Pompeii, Its Life and Art

[Theta] represents the greek letter named in the brackets. [=HS] represents the characters HS with a bar over the top. [*] represents the Roman Denarius sign. [E] represents the...

31. Section of the entablature of the temple of Apollo, showing the original form and the restoration after the earthquake of 63. After Mazois, Vol. IV, pl. 21 (Overbeck-Mau, Fi...

From Gaeta, where the south end of the Volscian range borders abruptly upon the sea, to the peninsula of Sorrento, a broad gulf stretched in remote ages, cutting its way far int...

When Pompeii was founded we do not know. It is more than likely that a site so well adapted for a city was occupied at an early date. The oldest building, the Doric temple in th...

Previous to the terrible eruption of 79, Vesuvius was considered an extinct volcano. "Above these places," says Strabo, writing in the time of Augustus, "lies Vesuvius, the side...

The first excavations at Pompeii were undertaken by the survivors shortly after the destruction of the city. As the upper parts of the houses that had not fallen in projected ab...

The city took its shape from the end of the old lava stream on which it lay, which ran southeast from Vesuvius. It formed an irregular oval a little less than four fifths of a m...

Six centuries lie between the dates of the earliest and the latest buildings at Pompeii; and in order to understand any structure rightly we must first of all ascertain to what...

The Forum is usually approached from the west side by the short, steep street leading from the Porta Marina. Entering, we find ourselves near the lower end of an oblong open spa...

The Forum was to the ancient city what the atrium was to the early Italic house; it was used for every purpose for which a special place was not provided elsewhere. And as sleep...

The Basilica, at the southwest corner of the Forum, was the most magnificent and architecturally the most interesting building at Pompeii. Its construction and decoration point...

In some respects the study of the large temple on the west side of the Forum is especially satisfactory. The building had been completely restored after the earthquake of 63, an...

The large building at the northwest corner of the Forum (Fig. 33, 1, 2, 3) was erected after the earthquake of the year 63. We do not know whether at the time of the eruption it...

The large building at the northeast corner of the Forum was a provision market, of the sort called _Macellum_. The name Pantheon, once applied to it, is now abandoned, and there...

In earlier times a street opened into the Forum south of the Macellum. Later, apparently in the time of Augustus, it was closed, and the end, together with adjoining space at th...

South of the sanctuary of the City Lares is another religious edifice of an entirely different character. Passing from the Forum across the open space once occupied by the porti...

The plan of the large building on the east side of the Forum, between the temple of Vespasian and Abbondanza Street, is simple and regular. In front is a deep portico (1), facin...

The last building on the east side of the Forum, south of Abbondanza Street, had undergone a complete transformation a short time before the destruction of the city. Before the...

At the south end of the Forum were three buildings similar in plan and closely connected. In front they presented a common facade, the narrow spaces between them being entered b...

For some years it had been known that a temple once stood in the rectangular block south of the strada della Marina; and in 1898 workmen excavating here began to uncover the mas...

Passing out from the Forum under the arch at the northeast corner, we enter the broadest street in Pompeii. On the right a colonnade over the sidewalk runs along the front of th...

The end of the old lava stream on which Pompeii lay runs off into two points; in the depression between them, as we have seen, was the Stabian Gate. On the edge of the spur at t...

Performances upon the stage were first given in Rome in the year 364 B.C.; a pestilence was raging, and the Romans thought to appease the gods by a new kind of celebration in th...

The names of the builders of the Small Theatre are known from an inscription which is found in duplicate in different parts of the building: _C. Quinctius C. f. Valg[us], M. Por...

'Behind the stage,' says Vitruvius (V. ix.), speaking of the arrangements of the theatre, 'colonnades should be built, that shelter may be afforded to spectators in case of rain...

The oblong court north of the Large Theatre, between the entrance of the Forum Triangulare and the temple of Isis, is the Palaestra. Originally, the enclosed area was entirely s...

The loftiest and purest religious conceptions of the ancient Egyptians were embodied in the myth of Isis and Osiris, which in the third millennium B.C. had already become the ba...

The small temple near the northeast corner of the block containing the theatres is entered from Stabian Street. The court (Fig. 84, 2), like that of the temple of Vespasian, has...

In comparison with the great bathing establishments of Rome, the baths at Pompeii are of moderate size. They have, however, a special interest, due in part to their excellent pr...

The bathing establishment in the block north of the Forum is smaller and simpler in its arrangements than that described in the last chapter, but the parts are essentially the s...

Seneca in an entertaining letter (Ep. 86) gives an account of a visit about 60 A.D. to the villa at Liternum in which the Elder Scipio had lived in the years immediately precedi...

In the southeast corner of the city, at a distance from the other excavations, lies the Amphitheatre, the scene of gladiatorial combats. The Pompeians called it 'the show,' _spe...

The streets of Pompeii vary greatly in width. The widest is Mercury Street, the continuation of which near the Forum has a breadth of nearly 32 feet. Next come Abbondanza and No...

From the military point of view, Pompeii at the time of the eruption did not possess a system of defences. For many years previously the city wall had been kept in repair only a...

Our chief sources of information regarding the domestic architecture of ancient Italy are two,--the treatise of Vitruvius, and the remains found at Pompeii. The Pompeian houses...

The house of the Surgeon (casa del Chirurgo) is the oldest of the Pompeian houses that retained to the last, with but slight modifications, its original plan and appearance. It...

The house of Sallust (VI. ii. 4) received its name from an election notice, painted on the outside, in which Gaius Sallustius was recommended for a municipal office. It has no p...

The house of the Faun, so named from the statue of a dancing satyr found in it (Fig. 258), was among the largest and most elegant in Pompeii. It illustrates for us the type of d...

The height of the important rooms can be accurately determined in so few houses of the Tufa Period, that special importance attaches to a house on the edge of the city north of...

Among the more interesting of the large houses excavated in the last decade is the house of the Silver Wedding, which marks the limit of excavation in the fifth Region (V. ii. _...

The house of Epidius Rufus, built, like those previously described, in the pre-Roman time, presents a pleasing example of a Corinthian atrium. In one respect it resembles the ol...

In the "Last Days of Pompeii" the house of the Tragic Poet is presented to us as the home of Glaucus. Though not large, it was among the most attractive in the city. It received...

The house of the Vettii, excavated in the years 1894-1895, bears the same relation to the other houses built in the Roman period that the house of the Faun does to those of the...

In the houses described in the preceding chapters the distribution of the rooms is characterized by a certain regularity, which makes it possible to indicate the arrangements by...

The houses accorded a detailed description in the previous chapters are few in comparison with the number of those worthy of special study. He alone who has wandered day after d...

their horses by the bridle, painted on the walls of the principal fauces. Between the two atriums, one of which is of the Corinthian type, lies a large peristyle; and behind the...

Two classes of villas were distinguished by the Romans,--the country seat, _villa pseudourbana_, and the farmhouse, _villa rustica_. The former was a city house, adapted to rura...

Less than two miles north of Pompeii, near the village of Boscoreale, a farmhouse was excavated in 1893-94 on the property of Vincenzo de Prisco. In the last century similar bui...

Much less large furniture has been found at Pompeii than is ordinarily supposed. In not a single sleeping room has a bed been preserved; and in only one of all the dining rooms...

In antiquity there was no such distinction between trades and professions as exists to-day. In the Early Empire all activity outside the field of public service, civil and milit...

The work of the ancient fuller was twofold, to make ready for use the cloth fresh from the loom, and to cleanse garments that had been worn. As the garments used by the Romans w...

Wineshops, _cauponae_, were numerous in Pompeii, and the remains are easily identified. Like the Italian _osterie_, they were at the same time eating houses, but the arrangement...

The tombs of Pompeii, like those of Rome, were placed in close array along the sides of the roads that led from the city gates. Only a few have been uncovered; how many still li...

The animals shown in the venatio are mainly wild boars and bears, but we recognize also a lion and a bull. Lions were doubtless much more rarely seen in such exhibitions at Pomp...

No part of the highway leading from the Nola Gate has yet been excavated. In the year 1854, however, excavations were made for a short distance along the city wall near this gat...

In the preceding pages the principal buildings of Pompeii have been described, and reference has been made to many works of art. We shall now offer a few observations of a more...

The open squares and public buildings of Pompeii were peopled with statues. The visitor who walked about the Forum in the years immediately preceding the eruption, saw on all si...

marble statue of Aphrodite, partly supported by a figure commonly identified as Hope, _Spes_. The carving is in no way remarkable, but the statue is of interest on account of th...

The inner walls of houses and public buildings at Pompeii were plastered, and usually decorated with colors; only storerooms, kitchens, and apartments designed for the use of sl...

The hanging of pictures upon the walls seems not to have been in vogue at Pompeii during the period to which the remains belong. The system of decoration left no room for framed...

The inscriptions discovered at Pompeii number more than six thousand. They cover a wide field, ranging from commemorative tablets put up at public expense to the scribblings of...

The graffiti form the largest division of the Pompeian inscriptions, comprising about three thousand examples, or one half of the entire number; the name is Italian, being deriv...

The most important inscriptions relating to business transactions are the receipts, discovered in 1875, which formed a part of the private accounts of L. Caecilius Jucundus (p....

The ideals of a nation--the true index of its culture--find expression alike in its laws, its literature, its art, and the environment of daily life. They are a common heritage,...

_Physical geography of Campania, Vesuvius_: NISSEN, Italische Landeskunde, vol. I (Berlin, 1883), pp. 263-272; PHILLIPS, Vesuvius (Oxford, 1869); G. VOM RATH, Der Vesuv (Berlin,...

_The founding of Pompeii_ [p. 8]: the question of the origin of the city is closely connected with that of the system of streets, for which see references to Chap. V, p. 517.

_Vesuvius before the eruption_ [p. 19]: Strabo, V. VIII. (p. 247); Diod. Sic. IV. XXI. 5; Vitr. II. VI. 2, 3; Mart. Epigr. IV. XLIV; PALMIERI, Del Vesuvio dei tempi di Spartaco...

_Excavations at Pompeii_: FIORELLI, Pompeianarum antiquitatum historia (3 vols., Naples, 1860-1864); FIORELLI, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872 (Naples, 1873); C. I. L. X. p...

_The system of streets_ [p. 32]: NISSEN, Das Templum (Berlin, 1869), pp. 63-81; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 572-593; FIORELLI, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, App. pp. 10-1...

_Materials, construction, periods, systems of measurement_: NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 1-97; FIORELLI, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, pp. 78-86; RUGGIERO, Delia eruzione...

_Excavation_ (1813-1818), _plan, remains_: FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 3, pp. 135-212, vol. 3, pp. 1-17; GELL, Pompeiana (Edit. 2, 2 vols., London, 1832), vol. 1, pp...

_Of the Capitolium in Roman colonies generally_: KUHFELDT, De capitoliis imperii Romani (Berlin, 1882); CASTAN, Les capitaux provinciaux du monde romain (Besancon, 1886); DE ROS...

_Reconstruction_: MAU, Roem. Mitth., vol. 3 (1888), pp. 14-46, vol. 6 (1891), pp. 67-71, vol. 8 (1893), pp. 166-171; cf. also WOLTERS, Das Chalcidicum der Pompejanischen Basilic...

_Excavation_ (1817-1818), _remains, restoration_: FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 3, pp. 191, 203-210, vol. 2, pp. 9, 69, vol. 3, pp. 9-16; GELL, Pompeiana (Edit. 3, by...

_The table of standard measures_ [p. 92]: MANCINI, La mensa ponderaria di Pompei esistente nel Museo Nazionale di Napoli, Giornale degli scavi di Pompei, Nuova Serie, vol. 2 (18...

_Excavation_ (in 1821-1822), _identification, reconstruction_: FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 38-56, vol. 3, pp. 31-32; GELL, Pompeiana (Edit. of 1832), vol. 1, pp. 46-...

_Excavation_ (in 1817), _remains, identification, restoration_: FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 3, p. 198; MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompei, vol. 4, pp. 33-36, pl. 12-15; GA...

_Remains, identification, restoration_: BECHI, Del calcidico e della cripta di Eumachia scavati nel Foro di Pompeji l'anno 1820 (Naples, 1820); GELL, Pompeiana (Edit. of 1832),...

_Excavation_ (1814), _remains, identification_: FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 3, pp. 154-159, vol. 2, p. 160; MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompei, vol. 3, p. 52, pl. 38; NISS...

_Excavation, remains, identification_: Not. d. scavi, 1899, pp. 17-23, 1900, pp. 27-30. In these reports the temple is assigned to the worship of Augustus, the history of the bu...

_Remains, restoration_: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompei, vol. 4, pp. 45-48, pl. 24-26; GELL, Pompeiana (Edit. of 1832), vol. 1, pp. 69-82; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 178-184; MAU,...

_Remains of the temple, restoration_: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompei, vol. 3, pp. 17-22, pl. 8-10. Especially attractive are the sketches and restorations given by WEICHARDT, Pomp...

_Excavation of the two theatres and the court behind the Large Theatre_ (July, 1764, to March, 1765; and December, 1791, to February, 1796): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1,...

_Inscriptions_: C. I. L. X. 844, 845. _Theft of the bronze letters of the inscription of Oculatius Verus_ [p. 156]: FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 3, pp. 231, 277; ZANG...

_Excavation_ (October 25, 1766, to April 7, 1769, and December 10, 1791, to February 20, 1794): FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 195-228, pt. 2, pp. 46-48, 51, 52,...

_The worship of Isis outside of Egypt_: LAFAYE, Histoire du culte des divinites d'Alexandrie, Serapis, Isis, Harpocrate et Anubis, hors de l'Egypte, depuis les origines jusqu'a...

_Remains, identification, restoration_: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompei, vol. 4, p. 22, pl. 4-6; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 175-177, 535-536; MAU, Pomp. Beitraege, pp. 13-15, 227-2...

_Roman baths in general_: MARQUARDT, Privatleben der Roemer, Edit. 2, pt. 1, pp. 269-297; MAU, article Baeder in the Pauly-Wissowa Realencyclopaedie, vol. 2, pt. 2, pp. 2743-275...

_Remains_: BECHI, Terme Pompeiane, Museo Borb., vol. 2, pl. 49-52 (text, 31 pp.); BRULLOFF, Thermes di Pompei (Paris, 1829), 10 large pls.; GELL, Pompeiana (Edit. of 1832), vol....

_Of amphitheatres in general, and gladiatorial sports_: FRIEDLAENDER, Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms in der Zeit von August bis zum Ausgang der Antonine, Edit. 6 (3...

_The streets_ [pp. 227-229]: MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompei, vol. I, pp. 25-26, pl. 2, 3, 14, 15, 35, 37, vol. 2, pp. 35-39, pl. 2-8; NISSEN, Pomp. Studien, pp. 516-572. _Inscript...

_Excavation of walls, gates, towers_: FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 154, 234-236, pt. 3, pp. 64-69, 76, 84-88, 96-97, 111-124, 131, 143-151, 160, 168-170, vol....

_Of the Pompeian and the Roman house_: MAZOIS, Essai sur les habitations des anciens romains, in Les ruines de Pompei, vol. 2, pp. 3-34 (3 pls.); MAZOIS, Le palais de Scaurus (P...

_Plan, construction, restoration_: PIRANESI, Antiquites de Pompei, vol. 1, pl. 14-21; MAZOIS, Les ruines de Pompei, vol. 2, p. 51, and pl. 13 (plan); FIORELLI, Gli scavi di Pomp...

_Decoration_: above, pp. 459-460; MAU, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 17-33, 112-114, 416-417, pl. 2; HELBIG, Wandgemaelde, nos. 51, 124, 249 _b_, 319, 373, 429, 465, 493,...

_Mosaics_: Museo Borb., vol. 7, pl. 62, vol. 8, pl. 36-45, vol. 9, pl. 55, vol. 14, pl. 14; ROUX, Herculanum et Pompei, vol. 5, 6th series, pl. 20-29, 32; SCHREIBER, Atlas of Cl...

_Excavation_ (1824-1825), _plan, decoration_: FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 116-135; GELL, Pompeiana (Edit. of 1832), vol. 1, pp. 142-178; NICCOLINI, le case ed i monu...

_Excavation_ (1894-1895), _plan, restoration, decoration, paintings_: MAU, Roem. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 3-97; SOGLIANO, Mon. dei Lincei, vol. 8 (1898), pp. 233-416; HERRLIC...

_House without a compluvium_ (excavated between 1890 and 1895) [p. 343]: MAU, Roem. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895), pp. 148-155. _Fures foras, frugi intro_ [p. 346]: paraphrase of the s...

_House of Caecilius Jucundus_ (excavated in 1875): MAU, Bull, dell' Inst., 1876, pp. 149-151, 160-168, 223-234; MAU, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 65, 414-415, 446, 450,...

_Of Roman villas in general_: CASTELL, The Villas of the Ancients Illustrated (London, 1728); FRIEDLAENDER, Sittengeschichte Roms, Edit. 5, vol. 2, pp. 85-93, 170-193, vol. 3, p...

_Excavation, plan, remains_: MAU, Roem. Mitth., vol. 9 (1894), pp. 349-358, vol. 11 (1896), pp. 131-140; PASQUI, La villa pompeiana della Pisanella presso Boscoreale, Mon. dei L...

Nearly all the articles of furniture and of the toilet referred to in this chapter are figured and described, with many others, in the Real Museo Borbonico. For detailed referen...

_Signs of shops_ [p. 387]: JORDAN, Ueber roemische Ausbaeugeschilder, Archaeologische Zeitung, vol. 4 (1871), pp. 75 _et seq._ _Inscription of Diogenes_: C. I. L. X. 868; see th...

_Appliances and processes_: BLUeMNER, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 155-178, 257-287. A fuller description of the tannery, with illustrations showing the implements discovered, is given...

_Inscriptions_: caupones, copones, C. I. L. IV., see Index, p. 256; of Sittius, C. I. L. IV. 806, 807 (for the picture, see HELBIG, Wandgemaelde, no. 1601); of the inn, Ins. VII...

_Of Roman tombs and rites of burial_: MARQUARDT, Roem. Privatleben (Edit. 2), pp. 340-385; FRIEDLAENDER, Sittengeschichte Roms, Edit. 5, vol. 3, pp. 112-123, Edit. 7, vol. 2, pp...

_Graves east of the Stabian Road_ [p. 429]--_earlier finds_: FIORELLI, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1. pt. 1, pp. 11-12, 14, 42, 46-48, 50, 51-52; C. I. L. X. 1047-1062; Roem. Mitth.,...

_Of the sculptures found at Pompeii_: Very few of the sculptures unearthed at Pompeii are treated or reproduced in the comprehensive works on ancient sculpture. The more importa...

_Technique of Pompeian painting_: DONNER, Die erhaltenen antiken Wandmalereien in technischer Beziehung, printed as an introduction to Helbig's Wandgemaelde (see Chap. LV.), pp....

_Of the paintings in general_: the paintings discovered prior to 1868 are described, with references to the literature, by W. HELBIG, Wandgemaelde der vom Vesuv verschuetteten S...

_Publication_: in the notes to the preceding chapters references have been given to the place of publication of nearly all the monumental inscriptions, both Latin and Oscan; the...

_Publication_: the graffiti are collected, C. I. L. IV. pp. 76-166 (nos. 1205-2549 _c_), pp. XVII-XVIII (nos. 3297-3339), and Suppl., pt. 2, pp. 499-599 (nos. 3885 _et seq._). C...

_Tablets of Caecilius Jucundus_ [p. 499 _et seq._]: edited by ZANGEMEISTER, C. I. L. IV. Suppl. fasc. 1 (1898); first published by DE PETRA, Le tavolette cerate di Pompei rinven...