PART VI.--ALKALOIDS AND POISONOUS VEGETABLE PRINCIPLES

SEPARATED FOR THE MOST PART BY ALCOHOLIC SOLVENTS.

DIVISION I.--VEGETABLE ALKALOIDS.

I. GENERAL METHOD OF TESTING AND EXTRACTING ALKALOIDS.

301. General Tests for Alkaloids, 236 302. Group-Reagents, 236, 237 303. Phosphomolybdic, Silico-Tungstic, and Phospho-Tungstic Acids as Alkaloidal Reagents, 237-239 304. Schulze’s Reagent, 239 305. Dragendorff’s Reagent, 239 306. Colour Tests, 239 307. Stas’s Process, 239

_Methods of Separation._

308. Selmi’s Process for Separating Alkaloids, 240, 241 309. Dragendorff’s Process, 241-254 310. Shorter Process for Separating some of the Alkaloids, 254, 255 311. Scheibler’s Process for Alkaloids, 255 312. Grandval and Lajoux’s Method, 255, 256 313. Identification of the Alkaloids, 256 314. Sublimation of the Alkaloids, 256-261 315. Melting-point, 261 316. Identification by Organic Analysis, 261, 262 317. Quantitative Estimation of the Alkaloids--Mayer’s Reagent-- Compound of the Alkaloids with Chlorides of Gold and Platinum, 262-264

II. LIQUID VOLATILE ALKALOIDS.

1. _The Alkaloids of Hemlock_ (_Conium_).

318. Botanical Description of Hemlock, 264 319. Properties of Coniine--Tests, 264-266 320. Other Coniine Bases, 266 321. Pharmaceutical Preparations of Hemlock, 266, 267 322. Statistics of Coniine Poisoning, 267 323. Effects of Coniine on Animals, 267, 268 324. Effects of Coniine on Man, 268 325. Physiological Action of Coniine, 268 326. _Post-mortem_ Appearances--Fatal Dose, 268, 269 327. Separation of Coniine from Organic Matters or Tissues, 269

2. _Tobacco--Nicotine._

328. General Composition of Tobacco, 269, 270 329. Quantitative Estimation of Nicotine in Tobacco, 270, 271 330. Nicotine; its Properties and Tests, 271-273 331. Effects of Nicotine on Animals, 273, 274 332. Effects of Nicotine on Man, 274, 275 333. Some Instances of Poisoning by Tobacco and Tobacco Juice, 275-277 334. Physiological Action of Nicotine, 277, 278 335. Fatal Dose, 278 336. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 278 337. Separation of Nicotine from Organic Matters, &c., 278, 279

3. _Piturie._

338. Properties of Piturie, 279

4. _Sparteine._

339. Properties of Sparteine, 279, 280

5. _Aniline._

340. Properties of Aniline, 280 341. Symptoms and Effects, 280, 281 342. Fatal Dose, 281 343. Detection of Aniline, 281

III. THE OPIUM GROUP OF ALKALOIDS.

344. General Composition of Opium, 281, 282 345. Action of Solvents on Opium, 282, 283 346. The Methods of Teschemacher and Smith, of Dott and others for the Assay of Opium, 283, 284 347. Medicinal and other Preparations of Opium, 284-288 348. Statistics of Opiate Poisoning, 288, 289 349. Poisoning of Children by Opium, 289 350. Doses of Opium and Morphine--Fatal Dose, 289, 290 351. General Method for the Detection of Opium, 290, 291 352. Morphine; its Properties, 291, 292 353. Morphine Salts; their Solubility, 292, 293 354. Constitution of Morphine, 293, 294 355. Tests for Morphine and its Compounds--Production of Morphine Hydriodide--Iodic Acid Test and other Reactions--Transformation of Morphine into Codeine, 294-296 356. Symptoms of Opium and Morphine Poisoning--Action on Animals, 296-298 357. Physiological Action, 298, 299 358. Physiological Action of Morphine Derivatives, 299 359. Action on Man--(_a_) The Sudden Form; (_b_) the Convulsive Form; (_c_) a Remittent Form of Opium Poisoning--Illustrative Cases, 299-303 360. Diagnosis of Opium Poisoning, 303, 304 361. Opium-Eating, 304-306 362. Treatment of Opium or Morphine Poisoning, 306 363. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 306, 307 364. Separation of Morphine from Animal Tissues and Fluids, 307 365. Extraction of Morphine, 308, 309 366. Narcotine; its Properties and Tests, 309, 310 367. Effects of Narcotine, 310 368. Codeine--Properties of Codeine, 310, 311 369. Effects of Codeine on Animals--Claude Bernard’s Experiments, 311 370. Narceine--Properties of Narceine--Tests, 312, 313 371. Effects of Narceine, 313, 314 372. Papaverine--Properties of Papaverine--Tests, 314 373. Effects of Papaverine, 314 374. Thebaine; its Properties, 314, 315 375. Thebaine; its Effects, 315 376. Cryptopine, 315, 316 377. Rhœadine, 316 378. Pseudomorphine, 316 379. Opianine, 316 380. Apomorphine, 316, 317 381. Reactions of some of the Rarer Opium Alkaloids, 317 382. Tritopine, 317 383. Meconin (Opianyl), 317 384. Meconic Acid--Effects of Meconic Acid--Tests, 318, 319

IV. THE STRYCHNINE OR TETANUS-PRODUCING GROUP OF ALKALOIDS.

1. _Nux Vomica Group--Strychnine--Brucine--Igasurine._

385. Nux Vomica--Characteristics of the Entire and of the Powdered Seed, 319 386. Chemical Composition of Nux Vomica, 319 387. Strychnine--Microscopical Appearances--Properties--Medicinal Preparations--Strychnine Salts, 319-322 388. Pharmaceutical and other Preparations of Nux Vomica, with Suggestions for their Valuation--Vermin-Killers, 322-324 389. Statistics, 324-325 390. Fatal Dose--Falck’s Experiments on Animals as to the Least Fatal Dose--Least Fatal Dose for Man, 325-328 391. Action on Animals--Frogs, 328, 329 392. Effects on Man--Symptoms--Distinction between “Disease Tetanus” and “Strychnos Tetanus,” 329-331 393. Diagnosis of Strychnine Poisoning, 331, 332 394. Physiological Action--Richet’s Experiments--The Rise of Temperature--Effect on the Blood-Pressure, 332, 333 395. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 333 396. Treatment, 333 397. Separation of Strychnine from Organic Matters--Separation from the Urine, Blood, and Tissues, 334-337 398. Identification of the Alkaloid--Colour Tests--Physiological Tests, 337-339 399. Hypaphorine, 339 400. Quantitative Estimation of Strychnine, 339, 340 401. Brucine; its Properties, 340, 341 402. Physiological Action of Brucine--Experiments of Falck, 341, 342 403. Tests for Brucine, 342, 343 404. Igasurine, 344 405. Strychnic Acid, 344

2. _The Quebracho Group of Alkaloids._

406. The Alkaloids of Quebracho--Aspidospermine--Quebrachine, 344

3. _Pereirine._

407. Pereirine, 344, 345

4. _Gelsemine._

408. Properties of Gelsemine, 345 409. Fatal Dose of Gelsemine, 345 410. Effects on Animals--Physiological Action, 345 411. Effects of Gelsemine on Man, 346 412. Extraction from Organic Matters, or the Tissues of the Body, 347

5. _Cocaine._

413. Cocaine; its Properties, 47, 348 414. Cocaine Hydrochlorate, 348 415. Pharmaceutical Preparations, 348 416. Separation of Cocaine and Tests, 348, 349 417. Symptoms, 349 418. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 349, 350 419. Fatal Dose, 350

6. _Corydaline._

420. Properties of Corydaline, 350

V. THE ACONITE GROUP OF ALKALOIDS.

421. Varieties of Aconite--Description of the Flower, and of the Seeds, 350, 351 422. Pharmaceutical Preparations of Aconite, 351 423. The Aconite Alkaloids, 351 424. Aconitine, 351, 352 425. Tests for Aconitine, 352 426. Benzoyl-Aconine Properties--Recognition of Benzoic Acid, 353, 354 427. Pyraconitine, 354 428. Pyraconine, 354 429. Aconine, 355 430. Commercial Aconitine--English and German Samples of Aconitine-- Lethal Dose of the Alkaloid and of the Pharmaceutical Preparations, 355-358 431. Effects of Aconitine on Animal Life--Insects, Fish, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals, 358-360 432. Statistics, 361 433. Effects on Man, 361 434. Poisoning by the Root (_Reg. v. M’Conkey_), 361, 362 435. Poisoning by the Alkaloid Aconitine--Three Cases of Poisoning, 363, 364 436. Lamson’s Case, 364, 365 437. Symptoms of Poisoning by the Tincture, &c., 365, 366 438. Physiological Action, 366 439. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 366, 367 440. Separation of Aconitine from the Contents of the Stomach or the Organs, 367, 368

VI. THE MYDRIATIC GROUP OF ALKALOIDS--ATROPINE--HYOSCYAMINE--SOLANINE --CYTISINE.

1. _Atropine._

441. The _Atropa belladonna_; its Alkaloidal Content, 368, 369 442. The _Datura stramonium_--Distinction between Datura and Capsicum Seeds, 369, 370 443. Pharmaceutical Preparations--(a) Belladonna; (b) Stramonium, 370, 371 444. Properties of Atropine, 371, 372 445. Tests for Atropine, Chemical and Physiological, 372-374 446. Statistics of Atropine Poisoning, 375 447. Accidental and Criminal Poisoning by Atropine--Use of _Dhatoora_ by the Hindoos, 375, 376 448. Fatal Dose of Atropine, 376, 377 449. Action on Animals, 377 450. Action on Man, 377-380 451. Physiological Action of Atropine, 380 452. Diagnosis of Atropine Poisoning, 380 453. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 380 454. Treatment of Cases of Poisoning by Atropine, 380, 381 455. Separation of Atropine from Organic Matters, &c., 381

2. _Hyoscyamine._

456. Distribution of Hyoscyamine--Properties, 381-383 457. Pharmaceutical and other Preparations of Henbane, 383, 384 458. Dose and Effects, 384 459. Separation of Hyoscyamine from Organic Matters, 385

3. _Hyoscine._

460. Hyoscine, 385

4. _Solanine._

461. Distribution of Solanine, 385, 386 462. Properties of Solanine, 386 463. Solanidine, 386, 387 464. Poisoning from Solanine, 387 465. Separation from Animal Tissues, 387

5. _Cytisine._

466. The _Cytisus laburnum_, 387 467. Reactions of Cytisine, 388 468. Effects on Animals, 389 469. Effects on Man--Illustrative Cases, 389, 390

VII. THE ALKALOIDS OF THE VERATRUMS.

470. The Alkaloids found in the _Veratrum Viride_ and _Veratrum Album_--Yield per Kilogram, 390-392 471. Veratrine--Cevadine, 392 472. Jervine, 393 473. Pseudo-jervine, 393 474. Protoveratridine, 393 475. Rubi-jervine, 394 476. Veratralbine, 394 477. Veratroidine, 394 478. Commercial Veratrine, 394, 395 479. Pharmaceutical Preparations, 395 480. Fatal Dose, 395 481. Effects on Animals--Physiological Action, 395, 396 482. Effects on Man--Illustrative Cases, 396 483. Symptoms of Acute and Chronic Poisoning, 396, 397 484. _Post-mortem_ Signs, 397 485. Separation of the Veratrum Alkaloids from Organic Matters, 397

VIII. PHYSOSTIGMINE.

486. The Active Principle of the Calabar Bean, 397, 398 487. Physostigmine or Eserine--Properties, 398, 399 488. Tests, 399 489. Pharmaceutical Preparations, 399, 400 490. Effects on Animals--On Man--The Liverpool Cases of Poisoning, 400 491. Physiological Action, 401 492. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 401 493. Separation of Physostigmine, 401, 402 494. Fatal Dose of Physostigmine, 402

IX. PILOCARPINE.

495. Alkaloids from the Jaborandi, 402 496. Pilocarpine, 402, 403 497. Tests, 403 498. Effects of Pilocarpine, 403, 404

X. TAXINE.

499. Properties of Taxine, 404 500. Poisoning by the Common Yew, 404 501. Effects on Animals--Physiological Action, 404 502. Effects on Man, 404, 405 503. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 405

XI. CURARINE.

504. Commercial Curarine--Properties, 405-407 505. Physiological Effects, 407 506. Separation of Curarine, 407, 408

XII. COLCHICINE.

507. Contents of Colchicine in Colchicum Seeds, 408, 409 508. Colchicine--Method of Extraction--Properties, 409 509. Tests, 409, 410 510. Pharmaceutical Preparations, 410 511. Fatal Dose, 410, 411 512. Effects of Colchicine on Animals, 411 513. Effects of Colchicum on Man--Illustrative Cases, 411, 412 514. Symptoms Produced by Colchicum--_Post-mortem_ Appearances, 412, 413 515. Separation of Colchicine from Organic Matters, 413

XIII. MUSCARINE AND THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF CERTAIN FUNGI.

516. Description of the _Amanita Muscaria_--Use of it by the Natives of Kamschatka, 413, 414 517. Cases of Poisoning by the Fungus itself, 414, 415 518. Muscarine--Its Properties and Effects, 415, 416 519. Antagonistic Action of Atropine and Muscarine, 416 520. Detection of Muscarine, 416, 417 521. The _Agaricus Phalloides_--_Phallin_, 417 522. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 417, 418 523. The _Agaricus Pantherinus_--The _Agaricus Ruber_--Ruberine --Agarythrine, 418 524. The _Boletus Satanus_, or _Luridus_, 418 525. Occasional Effects of the Common Morelle, 418

Division II.--GLUCOSIDES

I. DIGITALIS GROUP.

526. Description of the _Digitalis Purpurea_, or Foxglove, 419 527. Active Principles of the Foxglove--The Digitalins, 419 528. Digitalein, 420 529. Digitonin--Digitogenin, 420 530. Digitalin, 420 531. Digitaletin, 420 532. Digitoxin--Toxiresin, 420, 421 533. Digitaleretin--Paradigitaletin, 421 534. Other Active Principles in Digitalis; such as Digitin, Digitalacrin, Digitalein, &c., 421, 422 535. Reactions of the Digitalins, 422 536. Pharmaceutical Preparations of Digitalin, 422 537. Fatal Dose, 422-424 538. Statistics of Poisoning by Digitalis, 424 539. Effects on Man--Illustrative Cases, 424-427 540. Physiological Action of the Digitalins, 427 541. Local Action of the Digitalins, 427, 428 542. Action on the Heart and Circulation, 428, 429 543. Action of the Digitalins on the Muco-Intestinal Tract and other Organs, 429 544. Action of Digitalin on the Common Blow-Fly, 429 545. Action of the Digitalins on the Frog’s Heart, 429, 430 546. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 430 547. Separation of the Digitalins from Animal Tissues, &c.--Tests, Chemical and Physiological, 431

II. OTHER POISONOUS GLUCOSIDES ACTING ON THE HEART.

1. _Crystallisable Glucosides._

548. Antiarin--Chemical Properties, 432 549. Effects of Antiarin, 432 550. Separation of Antiarin, 432 551. The Active Principles of the Hellebores--Helleborin-- Helleborein--Helleboretin, 433 552. Symptoms of Poisoning by Hellebore, 433 553. Euonymin, 433 554. Thevetin, 434

2. _Substances partly Crystallisable, but which are not Glucosides._

555. Strophantin, 434 556. Apocynin, 434

3. _Non-Crystallisable Glucosides almost Insoluble in Water._

557. Scillain, or Scillitin--Adonidin, 434 558. Oleandrin, 435 559. Neriin, or Oleander Digitalin, 435 560. Symptoms of Poisoning by Oleander, 435, 436 561. The Madagascar Ordeal Poison, 436

4. _Substances which, with other Toxic Effects, behave like the Digitalins._

562. Erythrophlein, 436

III. SAPONIN--SAPONIN SUBSTANCES.

563. The Varieties of Saponins, 436, 437 564. Properties of Saponin, 437 565. Effects of Saponin, 437, 438 566. Action on Man, 438 567. Separation of Saponin, 438, 439 568. Identification of Saponin, 439

DIVISION III.--CERTAIN POISONOUS ANHYDRIDES OF ORGANIC ACIDS.

I. SANTONIN.

569. Properties of Santonin, 439, 440 570. Poisoning by Santonin, 440 571. Fatal Dose, 440 572. Effects on Animals, 440 573. Effects on Man--Yellow Vision, 440, 441 574. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 441 575. Separation from the Contents of the Stomach, 441, 442

II. MEZEREON.

576. Cases of Poisoning by the Mezereon, 442

DIVISION IV.--VARIOUS VEGETABLE POISONOUS PRINCIPLES--NOT ADMITTING OF CLASSIFICATION UNDER THE PREVIOUS THREE DIVISIONS.

I. ERGOT OF RYE.

577. Description of the Ergot Fungus, 442, 443 578. Chemical Constituents of Ergot--Ergotinine--_Ecboline_-- _Scleromucin_--Sclerotic Acid--Sclererythrin--Scleroidin-- Sclerocrystallin--Sphacelic Acid--Cornutin, 443-445 579. Detection of Ergot in Flour, 445 580. Pharmaceutical Preparations, 445 581. Dose, 446 582. Ergotism--Historical Notice of Various Outbreaks, 446, 447 583. Convulsive Form of Ergotism, 447 584. Gangrenous Form of Ergotism--The Wattisham Cases, 447, 448 585. Symptoms of Acute Poisoning by Ergot, 448 586. Physiological Action, as shown by Experiments on Animals, 448-450 587. Separation of the Active Principles of Ergot, 450

II. PICROTOXIN, THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLE OF THE _COCCULUS INDICUS_.

588. Enumeration of the Active Principles contained in the _Menispermum Cocculus_, 451 589. Picrotoxin; its Chemical Reactions and Properties, 451, 452 590. Fatal Dose, 452 591. Effects on Animals, 452, 453 592. Effects on Man, 453 593. Physiological Action, 453 594. Separation from Organic Matters, 453, 454

III. THE POISON OF _ILLICIUM RELIGIOSUM_.

595. Dr. Langaard’s Researches, 454

IV. PICRIC ACID AND PICRATES.

596. Properties of Picric Acid, 454 597. Effects of Picric Acid, 454, 455 598. Tests, 455

V. CICUTOXIN.

599. Description of the _Cicuta Virosa_, 456 600. Effects on Animals, 456 601. Effects on Man, 456, 457 602. Separation of Cicutoxin from the Body, 457

VI. _ÆTHUSA CYNAPIUM_ (FOOL’S PARSLEY).

603. Dr. Harley’s Experiments, 457

VII. _ŒNANTHE CROCATA._

604. The Water Hemlock--Description of the Plant--Cases of Poisoning, 457, 458 605. Effects of the Water Hemlock, as shown by the Plymouth Cases, 458 606. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 459

VIII. OIL OF SAVIN.

607. Effects and Properties of Savin Oil, 459 608. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 460 609. Separation and Identification, 460

IX. CROTON OIL.

610. Chemical Properties of Croton Oil, 461 611. Dose--Effects--Illustrative Cases, 461 612. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 461 613. Chemical Analysis, 462

X. THE TOXALBUMINS OF CASTOR OIL SEEDS AND ABRUS.

614. The Toxalbumin of Castor Oil Seeds, 462 615. Toxalbumin of Abrus, 462, 463

XI. ICTROGEN.

616. Ictrogen, 463

XII. COTTON SEEDS.

617. Cotton Seeds as a Poison, 464

XIII. _LATHYRUS SATIVUS._

618. Poisonous Qualities of Vetchlings, 464, 465

XIV. ARUM--LOCUST-TREE--BRYONY--MALE FERN.

619. Arum Maculatum, 465 620. The Black Bryony, 465 621. The Locust Tree, 465 622. Male Fern 465, 466