Part 5

=Like Our Shingles=, has a nailing flange the entire length of each sheet. =It forms a Continuous Rib= when applied from eaves to comb with cross seams twenty-five inches apart, which gives it strength and rigidity not found in roofing where longer sheets are used. =It has no protruding= anchors, cleats or rivets; all nail heads are covered as perfectly as those used for wood shingles. =There is no waste= in using, either at comb or eaves. =The Side Nailing Flange= admits of the roof being fastened to roof boards with any required degree of strength. =The Cross Seams= are formed with a folded lock which allows for contraction and expansion. =Material.=—Each sheet of this roofing is made from Best Roofing Tin, or Imported Siemen’s Sheet Steel, which is hard rolled, tough, durable and =thoroughly coated= on both sides with the best Oxide of Iron and Linseed Oil Paint. The size of sheets are 20 × 28 inches. =Tools.=—We send with each order one pair of _Metal Shears_, one _Mallet_, and a _Draw Tool_, for which we make a charge of two dollars. These tools can be returned to us by express at our expense, and the purchaser credited, or the money paid for them returned. =Important Improvements= in the manufacture of Steel Sheets enable us to put this on the market at the same price as Sheet Iron Roofing, to which it is greatly superior. =The Rib is formed= of the Walter’s Patent Lock, and is the same we have used on our shingles for the last seven years. This Lock has been thoroughly tested, and it is significant that over 25,000,000 square feet of shingles constructed upon this plan are already in use in the United States and Canada. The application of this Lock does away with a very large proportion of the work necessary in laying standing seam roofs as ordinarily applied, such as tonging up the seams, double seaming, capping or riveting the ribs, and making and using cleats or other fastenings. This roofing costs no more than wood shingles in sections where good timber is scarce. Each sheet is made from plates 20 × 28 inches. =WRITE FOR PRICES.=

The National Sheet Metal Roofing Co., 510-520 E. 20th St., N. Y. City.

THE “ATTIC” SKY-LIGHT AND VENTILATOR.

This is a novelty in roof ventilation, and possesses the advantage of admitting light as well as ventilating rooms in the garret or immediately under the roof.

It can be used on any kind of a slope roof having a pitch of three inches or more to the foot. The front is of double strength glass which is held to its place by a single catch. When used as a ventilator the glass is drawn back to the slant of the roof, and sheds what water would enter the opening during a rain storm. All the carpenter work necessary in setting the “Attic” is to saw a square hole through the roof boards at the time of putting on the roof-covering. We make them to form one plate of our Broad Rib Roofing with which it interlocks. As shown on page 55, they can be used equally as well on roofs to be covered with slate or wood shingles as with our Tin Shingles.

HOW TO SET A FINIAL.

Bore a hole in the upper end of the centre-staff and insert in it the lower end of finial rod; when the centre-staff is put to its place, plumb the finial rod by moving the lower end of the centre-staff before it is nailed to the floor or cross timbers. (See page 74.)

=There is no shoddy work about these Finials. They are heavy, substantially made and zinc coated.=

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(Patented August 20th, 1889.)

Complete and in Sections. Fixed and Adjustable.

_The most Perfect Machine-made Elbow ever manufactured._

=First-class Finish.=—Each piece is a perfect section of a curved tube.

=A Convenience.=—The sections can be put together to form any angle.

=Durable and Strong.=—The finished elbows are redipped after being locked and riveted.

=Quality.=—Both Retinned and Galvanized.

Perfect in fitting, uniform in size and quality. Just what the practical tinsmith should use for conductors and vent pipes.

ADJUSTABLE. | FIXED. | IN SECTIONS. Size. Tin. Galv’d.| Size. Tin. Galv’d. | Size. Tin. 3 inch $1.55 $2.00 | 3 inch $2.00 $2.00 | 3 inch $1.45 4 inch 2.80 3.90 | 4 inch 3.90 3.90 | 4 inch 2.50

_Discount_..........................

MANUFACTURED ONLY BY THE NATIONAL SHEET METAL ROOFING CO. 510 to 520 East 20th Street, New York.

WEIGHTS.

Our goods weigh, when boxed ready for shipment, as follows:

14 × 20, No. 1, Standard 84 lbs. 10 × 14, “ “ 92 “ 7 × 10, “ “ 89 “ 14 × 20, No. 2, Steel 83 “ 10 × 14, “ “ 89 “ 14 × 20, No. 3, M. F. 100 “ 10 × 14, “ “ 108 “ 7 × 10, “ “ 108 “ 14 × 20, No. 4, Galvanized 104½ “ 10 × 14, “ “ 109½ “ 7 × 10, “ “ 109½ “ Queen Anne, No. 6, Standard 121½ “ “ “ “ Galvanized 144 “ Broad Rib, No. 8, Standard 88 “ “ “ “ Steel 87 “ 50 ft. Climax Ridge Coping, Tin 56½ “ 50 ft. “ “ “ Galvanized 71 “ 50 ft. Hip, Tin 38 “ 50 ft. “ Galvanized 43 “ 50 ft. Valley, Tin 45½ “ 50 ft. “ Galvanized 53 “ 50 ft. Gable, Tin 12½ “ 50 ft. “ Galvanized 15½ “

HOW METAL SHINGLES ARE MADE.

Shingles made from wood have been common all over the world for ages. Their particular form has remained unchanged because many years’ experience has proven it to be the most durable and surest safe-guard against storms. What is true of wood for roof covering is equally true of metal for the same purpose. The first metal roofing made in America was tin sheets, laid shingle fashion, the overlapped edges of which covered the nail heads which were used to fasten them to the roof boards. Many of these old-fashioned metal (tin plate) roofs are yet in existence that were covered over one hundred years ago. The writer covered several houses in 1849 in this manner, which are in good condition now. The reason why this style of metal roofing was not common was its expense. On page 16 we give reasons why it would be more durable than the ordinary mode of laying tin roofing.

The use of Walter’s and Cooper’s patent in constructing metal shingles does away with the expense, which was a great drawback to their use, and leaves no excuse for the use of cheap, combustible material.

The National Sheet Metal Roofing Co., of New York City, have for the past eight years been manufacturing these shingles, and their use on a vast number of public and private buildings in all parts of the United States and Canada attest their superiority. Thinking that our readers would be pleased to see the process of making these shingles, we illustrate on pages 65 and 75 views taken from photographs of their paint and store room. The process requires two press operations for each shingle, and each press averages a turn out of 4,000 square feet (which is 40 squares) per day. The dies which give shape and form the corrugations of the shingles are faced with polished steel, which leaves no abrasions where they come in contact with the metal. During the past year they have added four new presses to this department to meet the requirements of the increased demand for their goods. They spare no pains to make their shingles as perfect as the best machinery can make them. All their shingles are carefully inspected before they are boxed and sent to the store room, from which they are shipped to all parts of the country. The machinery room in which the presses are located is 37 feet wide by 80 feet long, the painting department is 80 × 55 feet, and the store room the same size. We give these figures that you may form an opinion of the space required to manufacture and handle their goods.

The process of painting is first dipping the shingles in a vat of pure linseed oil and oxide of iron paint with just enough turpentine to assist in drying. They are then set on edge and left to drain, after which they are gone over with a brush and set in racks to dry, which requires several days, according to the humidity of the atmosphere. They are all air dried, no artificial heat being used. Their customers are cordially invited to call at any time and see the process of manufacturing.

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“Why don’t you mend your roof my man?” He drew him closer to the wall, And answered with a lazy drawl: “When ’t rains so hard I never can.”

“Why don’t you mend it when it’s fair?” “Oh, then it doesn’t need repair!” He blandly said As he turned his head And shook the raindrops from his hair.

From _The Metal Worker_.

PUBLIC BUILDINGS ON WHICH THE ABOVE METAL SHINGLES ARE USED.

RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS.

Independent Pres. Church, Savannah, Ga. South-West Pres. Church, Omaha, Neb. Methodist Church, Stony Point, N. Y. Methodist Church, Graniteville, Conn. Methodist Church, Broad River, Conn. Asbury Methodist Church, Providence, R. I. Second Methodist Church, Kingston, N. Y. Pisgah Methodist Church, Pisgah, Md. Methodist Church, Thomasville, Ga. Elm St. Methodist Church, Nashville, Tenn. East Nashville Methodist Church, Nashville, Tenn. Methodist Church, Manheim, Pa. Roman Catholic Church, Trinidad, Col. Roman Catholic Church, Albuquerque, New Mexico. German Evangelical Church, New Harmony, Ind. Holy Apostles’ P. E. Church, St. Clair, Pa. R. C. Church of St. Cecelia, N. Y. City. R. C. Apostolic Church, Toronto, Ont. St. Patrick’s R. C. Cathedral, Ottawa, Canada. Baptist Church, Tura, India. Winthrop St. Baptist Church, Taunton, Mass. Second Baptist Church, Lawrence, Mass. Berkeley Ave. Bap. Church, Berkeley, Va. Baptist Church, Danbury, Conn. Colored Baptist Church, Augusta, Ga. Christ Episcopal Church, Richmond, Va. St. John’s Epis. Church, Richmond, Va. Christ Episcopal Church, Port Tobacco, Md. St. Clement’s Episcopal Church, Chicago, Ill. Mission Church, Aintab, Turkey. Mission Church, Kiota, Japan. Bethany Chapel, Troy, N. Y. Colonial Beach Chapel, Va. Plymouth Church, Charleston, S. C. M. E. Church, McMinville, Tenn. First M. E. Church, Jackson, Mich. Christian Church, Little Rock, Ark. Second Baptist Church, Little Rock, Ark. First Pres. Church, Gainesville, Fla. M. E. Church, Beatrice, Neb. Round Hill Church, Va. St. Paul Lutheran Church, Lititz, Pa. Salvation Army Barracks, South Norwalk, Conn. Methodist Church, Salt Lake City. Christian Church, Belton, Texas. Salvation Army Barracks, Matteawan, N. Y. First Cong. Church, Daytona, Fla. Jewish Synagogue, Brunswick, Ga.

RAILROADS.

Savannah, Florida and Western R. R. North-Eastern R. R. of South Carolina. Western and North Carolina R. R. New York, Susquehanna and Western R. R. Chesapeake and Ohio R. R. Florida Railway & Navigation Company. South Florida Railway. Virginia Midland Railway. Richmond and Danville R. R. Newport News and Mississippi Valley R. R. Chicago and Evanston R. R. Jacksonville, Tampa and Key West R. R. Interstate Rapid Transit Co., Kansas City, Mo. Kansas City Cable Railway, Kansas City, Mo. Union Passenger Railroad Co., Richmond, Va. Franklin Avenue Line, St. Louis, Mo. West Nashville Railroad Depot, West Nashville, Tenn. St. Johns and Halifax R. R. Maryland Central R. R. Cornwall and Lebanon R. R. Co.

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.

DePaw College, Greencastle, Ind. Mississippi Industrial Institute and College, Columbus, Miss. St. John’s College, Tremont, N. Y. Las Vegas College, Las Vegas, New Mexico. Loyola College, Collington, Md. Woodstock College, Woodstock, Md. Medical College, Nashville, Tenn. Dayel College, Sparta, Tenn. Dakota University, Mitchell, Dakota. Public School, Richfield Springs, N. Y. Public School, Greenville, Ky. Public School, McCook, Neb. Public School, Dodge City, Kansas. Public School, Marion, Ill. Public School, Elizabeth, Pa. Public School, Freeport, Ill. Public School, Paw Paw, Ill. Public School, Hutchinson, Minn. Thirteenth District School, Nashville, Tenn. Tenth District School, Nashville, Tenn. Thirteenth Ward Grammar School, Nashville, Tenn. Fogg High School, Nashville, Tenn. Caldwell High School, Nashville, Tenn. Tampa High School, Tampa, Fla. Public School, Forward Township, Allegheny Co., Pa. Tarbox School, Nashville, Tenn. Searight School, Nashville, Tenn. Niagara Falls Museum, Niag. Falls, N. Y.

Hotels and State and County Buildings.

Florida State Capitol, Tallahassee, Fla. Washtenaw County Jail, Ann Arbor, Mich. Bristol County House of Correction, New Bedford, Mass. Government Penitentiary, Kingston, Ont. Main Street Central Police Station, Charleston, S. C. United States Soldiers’ Home, Leavenworth, Kansas. Wm. Houston Home, Charleston, S. C. Deaf and Dumb Institute, Jacksonville, Ill. Insane Asylum, Fort Steilacoom, Wash. Terr. United States Marine Barracks, Pensacola, Fla. Colorado State Insane Asylum, Pueblo, Col. Asylum for Feeble Minded, Beatrice, Neb. Tenn. Insane Asylum, Nashville, Tenn. County Asylum, Sparta, Tenn. City Hospital, Charleston, S. C. Towers of Minneapolis Exhibition Building, Minneapolis, Minn. Horticultural Hall, World’s Exposition, New Orleans, La. Plymount County Agricultural Society Building, Brockton, Mass. Public Library, Coldwater, Mich. Fair Association Buildings, St. Louis, Mo. Grand Army of the Republic Hall, Janesville, Iowa. Caledonian Rink, Ottawa, Canada. Park Building, West Nashville, Tenn. Concordia Association Building, Little Rock, Ark. U. S. Commissioners’ Building, Salt Lake City, Utah. Board of Trade Bldg., Little Rock, Ark. Exchange Building, West Nashville, Tenn. Lyons Water Works Buildings, Lyons, N. Y. Water Works Buildings, Battle Creek, Mich. City Water Works Buildings, Ottawa, Canada. Barclay St. Ferry House, New York City. Oakland Mills, Taunton, Mass. I. O. O. F. Building, Port Clinton, Ohio. I. O. O. F. Building, Savannah, Ga. Masonic Temple, Savannah, Ga. Masonic Temple, Daytona, Fla. Union County Court House, Union, S. C. Ford County Court House, Dodge City, Kansas. Ontonogan County Building, Houghton, Mich. Court House, Jonesborough, Ark. Hamilton County Court House, Texas. Menard County Court House, Texas. H. I. Kimball Hotel, Atlanta, Ga. Burlington Hotel, Burlington, Vermont. Fayetteville Hotel, Fayetteville, N. C. Mitchell Hotel, Thomasville, Ga. Arlington Hotel, Augusta, Ga. Summerville Hotel, Augusta, Ga. Cottage Hotel, Nunda, N. Y. City Hotel, Beatrice, Neb. Opera House, Junction City, Kansas. Grand Opera House, St. Louis, Mo. Overland Casino, Nashville, Tenn. Opera House, Tavares, Fla. North River Steamboat Co., Haverstraw, N. Y. New Central Station, Charleston, S. C. Lower Station House Stables, Charleston, S. C. Mechanics’ Union Hall, No. 1, Charleston, S. C. Oneida County Asylum, Rome, N. Y. Wheeler Elevator, Buffalo, N. Y. Ontario Elevator, Buffalo, N. Y. A. W. Stevens & Son, Auburn, N. Y. City Buildings, Taunton, Mass. I. O. U. W. Hall, New Harmony, Ind. Opera House, New Harmony, Ind.

INSIDE CONSTRUCTION.

By this we do not mean the arrangement or size of rooms, they may be large or very small, and in either instance lack the conveniences which may always be provided for by good construction. Even a small house can have transoms over all the doors which open into a hall, proper ventilating flues for all rooms, and a kitchen that will be comfortable in all seasons, (see articles under the head of “Ventilation” and “The Kitchen.”) These are essential; all dwellings, large or small, should have them. The windows and doors should be arranged to suit the furniture to be used. You have doubtless seen rooms with windows on two sides, a door and fire-place on the other. This arrangement makes it impossible for the room to contain an ordinary size bedstead, without placing it before a window or some other opening. Study these things when getting up plans for your house.

The dining room should be light and roomy, fronting the East if possible, as the morning sun is always desirable, and adds much to the cheerfulness of the family. The kitchen should not connect directly with the dining-room. Construct a passage-way, well ventilated, between the two rooms; this will prevent unsavory odors entering the dining-room. The space at each end of the passage can be utilized for the kitchen closets. Arrange your rooms so that you will not be compelled to pass through one room to get to another. Do not disfigure the walls by driving nails or hooks into the plastering for the purpose of hanging pictures, but fasten a neat gilt moulding to the side walls all around the room, about one foot from the ceiling. The moulding should be about one and one-half or two inches wide, with a groove on its upper side. Hooks shaped as an S can be placed at any point on this moulding, and the pictures are to be hung to these hooks. This arrangement is somewhat expensive, but it is the only proper way in which pictures can be hung.

Closets.—No house is complete without ample closets. Every lady knows that clothing and wraps cannot be stored away in drawers, and look well when wanted for use. As closets are expensive we suggest for small houses, that a room be constructed from four to six feet wide, and from ten to fifteen feet long, with a window at one end. Make shelves on one side, and place suitable clothes hooks on the other. In such a room the entire wardrobe and family linen can be properly stored. If you desire a moth-proof room, the ceiling, walls and shelves should be made of red cedar. We suggest this clothes room because of its cheapness. Each bedroom of large houses should be provided with a clothes closet, which should be lined with red cedar for the reasons above stated.

Don’t forget to have windows and all outside doors fitted up with light sash and frames covered with woven wire cloth. This material is very cheap, and can be purchased at any house-furnishing goods store. Its use prevents mosquitoes and flies from entering the house. Freedom from these summer pests will amply repay you for the expense. During the late fall, winter and spring months, the sash and frames can be removed; they should be stored in some perfectly dry place, such as a garret, never in a cellar. Speaking of pests reminds us of another kind that breed in cracks and crevices found in most kitchens, which might lead a thoughtful man to suppose that the builder, in his kindness of heart, provided these little hiding places for just such creatures. If you don’t want them, see that there are no cracks left between the wood-work and plastering, or in any part of the floor or walls of the kitchen. Fill with cement (Plaster of Paris is good) all cracks caused by shrinkage of wood-work after the walls are completed and are thoroughly dry.

SHEET METAL WORK FOR PUBLIC AND PRIVATE BUILDINGS.

GUTTERS, VALLEYS AND DOWN PIPES.

These things are very closely related to the roof, and like it should be of the best material.

A tin gutter hung at the eaves has the advantage of being cheap; if made of good material and put up with good fastenings is durable, and suitable for cheap houses and some portions of expensive ones.

In all cases where the fastenings are to hang from the roof, the gutter should be put up before the roof covering is put on, so the fastenings can be secured to the roof boards instead of on top of the tin, slate or wood shingles. If the fastenings are nailed on top of the roof covering, the nails soon become loose, and the gutter sags. The tinsmith will charge no more for doing his work before the roofers commence, but it may delay you a day. Paint the gutter inside as well as out, and see that it has sufficient fall to clear itself of water. If you prefer the gutter on the roof near the eaves, let the sheets of which it is made be of sufficient width to extend far enough up under the roof covering to prevent water (when the gutter is full) from overflowing at the back instead of over at the front; this is a common error. In every instance let this top gutter be outside the wall line, so in case of leakage the “drip” is outside the walls. Gutters of this kind, and all gutters that are soldered and firmly fastened to roof boards (not hanging gutters), are liable to crack by expansion and contraction of the metal; we therefore say, never put a gutter inside the wall lines if they can be put outside. Valleys formed by the joining of two roofs at an angle are usually steep enough to allow the metal sheets to lap on each other and shed water without soldering. Such sheets are usually made twenty-eight inches long. Their shortness prevents cracking from expansion and contraction even if nailed to roof boards. Remember that all trash or dirt that settles on the roof eventually finds its way into the valleys, gutters and down pipes, and in a manner scours their surface; for this reason they receive several fold more wear than the same amount of exposed surface of the roof, consequently, should be of better material. Few people are aware of the amount of dirt and sand which is carried by the wind and deposited on their house-tops; for this reason, if the water is used for drinking or cooking purposes, the first water that flows from the roof during a rain storm should not be allowed to flow into the cistern.

It is always best to have good sized down pipes. As a rule, for down pipes from hanging gutters, let the circumference of the pipe equal the girt of the gutter, and the gutter should be large enough to convey the water which falls on the roof during the heaviest storms. Use only curved elbows where a turn in the pipe is to be made, and at the foot or discharge end. Curved elbows are now made by machinery; they are stronger, more durable and cost no more than the common hand-made acute kind.

We have spoken of good material; but what is good material when Tin Plate is spoken of? The quality of Tin Plate depends on its toughness, and the weight of Tin or Terne coating on its surface. The first is easily determined by bending back and forth with the hand, the latter is not, unless handled by an expert. The following test will determine the difference, provided you have different qualities. If the qualities are the same, or nearly so, the difference will not be distinguishable.