Part 14
Europe, cave dwellings, 58; at end of Ice Age, 93; early farmers, 140; glaciers in, 40; huts in, 86; routes into, 137-140; spread of food-production to, 136
Far East, 69, 90
Farmers, 103
Fauresmith industry, 67
Fayum, 135; radiocarbon date, 146
“Fertile Crescent,” 107, 146
Figurines, “Venus,” 84; at Jarmo, 128; at Ubaid, 153
Fire, used by Peking man, 54
First Dynasty, Egypt, 147
Fish-hooks, 80, 94
Fishing, 80; by food-producers, 122
Fish-lines, 80
Fish spears, 94
Flint industry, 127
Fontéchevade, 32, 56, 58
Food-collecting, 104, 121; end of, 104
Food-gatherers, 53, 176
Food-gathering, 99, 104; in Old World, 104; stages of, 104
Food-producers, 176
Food-producing economy, 122; in America, 145; in Asia, 105
Food-producing revolution, 99, 105; causes of, 101; preconditions for, 100
Food-production, beginnings of, 99; carried to Europe, 110
Food-vessel folk, 164
“Forest folk,” 97, 98, 104, 110
Fox, Sir Cyril, 174
France, caves in, 56
Galley Hill (fossil type), 29
Garrod, D. A., 73
Gazelle, 114
Germany, 94
Ghassul, 156
Glaciers, 18, 30; destruction by, 40
Goat, wild, 108; domesticated, 128
Grain, first planted, 20
Graves, passage, 141; gallery, 141
Greece, civilization in, 163; as route to western Europe, 138; towns in, 162
Grimaldi skeletons, 34
Hackberry seeds used as food, 55
Halaf, 151; assemblage, 151
Hallstatt, tradition, 169
Hand, development of, 24, 25
Hand adzes, 46
Hand axes, 44
Harpoons, antler, 83, 94; bone, 82, 94
Hassuna, 131; assemblage, 131, 132
Heidelberg, fossil type, 28
Hill-forts, in England, 171; in Scotland, 172
Hilly flanks of Near East, 107, 108, 125, 131, 146, 147
History, beginning of, 7, 17
Hoes, 112
Holland, 164
Homo sapiens, 32
Hooton, E. A., 34
Horse, 112; wild, in cave art, 85; in China, 54
Hotu cave, 126
Houses, 122; at Jarmo, 128; at Halaf, 151
Howe, Bruce, 116
Howell, F. Clark, 30
Hunting, 93
Ice Age, in Asia, 99; beginning of, 18; glaciers in, 41; last glaciation, 93
Incas, 145
India, 90, 136
Industrialization, 178
Industry, blade-tool, 88; defined, 58; ground stone, 94
Internationalism, 162
Iran, 107, 147
Iraq, 107, 124, 127, 136, 147
Iron, introduction of, 170
Irrigation, 123, 149, 155
Italy, 138
Jacobsen, T. J., 157
Jarmo, 109, 126, 128, 130; assemblage, 129
Java, 23, 29
Java man, 26, 27, 29
Jefferson, Thomas, 11
Jericho, 119, 133
Judaidah, 134
Kafuan, 48
Kanam, 23, 36
Karim Shahir, 116-119, 124; assemblage, 116, 117
Keith, Sir Arthur, 33
Kelley, Harper, 51
Kharga, 126
Khartoum, 136
Knives, 80
Krogman, W. M., 3, 25
Lamps, 85
Land bridges in Mediterranean, 19
La Tène phase, 170
Laurel leaf point, 78, 89
Leakey, L. S. B., 40
Le Moustier, 57
Levalloisian, 47, 61, 62
Levalloiso-Mousterian, 47, 63
Little Woodbury, 170
Magic, used by hunters, 123
Maglemosian, assemblage, 94, 95; folk, 98
Makapan, 40
Mammoth, 93; in cave art, 85
“Man-apes,” 26
Mango, 107
Mankind, age, 17
Maringer, J., 45
Markets, 155
Marston, A. T., 11
Mathiassen, T., 97
McCown, T. D., 33
Meganthropus, 26, 27, 36
Men, defined, 25; modern, 32
Merimde, 135
Mersin, 133
Metal-workers, 160, 163, 167, 172
Micoquian, 48, 60
Microliths, 87; at Jarmo, 130; “lunates,” 87; trapezoids, 87; triangles, 87
Minerals used as coloring matter, 66
Mine-shafts, 140
M’lefaat, 126, 127
Mongoloids, 29, 90
Mortars, 114, 118, 127
Mounds, how formed, 12
Mount Carmel, 11, 33, 52, 59, 64, 69, 113, 114
“Mousterian man,” 64
“Mousterian” tools, 61, 62; of Acheulean tradition, 62
Movius, H. L., 47
Natufian, animals in, 114; assemblage, 113, 114, 115; burials, 114; date of, 113
Neanderthal man, 29, 30, 31, 56
Near East, beginnings of civilization in, 20, 144; cave sites, 58; climate in Ice Age, 99; “Fertile Crescent,” 107, 146; food-production in, 99; Natufian assemblage in, 113-115; stone tools, 114
Needles, 80
Negroid, 34
New World, 90
Nile River valley, 102, 134; floods in, 148
Nuclear area, 106, 110; in Near East, 107
Obsidian, used for blade tools, 71; at Jarmo, 130
Ochre, red, with burials, 86
Oldowan, 48
Old World, 67, 70, 90; continental phases in, 18
Olorgesailie, 40, 51
Ostrich, in China, 54
Ovens, 128
Oxygen isotopes, 18
Paintings in caves, 83
Paleoanthropic man, 50
Palestine, burials, 56; cave sites, 52; types of man, 69
Parpallo, 89
Patjitanian, 45, 47
Pebble tools, 42
Peking cave, 54; animals in, 54
Peking man, 27, 28, 29, 54, 58
Pendants, 80; bone, 114
Pestle, 114
Peterborough, 141; assemblage, 141
Pictographic signs, 158
Pig, wild, 108
“Piltdown man,” 29
Pins, 80
Pithecanthropus, 26, 27, 30, 36
Pleistocene, 18, 25
Plows developed, 123
Points, arrow, 76; laurel leaf, 78; shouldered, 78, 79; split-based bone, 80, 82; tanged, 76; willow leaf, 78
Potatoes, in America, 145
Pottery, 122, 130, 156; decorated, 142; painted, 131, 151, 152; Susa style, 156; in tombs, 141
Prehistory, defined, 7; range of, 18
Pre-neanderthaloids, 30, 31, 37
Pre-Solutrean point, 89
Pre-Stellenbosch, 48
Proto-Literate assemblage, 157-160
Race, 35; biological, 36; “pure,” 16
Radioactivity, 9, 10
Radioactive carbon dates, 18, 92, 120, 130, 135, 156
Redfield, Robert, 38, 49
Reed, C. A., 128
Reindeer, 94
Rhinoceros, 93; in cave art, 85
Rhodesian man, 32
Riss glaciation, 58
Rock-shelters, 58; art in, 85
Saccopastore, 31
Sahara Desert, 34, 102
Samarra, 152; pottery, 131, 152
Sangoan industry, 67
Sauer, Carl, 136
Sbaikian point, 89
Schliemann, H., 11, 12
Scotland, 171
Scraper, flake, 79; end-scraper on blade, 77, 78; keel-shaped, 79, 80, 81
Sculpture in caves, 83
Sebilian III, 126
Shaheinab, 135
Sheep, wild, 108; at Skara Brae, 142; in China, 54
Shellfish, 142
Ship, Ubaidian, 153
Sialk, 126, 134; assemblage, 134
Siberia, 88; pathway to New World, 98
Sickle, 112, 153; blade, 113, 130
Silo, 122
Sinanthropus, 27, 30, 35
Skara Brae, 142
Snails used as food, 128
Soan, 47
Solecki, R., 116
Solo (fossil type), 29, 32
Solutrean industry, 77
Spear, shaft, 78; thrower, 82, 83
Speech, development of organs of, 25
Squash, in America, 145
Steinheim fossil skull, 28
Stillbay industry, 67
Stonehenge, 166
Stratification, in caves, 12, 57; in sites, 12
Swanscombe (fossil type), 11, 28
Syria, 107
Tabun, 60, 71
Tardenoisian, 97
Taro, 107
Tasa, 135
Tayacian, 47, 59
Teeth, pierced, in beads and pendants, 114
Temples, 123, 155
Tepe Gawra, 156
Ternafine, 29
Teshik Tash, 69
Textiles, 122
Thong-stropper, 80
Tigris River, floods in, 148
Toggle, 80
Tomatoes, in America, 145
Tombs, megalithic, 141
Tool-making, 42, 49
Tool-preparation traditions, 65
Tools, 62; antler, 80; blade, 70, 71, 75; bone, 66; chopper, 47; core-biface, 43, 48, 60, 61; flake, 44, 47, 51, 60, 64; flint, 80, 127; ground stone, 68, 127; handles, 94; pebble, 42, 43, 48, 53; use of, 24
Touf (mud wall), 128
Toynbee, A. J., 101
Trade, 130, 155, 162
Traders, 167
Traditions, 15; blade tool, 70; definition of, 51; interpretation of, 49; tool-making, 42, 48; chopper-tool, 47; chopper-chopping tool, 45; core-biface, 43, 48; flake, 44, 47; pebble tool, 42, 48
Tool-making, prehistory of, 42
Turkey, 107, 108
Ubaid, 153; assemblage, 153-155
Urnfields, 168, 169
Village-farming community era, 105, 119
Wad B, 72
Wadjak, 34
Warka phase, 156; assemblage, 156
Washburn, Sherwood L., 36
Water buffalo, domestication of, 107
Weidenreich, F., 29, 34
Wessex, 166, 167
Wheat, wild, 108; partially domesticated, 127
Willow leaf point, 78
Windmill Hill, 138; assemblage, 138, 140
Witch doctors, 68
Wool, 112; in garments, 167
Writing, 158; cuneiform, 158
Würm I glaciation, 58
Zebu cattle, domestication of, 107
Zeuner, F. E., 73
* * * * * *
Transcriber’s note:
Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.
Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced quotation marks retained.
Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.
Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.
In the original book, chapter headings were accompanied by illustrations, sometimes above, sometimes below, and sometimes adjacent. In this eBook those ilustrations always appear below the headings.