PART V.--MORE OR LESS VOLATILE POISONOUS SUBSTANCES CAPABLE OF BEING

SEPARATED BY DISTILLATION FROM NEUTRAL OR ACID LIQUIDS.

HYDROCARBONS--CAMPHOR--ALCOHOL--AMYL NITRITE--ETHER--CHLOROFORM AND OTHER ANÆSTHETICS--CHLORAL--CARBON BISULPHIDE--CARBOLIC ACID--NITRO-BENZENE--PRUSSIC ACID--PHOSPHORUS.

I. HYDROCARBONS.

1. _Petroleum._

137. Petroleum, 129 138. Cymogene, 129 139. Rhigolene, 129 140. Gasolene, 129 141. Benzoline--Distinction between Petroleum-Naphtha, Shale-Naphtha, and Coal-Tar Naphtha, 129, 130 142. Paraffin Oil, 130 143. Effects of Petroleum--Experiments on Rabbits, &c., 130, 131 144. Poisoning by Petroleum--Illustrative Cases, 131 145. Separation and Tests for Petroleum, 131

2. _Coal-Tar Naphtha--Benzene._

146. Composition of Commercial Coal-Tar Naphtha, 131 147. Symptoms observed after Swallowing Coal-Tar Naphtha, 132 148. Effects of the Vapour of Benzene, 132

_Detection and Separation of Benzene._

149. Separation of Benzene--(1) Purification; (2) Conversion into Nitro-Benzene; (3) Conversion into Aniline, 132, 133

3. _Terpenes--Essential Oils--Oil of Turpentine._

150. Properties of the Terpenes, Cedrenes, and Colophenes, 133

4. _Oil of Turpentine--Spirits of Turpentine._

151. Terebenthene--Distinction between French and English Turpentine, 133, 134 152. Effects of the Administration of Turpentine, 134

II. CAMPHOR.

153. Properties of Camphor, 135 154. Pharmaceutical Preparations, 135 155. Symptoms of Poisoning by Camphor, 135 156. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 136 157. Separation from the Contents of the Stomach, 136

III. ALCOHOLS.

1. _Ethylic Alcohol._

158. Chemical Properties of Alcohol--Statistics of Poisoning by Alcohol, 136 159. Criminal or Accidental Alcoholic Poisoning, 137 160. Fatal Dose, 137 161. Symptoms of Acute Poisoning by Alcohol, 137, 138 162. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 138, 139 163. Excretion of Alcohol, 139, 140 164. Toxicological Detection, 140

2. _Amylic Alcohol._

165. Properties of Amylic Alcohol, 140 166. Experiments as to the Effect on Animals of Amylic Alcohol, 140, 141 167. Detection and Estimation of Amylic Alcohol, 141 168. Amyl Nitrite--Properties--Symptoms--_Post-mortem_ Appearances, 141

IV. ETHER.

169. Properties of Ethylic Ether, 141, 142 170. Ether as a Poison, 142 171. Fatal Dose, 142 172. Ether as an Anæsthetic, 142, 143 173. Separation of Ether from Organic Fluids, &c., 143

V. CHLOROFORM.

174. Discovery of Chloroform--Properties, Adulterations, and Methods for Detecting them, 143-145 175. Methods of Manufacturing Chloroform, 145, 146

_Poisonous Effects of Chloroform._

1. _As a Liquid._

176. Statistics, 146 177. Local Action, 146 178. Action on Blood, Muscle, and Nerve-Tissue, 146 179. General Effects of Liquid Chloroform--Illustrative Cases, 146, 147 180. Fatal Dose, 147 181. Symptoms, 148 182. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 148

2. _The Vapour of Chloroform._

183. Statistics of Deaths through Chloroform--Anæsthesia, 148, 149 184. Suicidal and Criminal Poisoning--Illustrative Cases, 149, 150 185. Physiological Effects, 150 186. Symptoms witnessed in Death from Chloroform Vapour, 150, 151 187. Chronic Chloroform Poisoning--Mental Effects from Use of Chloroform, 151, 152 188. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 152 189. The Detection and Estimation of Chloroform--Various Tests, 152, 153 190. Quantitative Estimation, 153

VI. OTHER ANÆSTHETICS.

191. Methyl Chloride--Methene Dichloride, &c., 154 192. Pentane, 154 193. Aldehyde, 154 194. Paraldehyde, 154

VII. CHLORAL.

195. Chloral Hydrate; its Composition and Properties, 154, 155 196. Detection, 155 197. Quantitative Estimation of Chloral Hydrate, 155, 156 198. Effects of Chloral Hydrate on Animals--Depression of Temperature --Influence on the Secretion of Milk, &c., 156, 157 199. Action upon the Blood, 157 200. Effects on Man, 157, 158 201. Fatal Dose, 158, 159 202. Symptoms, 159 203. Action of Chloral upon the Brain, 159 204. Treatment of Acute Chloral Poisoning, 160 205. Chronic Poisoning by Chloral Hydrate, 160, 161 206. Manner in which Chloral is Decomposed in, and Excreted from, the Body, 161, 162 207. Separation from Organic Matters--Tests for Chloral, 162, 163

VIII. BISULPHIDE OF CARBON.

208. Properties of Bisulphide of Carbon, 163 209. Poisoning by Bisulphide of Carbon, 163 210. Action on Animals, 163, 164 211. Chronic Poisoning by Bisulphide of Carbon--Effects on the Brain, &c., 164, 165 212. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 165 213. Separation and Detection of Carbon Bisulphide--Tests, 165 214. Xanthogenic Acid, 165 215. Potassic Xanthogenate, 165

IX. THE TAR ACIDS--PHENOL--CRESOL.

216. Properties and Sources of Carbolic Acid, 165, 166 217. Different Forms of Carbolic Acid--Calvert’s Carbolic Acid Powder --Carbolic Acid Soaps, 166, 167 218. Uses of Carbolic Acid, 167 219. Statistics Relative to Poisoning by Carbolic Acid, 167-169 220. Fatal Dose, 169 221. Effects on Animals--Infusoria--Fish--Frogs, 169, 170 222. Effects on Warm-Blooded Animals, 170 223. Symptoms Produced in Man--External Application--Action on the Skin--Effects of the Vapour--Use of Carbolic Acid Lotions-- Injections, &c.--Illustrative Cases, 170-172 224. Internal Administration--Illustrative Cases, 173 225. General Review of the Symptoms induced by Carbolic Acid, 173, 174 226. Changes Produced in the Urine by Carbolic Acid, 174, 175 227. The Action of Carbolic Acid considered Physiologically, 175, 176 228. Forms under which Carbolic Acid is Excreted, 176 229. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 176, 177

_Tests for Carbolic Acid._

230. (1) The Pine-Wood Test--(2) Ammonia and Hypochlorite Test--(3) Ferric Chloride--(4) Bromine, 177, 178 231. Quantitative Estimation of Carbolic Acid, 178, 179 232. Properties of Cresol, and Tests for Distinguishing Cresol and Carbolic Acid, 179 233. Properties of Creasote--Tests, 179, 180 234. Separation of Carbolic Acid from Organic Fluids or Tissues, 180, 181 235. Examination of the Urine for Phenol or Cresol, 181 236. Assay of Disinfectants, Carbolic Acid Powders--E. Waller’s Process--Koppeschaar’s Volumetric Method--Colorimetric Method of Estimation, 181-183 237. Carbolic Acid Powders, 183 238. Carbolic Acid Soaps, 183

X. NITRO-BENZENE.

239. Properties and Varieties, 183, 184 240. Effects of Poisoning by Nitro-Benzene, 184 241. Illustrative Cases of Poisoning by Nitro-Benzene Vapour, 184, 185 242. Effects Produced by taking Liquid Nitro-Benzene, 185, 186 243. Fatal Dose, 186, 187 244. Pathological Appearances, 187 245. The Essential Action of Nitro-Benzene, 187, 188 246. Detection and Separation from the Animal Tissues, 188

XI. DINITRO-BENZOL.

247. Properties of Ortho-, Meta-, and Para-Dinitro-Benzol, 189 248. Effects of Dinitro-Benzol, 189, 190 249. The Blood in Nitro-Benzol Poisoning, 191 250. Detection of Dinitro-Benzol, 192

XII. HYDROCYANIC ACID.

251. Properties of Hydrocyanic Acid, 192 252. Medicinal Preparations of Prussic Acid--Various Strengths of the Commercial Acid, 192, 193 253. Poisoning by Prussic Acid--Uses in the Arts--Distribution in the Vegetable Kingdom, 193-195 254. Composition and Varieties of Amygdalin, 195 255. Statistics of Poisoning by Prussic Acid, 195-197 256. Accidental and Criminal Poisoning, 197, 198 257. Fatal Dose, 198 258. Action of Hydric and Potassic Cyanides on Living Organisms, 198, 199 259. Symptoms observed in Animals, 199, 200 260. Length of Interval between taking the Poison and Death in Animals, 200, 201 261. Symptoms in Man, 201, 202 262. Possible Acts after taking the Poison--Nunneley’s Experiments, 202, 203 263. Chronic Poisoning by Hydric Cyanide, 203 264. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 203, 204 265. Tests for Hydrocyanic Acid and Cyanide of Potassium--Schönbein’s Test--Kobert’s Test, 204-206 266. Separation of Hydric Cyanide or Potassic Cyanide from Organic Matters--N. Sokoloff’s Experiments, 206-208 267. How long after Death can Hydric or Potassic Cyanide be Detected? 208, 209 268. Estimation of Hydrocyanic Acid or Potassic Cyanide, 209 269. Case of Poisoning by Bitter Almonds, 209, 210

_Poisonous Cyanides other than Hydric and Potassic Cyanides._

270. General Action of the Alkaline Cyanides--Experiments with Ammonic Cyanide Vapour, 210 271. The Poisonous Action of several Metallic and Double Cyanides-- The Effects of Mercuric and Silver Cyanides; of Potassic and Hydric Sulphocyanides; of Cyanogen Chloride; of Methyl Cyanide, and of Cyanuric Acid, 210, 211

XIII. PHOSPHORUS.

272. Properties of Phosphorus--Solubility--Effects of Heat on Phosphorus, 212, 213 273. Phosphuretted Hydrogen--Phosphine, 213 274. The Medicinal Preparations of Phosphorus, 213 275. Matches and Vermin Paste, 213-215 276. Statistics of Phosphorus Poisoning, 215, 216 277. Fatal Dose, 216 278. Effects of Phosphorus, 217 279. Different Forms of Phosphorus Poisoning, 217, 218 280. Common Form, 218, 219 281. Hæmorrhagic Form, 219 282. Nervous Form, 219 283. Sequelæ, 219, 220 284. Period at which the First Symptoms commence, 220 285. Period of Death, 220 286. Effects of Phosphorus Vapour--Experiments on Rabbits, 220, 221 287. Effects of Chronic Phosphorus Poisoning, 221, 222 288. Changes in the Urinary Secretion, 222 289. Changes in the Blood, 222, 223 290. Antidote--Treatment by Turpentine, 223 291. Poisonous Effects of Phosphine, 223, 224 292. Coefficient of Solubility of Phosphine in Blood compared with Pure Water, 224 293. _Post-mortem_ Appearances--Effects on the Liver, 224-228 294. Pathological Changes in the Kidneys, Lungs, and Nervous System, 228 295. Diagnostic Differences between Acute Yellow Atrophy of the Liver and Fatty Liver produced by Phosphorus, 228, 229 296. Detection of Phosphorus--Mitscherlich’s Process--The Production of Phosphine--Tests Dependent on the Combustion of Phosphine, 229-232 297. The Spectrum of Phosphine--Lipowitz’s Sulphur Test--Scherer’s Test, 232, 233 298. Chemical Examination of the Urine, 233, 234 299. Quantitative Estimation of Phosphorus, 234 300. How long can Phosphorus be recognised after Death? 234, 235