Chapter 3

PRONOUNS

17. PRONOUN AND ANTECEDENT. A PRONOUN is a word used instead of a noun. The noun in whose stead it stands is called its ANTECEDENT. _JOHN took Mary's BOOK and gave IT to HIS friend_. In this sentence _book_ is the antecedent of the pronoun _it_, and _John_ is the antecedent of _his_.

18. PRONOUNS SHOULD AGREE WITH THEIR ANTECEDENTS IN PERSON, GENDER, AND NUMBER.

19. PERSONAL PRONOUNS are those that by their form indicate the speaker, the person spoken to, or the person or thing spoken about.

Pronouns of the FIRST PERSON indicate the speaker; they are: _I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours_.

Pronouns of the SECOND PERSON indicate the person or thing spoken to; they are: _you, your, yours_. There are also the grave or solemn forms in the second person, which are now little used; these are: _thou, thee, thy, thine_, and _ye_.

Pronouns of the THIRD PERSON indicate the person or thing spoken of; they are: _he, his, him, she, her, hers, they, their, theirs, them, it, its_.

Few errors are made in the use of the proper person of the pronoun.

20. GENDER OF PRONOUNS. The following pronouns indicate sex or gender; Masculine: _he, his, him_. Feminine: _she, her, hers_. Neuter: _it, its_.

IN ORDER TO SECURE AGREEMENT IN GENDER IT IS NECESSARY TO KNOW THE GENDER OF THE NOUN, EXPRESSED OR UNDERSTOOD, TO WHICH THE PRONOUN REFERS. Gender of nouns is important only so far as it concerns the use of pronouns. Study carefully the following rules in regard to gender. These rules apply to the singular number only, since all plurals of whatever gender are referred to by _they, their, theirs_, etc.

THE FOLLOWING RULES GOVERN THE GENDER OF PRONOUNS:

MASCULINE; referred to by _HE, HIS_, and _HIM_:

1. Nouns denoting males are always masculine.

2. Nouns denoting things remarkable for strength, power, sublimity, or size, when those things are regarded as if they were persons, are masculine; _as, WINTER, with HIS chilly army, destroyed them all_.

3. Singular nouns denoting persons of both sexes are masculine; as, _EVERY ONE brought HIS umbrella_.

FEMININE; referred to by _SHE, HER_, or _HERS_:

1. Nouns denoting females are always feminine.

2. Nouns denoting objects remarkable for beauty, gentleness, and peace, when spoken of as if they were persons, are feminine; as, _SLEEP healed him with HER fostering care_.

NEUTER; referred to by _IT_ and _ITS_:

1. Nouns denoting objects without sex are neuter.

2. Nouns denoting objects whose sex is disregarded are neuter; as, _IT is a pretty child, The WOLF is the most savage of ITS race_.

3. Collective nouns referring to a group of individuals as a unit are neuter; as, _The JURY gives its VERDICT, The COMMITTEE makes ITS report_.

An animal named may be regarded as masculine; feminine, or neuter, according to the characteristics the writer fancies it to possess; as, _The WOLF seeks HIS prey, The MOUSE nibbled HER way into the box, The BIRD seeks ITS nest.

Certain nouns may be applied to persons of either sex. They are then said to be of COMMON GENDER. There are no pronouns of common gender; hence those nouns are referred to as follows:

1. By masculine pronouns when known to denote males; as, _MY CLASS-MATE_ (known to be Harry) _is taking HIS examinations_.

2. By feminine pronouns when known to denote females; as, _EACH OF THE PUPILS of the Girls High School brought HER book._

3. By masculine pronouns when there is nothing in the connection of the thought to show the sex of the object; as, _Let every PERSON bring his book_.

21. NUMBER OF PRONOUNS. A more common source of error than disagreement in gender is disagreement in number. _They, their, theirs_, and _them_ are plural, but are often improperly used when only singular pronouns should be used. The cause of the error is failure to realize the true antecedent.

_If ANYBODY makes that statement, THEY are misinformed_. This sentence is wrong. _Anybody_ refers to only one person; both _any_ and _body_, the parts of the word, denote the singular. The sentence should read, _If ANYBODY makes that statement, HE is misinformed. Similarly, _Let EVERYBODY keep THEIR peace_, should read, _Let EVERYBODY keep HIS peace.

22. COMPOUND ANTECEDENTS. Two or more antecedents connected by _or_ or _nor_ are frequently referred to by the plural when the singular should be used. _Neither John nor James brought THEIR books_, should read, _Neither John nor James brought HIS books_. When a pronoun has two or more singular antecedents connected by _or_ or _nor_, the pronoun must be in the singular number; but if one of the antecedents is plural, the pronoun must, also, be in the plural; as, _Neither the Mormon nor his wives denied THEIR religion_.

When a pronoun has two or more antecedents connected by _and_, the pronoun must be in the plural number; as, _John and James brought THEIR books_.

Further treatment of number will be given under verbs.

EXERCISE 8

_Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the proper pronouns. See that there is agreement in person, gender, and number:_

1. Has everybody finished ---- work. 2. If any one wishes a longer time, let ---- hold up ---- hand. 3. The panther sprang from ---- lurking place. 4. Many a man has (have) lost ---- money in speculation. 5. The cat came each day for ---- bit of meat. 6. Everyone has to prove ---- right to a seat. 7. Let every boy answer for ---- self (selves). 8. The crowd was so great that we could hardly get through ----. 9. Let any boy guess this riddle if ---- can. 10. Company H was greatly reduced in ---- numbers. 11. Every animal has some weapon with which ---- can defend ----self (selves). 12. Nowhere does each dare do as ---- pleases (please). 13. The elephant placed ---- great foot on the man's chest. 14. The child did not know ---- mother. 15. Death gathers ---- unfailing harvest. 16. Every kind of animal has ---- natural enemies. 17. The committee instructed ---- chairman to report the matter. 18. Two men were present, but neither would tell what ---- saw. 19. Truth always triumphs over ---- enemies. 20. Nobody did ---- duty more readily than I. 21. The cat never fails to catch ---- prey. 22. I have used both blue crayon and red crayon, but ---- does (do) not write so clearly as white. 23. If John and Henry whisper (whispers) ---- will be punished. 24. If John or Henry whisper (whispers) ---- will be punished. 25. Both Columbus and Cabot failed to realize the importance of ---- discoveries. 26. Neither the lawyer nor the sheriff liked ---- task. 27. The canary longed to escape from ---- cage. 28. The rat ran to ---- hole. 29. The dog seemed to know ---- master was dead. 30. Everyone should try to gather a host of friends about ----. 31. If any one wishes to see me, send ---- to the Pierce Building. 32. Probably everybody is discouraged at least once in ---- life. 33. Nobody should deceive ----selves (self). 34. Let each take ---- own seat. 35. Let each girl in the class bring ---- book. 36. Let each bring ---- book. 37. Let each bring ---- sewing. 38. The fox dropped ---- meat in the pool. 39. The rock lay on ---- side. 40. Let sleep enter with ---- healing touch. 41. Each believed that ---- had been elected a delegate to the Mother's Congress. 42. Consumption demands each year ---- thousands of victims. 43. Summer arrays ----self (selves) with flowers. 44. Despair seized him in ---- powerful grasp. 45. If any boy or any girl finds the book, let ---- bring it to me. 46. Let every man and every woman speak ----mind. 47. Spring set forth ---- beauties. 48. How does the mouse save ---- self (selves) from being caught? 49. The hen cackled ---- loudest. 50. Some man or boy lost ---- hat. 51. John or James will favor us with ---- company. 52. Neither the captain nor the soldiers showed ----self (selves) during the fight. 53. If the boys or their father come we shall be glad to see ----. 54. Every man and every boy received ---- dinner. 55. Every man or boy gave ---- offering.

EXERCISE 9

_By what gender of the pronouns would you refer to the following nouns?_

Snake, death, care, mercy, fox, bear, walrus, child, baby, friend (uncertain sex), friend (known to be Mary), everybody, someone, artist, flower, moon, sun, sorrow, fate, student, foreigner, Harvard University, earth, Germany?

23. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. Relative Pronouns are pronouns used to introduce adjective or noun clauses that are not interrogative. In the sentence, _The man THAT I MENTIONED has come_, the relative clause, _that I mentioned_, is an adjective clause modifying _man_. In the sentence, _WHOM SHE MEANS, I do not know_, the relative clause is, _whom she means_, and is a noun clause forming the object of the verb _know_.

The relative pronouns are _who_ (_whose, whom_), _which, that_ and _what_. _But_ and _as_ are sometimes relative pronouns. There are, also, compound relative pronouns, which will be mentioned later.

24. _Who_ (with its possessive and objective forms, _whose_ and _whom_) should be used when the antecedent denotes persons. When the antecedent denotes things or animals, _which_ should be used. _That_ may be used with antecedents denoting persons, animals or things, and is the proper relative to use when the antecedent includes both persons and things. _What_, when used as a relative, seldom properly refers to persons. It always introduces a substantive clause, and is equivalent to _that which_; as, _It is WHAT (that which) he wants_.

25. _That_ is known as the RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE, because it should be used whenever the relative clause limits the substantive, unless _who_ or _which_ is of more pleasing sound in the sentence. In the sentence, _He is the man THAT DID THE ACT_, the relative clause, _that did the act_, defines what is meant by man; without the relative clause the sentence clearly would be incomplete. Similarly, in the sentence, _The book THAT I WANT is that red-backed history_, the restrictive relative clause is, _that I want_, and limits the application of _book_.

26. _Who_ and _which_ are known as the EXPLANATORY or NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVES, and should be used ordinarily only to introduce relative clauses which add some new thought to the author's principal thought. _Spanish, WHICH IS THE LEAST COMPLEX LANGUAGE, is the easiest to learn_. In this sentence the principal thought is, _Spanish is the easiest language to learn_. The relative clause, _which is the least complex language_, is a thought, which, though not fully so important as the principal thought, is more nearly coördinate than subordinate in its value. It adds an additional thought of the speaker explaining the character of the Spanish language. When _who_ and _which_ are thus used as explanatory relatives, we see that the relative clause may be omitted without making the sentence incomplete.

Compare the following sentences:

Explanatory relative clause: That book, _which is about history_, has a red cover.

Restrictive relative clause: The book _that is about history_ has a red cover.

Explanatory relative clause: Lincoln, _who was one of the world's greatest men_, was killed by Booth.

Restrictive relative clause: The Lincoln _that was killed by Booth_ was one of the world's greatest men.

NOTE.--See §111, for rule as to the punctuation of relative clauses.

27. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. An Interrogative Pronoun is a pronoun used to ask a question. The interrogative pronouns are, _who_ (_whose, whom_), _which_, and _what_. In respect to antecedents, _who_ should be used only in reference to persons; _which_ and _what_ may be used with any antecedent, persons, animals, or things.

EXERCISE 10

_Choose the proper relative or interrogative pronoun to be inserted in each of the following sentences. Insert commas where they are needed._ (_See_ §111):

1. The kindly physician ---- was so greatly loved is dead. 2. This is the man ---- all are praising. 3. John ---- is my coachman is sick. 4. The intelligence ---- he displayed was remarkable. 5. Intelligence ---- he had hitherto not manifested now showed its presence. 6. He maintains that the book ---- you used is now ruined. (Does _which_ or _that_ have the more pleasing sound here?) 7. The pleasure ---- education gives the man ---- has it is a sufficient reward for the trouble ---- it has cost. 8. That man ---- wears a cap is a foreigner. 9. The best hotel is the one ---- is nearest the station. 10. Who is it ---- is worthy of that honor? 11. The carriages and the drivers ---- you ordered yesterday have arrived. 12. ---- thing is it ---- you want? 13. He purchased ---- he wished. 14. There is no cloud ---- has not its silver lining. 15. It is the same dog ---- I bought. 16. The man and horse ---- you see pass here every afternoon. 17. ---- did they seek? 18. They inquired ---- he was going to do. 19. Who was it ---- lost the book? 20. The man ---- was a Frenchman was very much excited. 21. It is neither the party nor its candidate ---- gains support. 22. That is a characteristic ---- makes him seem almost rude. 23. It is the same tool ---- I used all day. 24. He is a man ---- inspires little confidence. 25. ---- does he expect of us? 26. It is just such a thing ---- I need. 27. There are few ---- will vote for him. 28. The wagon and children ---- you just saw came from our town. 29. He ---- writes out his lesson does all ---- can be expected. 30. Was it you or the cat ---- made that noise? 31. It is the same song ---- he always sings. 32. Such ---- I have is yours. 33. All the men and horses ---- we had were lost. 34. That is ---- pleased me most and ---- everyone talked about. 35. The horse was one ---- I had never ridden before. 36. That is ---- everyone said.

28. CASE FORMS OF PRONOUNS. Some personal, relative, and interrogative pronouns have distinctive forms for the different cases, and the failure to use the proper case forms in the sentence is one of the most frequent sources of error. The case to be used is to be determined by the use which the pronoun, not its antecedent, has in the sentence. In the sentence, _I name HIM_, note that _him_ is the object of the verb _name_. In the sentence, _WHOM do you seek_, although coming at the first of the sentence, _whom_ is grammatically the object of the verb _seek_. In the use of pronouns comes the most important need for a knowledge of when to use the different cases.

Note the following different case forms of pronouns:

Nominative: _I, we, you, thou, ye, he, she, they, it, who_.

Objective: _me, us, you, thee, ye, him, her, it, them, whom_.

Possessive: _my, mine, our, ours, thy, thine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, their, theirs, whose_.

It will be noted that, while some forms are the same in both the nominative and objective cases, _I, WE, HE, SHE, THEY, THOU_, AND _WHO_ ARE ONLY PROPER WHERE THE NOMINATIVE CASE SHOULD BE USED. _ME, US, HIM, THEM, THEE, WHOM_, AND _HER_, except when _her_ is possessive, ARE ONLY PROPER WHEN THE OBJECTIVE CASE IS DEMANDED. These forms must be remembered. It is only with these pronouns that mistakes are made in the use of the nominative and objective cases.

29. THE FOLLOWING OUTLINE EXPLAINS THE USE OF THE DIFFERENT CASE FORMS OF THE PRONOUNS. The outline should be mastered.

THE NOMINATIVE CASE SHOULD BE USED:

1. When the noun or pronoun is the subject of a finite verb; that is, a verb other than an infinitive. See 3 under Objective Case.

2. When it is an attribute complement. An attribute complement, as explained in Chapter I, is a word used in the predicate explaining or stating something about the subject. Examples: _It is I, The man was HE, The people were THEY of whom we spoke._

3. When it is used without relation to any other part of speech, as in direct address or exclamation.

THE OBJECTIVE CASE SHOULD BE USED:

1. When the noun or pronoun is the object of a verb; as, _He named ME, She deceived THEM, They watch US_.

2. When it is the object of a preposition, expressed or understood: as, _He spoke of ME, For WHOM do you take me, He told (to) ME a story._

3. When it is the subject of an infinitive; as, _I told HIM to go, I desire HER to hope_. The infinitives are the parts of the verb preceded by _to_; as, _to go, to see, to be, to have been seen_, etc. The sign of the infinitive, to, is not always expressed. The objective case is, nevertheless, used; as, _Let HIM (to) go, Have HER (to be) told about it._

4. When it is an attribute complement of an expressed subject of the infinitive _to be_; as, _They believed her to be ME, He denied it to have been him_. (See Note 2 below.)

THE POSSESSIVE CASE SHOULD BE USED:

When the word is used as a possessive modifier; as, _They spoke of HER being present, The book is HIS (book), It is THEIR fault._

NOTE I.--When a substantive is placed by the side of another substantive and is used to explain it, it is said to be in APPOSITION with that other substantive and takes the case of that word; as, _It_ was given _to John Smith, HIM whom you see there._

NOTE 2.--The attribute complement should always have the case of that subject of the verb which is expressed in the sentence. Thus, in the sentence, _I could not wish John to be HIM, him_ is properly in the objective case, since there is an expressed subject of the infinitive, _John_, which is in the objective case. But in the sentence, _I should hate to be HE, he_ is properly in the nominative case, since the only subject that is expressed in the sentence is _I_, in the nominative case.

NOTE 3.--Where the relative pronoun _who (whom)_ is the subject of a clause that itself is the object clause of a verb or a preposition, it is always in the nominative case. Thus the following sentences are both correct: _I delivered it to WHO owned it, Bring home WHOEVER will come with you._

EXERCISE 11

_Write sentences illustrating the correct use of each of the following pronouns:_

I, whom, who, we, me, us, they, whose, theirs, them, she, him, he, its, mine, our, thee, thou.

EXERCISE 12

_In the following sentences choose the proper form from the words in italics:_

1. My brother and _I me_ drove to the east end of the town. 2. Between you and _I me_ things are doubtful. 3. May James and _I me_ go to the circus? 4. Will you permit James and _I me_ to go to the play? 5. Who made that noise? Only _I me_. 6. He introduced us all, _I me_ among the rest. 7. He promised to bring candy to Helen and _I me_. 8. Was it _I me_ that you asked for? 9. Who spoke? _I me_. 10. I am taken to be _he him_. 11. No, it could not have been _me I_. 12. All have gone but you and _I me_. 13. You suffer more than _me I_. 14. Everyone has failed in the examination except you and _I me_. 15. He asked you and _I me_ to come to his office. 16. See if there is any mail for Mary and _me I_. 17. Neither you nor _I me_ can teach the class. 18. They think it to be _I me_. 19. This is the student _whom who_ all are praising. 20. The one that is _he him_ wears a brown hat. 21. He is a man _who whom_ all admired. 22. He is one of those men _who whom_ we call snobs. 23. I did not see that it was _her she_. 24. It is in fact _he him_. 25. He still believes it to be _them they_. 26. Between you and _I me_, it is my opinion that _him he_ and John will disagree. 27. We saw John and _she her_; we know it was _them they_. 28. I did not speak of either you or _she her_. 29. Our cousins and _we us_ are going to the Art Gallery. 30. Aunt Mary has asked our cousins and _us we_ to take dinner at her house. 31. They are more eager than _we us_ since they have not seen her for a long time. 32. It could not have been _we us who whom_ you suspected. 33. _We us_ boys are going to the ball game. 34. They sent letters to all _who whom_ they thought would contribute. 35. This money was given by John _who whom_ you know is very stingy. 36. The superintendent, _who whom_, I cannot doubt, is responsible for this error, must be discharged. 37. The teacher told you and _I me_ to stay. 38. The teacher told you and _him he_ to stay. 39. The teacher told you and _she her_ to stay. 40. There are many miles between England and _we us_. 41. They can't play the game better than _we us_. 42. It is unpleasant for such as _they them_ to witness such things. 43. Between a teacher and _he him who whom_ he teaches there is sometimes a strong fellowship. 44. You are nearly as strong as _him he_. 45. All were present but John and _he him_. 46. Father believed it was _she her_. 47. Mother knew it to be _her she_. 48. It was either _he him_ or _she her_ that called. 49. Because of _his him_ being young, they tried to shield him. 50. It was _he him who whom_ the manager said ought to be promoted. 51. The throne was held by a king _who whom_ historians believe to have been insane. 52. _Who whom_ did he say the man was? 53. _Who whom_ did he say the judge suspected? 54. _Who whom_ do you consider to be the brightest man? 55. _Who whom_ do you think is the brightest man? 56. He cannot learn from such as _thou thee_. 57. If they only rob such as _thou thee_, they are honest. 58. What dost _thou thee_ know? 59. They do tell _thee thou_ the truth. 60. She told John and _me I_ to study. 61. My father allowed my brother and _her she_ to go. 62. My brother and _she her_ were allowed to go by my father. 63. Turn not away from _him he_ that is needy. 64. Neither Frances nor _she her_ was at fault. 65. The property goes to _they them_. 66. He thought it was _her she_, but it was _him he_ and William who did it. 67. It was through _she her_ that word came to _me I_. 68. I thought it was _her she_. 69. I wish you were more like _he him_. 70. I thought it to be _she her_. 71. It seems to be _he_. I should hate to be _he_. I should like to be _he_ or _she_. (All these sentences are in the correct form.) 72. He is a man in _whom who_ I have little faith. 73. You are as skillful as _she her_. 74. We escorted her mother and _her she_ to the station. 75. _She her_ and _I me_ are going on the boat. 76. If any are late it will not be _us we_. 77. _Who whom_ are you going to collect it from? 78. _Who whom_ do men say that he is? 79. _Who whom_ do you think _him he_ to be? 80. _They them_ and their children have gone abroad. 81. It was not _they them_. 82. _Who whom_ am I said to be? 83. I do not know to _who whom_ to direct him. 84. How can one tell _who whom_ is at home now? 85. _Who whom_ is that for? 86. Choose _who whom_ you please. 87. Do you think _I me_ to be _her she who whom_ you call Kate? 88. Some _who whom_ their friends expected were kept away. 89. Give it to _who whom_ seems to want it most. 90. _Who whom_ do you think I saw there? 91. I hope it was _she her who whom_ we saw. 92. It could not have been _him he_. 93. _Who whom_ did you say did it? 94. Let _them they_ come at once. 95. The man on _who whom_ I relied was absent. 96. I know it was _they them who whom_ did it. 97. Will he let _us we_ go? 98. It came from _they them who whom_ should not have sent it. 99. It was not _us we_ from _who whom_ it came. 100. Can it be _she her_? 101. _Thou thee_ art mistaken. 102. Let me tell _thee thou, thee thou_ wilt do wrong. 103. Send _who whom_ wants the pass to me. 104. Tell _who whom_ you choose to come. 105. Is he the man for _who whom_ the city is named? 106. The book is for _who whom_ needs it. 107. I do not know _who whom_ the book is for.

30. The COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS are formed by adding _self_ or _selves_ to certain of the objective and possessive personal pronouns; as, _herself, myself, itself, themselves_, etc. They are used to add emphasis to an expression; as, _I, MYSELF, did it, He, HIMSELF, said so._ They are also used reflexively after verbs and prepositions; as, _He mentioned HIMSELF, He did it for HIMSELF_.

The compound personal pronouns should generally be confined to their emphatic and reflexive use. Do not say, _MYSELF and John will come_, but, _John and I will come_. Do not say, _They invited John and MYSELF_, but, _They invited John and ME_.

The compound personal pronouns have no possessive forms; but for the sake of emphasis _own_ with the ordinary possessive form is used; as, _I have my OWN book, Bring your OWN work, He has a home of his OWN._

31. There are no such forms as _hisself, your'n, his'n, her'n, theirself, theirselves, their'n_. In place of these use simply _his, her, their_, or _your_.

EXERCISE 13

_Write sentences illustrating the correct use of the following simple and compound personal pronouns:_

Myself, me, I, them, themselves, him, himself, her, herself, itself, our, ourselves.

EXERCISE 14

_Choose the correct form in the following sentences. Punctuate properly._ (_See_ §108):

1. _Yourself you_ and John were mentioned 2. She told Mary and _me myself_ to go with _her herself_. 3. The book is for _you yourself_ and _I me myself_. 4. Henry and _I me myself_ are in the same class. 5. He thinks _you yourself_ and _I me myself_ should bring the books. 6. Our friends and _we us ourselves_ are going out to-night. 7. _Herself she_ and her husband have been sick. 8. _They themselves_ and their children have gone abroad. 9. You play the violin better than _he himself_. 10. The machine failed to work well, because _it itself_ and the engine were not properly adjusted to each other. 11. Let them do it _theirselves themselves_. 12. He came by _hisself himself_. 13. The teacher _hisself himself_ could not have done better. 14. I'll bring my gun, and you bring _your'n yours your_ own. 15. That book is _his'n his_.

EXERCISE 15

_Fill the blanks in the following sentences with the proper emphatic or reflexive forms. Punctuate properly._ (_See_ §108):

1. He ---- said so. 2. I ---- will do it. 3. We ---- will look after her. 4. That, I tell you, is ---- book. 5. It belongs to me ----. 6. Those books are my ----. 7. Let them ---- pay for it. 8. The horse is to be for ---- use. 9. The horse is to be for the use of ----. 10. He said it to ----. 11. He deceived ----. 12. I do not wish ---- to be prominent.

32. The COMPOUND RELATIVE PRONOUNS are formed by adding _ever, so_, or _soever_ to the relative pronouns, _who, which_, and _what_; as, _whoever, whatever, whomever, whosoever, whoso, whosoever_, etc. It will be noted that _whoever, whosoever_, and _whoso_ have objective forms, _whomever, whomsoever_, and _whomso_; and possessive forms, _whosoever, whosesoever_, and _whoseso_. These forms must be used whenever the objective or possessive case is demanded. Thus, one should say, _I will give it to WHOMEVER I find there_. (See §29 and Note 3.)

EXERCISE 16

_Fill the following blanks with the proper forms of the compound relatives:_

1. We will refer the question to ---- you may name. 2. ---- it may have been, it was not he. 3. I shall receive presents from ---- I wish. 4. It was between him and ---- was with him. 5. ---- they may choose, I will not vote for him. 6. Let them name ---- they think will win. 7. Give it to ---- you think needs it most. 8. He may take ---- he cares to. 9. He will take ---- property he finds there. 10. He promised to ask the question of ---- he found there. 11. ---- can have done it? 12. ---- else may be said, that is not true. 13. There are the two chairs; you may take ---- you like. 14. ---- you take will suit me. 15. You may have ---- you wish. 16. ---- is nominated, will you vote for him? 17. ---- they nominate, I will vote for him. 18. ---- does that is a partizan. 19. ---- candidate is elected, I will be satisfied. 20. He may name ---- he thinks best. 21. ---- he says is worthy of attention. 22. ---- she takes after, she is honest. 23. ---- follows him will be sorry. 24. ---- he may be, he is no gentleman. 25. ---- they do is praised.

33. There are certain words, called ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS, which are regarded as pronouns, because, although they are properly adjective in their meaning, the nouns which they modify are never expressed; as, _One_ (there is a possessive form, _one's_, and a plural form, _ones_), _none, this, that, these, those, other, former, some, few, many_, etc.

34. SOME MISCELLANEOUS CAUTIONS IN THE USE OF PRONOUNS:

1. The pronoun _I_ should always be capitalized, and should, when used as part of a compound subject, be placed second; as, _James and I were present, not I and James were present_.

2. Do not use the common and grave forms of the personal pronouns in the same sentence; as, _THOU wilt do this whether YOU wish or not_.

3. Avoid the use of personal pronouns where they are unnecessary; as, _John, HE did it, or Mary, SHE said_. This is a frequent error in speech.

4. Let the antecedent of each pronoun be clearly apparent. Note the uncertainty in the following sentence; _He sent a box of cheese, and IT was made of wood_. The antecedent of _it_ is not clear. Again, _A man told his son to take HIS coat home_. The antecedent of _his_ is very uncertain. Such errors are frequent.

In relative clauses this error may sometimes be avoided by placing the relative clause as near as possible to the noun it limits. Note the following sentence: _A cat was found in the YARD WHICH wore a blue ribbon_. The grammatical inference would be that the yard wore the blue ribbon. The sentence might be changed to, _A CAT, WHICH wore a blue ribbon, was found in the yard_.

5. Relative clauses referring to the same thing require the same relative pronoun to introduce them; as, _The book THAT we found and the book THAT he lost are the same_.

6. Use _but that_ when _BUT_ is a conjunction and _that_ introduces a noun clause; as, _There is no doubt BUT THAT he will go_. Use _but what_ when _but_ is a preposition in the sense of _except_; as, _He has no money but (except) WHAT I gave him_.

7. _Them_ is a pronoun and should never be used as an adjective. _Those_ is the adjective which should be used in its place; as, _Those people_, not, _Them people_.

8. Avoid using _you_ and _they_ indefinitely; as, _YOU seldom hear of such things, THEY make chairs there_. Instead, say, _ONE seldom hears of such things, Chairs are made there_.

9. _Which_ should not be used with a clause or phrase as its antecedent. Both the following sentences are wrong: _He sent me to see John, WHICH I did. Their whispering became very loud, which annoyed the preacher_.

10. Never use an apostrophe with the possessive pronouns, _its, yours, theirs, ours_ and _hers_.

EXERCISE 17

_Correct the following sentences so that they do not violate the cautions above stated_:

1. How can you say that when thou knowest better? 2. May I and Mary go to the concert? 3. He asked me to write to him, which I did. 4. Grant thou to us your blessing. 5. The train it was twenty minutes late. 6. Mother she said I might go. 7. Mary told her mother she was mistaken. 8. The man cannot leave his friend, for if he should leave him he would be angry. 9. Sarah asked her aunt how old she was. 10. That is the man whom we named and that did it. 11. Mr. Jones went to Mr. Smith and told him that his dog was lost. 12. This is the book that we found and which he lost. 13. She told her sister that if she could not get to the city, she thought she had better go home. 14. Jack cannot see Henry because he is so short. 15. Then Jack and George, they went home. 16. Bring them books here. 17. Them are all wrong. 18. There are no men in the room but that can be bought. 19. I have no doubt but what it was done. 20. Them there should be corrected. 21. I have faith in everything but that he says. 22. I have no fears but what it can be done. 23. Napoleon, he threw his armies across the Rhine. 24. Thou knowest not what you are doing. 25. It was thought advisable to exile Napoleon, which was done. 26. A grapevine had grown along the fence which was full of grapes. 27. Keep them people out of here. 28. The two cars contained horses that were painted yellow. 29. She is a girl who is always smiling and that all like. 30. You never can tell about foreigners. 31. They say that is not true. 32. The cabin needed to be swept, which we did. 33. They use those methods in some schools. 34. It is the house that is on the corner and which is painted white. 35. You can easily learn history if you have a good memory. 36. How can you tell but what it will rain? 37. He does everything but what he should do. 38. He has everything but that he needs. 39. It was a collie dog which we had and that was stolen. 40. Aunt, she said that she didn't know but what she would go. 41. Tell I and John about it. 42. He went to his father and told him he had sinned. 43. Dost thou know what you doest? 44. It's appearance was deceitful. 45. The chair was also their's. 46. There is a slight difference between mine and your's. 47. Which of the two is her's? 48. They are both our's.