CHAPTER VIII.

The fact of the prevalence of different kinds of weather over the country at the same time is of great importance. It should be strongly emphasized by the teacher in the course of the discussion of the maps of weather distribution. Additional exercises of the same sort may be given to advantage, by letting the class plot and study the weather signs taken from any current weather map. Instructive lessons may be taught by talking over, in the class, the different ways in which people all over the country are affected by the character of the weather that happens to prevail where they are.

CHAPTERS IX-XVIII.

The correlation exercises will, as a whole, teach few entirely new facts to the brighter scholars who have faithfully completed the preceding work in observations and in the construction and study of the daily weather maps. These exercises do, however, lead to detailed examination and to the careful working out of the relations which may have been previously noticed in a general way only. They give the repeated illustration which is necessary in order to impress firmly on the mind the lesson that the weather map has to teach.

It is a good plan to let different scholars work out the problems for different months. The results reached in each case should be discussed in the class, and thus each member may have the double advantage of working out his own problem, and of profiting by the work done by his fellows. Throughout these exercises care should be taken to have weather maps of all months studied. The exercise on the correlation of the velocity of the wind with the pressure cannot be undertaken unless the work on temperature and pressure gradients (Chapters V and VII) has been completed.

CHAPTERS XX-XXV.

It is not expected that any one scholar can accomplish all that is here outlined. Examples may be selected from the list, as opportunity offers, so that each scholar shall become familiar with several problems.

Few of the problems suggested call for continuous routine observation at fixed hours. They require, on the other hand, an intelligent examination of ordinary weather phenomena, with special reference to discovering their explanation. In most of the problems a small number of observations will suffice. Under the supervision of the teacher, different problems may be assigned to the several members of a class; or several scholars may work on different parts of the same problem, exchanging records in order to save time. All the scholars should have a general knowledge of the results which have been obtained from the observations made by the other members of their class. The teacher will use his discretion in arranging the order of the problems, and in selecting those that are best suited to the season in which the work is done, to the locality in which the school is situated, and to the facilities and apparatus at command. Although the variety of accessible problems is less in city schools than in country schools, much may be done in the city as well as in the country.

The opportunities for carrying out such observational work vary so much in different schools that it is impossible to give specific instructions, which shall be available in all cases. Some general suggestions are therefore given, which the teacher may supplement by more detailed instructions framed to fit the particular circumstances of each case.

A review of the headings of the different problems shows that a very general correlation exists among them, whereby the subjects of every heading are associated with those of nearly every other. In other words, every weather element is treated as a function of several other elements. It follows from this that the variety of work here outlined is more apparent than real, and that many problems which appear from their wording to be entirely new are in large part rearrangements of problems previously encountered.

APPENDIX B.

THE EQUIPMENT OF A METEOROLOGICAL LABORATORY.

_A._ INSTRUMENTS.

_Exposed Thermometer_ (United States Weather Bureau pattern), with brass support, $2.75.

_Maximum and Minimum Thermometers_ (United States Weather Bureau pattern), mounted together on one board, $6.25.

_Wet- and Dry-Bulb Thermometers_ (United States Weather Bureau pattern), mounted on one board, complete with water cup, $6.50.

_Sling Psychrometer_ (designed by Professor C. F. Marvin, of the United States Weather Bureau), consisting of two exposed mercurial thermometers, mounted on an aluminum back, and provided with polished, turned hard-wood handle and brass trimmings, $5.00.

_Sling Psychrometer_, consisting of two cylindrical bulb thermometers, mounted one a little above the other upon a light brass frame, with a perforated guard to protect the bulbs while swinging, but which can be raised (by sliding upon the frame) for the purpose of moistening the linen covering of the wet bulb. Much less liable to be broken than the Weather Bureau pattern, $5.00.

_Rain Gauge_ (United States Weather Bureau standard), 8 inches in diameter, complete, with measuring stick, $5.25.

_Rain Gauge_, 3 inches in diameter, with overflow and measuring stick, $1.25.

_Wind Vane_ (United States Weather Bureau pattern), $10.00.

_Anemometer_ (United States Weather Bureau pattern), with indicator, aluminum cups, and electrical attachment, $25.00.

The same, with painted brass cups, $23.00.

_Anemometer Register_ (United States Weather Bureau pattern), with pen and ink attachment, $35.00.

The same, with pencil attachment (old style), $24.00.

_Aneroid Barometer_ (for meteorological work), $14.00-$16.00.

NOTE.——Much cheaper aneroids can be purchased, and may be used to some advantage in the simpler observations in schools.

_Mercurial Barometer_ (Standard United States Weather Bureau pattern), complete with attached thermometer, vernier, etc., $30.00-$33.00.

NOTE.——The above instruments, as used by the United States Weather Bureau, are made by H. J. Green, 1191 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. The prices are those given in Green’s latest catalogue.

_Mercurial Barometer._ New improved form, especially designed for school use. Mounted on mahogany back. Scale engraved on aluminum. Divisions of scale on metric and English systems. No vernier, $5.75.

(L. E. Knott Apparatus Co., 14 Ashburton Place, Boston, Mass.)

_Thermograph_ (designed by Dr. Daniel Draper, of New York). Consists of a bimetallic thermometer in a case which carries a disk, with a chart upon its axle instead of hands like the ordinary clock. A pen (resting on the face of the disk) registers the fluctuations of temperature as the chart is carried around. Sizes, 14 × 20 inches, $30.00; 10 × 14 inches, $15.00. This instrument may be purchased of H. J. Green.

_Thermograph._ Self-recording thermometer (as adopted by the United States Weather Bureau), made by Richard Frères, of Paris. Records continuously on a sheet of paper wound around a revolving drum, which is driven by clock-work inside. Standard size (without duty), $30.00.

_Barograph._ Self-recording barometer (as adopted by the United States Weather Bureau), made by Richard Frères, of Paris. Similar in general arrangement to the thermograph. Standard size (without duty), $27.60.

These last two instruments can be procured through Glaenzer Frères & Rheinboldt, 26 & 28 Washington Place, New York City.

_Instrument Shelter_ (standard United States Weather Bureau pattern) will hold a set of maximum and minimum thermometers, psychrometer, and a thermograph. May be set up on top of posts driven into the ground, or may be attached to a wall, $18.00.

_Barometer Box_, for the standard mercurial barometer. Made of mahogany, with glass panels on front and sides; lock and key, and with fittings complete, $8.50.

These may be purchased of H. J. Green.

_B._ TEXT-BOOKS.

_The Story of the Earth’s Atmosphere._ DOUGLAS ARCHIBALD. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1898. 18mo, pp. 194. 40 cents.

To be recommended to the general reader who wishes to gain some knowledge of meteorology quickly. Not a text-book. Contains a chapter on “Flight in the Atmosphere.”

_Elementary Meteorology._ WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS. Boston, Ginn & Co., 1898. 8vo, pp. 355. $2.50.

The most complete of the modern text-books, and the best adapted for use in the systematic teaching of meteorology. The modern views are presented clearly and without the use of mathematics. Portions of it are somewhat too advanced for school study, but teachers will find it invaluable as a reference book in directing the laboratory work, and in answering the questions of school classes.

_A Popular Treatise on the Winds._ WILLIAM FERREL. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1890. 8vo, pp. 505. $3.40.

This can hardly be regarded as a _popular_ treatise. It embodies, in condensed and chiefly non-mathematical form, the results of Ferrel’s researches during his long and profound study of the general circulation and phenomena of the atmosphere. Teachers who advance far into meteorology will find this book indispensable. It is not at all suited for general class-room use.

_American Weather._ A. W. GREELY. New York, Dodd, Mead & Co., 1888. 8vo, pp. 286. Out of print, but secondhand copies are probably obtainable.

Deals, as the title implies, especially with the weather phenomena of the United States. Contains brief accounts of individual hot and cold waves, hurricanes, blizzards and tornadoes, and gives specific data concerning maxima and minima of temperature, precipitation, etc., in the United States.

_Meteorology: Practical and Applied._ JOHN WILLIAM MOORE. London, F. J. Rebman, 1894. 8vo, pp. 445. 8 shillings.

A readable book. Considerable space is given to instrumental meteorology. Contains chapters on the climate of the British Isles and on the relations of weather and disease in the British Isles. Especially adapted for the use of English readers.

_Elementary Meteorology._ ROBERT H. SCOTT. International Scientific Series. London, Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., 1885; Boston, A. A. Waterman & Co., 1889. 8vo, pp. 410. 6 shillings.

The standard text-book in Great Britain. The author is secretary to the Meteorological Council of the Royal Society. Fairly complete, but now somewhat out of date in some portions. It is a useful book in a meteorological library, but does not treat the subject in a way very helpful to the teacher.

_Meteorology._ THOMAS RUSSELL. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1895. 8vo, pp. 277.

Brief and incomplete as a text-book of meteorology, but containing a very comprehensive account, fully illustrated, of rivers and floods in the United States, and their prediction.

_Elementary Meteorology._ FRANK WALDO. New York, American Book Company, 1896. 8vo, pp. 373. 90 cents.

A compact summary. Useful to teachers as a handy reference book.

_Modern Meteorology._ FRANK WALDO. New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1893. 8vo, pp. 460. $1.25.

Very complete account of meteorological apparatus and methods, and admirable summary of recent German studies of the thermodynamics and general motions of the atmosphere.

_C._ INSTRUCTIONS IN THE USE OF INSTRUMENTS.

_Instructions for Voluntary Observers._ 1899. 8vo, pp. 23. Brief instructions for taking and recording observations of temperature and precipitation with ordinary and maximum and minimum thermometers and with the rain gauge.

_Barometers and the Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure._ C. F. MARVIN. 1894. 8vo, pp. 74. A pamphlet of information respecting the theory and construction of barometers in general, with summary of instructions for the care and use of the standard Weather Bureau instruments.

_Instructions for Obtaining and Tabulating Records from Recording Instruments._ 1898. 8vo, pp. 31. Contains directions concerning the care and use of the Richard thermograph and barograph.

NOTE.——These pamphlets are prepared under the direction of Professor Willis L. Moore, Chief of the United States Weather Bureau, and are published, under authority of the Secretary of Agriculture, by the Weather Bureau. They will be found the best guides in making observations, the care of instruments, etc.

_D._ JOURNALS, ETC.

_Monthly Weather Review._ Prepared under the direction of Willis L. Moore, Chief of Weather Bureau, Professor Cleveland Abbe, Editor. United States Department of Agriculture, Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C. 10 cents a copy.

An invaluable publication for teachers and students alike. Contains complete meteorological summaries for each month; accounts of all notable storms, cold and hot waves, etc.; and a large number of articles on a wide range of meteorological subjects. The charts show the tracks of areas of high and low pressure which crossed the United States during the month, the total precipitation, sea-level pressure, temperature and surface winds, percentage of sunshine, etc., for the month. Other charts are also frequently added.

_The Journal of School Geography._ Professor Richard E. Dodge, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City, Editor. Publication Office, 41 No. Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa. Ten numbers a year. $1.00 per annum.

A monthly journal devoted to the interests of the common school teacher of geography. Contains numerous articles and notes on meteorological and climatological subjects.

_Science._ Edited by Professor J. McK. Cattell, Columbia University, New York City, New York, The Macmillan Company. Weekly. $5.00 per annum.

Devoted to the advancement of all sciences. Contains brief _Current Notes on Meteorology_, which summarize the more important meteorological publications.

_Monthly Bulletins of the Climate and Crop Service of the Weather Bureau._

These _Bulletins_ are issued every month at the central office of the Weather Bureau in each State, under the direction of the Section Director of the Climate and Crop Service in that State. They contain meteorological data for the month, and frequently notes of interest. The annual summaries are especially valuable.

_E._ CHARTS.

_Daily Weather Maps._ These are published at the central office of the Weather Bureau in Washington, and at eighty-four other stations of the Bureau throughout the United States. It is best to have the daily maps sent from the nearest map-publishing station, and not from Washington, as the delay in the latter case is often so great that much of the immediate value of the maps is lost.

_Climate and Crop Bulletin of the United States Weather Bureau._ Washington, D. C. Monthly.

Chart showing, by means of small maps, the actual precipitation, departures from normal precipitation, departures from normal temperature, and maximum and minimum temperatures. Also a printed summary of the weather and of the crop conditions in the different sections of the United States. Issued on the first of each month.

_Snow and Ice Chart of the United States Weather Bureau._ Washington, D. C. Weekly during the winter season.

Based on data from regular Weather Bureau stations, supplemented by reports from selected voluntary observers. Shows, by shading, the area covered with snow at 8 P.M. each Tuesday during the winter, and by lines, the depth of snow in inches. Explanatory tables and text accompany the chart.

_Storm Bulletin of the United States Weather Bureau._ Washington, D. C. Issued at irregular intervals.

Charts, with text, illustrating the history of individual notable storms.

_Pilot Chart of the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans._ Hydrographic Office, Bureau of Equipment, Department of the Navy, Washington, D. C. Monthly. Price 10 cents a copy.

Shows calms and prevailing winds, ocean currents, regions of fog and equatorial rains, the positions of icebergs and wrecks, steamship and sailing routes, storm tracks, magnetic variation, etc. Also gives isobars and isotherms and a forecast for the month succeeding the date of publication, and a review of the weather over the oceans for the preceding month. Supplementary charts are occasionally issued.

_Rainfall and Snow of the United States as compiled to the End of 1891, with Annual, Seasonal, Monthly, and other Charts._ MARK W. HARRINGTON. United States Department of Agriculture. Weather Bureau, Bulletin C, Washington, D. C. 1894. Atlas, 18 × 24 inches. Charts 23. Text, 4-80 pp.

Contains twenty-three charts as follows: Monthly rainfall, seasonal rainfall, annual rainfall, monthly snowfall, monthly maxima of rainfall, rainy seasons, details of rainfall, details of occurrence of thunderstorms. Well adapted to serve as illustrations for use in the class-room. The text is explanatory, and is published separately in quarto form.

_Rainfall of the United States, with Annual, Seasonal, and other Charts._ ALFRED J. HENRY. United States Department of Agriculture, Weather Bureau, Bulletin D, Washington, D. C. 1897. 9-1/4 × 11-1/2 inches. Pp. 58. Charts 10. Plates III.

A more recent publication than the preceding one, the averages having been compiled to the end of 1896. The charts are smaller than most of those in Bulletin C, and therefore not so well adapted for class-room illustration. The chart of mean annual precipitation is the latest and best published. The rainfall of the crop-growing season receives separate treatment, and is illustrated by means of two charts. The discussion in the text is excellent.

_F._ METEOROLOGICAL TABLES.

_Smithsonian Meteorological Tables._ Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 844. Washington, D. C. 1893. 8vo. Pp. 262.

A very complete set of tables.

_Handbook of Meteorological Tables._ H. A. HAZEN (of the United States Weather Bureau). Washington, D. C. 1888. 8vo. Pp. 127. $1.50.

Contains forty-seven tables, comprising all that are needed by the working meteorologist. Includes tables for Fahrenheit and Centigrade conversions, for barometric hypsometry and reduction to sea level, for the psychrometer, etc.

_Tables for Obtaining the Temperature of the Dew-Point, Relative Humidity, etc._ United States Department of Agriculture, Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C. 1897. 8vo. Pp. 29.

These are the tables now in use by the Weather Bureau.

_G._ ILLUSTRATIONS.

_Classification of Clouds for the Weather Observers of the Hydrographic Office._ Hydrographic Office, Bureau of Navigation, Department of the Navy, Washington, D. C. 1897. Sheet of twelve colored views. Price 40 cents. In book form, with descriptive text, $1.00.

An excellent set of cloud views, classified according to the _International Nomenclature_. The text describes the various cloud forms and shows their value as weather prognostics. An attractive addition to the furnishings of a schoolroom.

_Selected List of Cloud Photographs and Lantern Slides._

Consists of twenty-eight photographs, and the same number of lantern slides, of the typical cloud forms, selected by the present writer from the collection in the Physical Geography Laboratory of Harvard University. The photographs (20 cents each, mounted) and slides (40 cents each) may be purchased of E. E. Howell, 612 17th Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. A description of these views was published in the _American Meteorological Journal_ for July, 1894 (Boston, Mass., Ginn & Company).

_Photographs._ Photographs of miscellaneous meteorological phenomena, such as snow and ice storms, damage by storm-waves or high winds, wind-blown trees, lightning, etc., may often be purchased of local dealers. They add to the attractiveness of a schoolroom and furnish excellent illustrations in teaching.

_H._ GENERAL.

The following _Bulletins_ of the Weather Bureau may be found useful as reference books:

No. 1. _Notes on the Climate and Meteorology of Death Valley, California._ MARK W. HARRINGTON. 8vo. 1892. Pp. 50.

No. 8. _Report on the Climatology of the Cotton Plant._ P. H. MELL. 8vo. 1893. Pp. 68.

No. 10. _The Climate of Chicago._ H. A. HAZEN. 8vo. 1893. Pp. 137.

No. 11. _Report of the International Meteorological Congress held at Chicago, III., Aug. 21-24, 1893._ 8vo. Pt. I, 1894, pp. 206. Pt. II, 1895, pp. 583. Pt. III, 1896, pp. 772. Pt. IV, not yet issued.

No. 15. _Protection from Lightning._ ALEXANDER MCADIE. 8vo. 1895. Pp. 26.

No. 17. _The Work of the Weather Bureau in Connection with the Rivers of the United States._ WILLIS L. MOORE. 8vo. 1896. Pp. 106.

No. 19. _Report on the Relative Humidity of Southern New England and Other Localities._ A. J. HENRY. 8vo. 1896. Pp. 23.

No. 20. _Storms, Storm Tracks and Weather Forecasting._ FRANK H. BIGELOW. 8vo. 1897. Pp. 87.

No. 21. _Climate, of Cuba._ Also, _A Note on the Weather of Manila._ W. F. R. PHILLIPS. 8vo. 1898. Pp. 23.

No. 23. _Frost: When to expect it and how to lessen the Injury therefrom._ W. H. HAMMON. 8vo. 1899. Pp. 37.

No. 25. _Weather Forecasting: Some Facts Historical, Practical, and Theoretical._ WILLIS L. MOORE. 8vo. 1899. Pp. 16.

No. 26. _Lightning and the Electricity of the Air._ In two parts. A. G. MCADIE and A. J. HENRY. 8vo. 1899. Pp. 74.

The following miscellaneous publications of the Weather Bureau may also prove of value.

_Injury from Frost and Methods of Protection._ W. H. HAMMON. 8vo. 1896. Pp. 12.

_Some Climatic Features of the Arid Regions._ WILLIS L. MOORE. 8vo. 1896. Pp. 19.

_Investigation of the Cyclonic Circulation and the Translatory Movement of the West Indian Hurricanes._ The late REV. BENITO VIÑES, S. J. 8vo. 1898. Pp. 34.

Requests for weather maps, _Bulletins_, and other publications of the Weather Bureau should be sent to the Chief of the Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C. All requests are dealt with on their merits, and in cases where it is deemed that effective use will be made of the publications they are usually sent free of charge.

INDEX.

A.

Anemometer, 38-41.

Aneroid barometer, 23, 24.

Anticyclones, 76. ———— and pressure changes, 141. ———— and temperature, 104-106. ———— and weather, 109-112. ———— and wind circulation, 98-100. ———— form and dimensions of, 96-98. ———— progression of, 111, 112. ———— tracks of, 111, 112.

B.

Backing winds, 118.

Barograph, 36, 37. ———— records, 37, 38.

Barometer, aneroid, 23, 24. ———— corrections, 33, 34. ———— mercurial, 19-23, 32, 33. ———— reduction to freezing, 143, 144, 166, 167.

Barometer reduction to sea level, 144, 145, 168-170.

Buran, 75, 76.

Buys-Ballot’s Law, 99.

C.

Cherrapunjee, rainfall at, 138.

Clouds and upper air currents, 136, 137.

Clouds as weather prognostics, 137. ———— forms and changes of, 136. ———— movements of, 41-43, 46, 95, 136, 137.

Clouds, observations of, 5, 9, 41-43, 45, 46.

Cold wave, 62, 75, 76, 103, 106.

Cold-wave forecasts, 63.

Correlations of weather elements, 91-113.

Cyclones, 76. ———— and pressure changes, 141. ———— and temperature, 104-106. ———— and weather, 109-111, 113, 114. ———— and wind circulation, 98-100. ———— form and dimensions of, 96-98. ———— progression of, 111, 112. ———— tracks of, 111, 113. ———— tropical, 106. ———— velocity of, 112, 113.

D.

Dew, 134, 136. ———— point, 30. ———— ———— tables, 142, 143, 146-155.

Diurnal variation of temperature, 125-127.

Diurnal variation of wind velocity, 130.

Doldrums, 29.

E.

Equipment of a meteorological laboratory, 186.

Evaporation, 29.

F.

Fahrenheit, 12, 13.

Ferrel’s Law, 93.

Forecasts, cold-wave, 63. ———— weather, 49, 114-124.

Franklin, Benjamin, 114, 115.

Frost, 135. ———— warnings, 135.

G.

Galileo, 12, 19.

Gradients, pressure, 82-85. ———— temperature, 64-70. ———— vertical temperature, 129.

H.

Humidity, 29, 132-134. ———— diurnal variation of, 133. ———— relative, 30, 32, 45, 133. ———— relative, and wind direction, 133. ———— tables, 143, 156-165.

Hurricane, 100.

I.

Inversions of temperature, 129.

Isobaric charts, 76-82, 85, 95, 96.

Isobars, 77-82, 121.

Isothermal charts, 63, 68-70.

Isotherms, 55-57, 121.

L.

Land and sea breezes, 3, 131, 132.

Loomis, 97, 113.

M.

Meteorological tables, 146-170.

Mistral, 75.

Monsoons, 100.

Mountain and valley winds, 131.

N.

Nephoscope, 41-43.

O.

Observational meteorology, problems in, 125-141.

Observations, advanced instrumental, 26-46.

Observations, cloud, 5, 9, 41-43. ———— elementary instrumental, 11-26.

Observations, non-instrumental, 1-10.

Observations, rainfall, 9, 10, 26. ———— state of sky, 5, 9. ———— temperature, 1-3, 25. ———— wind, 3-5, 8, 9, 25.

P.

Pampero, 76, 104.

Pascal, 21.

Precipitation, 7, 9, 10, 138, 139.

Pressure and wind direction, 91-93. ———— and wind velocity, 93-96. ———— atmospheric, 19-21. ———— charts, 76-83. ———— cyclonic variation of, 140, 141. ———— decrease with altitude, 139, 140. ———— diurnal variation of, 140, 141. ———— gradient, 82-85.

Prevailing westerly winds, 93, 95, 96, 112, 113.

Psychrometer, 28. ———— sling, 31.

Purga, 75.

R.

Rain, see Precipitation. ———— heavy, 138, 139. ———— gauge, 15-17.

Rainfall records, 17, 18, 26.

S.

Sensible temperatures, 29, 30.

Sirocco, 103, 104, 133, 134.

Sling psychrometer, 31.

Smudges, 135.

State of sky, 5, 9, 45.

Suggestions to teachers, 171.

T.

Temperature charts, 58-60. ———— distribution, 51-63. ———— diurnal range, 125-127. ———— forecasts, 116. ———— gradient, 64-70.

Temperature gradient, vertical, 129. ———— inversions, 129. ———— maximum and minimum, 45. ———— mean, 43, 45. ———— observations, 1-3, 8-10, 25, 43, 45. ———— range, 45, 125-127. ———— sensible, 29, 30. ———— vertical distribution of, 128, 129.

Thermograph, 34-36. ———— records, 35, 36.

Thermometer, 12. ———— attached, 33. ———— maximum and minimum, 26-28. ———— shelter, 13, 14. ———— wet- and dry-bulb, 28, 30, 31.

Torricelli, 19, 20.

Trade winds, 93.

V.

Veering winds, 118.

Vernier, 33.

Vertical temperature gradient, 129.

W.

Water vapor, 28.

Weather, 85-90. ———— and wind direction, 106-109. ———— changes, sequence of, 113, 114. ———— charts, 85-90.

Weather forecasts, 49, 114-124. ———— map data, 90. ———— maps, 47-51. ———— prognostics, 137. ———— signs, 85. ———— temperate zone, 88-90. ———— torrid zone, 88-90.

Wind charts, 70-75. ———— direction and pressure, 91-93. ———— ———— and relative humidity, 133. ———— ———— and temperature, 101-104. ———— ———— and weather, 106-109. ———— ———— forecasts of, 118. ———— observations, 3-5, 25, 40, 41. ———— rose, 103, 108, 109. ———— vane, 15. ———— velocity, 3, 40, 41, 45. ———— ———— and pressure, 93-96. ———— ———— diurnal variation of, 130. ———— ———— forecasts of, 118. ———— ———— scale, 3.

Winds around cyclones and anticyclones, 98-100.

Winds, mountain and valley, 131, 132. ———— prevailing westerly, 93, 95-96, 112, 113.

Winds, trade, 93.

Woeikof, 69.

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TRANSCRIBER’S AMENDMENTS

Transcriber’s Note:

Blank pages have been deleted.

Some illustrations have been moved.

The footnotes have been coalesced and moved so as to follow the referencing paragraph.

The publisher’s inadvertent omissions of important punctuation have been corrected.

Some wide tables have been re-formatted to narrower equivalents with some words replaced with commonly known abbreviations and possibly a key.

The table on page 44 has been flipped around a diagonal axis so that the original column headings are now row headings.

The following list indicates any additional changes made. The page number represents that of the original publication and applies in this etext except for footnotes and illustrations since they may have been moved.

Key: { }[ ]:

Page Change

6 Than {}[the] day before yesterday? 62 reduction of temperature{ to}[ ]from 16° to 36°. 75 general relation between winds and cold {wave}[waves] 159 | 47 | 44 | 42 | {29}[39] | 36 | 34 | 31 | 53 162 {103}[108] | 97 | 93 | 90 | 87 | 83 | 80 | 170

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