes les apparences de la mort. Chambery, 1785.

[In 1784 the Imperial and Royal Academy of Sciences, etc., of Brussels proposed as a subject for a prize essay, What are the means that can be employed by medicine and police to prevent the dangerous mistakes of premature burial?]

WAUTERS (Pierre Englebert). Responsum ad quaesitum, Quae tum medica, tum politica praesidia adversus periculosas inhumationum praefestinatarum abusus? Reprinted from the Mem. Acad. Imper. et Roy. de Sc. de Bruxelles. Bruxelles, 1787 [1788].

PREVINAIRE (P. J. B.). Mémoire sur la question suivante proposée en 1784 par l’academie imperiale et royal des sciences, belles-lettres, et arts de Bruxelles: Quels sont les moyens que la médecine et la police pourroient employer pour prévenir les erreurs dangereuses des enterremens precipités? Ouvrage qui a concouru pour la prix de l’annee 1786. Bruxelles, 1787.

---- The above in a German translation by Bernhard Gottlob Schreger. Leipzig, 1790.

LEDULX (Gul. Petrus). De signis mortis rite aestimandis. Hardervici, 1787. Thesis.

THIERY (Franciscus). La vie de l’homme respectée et defendue dans ses derniers moments; ou instruction sur les soins qu’ on doit aux morts, et à ceux qui parroisent l’etre; sur les funerailles et les sepultures. Paris, 1787.

STEINFELD (Johannes Christianus). De signis mortis diagnosticis dubiis cautè admittendis et reprobandis. Thesis. Jena, 1788.

HERZ (Marcus). Ueber die frühe Beerdigung der Juden. Zweite vermehrte Auflage. Berlin, 1788.

DURANDE (J. Fr.). Mémoire sur l’abus de l’ensevelissement des morts, etc. Strasbourg, 1789.

DE HUPSCH (Baron Joh. Wilh. Carl Adolph). Nouvelle découverte d’une methode peu couteuse, efficace et assurée de traiter tous les hommes décédés afin de rappeler à la vie ceux qui ne sont morts qu’en apparance. Cologne, 1789.

ANON. Des inhumations precipitées. Paris, 1790. (Attributed by Barbier to Madame Necker.)

HUFELAND (Christoph W.). Ueber die Ungewissheit des Todes, und des einzige untrügliche Mittel ... das Lebenigbegraben unmöglich zu machen, etc. Salzburg, 1791; Halle, 1824.

REINHARDT (Julius Christophorus). Dissertatio de vano praematurae sepulturae metu. Jena, 1793.

MARCELLO (Marin). Osservazioni teoriche-pratiche-mediche sopra le morti apparenti. Two vols., with nine plates. Venezia, 1793.

ANSCHEL (Salomon). Thanatologia, sive in mortis naturam causas genera, etc., disquisitiones. Goettingae, 1795.

HIMLY (Carolus). Commentatio mortis historiam causas et signa sistens. Goettingae, 1795.

PESSLER (B. G.). Leicht anwendbarer Beystand der Mechanik um Scheintodte beim Erwachen im Grabe auf die wohlfeilste Art wieder daraus zu erretten. Braunschweig, 1798.

DESESSARTZ (Jean Charles). Discours sur les inhumations precipitées. Paris, an vii. (1798).

KÖPPEN (Heinrich Friedrich). Nachrichten von Menschen welche lebendig begraben worden. Als erster Theil des Buchs: Achtung der Scheintodten. Halle, 1799. (Dedication to Friedrich Wilhelm III., King of Prussia, Queen Louise, and Friedrich August, Prince of Hesse Darmstadt.)

_RESUSCITATION OF THE DROWNED.--THE ROYAL HUMANE SOCIETY._

GRUNER (Jacobus). Dissertatio inauguralis de causa mortis submersorum eorumque resuscitatione observationibus indagata. Groningae, 1761.

Memoirs of the society instituted at Amsterdam in favour of drowned persons. For the years 1767-71. Translated by Thomas Logan, M.D. London, 1772.

JOHNSON (Alexander), M.D. A short account of a society in Amsterdam ... for the recovery of drowned persons; with observations showing the advantage ... to Great Britain from a similar institution.... Extended to other accidents. London, 1773.

JOHNSON (Alexander), M.D. A collection of cases proving the practicability of recovering persons visibly dead, etc. London, 1773.

---- Relief from accidental death; or, summary instructions for the general institution proposed in 1773. London, 1785.

---- Abridged instructions. London, 1785.

CULLEN (W.), M.D. A letter to Lord Cathcart concerning the recovery of the drowned and seemingly dead. London, 1773.

HUNTER (John). Proposals for the recovery of persons apparently drowned. _Phil. Trans._ 1776.

HAWES (William), M.D. An address to the public [concerning the dangerous custom of laying out persons as soon as respiration ceases]. With a reply by W. Renwick, and observations on that reply. London, 1778.

FULLER (John), M.D. Some hints relative to the recovery of persons drowned and apparently dead. London, 1784.

KITE (Charles), of Gravesend. An essay on the recovery of the apparently dead. London, 1788.

---- Essay on the submersions of animals. London, 1795.

Reports of the Humane Society for the recovery of persons apparently drowned. For the years 1777-80 and 1785-86. London.

The transactions of the Royal Humane Society from 1774 to 1784. With an appendix of miscellaneous observations on suspended animation. Edited by W. Hawes, M.D. London, 1794.

FRANKS (John). Observations on animal life and apparent death. With remarks on the Brunonian system of medicine. London, 1790.

---- The same in an Italian translation. Pavia, 1795.

GOODWYN (Edmund), M.D. De morbo morteque submersorum investigandis. Thesis. Edin., 1786.

---- The connexion of life with respiration; or, an experimental inquiry into the effects of submersion, strangulation, and several kinds of noxious airs on living animals; with an account of the nature of the diseases they produce, and the most effectual means of cure. London, 1788.

Reflections on premature death and premature interment. Published by the Humane Society. Rochester, 1787.

ANON. An essay on vital suspension: being an attempt to investigate and ascertain those diseases in which the principles of life are apparently extinguished. By a Medical Practitioner. London, 1791.

HAMILTON (Robert), M.D. Rules for recovering persons recently drowned. London, 1795.

Directions for recovering persons apparently dead from drowning, and from disorders occasioned by cold liquors. Published by the Humane Society. Philadelphia.

CURRY (James). Popular observations on apparent death from drowning, suffocation, etc. Northampton, 1792; London, 1793, 1797, 1845. French transl. by Odier, Geneva, 1800.

FOTHERGILL (Anthony). Inquiry into the suspension of vital action in drowning and suffocation. Third ed. Bath, 1794.

---- Preventive plan; or, hints for the preservation of persons exposed to accidents which suspend vital action. London, 1798.

CAILLEAU (J. M.). Mémoire sur l’asphyxie par submersion. Bordeaux, 1799.

BICHAT (M. F. Xavier). Recherches physiologiques sur la vie et la mort. Paris, 1800, 1805, etc.

_NINETEENTH CENTURY._

COLEMAN (Edward). Dissertation on natural and suspended respiration. Second ed. Lond., 1802.

STRUVE (Christian August). A practical essay on the art of recovering suspended animation. Transl. from the German. Second ed. Lond., 1802.

OSWALD (John). On the phenomena of suspended animation from drowning, hanging, etc., together with the most expeditious mode of treatment. Philad., 1802.

LUGA (----). Traitement des asphyxiés, ou moyen de rendre impossible l’enterrement de personnes vivantes. Paris, 1804.

ACKERMANN (J. F.). Der Scheintod und das Rettungsverfahren. Frankft., 1804.

BURKE (William). On suspended animation, etc. Lond., 1805.

BERGER (J. F.). Essai physiologique sur la cause de l’asphyxie par submersion. Paris, 1805.

THOMASSIN (J. Franç.). Considerations de police médicale, sur la mort apparente, et sur le danger des inhumations precipitées. Strasbourg, 1805. Also an earlier essay on same subject, with Durande, in 1789.

DAVIS (----). L’abus des enterrements précipitées. Moyens de rappeler à la vie les personnes en état de mort apparente. Verdun, 1806.

BARZELOTTI (Giac.). Memoria per servire di avviso al populo sulle asfisse o morte apparente. Parma, 1808.

MARC (C. C. H.). Des moyens de constater la mort par submersion. (Manuel de l’Autopsie, par Rose, transl. from the German.) Paris, 1808.

COLORINI (Ant.). Sulle varie morti apparenti, etc. Pavia, 1813.

PORTAL (A.). Sur la traitement des asphyxies: avec observations sur les signes qui distinguent la mort réelle de celle qui n’est qu’apparante. Paris, 1816.

ORFILA (F.). Directions for the treatment of persons who have taken poison, and those in a state of apparent death. Transl. from the French by R. H. Black. Other transl. by W. Price, M.D. Both at London, 1818.

SNART (John). Thesaurus of horror; or, the charnel-house explored, Lond., 1817.

---- An historical inquiry concerning apparent death and premature interment. London, 1824.

VALPY (R.). Sermon before the Royal Humane Society, with observations on resuscitation. Norwich, 1819.

WHITER (Rev. W.). A dissertation on the disorder called suspended animation. Norwich, 1819.

CHAUSSIER (----). Vivants crus morts, et moyens de prévenir cette erreur. Paris, 1819.

DONNDORF (J. A.). Ueber Tod, Scheintod, und zu frühe Beerdigung. Quedlinburg, 1820.

HERPIN (M.). Instruction sur les soins à donner aux personnes asphyxiées. Paris, 1822.

KAISER (Ch. L.). Ueber Tod und Scheintod, oder die Gefahren des frühen Begrabens. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1822.

CALHOUN (T.). An essay on suspended animation. Philad., 1823.

BUNOUST (Marin). Vues philanthropiques sur l’abus des enterrements précipitées, précautions à prendre pour que les vivants ne soient pas confondus avec les morts. Arras, 1826.

SPEYER (Carl F.). Ueber die Möglichkeit des Lebendigbegrabens, und die Einrichtung von Leichenhäusern. Erlangen, 1826.

CHANTOURELLE (----). Paper at the Royal Academy of Medicine of Paris, on the danger of premature burial, etc., with discussion thereon, 10th and 27th April, 1827. Archives générales de médecine, vol. xiv. (1827), p. 103.

GÜNTHER (Johann Arnold). Geschichte und Einrichtung der Hamburgischen Rettungs-Anstalten für im Wasser verunglückte Menschen. Hamburg, 1828.

TABERGER (Joh. Gottf.). Der Scheintod in seinen Beziehungen auf das Erwachen in Grabe und die verchiedenen Vorschläge zu einer wirksamen.... Rettung in Fällen dieser Art. With a copper plate. Hannover, 1829.

BOURGEOIS (R.). Observations et considérations pratiques qui établissent la possibilité du retour à la vie dans plusieurs cas d’asphyxié et de syncope prolongée avec apparence de la mort. 8vo. Paris, 1829.

SCHNEIDAWIND (Franz Joseph Adolph). Der Scheintod, nebst Unterscheidung des scheinbaren und wahren Todes, und Mitteln, etc. Bamberg, 1829.

WALKER (G. A.). Gatherings from grave-yards, etc. Lond., 1830.

TACHERON. De la vérification légale des décès dans la ville de Paris, et de la nécessité d’apporter dans ce service médical plus de surveillance. Paris, 1830.

PICHARD (----). Le danger des inhumations précipitées. Paris, 1830.

CHAUSSIER (Hector). Histoire des infortunés qui ont été enterrés vivants. Paris, 1833.

DESBERGER (Ant. F. A.). Tod und Scheintod, Leichen-und-Begrabungswesen als wichtige Angelegenheit der einzelnen Menschen und des Staates. Leipzig, 1833.

FOUCHARD (P.). Aperçu général des précautions prises en France avant l’inhumation des citoyens morts; réforme que l’humanité réclame. Tours, 1833.

DE FONTENELLE (Julia). Recherches médico-legales sur l’incertitude des signes de la mort, les dangers des inhumations précipitées, les moyens de constater les décès et de rappeler à la vie ceux qui sont en état de mort apparente. Paris, 1834.

LEGALLOIS (C.). Expériences physiologiques sur les animaux tendant à faîre connaitre le temps durant lequel ils peuvent étre sans danger privés de la respiration, etc. Paris, 1835.

MARC (C. C. H.). Nouvelles recherches sur les recours à donner aux noyés et asphyxiés. Paris, 1835.

SOMMER (----). De signis mortem hominis absolutam ante putredinis accessum indicantibus. Havniae, 1833.

SCHWABE (C.). Das Leichenhaus in Weimar. Nebst einigen Worten über den Scheintod und mehrer, jetzt bestehender Leichenhäuser, sowie über die zweckmässigste Einrichtung solcher Anstalten im Allgemeinen. Leipzig, 1834.

KAY (J. P.). The physiology, pathology, and treatment of asphyxia, including suspended animation in new-born children, and from drowning, hanging, wounds of the chest, mechanical obstruction of the air-passages, respiration of gases, death from cold, etc. London, 1834.

KOOL (J. A.). Tabellarisch overzigt over alle gevallen von schijndoode drenkelingen, gestikten, en gehangenen, bekroond door de Maatschappij tot Redding van Drenkelingen, opgerigt in den jare 1767 te Amsterdam. Seder thare stichting tot en met den jare 1833 [-53]. Uit authentieke stukken opgemaakt en met opmerkingen voorzien. Four vols. Amsterdam, 1834-54.

MANNI (Pietro), professor at Rome. Manuale pratico per la cura degli apparentemente morti, premessevi alcune idee generali di polizia medica per la tutela della vita degli asfittici. Roma, 1833. Napoli, 1835. Germ. transl. by A. F. Fischer, Leipzig, 1839.

SIMON (L. C.). Quelques mots sur les enterrements prématures, et sur les précautions à prendre sur-le-champ, relativement aux noyés et asphyxiés. St. Petersbourg, 1835.

LE GUERN (H.). Rosoline, ou les mystères de la tombe. Paris, 1834.

---- Du danger des inhumations précipitées, exemples tant anciens que récents de personnes enterrées ou dissequées de leur vivant. Paris, 1837, 1844.

---- Encore un mot, etc. Paris, 1843.

LESSING (Mich. Bened.). Ueber die Unsicherheit der Erkenntniss des erloschenen Lebens, etc. Berlin, 1836.

SCHNACKENBERG (Wilh. Ph. J.). Ueber die Nothwendigkeit der Leichenhallen zur Verhütung des Erwachens im Grabe. Cassel, 1836.

MISSIRINI (Melchiore). Pericolo di seppillire gli uomini vivi creduti morti. Milano, 1837.

VIGNE (----). Memoire sur les inhumations précipitées, des moyens de les prevenir, des signes de la mort. Rouen, 1837; Paris, 1839, 1841.

BIOPHILOS. Die neue Sicherungsweise gegen rettungloses Wiedererwachen im Grabe. Neustadt, 1838.

SCHAFFER (Fried.). Beschreibung und Abbildung einer Vorrichtung durch welche Scheintodte sich aus dem Sarge in Grabe befreien können. Landsberg, 1839.

VILLENEUVE (P. E.). Du danger des inhumations précipitées et des moyens de les prévenir, etc. Paris, 1841.

DESCHAMPS (M. H.). Précis de la mort apparente. Paris, 1841.

---- Du signe de la mort réelle, etc. Memoir read at the Acad. des Sc., March 28, 1843, in Gaz. Med., Ap. 1st.

---- Du signe certain de la mort, nouvelle epreuve pour éviter d’etre enterré vivant. Paris, 1854.

NASSE (Frièd.). Die Unterscheidung des Scheintodes von wirklichen Tode, zu Beruhigung über die Gefahr lebendig begrahen zu werden. Bonn, 1841. French transl. by Fallot. Namur, 1842.

HICKMANN (J. N.). Die Elektricität als Prüfungs-und-Belebungsmittel im Scheintode. Wien, 1841.

DENDY (W. C.). The philosophy of mystery, etc. London, 1841. [Contains chapters on premature interment, resuscitation from catalepsy or trance, etc.]

WELCHMAN (E.). Observations on apparent death from suffocation or drowning, choke-damp, stroke of lightning, exposure to extreme cold, with directions for using the resuscitating apparatus invented by author, and gen. instruc., etc. 8vo. New York, 1842.

LENORMAND (Leonce). Des inhumations précipitées. Macon, 1843.

GAYET (----). De la nécessité de la verification des décès Nantes, 1843.

CHALETTE (J.), fils. Du danger des inhumations précipitées et de l’importance de faire constater les décès par les gens de l’art. Châlons-sur-Marne, 1843.

BARJAVEL (C. F. H.). Nécessité absolue d’ouvrir au plus tôt des maisons d’attente; considérations de police médicale, précedées d’un sommaire analytique, et suivies d’indications bibliographiques relatives au sujet de cet écrit. (Tirage à cinquante exemplaires seulement). Carpentras, 1845.

DEBAY (Auguste). Les vivants enterrés et les morts resuscités. Considerations physiologiques sur les morts apparentes et les inhumations précipitées. Paris, 1846.

GAILLARD (X.). Préservatif contre le danger d’être enterré vivant, ou devoirs sacrés des vivants envers les morts. Paris, 1847.

LOTHMAR (C. J.). Ueber das Lebendigbegraben. Leipzig, 1847.

DU FAY (Hortense G.). Des vols d’enfant, et des inhumations d’individus vivants, suivi d’un aperçu pour l’etablissement des salles mortuaires. Paris, 1847.

[In 1839 the Paris Academie des Sciences threw open to competition the Prix Manni (1,500 francs, founded in 1837 by Professor Manni, of Rome,) for the best work on the signs of death and the means of preventing premature burials. The prize was not assigned on that occasion, nor in 1842; but in the competition of 1846 it was assigned to Bouchut, on the report to the Academy by Rayer, May 29, 1848.]

BOUCHUT (E.). Traité des signes de la mort et des moyens de ne pas être enterré vivant. Paris, 1849. Second ed., 1847; third ed., 1883.

---- Mémoire sur plusieurs nouveaux signes de la mort, fournis par l’opthalmoscopie, et pouvant empêcher les enterrements précipitées. Paris, 1867.

BRAID (James). Observations on trance, or human hybernation. London, 1850.

KAUFMANN (M.). De la mort apparente et des enterrements précipités. Paris, 1851.

KERTHOMAS (Hyac. L. De). Inhumations précipitées. Lille, 1852.

HARRISON (James Bower). The medical aspects of death. Lond., 1852.

CRIMOTEL (J. B. Valentin). Des inhumations précipitées; épreuve infaillible pour constater la mort; moyens de rappeler à la vie dans les cas de mort apparente causée par l’ether, le chloroforme, etc. Paris, 1852.

---- De l’épreuve galvanique ou bioscopie électrique, moyens de reconnaître la vie ou la mort et d’eviter les inhumations précipitées. 1866.

JOSAT (----). De la mort et ses caractères. Necessité d’ une révision de la législation des décès pour prévenir les inhumations et les délaissements anticipés. Ouvrage entrepris et exécuté sous les auspices du gouvernement et couronné par l’Institut. Paris, 1854.

LONDE (C.). Lettre sur la mort apparente, les conséquences réelles des inhumations précipitées, le temps pendant lequel peut persister l’aptitude à être rappelé à la vie. Paris, 1854. Plates.

KEMPNER (F.). Denkschrift über die Nothwendigkeit einer gesetzlichen Einführung von Leichenhäusern. New ed. Breslau, 1856.

PEYRIER (J. P. P.). Récherches sur l’incertitude des signes de la mort: enumeration des maladies qui peuvent produire la mort apparente; abus des enterrements précipités. Paris, 1855.

COLLONGUES (L.). Application de la dynamoscopie à la constatation des décès. Paris, 1858, 1862.

HALMA GRAND (----). Des inhumations précipitées. Paris, 1860.

WELBY (Horace). Mysteries of life, death, and futurity (with chapter on premature interment). London, 1861.

REYHER (O. C. A.). Ueber die Verwerthung der bekannten Leichenerscheinungen zur Constatirung des wahren Todes. Leipzig, 1862.

CHEVANDIERE (Antoine Daniel). De la vérification des décès et de l’organisation de la medecine cantonale. Paris, 1862.

DESMAIRE (Paul). Les morts vivants. Paris, 1862.

BARRANGEARD (Antoine). Extrait de divers mémoires publies depuis tres longtemps par le Docteur Barrangeard, sur le danger des inhumations précipitées et sur l’indispensable nécessité de constater avec soin tous les décès sans exception. Lyon, 1863.

BONNEJOY (E.). Des moyens pratiques de constater la mort par l’électricité à la aide de la faradisation. Paris, 1866.

LEVASSEUR (P.). De la catalepsie au point de vue du diagnostic de la mort apparente. 8vo. Rouen, 1866.

---- De la mort apparente et des moyens de la reconnaître. Rouen, 1867. Re-issued, with a second essay, in 1870.

JACQUAND (Frédéric). Appareil respiratoire avertisseur pour les tombes. Assurance contre la mort apparente. Paris, 1867.

BIANCO (Giuseppe). Le pericolose consequenze della morte apparente prevenute da un confaciente riforma del servizio mortuario. Torino, 1868.

GANNAL (Félix). Mort apparente et mort réelle. Moyens de les distinguer. First ed. Paris, 1868. Third ed. (mention honorable a l’Institut de France), 1890.

[In 1868 the Académie de Médecine of Paris threw open to competition the Prix d’Ourches of 20,000 francs for the discovery of a simple and popular means of detecting the signs of real death certainly and beyond doubt. The prize was not awarded, but premiums were given to several competitors.]

HOARAU (H.). La mort, sa constatation, ou procédé à l’aide du quel on peut la reconnaître et éviter des enterrements de vifs. Paris, 1874.

VEYNE (----). Mort apparente et mort réelle, artériotomie donnant le moyen de les reconnaître. Paris, 1874.

MONTEVERDI (A.). Note sur un moyen simple, facìle, prompt et certain de distinguer la mort vrai de la mort apparente de l’homme. Cremone, 1874.

MARTEL (----). La mort apparente chez les nouveaux-nés. Paris, 1874.

BOILLET (Ch.). Mort apparente et victimes ignorées. Paris, 1875.

DE COMEAU (----). Les signes certains de la mort mis à la portée de tout le monde. Limoges, 1876.

BELVAL (Th.). Les maisons mortuaires. Paris, 1877.

FRITZ-ANDRE (----). Du danger des inhumations précipitées. Bruxelles, 1879.

[The Prix Dusgate was founded by a decree of November 27, 1874, authorising the Académie des Sciences of Paris to accept the legacy of M. Dusgate of a quinquennial prize of 2,500 francs for the best work on the diagnostic signs of death and on the means of preventing premature burial. The essays of the first competition were received on June 1, 1880, and on March 14, 1881, the prize was divided among the three following competitors. In 1885 the prize was not awarded.]

ONIMUS (E. N. J.). Modification de l’excitabilité des nerfs et des muscles apres la mort. (Published.)

PEYRAND (H.). De la détermination de la mort réelle par le caustique de Vienne.

LE BON (G.). Recherches experimentales sur les signes diagnostiques de la mort et sur les moyens de prevenir les inhumations précipitées. (A temperature of 25° C. on a thermometer kept in the mouth for a quarter of an hour.) Also, Article on Premature Interment in Monit. scient., viii. Paris.

ALLEN (F. D.). Remarks on the dangers and duties of sepulture, or security for the living with respect and repose of the dead. Boston, 1873.

BURDETT (H. C.). The necessity and importance of mortuaries for towns and villages, with suggestions for their establishment and management. London, 1880.

FLETCHER (Moore Russell). One thousand persons buried alive by their best friends. A treatise on suspended animation, with directions for restoration. Boston, 1890.

“A Hygienic Physician.” Earth to earth burial and cremation by fire [includes cases of premature burial]. London, 1890.

HERNANDEZ (Maxime F.E.M.). Contribution à l’étude de la mort apparente. Bordeaux, 1893.

LIGNIERES(Dr. D. De). Ne pas être enterré vivant. Paris, 1893.

Traitement physiologique de la mort apparente. Series of twenty-five papers in “La Tribune Médicale,” Paris, 1894, vol. xxvi., 2 ser.

GILES (Alfred E). Funerals, suspended animation, premature burials, Boston, 1895.

GAUBERT (B.), Avocat. Les chambres mortuaires d’attente, devant l’histoire, la legislation, la science, l’hygiène et le culte des morts. (Le péril des inhumations précipitées en France.) With sixty figures, maps or plans. Paris, 1895.

HARTMANN (Franz). Buried alive: An examination into the occult causes of apparent death, trance, and catalepsy. Boston, U.S., 1895. Lond., 1896. Also, Lebendig begraben. Leipzig, 1896.

WILDER (Alexander). The perils of premature burial. London, 1895.

* * * * *

French theses (at Paris, unless otherwise stated,) on apparent death, the signs of death, danger of premature burial, etc.:--

JOUY (Montpellier), 1803. D’ALENCASTRE, 1832. THOMASSIN (Strassbourg), 1805. CHAMPNEUF, 1832. LAURENT, 1805. BONIFACE, 1833. PIERRET, 1807. LINARES, 1834. VERNEY, 1811. MENESTREL, 1838. FOUCHER, 1817. DE SILVEIRA PINTO, 1837. GRESLON, 1819. CARRE, 1845. FERRY, 1819. DOSAIS, 1858. LEPAULMIER, 1819. GRESLON, 1858. LEVY (Strassbourg), 1820. PARROT, 1860. AMAND D’AMBRAINE, 1821. LEGLUDIC, 1863. POUIER, 1823. SCHNEIDER (Strassbourg), 1863. WEST, 1827. ACOSTA, 1864. PIERRET, 1827. EDMOND, 1871. GLEIZAL, 1829.

Graduation theses other than French, on the same theme:--

VAN GEEST (Lugd. Bat.), 1811. BETTMAN (Munich), 1839. DAVIES (Edin.), 1813. SCHMIDT (Nürnberg), 1841. GOURY (Leodii), 1828. KLUGE (Leipzig), 1842. TSCHERNER (Breslau), 1829. WENDLER (Leipzig), 1845. SOMMER (Havniae), 1833. KRIBBEN (Bonn), 1873. NYMAN (Dorpat), 1835. SORGENFREY (Dorpat), 1876.

_FRENCH ARTICLES IN JOURNALS._

ABADIE (C.). Note sur l’examen ophthalmoscopique du fond de l’oeil comme signe de la mort réelle. Gaz. d’Hôp., vol. xlvii, p. 290. Par., 1874.

BOUCHUT (E.). Mort apparente durant six heures, avec absence des battements du coeur à l’auscultation. Gaz. d’Hôp., vol. xxvii., p. 223. Par., 1854.

BOURGEOIS (R.). Du danger d’être enterré vivant et des moyens de constater la mort. Bull. Acad. de Méd., vol. ii., pp. 619-626. Paris, 1837-38, and Rev. Méd. Franç. et étrang., vol. ii., pp. 360-378. Paris, 1838.

BROWN-SÉQUARD (----). “Extraordinary prolongation of the principal acts of life after the cessation of respiration.” Arch. de Physiol. Norm. et Path., vol. vi., 2 S., pp. 83-88. Par., 1879.

----“Researches on the possibility of recalling temporarily to life persons dying of sickness.” J. de la Physiol. de l’Homme, vol. i., pp. 666-672. Par., 1858.

CAZIN (----). De la nécessité de faire constater tous les genres de mort. Précis d’Trav. Soc. Méd. de Boulogne-sur-mer, vol. i., pp. 27-33. 1839.

CHAUSSIER (----). Rapport sur les enterremens précipités. Bull. Fac. de Méd. de Par., vol. v., pp. 467-476. 1816-17.

DESCHAMPS (M.-H.). Mémoire sur,la vérification des décès et sur le danger des déclarations précipitées. Union Med., vol. xxi., N.S., pp. 56, 106. Par., 1864.

DEVERGIE (----). Inhumations précipitées. Ann. d’Hyg., 2 S., vol. xxvii., pp. 293-327. Paris, 1867. De la création de maisons mortuaires et de la valeur des signes de la mort. Ann. d’Hyg., vol. xxxiv., 2 S., pp. 310-327. Par., 1870.

---- Des signes de la mort; étude de leur cause, appréciation de leur valeur. Ann. d’Hyg., vol. xli., 2 S., pp. 380-405. Par., 1874.

FODERE (----). Signes de la mort. Dict. de Sc. Med., vol. li., pp. 294-306. Paris, 1821.

FOUANES (----). Sur la rigidité cadavérique comme signe certain de la mort. Gaz. Med. de Par., vol i., 3 S., p. 91. 1846.

FOUQUET (----). Mémoire sur la roideur cadavérique considerée comme signe certain de la mort. Gaz. Med. de Par., vol. ii., 3 S., pp. 250-255. 1847.

FOURNIE (----). Les signes de la mort et le prix d’Ourches. (Also translated into Italian.) Gaz. d’Hôp., vol. xlvii., pp. 273-275. Par., 1874.

GIRBAL (----). Mort apparente: mesures prématurés d’inhumation: topiques stimulants, prompte cessation des phénomenes léthiformes, guérison. Revue de Thérap. du midi, vol. ii., pp. 161-167. Montpellier, 1851. Also, Gaz. d’Hôp., vol. iii., 3 S., p. 142. Par., 1851.

GRETSCHER DE WANDELBURG. (For Marquis d’Ourches’s prize.) Des moyens de distinguer la mort réelle de la mort apparente. In his Mém. de Méd. et Chir., pp. 49-54. 8vo. Par., 1881.

HAMON (L.). Simple note sur la mort apparente; acupuncture cardiaque et diaphragmatique. Rev. de Thérap Med. Chir., vol. xlvii., p. 482. Par., 1880.

HENROT (H.). Persistance des battements du cœur pendant plus d’une heure après la cessation de la respiration. Bull. Soc. Méd. de Reims., No. 15, pp. 139-144. 1876-77.

LABORDE (J. V.). Gaz. hebd. de. Méd., vol. viii., 2 S., pp. 605, 623, 710. Par., 1871.

LARCHER (----). Arch. gén. de Méd., vol. i., pp. 685-709. Par., 1862.

LEGRAND (A.). Rev. Méd. Franç. et étrang., vol. i., pp. 705-714. Par., 1850.

LEVASSEUR (P.) et MARTINS (S.). France Méd., vol. xiv., pp. 169, 177, 204, 226, 228. Par., 1867.

MALHOL (J.). Journ. Gén. de Méd. Chir. et Pharm., vol. xxii., p. 470. Par., 1805.

MICHEL (A.). Bull. gén. de Therap., etc., vol. xxxvii., pp. 462-464. Par., 1849.

MONFALCON (J. B.). Art. “Mort,” Dict. de Sc. Méd., vol. xxxiv., pp. 319-347. Par., 1819.

NICATI (W.). Un signe de mort certaine, emprunti à l’ophthalmotonométrie; lois de la tension oculaire. Compt. Rend. Acad. de Sc. cxviii., p. 206. Paris, 1896.

PAPILLON (F.). Rev. des Deux Mondes, vol. civ., pp. 669-688. Par., 1873.

PINGAULT (----). Bull. Soc. de Méd. de Poitiers, vol. xxviii., pp. 83-86. 1860.

PLOUVIEZ (----). Union Méd. Paris, vol. i., pp. 408-424. 1870.

Report to French Academy of Sciences on apparent deaths, etc., by Rayer. Compt. Rend. Acad. de Sc. (Séance, May 29, 1848.) Also in Ann. d’Hyg., vol. xl., pp. 78-110. Par., 1848; and in Ann. de Méd. Belge., vol. lv., pp. 1-24. Brux., 1848; and in Bull. Soc. de Méd. de Poitiers, vol. xv., pp. 39-53, 1849.

SIMON (A.). Bull. gén. de Therap., etc., vol. xxxvii., pp. 221-226. Par., 1849.

SIMONOT (----). Union Méd. de Par., vol. xii., 2 S., pp. 211, 286, 1862.

TOURDES (G.). Art. “Mort: la mort apparente,” in Dict. Encycl. d. Sc. Méd., vol. ix., 2 S., pp. 598-690. Par., 1875.

TOURNIE (----). Union Méd., vol. viii., p. 235. Par., 1854.

VAN GHEEL (----). Gaz. d’Hôp., vol. xliv., pp. 345, 353. Par., 1871.

VAN HENGEL (J.). Journ. de Méd. Chir. et Pharm. Col., vol. vi., pp. 523-525. Brux., 1848.

_GERMAN ARTICLES._ (_The Titles Translated._)

ALKEN (----). Restoration to life of one apparently dead. Wochenschr. f. d. ges. Heilk., p. 319. Berlin, 1838.

ARNOLD (J. W.). On acupuncture of the heart as a means of recovery in apparent death. Heidlb. klin. Ann., vol. vii., p. 311. 1831.

BALDINGER (E. G.). Literary contribution to the history of being buried alive. N. Magaz. f. Aerzte., vol. xiv., p. 84. Leipzig, 1792.

BETZ (F.). Sudden apparent death in a child with vomiting and purging. Memorab., vol. v., p. 119. Heilbrn., 1860.

DEUBEL (----). New and simple means for the recovery of the apparently dead. Wochenschr. f. d. ges. Heilk., p. 597. Berlin, 1846.

DIRUF (----). On the dread of being buried alive, etc. Ztschr. f. d. Staatsarznk., extra part, p. 72. Erlang., 1840.

DYES (A.). Apparent death caused by inflammation of the lungs. Deutsche Klinik, vol. xxiii., p. 44. Berl., 1871.

HANDSCHUH (----). A few remarks on mortuaries as a means of preventing the burial of the apparently dead. Ztschr. f. d. Staatsarznk., vol. xxi., p. 34. Erlang., 1831.

HECHT (S. C.). Reflections and proposals concerning the impracticability of the existing regulations to prevent the burial of the apparently dead. Ann. d. Staatsarznk., vol. v., p. 395. Freib., 1840.

HOFFMANN (----). Simple means of preventing the being buried alive. Allg. Med. Centr. Ztg., vol. xvi., p. 609. Berl., 1847.

HOPPE (J.). Recovery of one apparently dead and of one dying, by burning on the breast. Memorabilien, vol. vi., p. 199. Heilbrn., 1861.

HUBER (M.). On inspection of the dead. Ztschr. d. Gesellsch d. Aerzte zu Wien, vol. ii., p. 120. 1853.

HUFELAND (----). Report on the certain and uncertain signs of death, on the indications of returning vitality, and how one should deal with corpses in general. Weimar ordinance, 1794. Beytr. z. Arch. d. Med. pol., vol. vii., 1 S., p. 61. Leipzig, 1797.

KAISER (K. L.). What means has the State to take so as to ensure that no one be buried alive? Ztschr. f. d. Staatsarznk., fourteenth extra number, p. 100. Erlang., 1831.

KLEIN (F. X.). Metallic irritation as a means of proving death. Extract from Dissertation in Beytr. z. Arch. d. Med. pol., vol. vi., 1 S., p. 118. Leipzig, 1795.

KLOSE (C. L.). On the risk of being buried alive: several precautions against it. Ztschr. f. d. Staatsarznk., vol. xix., p. 143. Erlang., 1830.

KUNDE (F. T.). Physiological observations on apparent death. Arch, f. Anat. Physiol, u. wissenssch. Med., p. 280. Berlin, 1857.

MAGNUS (H.). Certificates of death and sanitary reports. Wochenschr. f. d. ges. Hlkde., p. 385. Berlin, 1841.

---- A certain sign that death has taken place. Virchow’s Archiv., vol. lv., pp. 511, 523. 1872.

MASCHKA (J.). On symptoms of the corpse. Vrtljschr. f. d. prakt. Heilk., vol. iii., p. 91. Prag., 1851.

MASCHKA (J.). On diagnostic errors in medical jurisprudence. Vrtljschr. f. d. prakt. Heilk., vol. lxxix., p. 13. Prag., 1863.

MEYN (----). Fortunate resuscitation of an apparently dead woman. Mitth. a. d. Geb. d. Med. vi., Hft. 6-7, p. 76. Altona, 1838-9.

MOSSE (----). Certificates of death and sanitary reports. Wochenschr. f. d. ges. Heilk., p. 696. Berlin, 1842.

NASSE (F.). Measuring the temperature for the diagnosis of death. J. d. pract. Heilk., vol. xciii., 4 St., p. 130. Berl., 1841.

---- Discrimination of apparent death from real death, to reassure as to the danger of being buried alive. Rev. of his essay (Bonn, 1841) in Mitth. a. d. Geb. d. Med., vol. ix., p. 11. Altona, 1841-43.

Ordinance of the Elector of Saxony concerning the treatment of corpses, and to provide against the premature interment of the apparent dead. Med. Chir. Ztg., vol. ii., p. 150. Salzburg, 1793.

PLAGGE (T.). Is the failure of the heart-beat a certain sign of death? Memorabilien, vol. v., p. 71. Heilbrn., 1860.

RADIUS (----). The awakening apparatus in the Leipzig Mortuary. Beitr. z. Prakt. Heilk., vol. i., p. 532. Leipzig, 1834.

RAMPOLD (----). On the inaudibility of the heart-beat as a sign of death. Cor. Bl. d. Württemb. ärztl. Vereins, vol. xxi., p. 353. Stuttg., 1851.

RÖSER (----). On being buried alive, and the mortuaries. Cor. Bl. d. Württemb. ärztl. Vereins, vol. xxvii., p. 115. Stuttg., 1857.

ROSENTHAL (M.) Researches and observations on the dying of the muscles, and on apparent death. Wien. med. Presse, vol. xiii., pp. 401, 419. 1872.

---- On the newest and safest means of knowing apparent death. Wien. med. Presse, vol. xvii., p. 461. 1876.

SCHMIDT (J. H.). On mortuaries, with a case of apparent death that did not end in death till twenty days after. Wochenschr. f. d. ges. Heilk., vol. i., p. 385. Berl., 1833.

SCHNEIDER (----). On the risk of being buried alive. Ztschr. f. d. Staatsarznk., vol. xxxiv., p. 157. Erlang., 1837.

SICKLER (J. V.). Directions for preventing the burying of each other alive. Beytr. z. Arch. d. Med., 2 Samml., vol. iv., p. 158. Leipzig, 1793.

SPEYER (----). On the possibility of being buried alive, and on the erection of mortuaries. Ztschr. f. d. Staatsarznk., fifth extra part, p. 326. Erlang., 1826.

STRUVE (----). Simplified application of galvanism, etc., in cramps and in apparent death, and for proving actual death. J. d. Prakt. Arznk., 2 R., vol. xxiii., 4 St., p. 5. Berl., 1806.

TENGLER (G.). Critical remarks-on the signs of death, with reference to the inspection of the dead. Wien. med. Wochenschr., vol. vii., p. 519. 1857.

THIERFELDER (----), sen. On apparent death and medical inspection of the dead. Deutsche Ztschr. f. d. Staatsarznk., vol. xxv. p. 241. Erlang., 1867.

VARGES (L.). On the awaking of one apparently dead. Ztschr. d. nordd. chir. Ver., vol. i., p. 353. Magdeb., 1847.

VON JÄGER (----). Account of an alleged coming to life in the grave. Ztschr. f. d. Staatsarznk, vol. vi., pp. 241-252. Erlang., 1823.

WILDBERG (C. F. L.). State precautions to obviate all anxiety as to being buried alive. Jahrb. d. ges. Staatsarznk, vol. iv., p. 169. Leipzig, 1838.

ZAUBZER (O.). Fragments on thanatology, for the police of the dead in Munich. Aerztl. Intellig. Bl., vol. xx., p. 106. München, 1874.

_ENGLISH AND AMERICAN ARTICLES._

ALDIS (C. J. B.). On the danger of tying up the lower jaw immediately after supposed death. Lancet, vol. ii., 1850, p. 601.

ANON. Cases of apparent death. Calcutta J. M., vol. ii., pp. 380-387. 1869. From All the Year Round, July, 1869.

ANON. Signs of death. London M. Rec., vol. ii., pp. 205, 221. 1874.

BOURKE (M. W.). Resuscitation of a child after ten minutes’ total submersion in water, etc. Dublin M. Press, vol. xliii., p. 103. 1859.

BRANDON (R.) Construction of houses for the reception of the dead; means for the recovery of those, etc. Med. Times, vol. xvi., p. 574. Lond., 1847.

CLARK (T. E.). Buried alive. Quart. Journ. Psych. Med., vol. v., pp. 87-93. N.Y., 1871.

COLDSTREAM (John). A case of catalepsy. Edin. Med. and Surg. Journ., vol. lxxxi., p. 477.

DANA (C. L.). The physiology of the phenomena of trance. Med. Rec., vol. xx., pp. 85-89. N.Y., 1881.

DAVIS (M.). Hasty burials. Sanit. Rec., vol. iv., p. 261. Lond., 1876.

DENMAN (J.). Resuscitation after two hours’ apparent death (drowning). Med. Press, and Circ., vol. iii., p. 95. Dublin, 1867.

DOUGLAS (H. G.). Recovery after fourteen minutes’ submersion. Lond. Med. Gaz., vol. i., p. 448. 1842.

DUCACHET (H. W.). On the signs of death, and the manner for distinguishing real from apparent death. Am. M. Recorder, vol. v., pp. 39-53. Phila., 1822.

FRASER (W.). Distinctions between real and apparent death. Pop. Sci. Month., vol. xviii., pp., 401-408. New York, 1880-81.

GAIRDNER (W. T.). Case of lethargic stupor or trance, extending continuously over more than twenty-three weeks, etc. Lancet, vol. ii., 1883, p. 1078, and vol. i., 1884, pp. 5, 56.

GOADBY (H.). Death trance. Med. Indep., vol. i., pp. 90-99. Detroit, 1856.

GODFREY (E. L. B.). Report of the resuscitation of a young girl apparently dead from drowning. Phila. M. Times, vol. ix., p. 375. 1879.

HUFFY (T. S.). Two cases of apparent death. Tr. M. Soc., N. Car., vol. xxi., pp. 126-131. Raleigh, 1874.

JAMIESON (W. A.). On a case of trance. Edin. Med. J., vol. xvii., pp. 29-31. 1871-72.

LEE (W.). The extreme rarity of premature burial. Pop. Sc. Month., vol. xvii., p. 526. N.Y., 1880.

MACKAY (G. E.). Premature burials. _Ibid._, vol. xvi., p. 389.

MADDEN (T. Moore). On lethargy or trance. Dubl. J. Med. Sc., vol. lxxi., p. 297. 1881.

MILLER (T. C.). The state of the eyelids after death--open or shut? Med. Rec., vol. xii., p. 4. N. Y., 1877.

OSBORNE (W. G.). Impositions of the Indian faqueer, who professed to be buried alive and resuscitated in ten months. Lancet, vol. i., 1839-40, p. 885.

POPE (C.). A case of recovery after long immersion. Lancet, vol. ii., 1881, p. 606.

POVALL (R.). An account of successful resuscitation of three persons from suspended animation by submersion for twenty-five minutes. West Med. and Phys. J., vol. ii., pp. 499-503. Cincin., 1828-29.

REID (T. J.). A case of suspended animation. St. Louis Clin. Rec., vol. vi., pp. 261-263. 1879-80.

Report of Committee on suspended animation. Proc. Roy. M. and Chir. Soc. Lond., vol. iv. (1862), pp. 142-147; vol. vi. (1870), p. 299. See also Transactions, vol. xlv. (1862), p. 449.

RICHARDSON (B. W.). Researches on treatment of suspended animation. Brit. and For. M. Chir. Rev., vol. xxxi., pp. 478-505. London, 1863.

RICHARDSON (B. W.). The absolute signs and proofs of death. Asclepiad, No. 21. 1889.

ROMERO (Francisco). Infallible sign of extinction of vitality in sudden death. (Latin.) Med. Tr. Roy. Coll. Phys., vol. v., pp. 478-485. London, 1815.

SHROCK (N. M.). On the signs that distinguish real from apparent death. Transylv. J. M., vol. viii., pp. 210-220. Lexington, Ky., 1835.

SILVESTER (H. R.). A new method of resuscitating still-born children, and of restoring persons apparently drowned or dead. Brit. M. J., pp. 576-579. London, 1858.

TWEDELL (H. M.). Account of a man who submitted to be buried alive for a month at Jaisulmer, and was dug out alive at the expiration of that period. India J. M. and Phys. Sc., vol. i., N. S., pp. 389-391. Calcutta, 1836.

THOMAS (R. R. G.). The Marshall Hall method successful in a case of drowning of ten minutes’ duration, and an interval of half an hour before its application. Lancet, vol. ii., 1857, p. 153.

TAYLOR (J.). Case of recovery from hanging. Glasg. Med. J., vol. xiv., p. 387. 1880.

WHITE (W. H.). A case of trance. Brit. M. J., vol. ii., 1884, page 52.

_SPANISH ARTICLES._

ALCANTARA (F. C.). Encicl. Méd. Farm., vol. ii., pp. 265, 273, 275, 289, 297. Barcelona, 1878.

DEL VALLE (G.). An. r. Acad. de Cien. Méd. de la Habana, vol. viii., pp. 480-489. 1871-72.

GELABERT (E.). A case of premature interment. Rev. de Cien. Méd., vol. vii., pp. 67-69. Barcel., 1881.

GUEREJAZE (----). España Med., vol. x., p. 111. Madrid, 1865.

PULIDO (----). Anfiteatro Anat., vol. iv., pp. 164, 181. Madrid, 1876.

RAMON VIZCARRO. Siglo Méd., vol. xxvi., p. 777. Madrid, 1879.

---- Sentido Catól., vol. i., p. 284. Barcel., 1879.

ULLOA (----). Entierros prematuros. Gac. Méd. de Lima, vol. xii., p. 219. 1867-8.

_ITALIAN ARTICLES._

BIANCO (G.). Report and discussion upon his work, “Dangers of Apparent Death” (Torino, 1868). Gior. d. r. Acad, di Med. di Torino., vol. vii., 3 S., pp. 243, 304, 366, 370. 1869.

CHIAPPELLI (G.). Sperimentale, vol. xliii., pp. 74-77. Firenze, 1879. Also in Gaz. Med. Ital. Prov. Venete, vol. xxii., p. 94. Padova, 1879.

IMPARATI (M.). Guglielmo da Saliceto, vol. ii., pp. 293, 325, 357. Piacenza, 1880-81.

PACINI (F.). Imparziale, vol. xvii., pp. 41, 75. Firenze, 1877.

PARI (A. D.). Arch. di Med. Chir. ed ig. Roma, vol. ix., p. 5-35. 1873.

SONSINO (P.). Imparziale, vol. vii., pp. 225-231. Firenze, 1867.

TAMASSIA (A.) and SCHLEMMER (A.). Riv. sper. di Freniat., vol. ii., pp. 628-639. Reggio-Emilia, 1876.

VERGA (A.) and BIFFI (S.). Gaz. Med. Ital. Lomb., vol. iii., 8 S., pp. 92-94. Milano, 1881.

ZILIOTTO (P.). Gior. Venete di Sc. Med., vol. i., 3 S., pp. 323-336. Venezia, 1864.

ZURADELLI (G.). Ann. univ. di Med., vol. vii., pp. 3-241. Milano, 1869.

INDEX.

ALDIS, Dr. C. J. B., letter on tying up the chin after death, 343.

_All the Year Round_, paper cited from, on apparent death and means of recovery, 268-273.

Andersen, Hans Christian, his dread of being buried alive, 154.

Angell, Mr. George T., 259.

Animation, suspended, in a case of small-pox, 99. (See “Trance.”)

Apathy, public, concerning live burial, 39.

Apoplexy, certified, in cases of apparent death, 83; Lénormand on, as cause of apparent death, 175.

Asclepiades recovers a corpse from the bier, 325.

Auscultation, fallacies of, in diagnosis of death, 261.

Austria, laws of, for inspection of dead, 355.

Awaking in coffin, inference as to, at Les Innocens, Paris, 51; at Fort Randall, U.S.A., 351; case of at Tonneins, 52; at Greenwood Cemetery, Brooklyn, 53; at Rudenberg, 53; at Montflorin, 54; at Bohaste, 54; at Salon (Bouches du Rhône), 55; at Naples, 55; at Grenoble, 56; at New York (two cases), 56, 57; at Derbisch, Bohemia, 58; at Majola, Mantua, 58; at Cesa, Naples, 58; at Erie, Pa., 59; at Tioobayn, St. Petersburg, 59; at Le Pin, Grenoble, 60; in Madras, 60; at Calcutta, 61, 62; Köppen’s cases of, 212-214; case of, in Franciscan monk, 211; at Bordeaux, 224; old cases at Cologne, 326, 327; at Dijon, 327; at Vesoul, 328; of a cardinal at Rome, 329; of case related by Elliotson, 334; of Robert Scott, 336; of Rev. John Gardner, 337; of case related by Dr. Herz, 337; of Mrs. Goodman, 339; of cases related by Köppen, 340; cases related by _British Medical Journal_, 342, 343.

BARNETT, Dr. J. M., publishes letter on the blister test, 260.

Bavaria, official regulations of, for preventing premature burial, 204; police instructions of, for corpse inspection, 206.

Berkeley, Bishop, his dread of being buried alive, 154.

Beugless, Mr. J. D., on the dread of premature interment, 156.

Bibliography, seventeenth century, 363; eighteenth century, 364-367; relating to humane societies, 367; nineteenth century, 369; theses, 378; French articles, 379; German articles, 381; English and American articles, 384; Spanish articles, 387; Italian articles, 387.

Billimoria, Mr. N. F., writes to the author on premature burning in India, 134; relates cases of Parsees recovered from apparent death, 139; on advantages of the Parsee customs in assuring revival, 141.

Bishop, Mrs. Eleanor F., her escape from premature embalming, 231.

Blau, M., certifies an escape from live burial at Toulouse, 145.

Blavatsky, Madam, the late, had an escape from live burial, 104.

Blunden, Madam, her burial alive at Basingstoke, 51.

Bombay, customs in disposal of dead, 357.

Bonawitz, Mr. J. H., relates two experiences of escape, 279.

Bordeaux, corpses shown in cathedral of, which had moved in the coffin, 224.

Bouchut, Dr. E., his book gives sensational cases, 20; relates case rescued alive from coffin, 122.

Braid, Mr. James, narrates case of catalepsy, 37; on animal hibernation, 41; on trance in fakirs, 46; on Sir Claude Wade’s testimony, 47; cases of trance with sense of hearing good, 334.

Brandon, Mr. R., his paper on mortuaries for recovery cited, 289.

_British Medical Journal_, on signs of death, 198; case of difficulty in diagnosing real death, 199; hardly any one sign but putrefaction infallible, 200; records two cases of revivals in the coffin, 342, 343.

Brewer, Dr., relates cases of narrow escape, 75.

Broadwey, Dorset, catalepsy in a bride at, 38.

Brouardel, Dr. P., experiment on live dog in coffin, 211.

Brown-Séquard, Dr., on fallacy of clenched jaws as sign of death, 187.

Bruhier, Dr., relates case of premature dissection, 233.

Brussels, regulations for verification of death, 248; burial regulations and mortuaries of, 358.

Buffon, Comte de, on the treatment of the dead, 215.

Bukovina, case of resuscitation in, 176.

Burial, ancient practices of, 331-333.

Burial, hasty, case of, at Roscrea, 350.

Burial, live, experiment on, at Westminster Aquarium, 48.

Burial, premature, a class of probable cases of, 113-119; G. A. Walker on risks of, 215; Fletcher on risks of, 217; number of cases of, 220-228; frequency of estimated, 220-228; Hufeland on risks of, 221.

Buried alive, cases of. (See under “Awaking.”)

Burning Ghat, the, of Calcutta, visited by the author, 129.

Burton, Lady, provisions of her will against risk of live burial, 154.

CADAVERIC, the, countenance as sign of death, 187.

Calcutta, the Burning Ghat, visited by the author, 129; burial customs at, 357.

Cameron, Sir C., M.D., of Dublin, mortuary needed, 303.

Cameron, Sir C., M.P., on worthless or wanting death-certificates, 243.

Cape Town, want of mortuary regulations at, 357.

Carnot, M., petitions French Senate on premature burial, 74; his statistics of live burial, 223.

Carpmael, Mr. E. E., hypodermic strychnine as a reviver, 265.

_Casket, The_, on testimony of opened graves, 351; on hasty embalming, 351.

_Cassell’s Family Physician_, account of catalepsy from, 33.

Catalepsy, definition and symptoms of, 32-34; cases of, by Good, 34; Jebb, 35; Dr. King Chambers, 35; Paris correspondent of _Lancet_, 37; Braid, 37; at Broadwey in 1895, 38; Gowers on predisposition to, 120; case of revival on eve of burial, 122; Dr. Milner on, 186.

Cavendish, Miss Ada, provision in her will against risk of live burial, 154.

Certificates of death, laxity of, 11, 241; prematurely given, 242; worthless or wanting, 243; directions for filling up, 242; in France, 246-248; in Brussels, 248; in Würtemburg, 249; in Dover, New Hampshire, 252; Mr. A. Braxton Hicks on, 253; Mr. Brindley James on, 254; _Daily Chronicle_ on, 255; a German resident on the Würtemburg practice in, 255.

Ceylon, risks of premature disposal of dead in, 132, 133.

Chambers, Dr. T. King, relates and cites cases of catalepsy, 35.

Chantourelle, Dr., raises debate on premature burial at Paris Academy of Medicine, 51.

Chew, Dr. Roger S., relates cases of live burial, 60-63; his own case of escape from same, 89; other cases of escape from same, 90-94; case of chloroformed girl buried as dead, 125; on cholera collapse mistaken for death, 126; on safety of soldiers in India from live burial, 136; on putrefactive test, 183; on _rigor mortis_, 185; on frequency of live burial, 227; on auscultation sounds after death, 261.

Chippendale, Mr. J., on _post-mortem_ sweating, 29.

Chloral, supposed death from, 192.

Chloroform, effects of simulating death, 125.

Cholera, special risk of live burial in cases of, 92, 95, 101, 126, 149.

Chri, Mr. Vira Raghava, describes disposal of dead at Madras, 131.

Chunder Sen, Mr., relates case of trance in a fakir, 44.

Coffin, sounds from the, 106, 107.

Colerus, on apparent death, 330.

Collins, Dr. W. J., advises the providing of mortuaries, 309.

Cologne, old instances of revival at, 326, 327.

Colombo, a Catholic priest of, subject to death-trances, 130.

Conclamation, practice of, by the Caribs, 331; in antiquity, 331, 332; in Russia, 332; in the case of the Widow of Nain’s son, 332.

Conclusions, summary of, 321.

Constantinople, risks of live burial at, 147.

Cooper, Mr. M., surgeon, on apparent deaths, 17; relates case of Madam Blunden, 51; case at Toulouse of escape from live burial, 145; condemns hasty burial, 171.

Cork, case of revival from apparent death in a child at, 318.

Creighton, Dr. C., his History of Epidemics cited, 282.

Cremation, at Calcutta, 129; among Brahmins at Madras, 131; at Benares, 131; as a preventive of premature burial, 274-278; approved on general grounds, 282.

Crowe, Mrs., cases related by, 336.

Curran, Dr. W., brigade-surgeon, his papers in _Health_ on Burial Alive, 103; relates case of premature dissection, 236.

Curry, Dr. James, women predisposed to death-counterfeits, 121; on slow ebbing of life, 174; on exciting the skin as a test, 258; cases cited from, 334.

Cyclopædia of Practical Medicine, on premature dissections, 233; relates remarkable case of revival after apparent death, 340.

_Daily Chronicle_, on lax death-certification, 255.

Dalmatia, ordinances of, for inspection of dead, 356.

Davies, Major-General T., his account of hibernating jerboa, 40.

Dead, the, treatment of, 215; Buffon on same, 215; G. A. Walker on, 215; Fletcher on, in United States, 217; Whiter on, 218; as a department of medical practice, 218.

Death-certification, Select Committee on, purport of its evidence, 11; advises authorisations to embalm, 232; evidence before, 238; recommendations of, 239; support of same at medical meeting, 239; questions by as to premature burial, 244. (See under “Certificates.”)

Death, counterfeits of, 27; their duration, 208-214; Josat’s table of same, 209; Köppen’s illustrations of same, 212.

Death, signs of, popular, 180; scientific, 181-207. (See also under “Tests of Death.”)

Death, sudden, the only real cases of, 159; Farr on definition of, 160; Granville on same, 160; Tidy on causes of, 161; Wilder on same, 163; recent instances of, from newspapers, 164-170; from heart-disease, 176; _Manchester Criterion_ on revivals from, 178; Dr. Wilder on risks of premature burial in, 178; laws against early burial after, 179.

Death, uncertainty of, 43; G. A. Walker on, 216; _London Review_ on, 316.

Death, verification of, 246-256.

Denmark, burial and mortuary regulations of, 358.

Diaphanous test, the, failure of, 187; Haward on, 188; Gannal on, 191; Orfila on, 191; Richardson on, 192.

Dijon, case of awaking in the tomb at, 327.

Disraeli, Benjamin, endures a week’s trance, 23.

Dissection, premature, probable case of, related by Ogston, 232; Bruhier’s case of, 233; Louis’ case of, 234; Cyclopædia of Pract. Med. on stories of, 234; Le Guern’s case of, 235; Hartmann’s case of, 235; Curran’s case of, 236; case at Lille, 311; by Vesalius, 329; of a Spanish lady, 330.

Dog, the, his instinct for the presence of life in Parsee ceremonies, 137, 138; in an Austrian case, 142; in a Moravian case, 143.

Donnet, Cardinal Archbishop, relates to French Senate cases of narrow escape from live burial, 71-74; including his own case, 73.

Douce, Francis, the antiquary, his fear of being buried alive, 153.

Dover, New Hampshire, ordinances of, for verification of death, 252.

Drowned, recovery of the, 347; cases of, by Struve, 347; Londe’s case of, 347; Green’s case of, 348; recent cases of (Royal Humane Society), 349.

Dryden, Lady, her testamentary provisions, 334.

Duncan, Dr. Ebenezer, statistics of Glasgow burials, 284.

Duration of death-counterfeits, 208; statistics of, 209; experiments on, 210, 211; in case of Franciscan monk, 211; Köppen’s illustrations of, 212-214.

ELECTRICITY as a restorative agent, 262-265.

Elliotson, Dr., case related by, 334.

Embalming, makes death certain, 229; cases of premature, 230, 231; case of escape from same, 231; authority of Home Secretary advised for, 232; hasty, in the United States, 351.

Empedocles, his recovery of woman supposed dead, 330.

Escape from dissection at Lille, 311.

Escape from live burial, 64; case of Sir W. Lindsay, 64; case related by Vigné, 66; case of professor’s wife at Tübingen, 66; case at Coventry in 1858, 67-70; case at St. Agnan de Cenuières, 71; cases related by Cardinal Donnet, 71-74; Dr. Brewer on, 75; case at Cleveland, Ohio, 76; two cases of, related by Dr. M. S. Tanner, 76; case by Dr. W. O’Neill, of Lincoln, 77; case at Clinton, Ky., 78; at Memphis, Tenn., 79; at Burham, Rochester, 80; at St. Leonards, 80; case related by Dr. F. A. Floyer, 81; at Penn Station, U.S., 83; at Vagueray, Lyons, 83; at Limoges, 84; at St. Louis, 84; at Lagos, 84; at Militsch, Silesia, 85; at Sprakers, Rondout, N.Y., 85; at Heap Bridge, Heywood, 86; in the daughter of a physician, 87; in a case related to the author, 88; Dr. R. S. Chew’s personal experience of, 89; in cases communicated by him, 90-96; in the cases of two Irish persons of rank, 96; in case related by Dr. Colin Valentine, 97; in case related by Dr. A. Stephenson, 97; in the case of the Metropolitan of Lesbos, 98; in cases of small-pox, 99; in cases related by Rev. Harry Jones, 100; in case at St. Paul’s, Belchamp, near Clare, 101; in case at Neufchâtel, 102; in case at Alleghany, 103; in the case of the late Madam Blavatsky, 104; in a case at Toulouse, 145; in a case in Würtemburg, 251; in case related by Graves, 254; in two cases certified dead by several physicians, 277; in case at Lille, 311; in the Munich mortuary, 311; in a mortuary at Berlin, 313; in the Frankfort mortuary, 313; in a Brussels mortuary, 314; in a Cassel mortuary, 314; in a Lille mortuary, 314; in a Buffalo mortuary, 315; in the Marylebone mortuary, 315.

Escapes from being cremated alive in India, 132-135.

Exhumation, law of, in England, 106; cases of, too late for rescue, 106-110; case of, in time to save life, 111.

FABRI, William, condemns hasty burial, 171.

Fagge, Dr. Hilton, on risk of live burial in cases of sudden death, 175; on putrefaction as the only certain sign of death, 183.

Fakirs, cases of trance in, 44-48; experiment with, related by Hartmann, 49.

Farquharson, Dr. R., M.P., on lax death-certification, 240; examines a witness as to live burial, 245.

Farr, Dr. William, on definition of sudden death, 160.

Fear of premature burial, _Spectator_ on, 18, 153-158; eminent subjects of, 153, 154; Rev. John Kingston on prevalence of, 156.

Ferrier, Dr., on signs of death, 184.

_Figaro, Le_, correspondence in, on live burial, 228.

Fletcher, Dr. Moore Russell, on animal hibernation, 42; relates cases of narrow escape, 76-88; on negligent treatment of the dead, 217; on restoratives, 265.

Floyer, Dr. F. A., relates case of narrow escape, 81.

Forestus on possibility of recovering supposed dead, 331.

Formalities, fatal consequences of, 105.

Foster, Sir Walter, M.D., examines a witness as to live burial, 245.

Fothergill, Dr. A., on cadaveric countenance, 187; on the art of restoring animation, 320.

France, laws of, relating to burials, 354.

Frankfort, regulations for inspection of the dead, 353.

Froriep, M., cited as to ratio of revivals in grave, 222.

GAIRDNER, Dr. W. T., case of trance for twenty-three weeks, 23-27.

Gannal, Dr. Félix, his valuable Bibliography, 3; on putrefaction the only real test, 185; on diaphanous test, 191; on fallacious signs of death, 203.

Gaubert, M., his estimate of ratio of live burials, 226; his essay proves that waiting mortuaries are useful, 309.

_Gazette Medicale_ on putrefactive test, 183.

_Gazette Medicale d’ Orient_ asserts live burials at Constantinople, 147.

Germany, waiting mortuaries of, 11; movement in, to prevent premature interment, 146.

Gibbons, Dr. P. J., on premature embalming, 231.

Glycas, Nicephorus, Metropolitan of Lesbos, escapes live burial, 98.

Goa, resident of, prematurely coffined, 133.

Godfrey, Mrs., case of, 339.

Gooch, Dr., his case of catalepsy, 34.

Goodman, Mrs., celebrated case of, 339.

Gowers, Dr. W. R., on trance, 22; on catalepsy, 32; on predisposition to same, 120.

Granville, Dr. A. B., on sudden death, 160.

Graves, Dr. F., relates case of escape from live burial, 254.

Green, Anne, case of, at Oxford, 328.

Green, Dr. J. W., case of tardy recovery after immersion, 348.

Guern, M. le, his experience of frequency of live burial, 223; relates case of premature dissection, 235.

Guy, Dr. W. A., on neglect of the subject in England, 10.

HANGED person, the heart beating at the dissection of a, 172; recovery of a, 328.

Hanham, Mr. T. C. Swinburne, on safeguards used by Cremation Society, 281.

Hartmann, Dr. Franz, his essay published at Boston, U.S., 9; distinguishes trance from catalepsy, 32; relates two cases of rescue from live burial fatally delayed, 108; case of catalepsy revived, 122; case of Orrendo’s body found beside the empty coffin, 122; on predisposing causes of trance, 127; relates case of resuscitation from spasms of the heart, 176; on putrefaction the sole test of death, 194; on frequency of live burial, 227; case of premature dissection, 235; two cases of escape from death after formal certification, 277; on resuscitation, 320.

Haward, Dr. Edwin, case of failure of diaphanous test, 188.

Haweis, Rev. H. R., advocates cremation to prevent live burial, 278.

Hearing, sense of, in suspended animation, 335, 336, 337.

Heart, disease of, sudden apparent death in, 176.

Heart, stoppage of, as test of death, 181.

Hedley, Dr. W. S., on use of electricity as a restorative, 263.

Herachborg, Dr., relates case of a Jewess rescued from the undertakers, 146, 362 (Hirschberg).

Heraclides of Pontus, on a disease marked by absence of breathing, 21.

Herz, Dr. Marcus, opposes hasty burial among the Jews, 146, 361.

Hibernation, instance of, in the jerboa, 40; Braid on, in lower animals, 41; Russell Fletcher on, in reptiles and fishes, 42.

Hibernation, so-called human, 43.

Hicks, Mr. A. Braxton, on lax certification of death, 253.

Hincks, Amelia, a case of narrow escape, 68-70.

Hindus, their motive for speedy disposal of dead, 132.

Historical cases, appendix of, 325.

Holmes, Mrs. Basil, on the extension of burial-grounds, 283.

Honigberger, Dr. J. M., his researches on trance in India, 50.

Hopps, Rev. J. Page, advocates cremation to prevent live burial, 281.

Hotels, hasty burials from, on the Continent, 152.

Howard, Col., of Co. Wicklow, his escape from live burial, 97.

Hufeland, Dr. C. W., on trance, 43; narrates narrow escape from live burial, 66; on risks and horrors of live burial, 221; devised the Weimar mortuary, 286.

Humane Society, the Royal, cases from its reports, 337, 344, 345, 349; literature relating to, 347, 367.

Hypodermic medicines, as restoratives or tests, 265.

INDIA, premature burial and cremation in, 129; Mr. Billimoria on the risks of the same, 134; soldiers in, not liable to risk of same, 136.

Infants, recovery of supposed dead, 342-345.

Influenza followed by trance, 30, 124.

Ireland, death-certification in, 241; practice of burial in, 301, 359; no mortuaries in, 302.

Irvine, Mr. Clarke, on popular trust in the signs of death, 203.

JACKSON, Dr., of Somerby, relates case of supposed death by lightning-stroke, 192.

James, Mr. J. Brindley, on risks of live burial, 254.

Jaws, clenching of, as signs of death, 187.

Jebb, Dr. John, his graphic case of catalepsy, 35.

Jerboa, the, its hibernation, 40.

Jews, hasty burials among, opposed, 146; cases of, restored to life by delay, 146, 147, 148; their law of burial criticised, 150; funeral practices of, 332; history of their practice of early burial, 360; discussions on same, 361.

_Jewish World_, on the special risk of live burial amongst Jews, 150.

Jeypore, fakir in a trance at, 44.

Johnson, Walter, exhibits himself in a trance, 48.

Jones, Rev. Harry, relates cases of escape from live burial, 100.

Josat, Dr., on absence of cardiac action at birth, 182; statistics of duration of apparent death, 209; on interval between apparent and real death, 310.

Joseph, Mr., on risks of premature burial or burning in Ceylon, 132.

KENNY, Dr. J. E., M.P., disposal of the dead in Ireland, 301.

Kerthomas, M. H. L., relates revival of corpse at Lille, 311.

Kesteven, Mr. W. B., on fallacy of cardiac test of death, 182.

Kite, Dr. Charles, on uncertain signs of death, 14.

Köppen, H. F., case of rescue from grave fatally delayed, 106; cases of long vitality in coffin or grave, 212-214; cites estimate of ratio of live burials, 220.

Kuhn, Dr., reports on trance, 50.

LABORDETTE, Dr. A. de, on fallacy of clenched jaws as sign of death, 187.

Lagenberg, Van, Dr., information from, as to premature burials at Colombo, 130.

_Lancet, The_, on the horror of live burial, 16; on a case of revival from death-trance at Nuneaton, 67; on cholera patients buried alive, 149; on reality of premature interment, 155; on diagnosis of apparent death, 196; on lax death-certification, 243; on mortuaries, 293; its testimony, 318; on recovery of the still-born, 346.

Lancisi, Dr., his belief in reanimation, 13; opposes delay in burial, 144.

Laurens, Miss, her recovery from apparent death, 340.

Lénormand, Dr. Léonce, enumerates death-like conditions, 127; on apparent death in cases of apoplexy, 175; on delay of asphyxia in coffin, 210; estimates ratio of live burials, 223; on laxity of the _médécins verificateurs_, 246.

Lesbos, Greek Orthodox Metropolitan of, his escape from live burial, 98.

Levitical law of corpses and burials, 360.

Lethargy, synonym of trance, 23, 28.

Lightning-stroke, cases of apparent death from, 192, 371.

Lignières, Dr. de, on premature burials from hotels, 152; on large ratio of uncertain deaths, 201.

Lindsay, Sir W., his escape from live burial, 64.

Londe, Dr. Charles, on duration of breathing in a coffin, 210; relates case of tardy recovery after immersion, 348.

London, burial-grounds of, 283; mortuaries of, 295-298.

Looking-glass test of death, 180.

Louis, Dr. Antoine, relates case of premature dissection, 234.

Lytton, Edward Bulwer, Baron, his dread of being buried alive, 154.

MACNISH, Dr., on trance, 22.

Madden, Dr. T. More, cases of death-counterfeits, 27.

_Manchester Criterion_ on revivals after sudden death, 178.

Manning, Rev. Owen, case of, 338.

Martineau, Harriet, provision of her will against risk of live burial, 154.

Marylebone, case of recovery in the mortuary of, 9, 298, 315.

Mason, Mr. R. B., of Nuneaton, authenticates case of narrow escape, 69.

Mayo, Dr. Herbert, on trance, 22; on states predisposing to same, 127.

_Médécins verificateurs_, their duties perfunctorily discharged, 246.

_Medical Examiner_ on putrefactive test, 183.

_Medical Times_ on hospital mortuaries, 299.

_Medical Times and Gazette_ on Cardinal Donnet’s cases of live burial, 71; on vivisection of a criminal, 172.

Medicine, profession of, sceptical as to death-trance and live burial, 113; a new sphere of work for, 218; its overcrowded state, 219 (_footnote_).

Mendelssohn, Moses, writes against early burial, 361.

Meyerbeer, his dread of being buried alive, 54.

Milner, Dr. Ebenezer, on appearances of death in trance, 186; on _rigor mortis_, 186.

Misson, M. Max, his opinion on frequency of live burial, 222; instances cited by, 326.

Mody, Ervad Jivanji, his explanation of the “Sagdeed” at Parsee funerals, 138; on the use of the chain at the Towers of Silence, 138.

Molloy, J. F., alleges trance in B. Disraeli, 23.

Monteverdi, M., his test of death, 193.

Moore, Dr. G., on so-called human hibernation, 43.

Mortuaries, an illustration of their use, 95; waiting, should be established in all sanitary districts, 285; movement in favour of, began in France, 286; first executed in Germany, 286; new and sumptuous example of, at Munich, 289; called for in London in 1847 by R. Brandon, 289-293; as now existing in London, 295-298; only one case of resuscitation reported from same, 298; suggestions for their improvement and extension, 298, 303; _Medical Times_ on those of hospitals, 299; as now existing in provincial towns, 300; want of, in Ireland, 301-303; those of Brussels, 305; of Paris, 305; of Berlin, 306; of Vienna, 306; of Stockholm, 307; that of Weimar, 307; suggested joint-stock company for, in Paris, 308; utility of, 309.

Moscow, burial customs at, 358.

Munich, new sumptuous mortuary at, 289; utility of the mortuary at, 309; ordinances of, for ascertaining death, 356.

NECKER, Madam, her practical suggestions to prevent live burial, 286.

Needle test of death, 194.

Netherlands, the, burial laws of, 353.

Newsholme, Dr. A., on unregistered still-births, 346.

Newspaper cases, of trance, 30, 31; of sudden death, 164-170; some head-lines from, 318.

_Nonna, La_, form of trance following influenza, 30, 124.

Nowroji, Mr. Ardeshar, on premature exposure of the dead among Parsees, 138.

Number, probable, of live burials, 220.

Nuneaton, authentic case at, of narrow escape, 67.

Nusserwanje, Mr. Dadabhoy, on cases of restored animation in Parsees, 139.

O’CONNELL, Daniel, his dread of being buried alive, 154.

O’Rourke, Mr. John, on hurried embalming, 352.

O’Neill, Dr. W., relates case of narrow escape, 78.

Ogston, Prof. Francis, records probable case of premature dissection, 232.

Ordinances. (See under “Regulations.”)

Orfila, M., diaphanous test useless, 192.

Orrendo, case of, at Kronstadt, 122.

Oswald, Dr. John, on means of restoration to life, 266, 267.

Ouseley, Rev. J. G., estimates ratio of live burials, 222.

PARSEES, their mode of disposing of the dead, 136-142; their prejudice against persons restored to life, 139, 142.

Patzki, Dr. J. H., his case of recovery by artificial respiration, 266.

Pembroke, William, Earl of, embalmed, 230.

Perspiration a sign of revival, 28, 363.

Petitions for prevention of premature burial, 225.

Phelps, Lieut.-Gen. A., advocates cremation to prevent live burial, 278.

Plato, his reason for advising tardy disposal of dead, 144, 331; relates a case of revival, 325.

Pliny gives instances of the dead restored, 326.

Plutarch, case of revival cited from, 325.

Prasad, Mr. Durga, relates escape from burning alive, 132.

Pratt, Dr. Samuel B., on _rigor mortis_, 185.

Predisposition to trance, from nervous exhaustion, 120; in women, 121; habitual, 122; from cold, 123; after influenza, 30, 124; from narcotics, 125; in cholera, 126; in various morbid states, 127.

Pregnancy, apparent death during, 66.

Probability of life, recent rise in, 319; how same might be further raised, 319.

Prevention, means of, various, 258; by exciting the skin, 258-261; by auscultation, 261; by electricity, 262-265; by hypodermic injection, 265; by artificial respiration, 266; summary of, in _All the Year Round_, 268-273; prizes for discovery of, 273. (See also under “Tests of death.”)

_Prix Dusgate_, 274, 377.

_Prix Manni_, 274, 374.

_Prix d’Ourches_, 274, 376.

Prize by the Brussels Royal Academy, 366.

Publisher, a well-known, relates to the author a case of narrow escape, 88.

Putrefaction, the one safe test of death, Dr. Chew on, 183; Dr. Fagge on, 183; _Medical Examiner_ on, 183; Dr. Gannal on, 185.

Pye-Smith, Dr. P. H., on caution to be used in cases of trance, 175 (_footnote_).

QUENSTEDT on dormancy of vital principle, 325.

Quintilian gives reason for tardy burial by the Romans, 144.

RACHEL, Mlle. (actress), said to have been prematurely embalmed, 230.

Recommendations of the authors, 323.

Regulations, against early burial after sudden death, 179; in Würtemburg for ascertaining real death, 195; in Bavaria for same, 204-207; in the Netherlands, 353; Frankfort, 353; France, 354; Austria, 355; Vienna, 355; Dalmatia, 356; Saxony, 356; Munich, 356; Calcutta, 357; Bombay, 357; Cape Town, 357; Moscow, 358; Brussels, 358; Denmark, 358; Spain, 359; Ireland, 359; United States, 359.

Respiration, artificial, in case of apparent death, 266.

Respiration, failure of, as test of death, 181.

Resuscitation, cases of. (See under “Awaking,” “Escapes,” and “Rescue.”)

Richardson, Sir B. W., his paper on the Absolute Signs of Death, 10; cites case of narrow escape, 75; on effects of narcotics simulating death, 125; his enumeration of signs of death, 181, 192-194; applies the tests of death in a case, 189.

_Rigor mortis_ a sign of death, 185.

Rescue from live burial, fatally delayed by formalities, 105; cases of, 106-110; cases of, promptly successful, 111-112.

Romans, ancient, their burial practices, 333.

Roper, Dr., relates cases of still-born recovered, 355.

Roy, Dr. Mohan Chunder, on risks of live burial or burning at Benares, 131.

“SAGDEED,” the, ceremony at the Towers of Silence, 138.

Salzburg, case of delayed rescue from live burial at, 108.

Saxony, burial law of, 356.

Schmid, Dr. J., case of sudden death revived, 176.

Scott, Robert, of Scott’s Hall, case of, 335; his wife’s case, 336.

Servius, cremation delayed among the Latins, 144.

Sethna, Mr. Phiroze C., accompanies the author to the Towers of Silence, 136.

Shaw, Mr. Oscar F., narrates case of live burial, 53.

Sheffield, a premature death-certificate at, 242.

Silence, Towers of, visit of author to, at Bombay, 136.

Small-pox, cases of suspended animation in, 99.

Snart, Mr. John, on number of live burials, 221.

Somaglia, Cardinal, prematurely embalmed, 230.

Spain, burial practices in, 359.

Spasms of the heart, recovery after supposed death from, 176.

_Spectator, The_, on indifference to the danger, 18.

Spinosa, Cardinal, prematurely embalmed, 230.

Sri Sumangala on risks of live burial or burning in Ceylon, 133.

Stevenson, Dr. A., refuses demand for death-certificate in case of trance, 97.

Still-born, the, resuscitation of, 341-346.

Struve, Dr. C. A., case of rescue fatally delayed, 106; on duration of apparent death, 208; case of recovery by electricity, 262; cases of recovery of still-born, 342; of recovery of drowned, 347.

Syncope, statistics of death by, 173; definition of, 173.

TALMUD, the, its teaching as to burials, 361.

Tanner, Dr. M. S., relates two cases of narrow escape, 76.

Tatham, Dr. John, examined as to live burials, 245.

Terilli, Dr., tardy burial a safeguard, 145.

Tests of death: respiratory, 181; cardiac and arterial, 181, 182; putrefactive, 183; _rigor mortis_, 185; cadaveric countenance, 187; clenched jaws, 187; diaphanous web of fingers, 187; Richardson’s enumeration of, 193; Hartmann on fallaciousness of, 194; official statements of, 195; _Lancet_ on fallaciousness of, 196; _British Medical Journal_ on same, 198-201; Wilder on same, 201; Gaubert on same, 201; expert _verificateurs_ of, 202; popular trust in, 203; Bavarian official directions for, 204-207.

Thouret, Dr., his inference from opening of graves, 51, 228.

Thieurey, Dr., his estimated number of live burials cited, 222.

Thompson, Sir Henry, on defective death-certification, 240; advocates cremation to prevent live burial, 276.

Thompson, Mr. W. Arnold, case of still-born child recovered, 345.

Tidy, Dr. C. M., on progressive nature of death, 160; on causes of sudden death, 161; on still-born infants, 341.

Tobacco a cause of sudden death, 163.

Trance, definition and symptoms of, 21-23; Gairdner’s case of, 23-27; Madden’s cases of, 27-29; other cases of, 29, 30; prolonged cases of, 31; Hufeland on, 43; in a fakir at Jeypore, 44; at Lahore, 47; self-induced at Westminster Aquarium, 48; cases of, require caution (Pye-Smith), 175 (_footnote_); Milner on diagnosis of, from death, 186.

_Truth_, relation in, of a case of unverified death, 115.

Turnbull, Mr. Peveril, communicates to _Spectator_ case of exhumation alive, 111.

UNDERTAKERS, testimony of, 57; their experience of dubious death, 118; their fear of premature interment, 156.

_Undertakers’ and Funeral Directors’ Journal_, on risks of hasty burial, 171; on frequency of live burial, 226; on necessity for mortuaries, 295.

_Union Medicale, La_, on premature burial, 247.

United States of America, regulations in, for disposal of dead, 359.

VALENTINE, Dr. Colin S., relates case of escape from burial, 97.

Verification of deaths, in France, 246; in Brussels, 248; in Würtemburg, 249; in the United States, 252.

Vesalius, Andreas, his case of live dissection, 329.

Vienna, ordinances of, for inspection of dead, 355.

Vigné, Dr. J. B., narrates a narrow escape, 66; testamentary directions to prevent his own live burial, 257.

Vivisection of a criminal, 172.

WADE, Sir Claude, eye-witness of trances in fakirs, 47.

Wadia, Mr. Soabjee Dhunjeebhoy, 138.

Waiting Mortuaries, Gaubert on, 309.

Walker, Dr., of Dublin, his case, 338.

Walker, Mr. G. A., on risks of premature burial, 215.

Walters, Rev. W., on death-certification in Ireland, 241.

Waterman, Dr. S., recoveries from apparent death in heart-disease, 176.

_Wiener Medicinische Zeitung_ on a premature Jewish interment at Lemberg, 148.

Welby, Mr. Horace, dread of live burial a prevalent one, 153.

Whiter, Rev. Walter, advice as to treatment of the dead, 218.

Whitney, Constance, her tomb in Cripplegate Church, 338.

Widgen, Mrs., recovers many still-born at lying-in hospital, 344.

Wilder, Dr. Alex., brings subject before State Legislature, N.Y., 19; on predisposition to trance, 120; on the causes of sudden death, 163; on risks of premature burial in sudden deaths, 178; on fallacious signs of death, 201; advocates cremation to prevent live burial, 280.

Winslow, Dr. Jacques B., a pioneer in the prevention of live burial, 257; on signs of death, 333, 334.

Wunderbar, R. J., on the origin of, and authority for, early burial among the Jews, 360.

Würtemburg, official directions of, for ascertaining real death, 195, 249-251; case of escape from premature interment in, 251; regulations of, recommended for imitation, 255, 256.

YATES, Edmund, bequeaths fee to surgeon to ensure that he was not buried alive, 154.

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FOOTNOTES:

[1] “The Recovery of the Apparently Dead,” by Charles Kite, Member of the Corporation of Surgeons in London, and Surgeon at Gravesend in Kent. London, 1788.

[2] “Histoire de la Médecine,” La Haye, 1729, p. 333.

[3] “Linnæan Transactions,” 1797, vol. iv., p. 155. “An Account of the Jumping Mouse of Canada--_Dipus Canadensis_.”

[4] Archives gén de Med., 1827, xiv., p. 105.

[5] The case referred to, being attended with considerable doubt, is omitted.

[6] _Evening News_, Nottingham, January 10, 1896.

[7] _Health_, May 21, 1886, edited by Dr. Andrew Wilson, pp. 120-1. After relating other cases, Surgeon Curran continues:--“I have myself personally seen or heard on the spot of three such cases--cases that in other hands or in other localities might have passed as dead, were they not buried as such accordingly.”

[8] For the antiquity of the Jewish practice of early burial, see note in Appendix.

[9] Dr. A. B. Granville, “Sudden Death,” p. 278.

[10] Ibid., p. 278.

[11] Ibid., p. 279.

[12] Tidy, “Legal Medicine,” part i., pp. 279-280.

[13] In the 3rd ed., by Dr. Pye Smith, the following occurs at p. 817 of vol. i., under “Trance”:--“These are the cases which have led to the popular belief that death is sometimes only apparent, and that there may be a danger of persons being buried alive; and it cannot be denied that a patient in such a condition might easily be allowed to die by careless or ignorant attendants, or might be buried before death.”

[14] _Bulletin Therap. Méd._, tome xxvii., p. 371.

[15] “Premature Burial: An Examination into the Occult Causes of Apparent Death, Trance, and Catalepsy.” By Franz Hartmann, M.D. Second Edition. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. (One Shilling).

[16] “Pour se convaincre de l’erreur où l’on tomberait en adoptant cette opinion populaire, il suffit de refléchir d’abord qu’un cercueil n’est pas exactement moulé sur les proportions du corps qu’il contient; que, par consequent, tous les intervalles sont remplis d’air respirable, en quantité très-grande, égale à-peu-près à un cube dont le côté aurait 50 centimètres de hauteur. Or, chaque inspiration absorbe environ 1,200 centimètres cubes d’air dont l’oxygène n’est employé dans l’hématose que pour sa cinquième partie, le reste étant rendu pendant l’expiration; il en resulte donc que chaque inspiration ne consomme en réalité que 240 centimètres cubes. L’homme, à l’état normal, respire à-peu-près 800 fois par heure; et, comme un cube de 50 centimètres de côté contient 125,000 centimètres cubes, on doit conclure que cette quantité d’air peut suffire à 520 inspirations normales, c’est à dire à soutenir la vie pendant près de trois quarts d’heure. Mais, d’un autre côté, il est démontré, en botanique, que l’air filtre dans la terre; celui contenu dans le cercueil peut donc en partie se renouveler. On doit nécessairement tenir compte de la nature du terrain où le cercueil à été déposé; s’il est sec, léger ou sablonneux, il laissera pénétrer, circuler pour, ainsi dire, l’air atmosphérique plus facilement, que des terres humides, grasses ou argileuses. Ajoutons enfin, que les quantités determinées plus haut pourraient être réduites de plus de moitié, sans causer directement la mort. On voit donc qu’un homme peut vivre sous terre pendant plusieurs heures, et que ce temps sera d’autant plus court que le sujet sera plus pléthorique, c’est-à-dire predisposé aux congestions cérébrales, puisque, dans ce cas, ses inspirations seront plus larges et plus frequentes.”

[17] Report on “Suspended Animation.” By a Committee of the Royal Med. Chirur. Society, July 12, 1862.

[18] The _British Medical Journal_, August 15, 1894, p. 381, reports a “Discussion on the Overcrowding of the Profession,” in which Dr. Frederick H. Alderson says:--“The very crowded condition of the medical profession concerns a very large body of the profession; neither is the evil limited to any particular section of it. Our physicians are too numerous, our surgeons alike too many, and our general practitioners are legion.”

[19] Quoted by Dr. Franz Hartmann in “Premature Burial.”

[20] Alas for the futility of human expectations of reform when left to the initiation of Governments--this was written twenty-seven years ago, and nothing has been done to remedy the evil!

[21] During the five years ending 1895 the population of France, where of all European countries premature burial is most in vogue, has increased by only 133,819, or, leaving out the immigration of alien population, the increase is under 30,000. The population for all practical purposes may be regarded as stationary.

[22] With reference to the burial customs in Ireland, the _Kings County Chronicle_, Parsonstown, September 17, 1896, says:--“Young children are buried the day after death, but adults are waked for two, and sometimes three nights.”

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE:

--Obvious print and punctuation errors were corrected.