Part 4

Fig. 6 shows the face mould for the lower wreath. As this one has only one pitch, draw A B C at right angles and make A B and B C equal A B and B C, Fig. 2. With A as centre and A O, Fig. 1, as radius, strike an arc, draw V L through the centre and tangent to the arc; make H S equal O S, Fig. 1; draw S 4 parallel to V L, make 4 2 equal S 2, Fig. 1. Draw 4 5 parallel to A H, and 5 6 square to major axis A O; join 6 2 for section line.

Fig. 7 shows the sections for this wreath. The section at the joint C will be in the centre of plank, but that at A and 2 will be below the centre. The difference between O H, Fig. 6, and Y J, Fig. 2, is what the section on shank will be below the centre; and that between O 5, Fig. 6, and 5 6, Fig. 2, for section 2. Draw the sections below the centre as shown at Fig. 7.

Fig. 8 shows a sketch of the bottom wreath with the inside and outside worked. The shaded parts show the superfluous stuff to come off top and bottom.

PLATE XIX.

FROM THE LEVEL TO THE RAKE--_continued_.

The plan, elevation and falling line, and position of risers in this case are the same as in Plate XVII., but show a different way of getting out the wreaths. This may not be such a correct method as the former one, as the centre joint will be vertical instead of square to the tangent across the well as was the case there, but nothing could be more simple than the method here described. Having the plan and elevation drawn, square out a bevel line from C, to cut the springing in R. Make R F equal E D, Fig. 1; say the joint is to be at S on the right, join S F, draw the joint S P square to the straight rail, and draw S N square to the tangent F E S.

Fig. 3 shows the face mould. Draw S E D C at right angles, make S E D equal S E F, Fig. 2, and C D equal C D, Fig. 1. To complete the mould, make O N and C N equal E R and F R, Fig. 2. Draw V L through O N; make C R and P H equal C R and R H, Fig. 1. As will be seen, the straight rail is not in a line with the tangent, and as the joint must be square to the straight rail it cannot be square to the face of the plank. Therefore, the face mould for the top side will require to be a trifle longer, while the mould for the bottom side must be the same distance shorter. To find out how much the joint will require to be bevelled, mark off along S N, Fig. 2, S J to equal half thickness of plank; then the distance between the two lines S P and S N at J is what the joint will be out of square to face of plank through half its thickness. The shank of top face mould must be increased, and that of the bottom reduced to this amount as shown by the shaded parts. The face mould shown at Fig. 3, being for the under side, is reduced.

Fig. 5 shows the application of the face moulds; as there is no bevel on the shank E S the joint will only be out of square to face of plank and not to the tangent. Fig. 6 shows the bottom half; this having no twist can be struck with the compasses, the same as the plan. It must be the distance C H, Fig. 2, thicker than the rail. The shaded part shows how the superfluous stuff must be taken off top and bottom.

Fig. 7 shows the pair in position after being squared.

PLATE XX.

HALF-SPACE LANDING, WITH THE RISERS IN THE SPRINGING.

Fig. 1 shows the plan of a half-space landing with the centre line of rail struck with a 9-inch radius, and the risers starting and landing placed in the springing. As the steps are only 10 inches it is very evident that if the tangents A B and D E were the same pitch as the straight rail the tangent across the well would pitch the wrong way, which of course would not do. To obviate this the tangent A B must only rise half a riser over B, and the tangent D E only fall half a riser over D, and the tangent across the well level and the joint on the end of shanks must be bevelled so as to joint square to the straight rail.

Fig. 1 shows the plan with the risers in the springing.

Fig. 2 shows the elevation. Make S N equal stretch-out of centre line of rail. Set up one step above and below and draw landing; also draw the centre falling as shown, this line must pass through the centre at the height of half a riser above the landing, and make a good easing into the straight rail above and below the springing. For development of tangents make F B equal A B, Fig. 1, and draw from B to the joint below the springing; draw R P square to the straight rail, which will be the joint, and R N square to the tangent A B.

Fig. 3 shows the face moulds. As the tangent B C is level draw A B C at right angles; make R A B equal R A B, Fig. 2, and B C equal B C, Fig. 1, and complete the mould as usual. It will be seen that the sections will be in the centre of the plank at both joints. For section P, make F H, Fig. 2, equal A P, Fig. 1, and H J, Fig. 2, equal H J, Fig. 3. The difference between J and the falling line is what the section is out of the centre of plank as shown at Fig. 4. The difference between the tangent A B and the falling line at the springing shows that the section A is out of the centre. The stuff must be thick enough to get this section out as required. Make R Y, Fig. 2, equal half thickness of plank. Add Y C to the end of shank of one face mould and reduce the other to the same amount, as shown by the shaded parts.

PLATE XXI.

WINDERS IN THE HALF-SPACE AND LEVEL LANDING AT TOP.

Fig. 1 shows the plan with the centre line enclosed with tangents. Having laid down the risers on plan, keeping the narrow ends of winders as near as possible half a step, then with one baluster on each they will be the same distance apart as on the square steps which have two. This is not intended as a fixed rule but merely as a guide. The risers must be placed so as to get a good falling line, and this can only be ascertained by developing or unfolding the centre line and tangents on a board.

Fig. 2 shows the development of centre line and tangents. Set up all the treads and risers as they occur on the centre line of rail, Fig. 1. Draw the springing through A and E. Draw the centre falling line resting on the corners of square step at bottom and 4 inches above the landing at top. It is better for the falling line to be a little higher over the winders, especially near the top. To develop the tangents make the distance between the lines 1 2 3 D E equal A B C D E, Fig. 1. Draw D E level. From the centre joint on the falling line square out a line to cut the line 3 at C, join D C extended to cut the line 2 in B. From where the falling line cut the lower springing, square out a line to cut the line 1 in A; join A B; then A B C will be the tangents for the lower wreath and C D E for the top. Decide where the joint is to be below the springing, and draw a line parallel to the tangent A B, and tangent to the curve of the falling line where the joint is to be. The joint must be square to this line. It will be necessary to have a ramp here to ease into the straight rail, this is shown by the dotted lines. In the next plate is shown a method of easing the wreath into the straight rail without the aid of a ramp.

Fig. 3 shows the bottom face mould. Make C B F and B A equal C B A and B A, Fig. 2, and F A equal F A, Fig. 1, and complete the mould as usual. To find what each section is out of the centre of the plank, make W 4 5, Fig. 2, equal C 4 5 on the centre line of rail, Fig. 1; make 4 4 and 5 5, Fig. 2, equal N O and N H, Fig. 3. The difference between the falling line and 4 is what the section 4 on the minor axis is above the centre; and that between 5 and the falling line is what the section 5 is out of the centre. The section at both joints is in the centre, but at the springing A the falling line is a little above the centre, as it cut the springing above the level line A W, which is the height of the centre of the plank there. Get out the mould for the opposite side of the plank in the usual way, by laying Fig. 3 on a thin piece of stuff, and transfer the tangents and section lines on to it. Stick a bradawl through A 5 4 C and mark off out to it A 7 5 8 and 5 9, and C 10 and C 11, only on the opposite side. Work the inside and outside off first with a gig-saw, as before described. The shaded parts of sections at Fig. 4 show the superfluous stuff there is to come off the top side.

Fig. 5 shows the face mould for the top half. Draw C D E at right angles, and to equal C D E, Fig. 2. To see what the sections are out of the centre, make E 3 2, Fig. 2, equal E 3 2 on centre line of rail, Fig. 1. Make 2 2 and 3 3, Fig. 2, equal S R and S L. The difference between 2 and the falling line is what the section 2 is below the centre of plank, and that between 3 and the falling line is what the section 3 is below the centre. And that between E and the falling line is what it is below there.

Fig. 6 shows the sections, and the shaded part shows the superfluous stuff there is to come off the top at each section, after the inside and outside have been cut off.

Fig. 7 shows the wreath after the inside and outside have been cut off; the dotted lines show the wreath cut square through the plank.

PLATE XXII.

WINDERS IN THE HALF-SPACE, WITH A STRAIGHT FLIGHT ABOVE AND BELOW, WREATH TO FORM ITS OWN EASING.

Fig. 1 shows the plan with face of risers laid down. It will be noticed that the winders commence at the springing at the top, while they are brought past the springing at the bottom; this causes the rail to be high at E and, therefore, safer for any one coming down the stairs with their hand on the rail; and by bringing the winders below the springing it makes a better easing into the straight rail. This will be understood by referring to Fig. 2, where the centre line and tangents are developed. Set up the treads and risers as they occur on the centre line of rail, Fig. 1; also draw the springing and the centre line W. Draw the centre falling line resting on the corners of square steps top and bottom, and continue it up over the winders as shown by the dotted line. To develop the tangents make the distance between 1 2 3 4 5 equal A B C D E, Fig. 1. From where the falling line cuts the centre line square out a level line to cut the line 3 at C. Continue the top tangent down in a line with the straight rail to cut the line 4 in D. Join D C extended to cut the line 2 in B. Now make the joint below the springing, as near to it as possible, so that it will be clear of the easing. There being no ramp on the straight rail, the joint should be well clear of the easing and into the straight so as to avoid any signs of a cripple when the wreath is jointed to the straight rail, which there would be if the joint was made in the easing. Square out a level line from the joint P, and make P R equal the distance between the line 1 and the springing. Join R B, this has cut the line 1 at A. From A draw A W level. From R draw the joint square to the straight rail, and R P square to the tangent A B R. Make D F, Fig. 1, equal 4 F, Fig. 2, and join F E for the horizontal trace of the top wreath. Make B S, Fig. 1, equal 6 S, Fig. 2, and join S A for the horizontal trace of the bottom wreath.

Fig. 3 shows the face mould for the top wreath. Make C D F equal C D F and D E equal D E, Fig. 2, and F E equal F E, Fig. 1. Draw from E parallel to D C and from C parallel to D E to meet at the centre O. Draw the major axis square to the horizontal trace F E. With M as centre and O M, Fig. 1, as radius strike an arc at N; draw V L through the centre and tangent to the arc, and complete the mould as usual; M S will equal M S, and T J will equal S J, Fig. 1.

Fig. 4 shows the sections. S S will equal the radius of centre line of rail, Fig. 1, and for bevels place one foot of the compasses on the centre O, Fig. 3, and open out to touch each tangent, then transfer these distances to each section, Fig. 4. To find what each section is out of the centre of the plank, make E J K, Fig. 2, equal E J K on the centre line of rail, Fig. 1. Make J J and K K, Fig. 2, equal N H and N O, Fig. 3. Now the difference between E and the falling line is what the section is below the centre at the springing, and that between J and the falling line is what the section is below the centre, and that between K and the falling line is what the section on the minor axis K is above the centre; the sections at both joints are in the centre of the plank.

Fig. 5 shows the bottom face mould. R A B will equal R A B, and S B C will equal S B C, Fig. 2, and A S will equal A S, Fig. 1. Proceed as usual to get bevels, sections and width of mould. Now, as the tangent A B is not in a line with the straight rail, and the joint being square to the latter, the end of shank must be bevelled so as to joint correctly to the straight rail. Draw P P, Fig. 7, to the same bevel as that for the shank marked O O, Fig. 6. Draw C D, Fig. 7, square to P P, make C N equal 2 2 at section A, Fig. 6, draw the level line through N to cut P P in E and C D in D. Now, at Fig. 2 mark off along R P, R S to equal 2 2 or 1 1, Fig. 6. Make C S and C S, Fig. 7, equal S S, Fig. 2, and join S E and S D for bevels T and S. Apply the bevel T as shown and S as shown at Fig. 8. The face mould for the under side will be S S, Fig. 2, longer, and that for the top side the same amount shorter.

PLATE XXIII.

QUARTER-SPACE LANDING, WREATH IN ONE PIECE.

Fig. 1 shows plan of centre line of rail enclosed with tangent A B C. Draw risers, landing, and starting half a tread from B. This will cause the tangents on face moulds to be the same pitch as the straight rail. This arrangement answers very well if the rail is small, but if the rail is a wide one, say 4 inches or more, the inside has a crippled and awkward appearance.

Fig. 2. Make R S equal stretch-out of the quadrant, Fig. 1. Set up one tread and riser above and below, as they occur on the centre line of rail, Fig. 1. For development of tangents make C 2 1 equal A B C, Fig. 1. Square out a level line from the springing at S to cut the line 1 at A. Join A C for tangents, which will be the same pitch as the straight rail.

Fig. 3 shows face mould. Make C B S equal C B A and B C equal B C, Fig. 2, and S C equal the diagonal of the square on plan. Draw C O and B O parallel to A B and B C. Draw sine major axis and sine minor through O. Notice the major axis is parallel to the diagonal from A to C, and the minor axis is the other diagonal. Both pitches being the same throws the horizontal trace parallel to the diagonal from the centre to B. One bevel will do for both shanks, as the pitches are the same. The falling line will be in the centre of plank at both ends and at the minor axis.

Fig. 4 shows the section, which is the same for both ends, only of course the reverse hand.

SIDE WREATH STARTING FROM A NEWEL.

Fig. 6 shows the plan of centre line of rail of a side wreath starting from a newel. Lay down the tangents A B and B C equal in length and to the required angle, according to circumstances, the size of the hall, &c. The farther it stands out into the hall the better it will look, but it must not obstruct the passage or be out of proportion to the size of the stairs. B should be in front of the second riser, or it will make the rail too high at the newel. A will be the face of the newel. Draw from A square to A B, and from C square to C B to meet in O. Then O A will be the radius of the centre line of rail, which draw. Then A B being level will be the horizontal trace.

Fig. 7 shows the elevation. Set up a tread and risers and draw the springing C as it occurs on the plan. Make C 3 equal C B, Fig. 6, and draw B C S resting on the corners.

Fig. 8 shows the face mould. Draw the line A P, and make A D P equal A D O, Fig. 6. Draw V L through P at right angles to A P. Draw D 8 parallel to V L, make D 8 equal B 3, Fig. 7; join A 8 extended to cut V L in O; then O will be the centre. Make A B and 8 C equal A B and D C, Fig. 6. The completion of the mould will be understood. The tangent C B will equal C B, Fig. 7, if the drawing is correct.

Fig. 9 shows the sections which will be in the centre of plank all round.

PLATE XXIV.

QUARTER-SPACE LANDING, WREATH IN TWO PIECES.

It was said in a previous case that with a wide rail and the tangents on the same pitch as the straight rail, the inside of rail has a crippled appearance. This can be remedied by having the wreath in two pieces.

Fig. 1 shows the plan laid down so as to make the inside falling line of rail a straight line; and the risers landing and starting placed in the springing. To find the radius of centre line of rail, Fig. 1. Make S N, Fig. 7, equal one step. From N draw N R at 45° with S N, and from S draw a line at 60° with S N to meet the line from N in R, from R draw square to and cut S N in P; then R P will be the radius for the inside of the rail on plan.

Fig. 2 shows the development. Make H R equal stretch-out of centre line of rail on plan. Set up one tread and risers above and below, with the risers in the springing. Draw the centre falling line, resting on the corners and passing through the centre, at the height of half a riser above the landing. To develop tangents, make C S R Fig. 2, equal C B A, Fig. 1, and complete tangents as shown. To draw the horizontal trace at Fig. 1, make A B F, Fig. 1, equal R S F, Fig. 2. Join F C for the required trace. Draw N O square to it.

Fig. 3 shows the face mould. Make A B F equal A B F and B C equal B C, Fig. 2, and F C equal F C, Fig. 1. Make C P equal C N, Fig. 1. Draw the major axis from N square to N C F. Draw from A parallel to F C P to cut major axis in 7. Now if the drawing is correct A 7 will equal A R, Fig. 1. With P as centre and N R, Fig. 1, as radius, strike an arc at S; again, with 7 as centre and A R, Fig. 2, as radius, strike an arc to intersect the first one in S. Join 7 S and P S extended, and P N equal O N, Fig. 1. Draw from N parallel to 7 S to cut the major axis in O, then O will be the centre.

Fig. 4 shows the sections and bevels. Make N N equal radius of centre line of rail, Fig. 1, with O as centre, and for radius just touching each tangent, which distances transfer to Fig. 4. All the sections in this case will be in the centre of the plank.

Fig. 5 shows the face mould for the other side of the plank.

Fig. 6 shows the application of the face moulds to the stuff.

Both joints are square to tangents and face of plank in this case.

PLATE XXV.

QUARTER-SPACE LANDING, WREATH IN ONE PIECE, TO FORM ITS OWN EASING INTO THE STRAIGHT RAIL.

Fig. 1 shows the plan laid down exactly the same as in Plate XXIII.

Fig. 2 shows the elevation. Make Y Y equal the stretch-out of centre line of rail, Fig. 1, and set up one step above and below as shown. Draw the centre falling line resting on the corners and passing through the centre at the height of half a riser above the landing. For development of tangents, make 1, 2, 3 equal A B C, Fig. 1. Square out a level line from the lower joint H, and make H R equal the distance between the line 1 and the springing; join R N; then A B C will be the tangents of face mould. From R draw the joint line square to the straight rail, and R P square to the tangents.

Fig. 3 shows the face mould. Make R A B S equal R A B C, Fig. 2, and S C equal the diagonal on plan, and B C equal B C, Fig. 2. Draw C O and A O parallel to A B and B C, make C N equal C N, Fig. 2. The bevel A and C will be the same, as both pitches are the same.

Fig. 4 shows the sections at the two joints, and the section on the minor axis will be in the centre of the plank. But section A will be above, and that at C below the centre. The distance between C and the falling line is what the section at C will be below, and A above the centre. It will be seen one corner of the rail is cut off at these sections; this makes no difference so long as the moulding of the rail will work it out.

Fig. 5 shows the bevels for the joints to be worked off to, so as to make them joint to the straight rail. Draw P P to the same pitch as O O, Fig. 4; draw C H square to P P; make C N equal 4 4, Fig. 4. At Fig. 2 mark along R P, R S to equal 4 4, Fig. 4; make C S and C S equal S S, Fig. 2, and draw S E for the bevel T to be applied across the end of shank and along the tangent. Join S D for the bevel S, to be applied through the end of shank and along the surface of the stuff; this bevel must be held parallel to the tangent across the joint, that is, square through the plank. Notice that in all these bevel joints if the tangent is steeper than the straight rail, the bevel T is applied so that the ends of shank diminish towards the inside, while if the tangent is flatter, the end of shank will diminish towards the outside. This will be understood by referring to Fig. 3 in this plate, and Fig. 5, Plate XXI.

Fig. 6 shows the face mould for the under side; the shaded part N S shows the extra length required; this will equal S S, Fig. 2, the other end R S will be the same amount shorter. This mould is reverse to Fig. 3.

Fig. 7 shows the wreath cut out square through the plank, before the moulds are put on. The application of the bevels is seen here.

PLATE XXVI.

WINDERS IN THE QUARTER-SPACE, WREATH IN ONE PIECE, TO FORM ITS OWN EASING INTO STRAIGHT RAIL.

Fig. 1 shows plan with face of risers laid, and centre line of rail enclosed with tangents A B C.

Fig. 2 shows the development. Make Y Y equal stretch-out of centre of rail, Fig. 1. Set up treads and risers, placing the risers as they occur on the centre line of rail, Fig. 1; draw the centre falling line as shown. To development tangents make 1 2 C equal A B C, Fig. 1. Continue the tangent C B in a line with straight rail; make H R equal the distance between the line 1 and springing; join R B extended to cut the level line in F. Draw the joint line square to the straight rail, and R P square to the tangent; mark off along R P, R S to equal half thickness of plank.

Fig. 3 shows the face mould for the top side of the plank. Make R A B F and B C equal corresponding letters, Fig. 2, and F C equal F C, Fig. 1; draw C O and A O parallel to A B and B C; draw the major axis O M square to F C through the centre, with M as centre and M O, Fig. 1, as radius strike an arc at P; draw V L through the centre and tangent to the arc. Make M H equal M H, Fig. 1; draw Y J parallel to V L; make Y E equal H E, Fig. 1. Draw Y J parallel to M P, and J K square to major axis; join K E for section line; draw the short tangent from E square to K E.

Fig. 4 shows bevels, width of mould, thickness of plank. Get the levels by taking O, Fig. 3, as centre, and for radius open out to touch each tangent; transfer these distances to Fig. 4 for each bevel as shown, and complete the sections as usual; the section at each joint will be in the centre, but each of the others will be below. Make C E D, Fig. 2, equal C E D, Fig. 1. Make E E and D D equal P J and P O, Fig. 3. Then the difference between K D E and C and the falling line, is what each section will be out of the centre of plank.