PART IV.--ACIDS AND ALKALIES.

SULPHURIC ACID--HYDROCHLORIC ACID--NITRIC ACID--ACETIC ACID--AMMONIA --POTASH--SODA--NEUTRAL SODIUM, POTASSIUM, AND AMMONIUM SALTS.

I. SULPHURIC ACID.

51. Varieties and Strength of the Sulphuric Acids of Commerce-- Properties of the Acid--Nordhausen Sulphuric Acid, 75, 76 52. Properties of Sulphuric Anhydride, 76 53. Occurrence of Free Sulphuric Acid in Nature, 76 54. Statistics--Comparative Statistics of different Countries, 76, 77 55. Accidental, Suicidal, and Criminal Poisoning--Sulphuric Acid in Clysters and Injections, 77, 78 56. Fatal Dose, 78, 79 57. Local Action of Sulphuric Acid--Effects on Mucous Membrane, on the Skin, on Blood, 79, 80 58. Action of Sulphuric Acid on Earth, Grass, Wood, Paper, Carpet, Clothing, Iron--Caution necessary in judging of Spots-- Illustrative Case, 80, 81 59. Symptoms--(1) External Effects--(2) Internal Effects in the Gullet and Stomach--Intercostal Neuralgia, 81-83 60. Treatment of Acute Poisoning by the Mineral Acids, 83 61. _Post-mortem_ Appearances--Rapid and Slow Poisoning-- Illustrative Cases, 83-85 62. Pathological Preparations in the different London Hospital Museums, 85, 86 63. Chronic Poisoning, 86

_Detection and Estimation of Free Sulphuric Acid._

64. General Method of Separating the Free Mineral Acids--The Quinine Process--The Old Process of Extraction by Alcohol--Hilger’s Test for Mineral Acid, 87, 88 65. The Urine--Excretion of Sulphates in Health and Disease--The Characters of the Urine after taking Sulphuric Acid, 88-90 66. The Blood in Sulphuric Acid Poisoning, 90 67. The Question of the Introduction of Sulphates by the Food-- Largest possible Amount of Sulphates introduced by this Means-- Sulphur of the Bile--Medicinal Sulphates, 90, 91

II. HYDROCHLORIC ACID.

68. General Properties of Hydrochloric Acid--Discovery--Uses-- Tests, 91, 92 69. Statistics, 92, 93 70. Fatal Dose, 93 71. Amount of Free Acid in the Gastric Juice, 93, 94 72. Influence of Hydrochloric Acid on Vegetation--Present Law on the Subject of Acid Emanations from Works--The Resistant Powers of various Plants, 94 73. Action on Cloth and Manufactured Articles, 95 74. Poisonous Effects of Hydrochloric Acid Gas--Eulenberg’s Experiments on Rabbits and Pigeons, 95, 96 75. Effects of the Liquid Acid--Absence of Corrosion of the Skin-- Pathological Appearances--Illustrative Cases, 96, 97 76. _Post-mortem_ Appearances--Preparations in the different London Museums, 97, 98 77. (1) Detection of Free Hydrochloric Acid--Günzburg’s Test--A. Villiers’s and M. Favolle’s Test--(2) Quantitative Estimation, Sjokvist’s Method--Braun’s Method, 98-101 78. Method of Investigating Hydrochloric Acid Stains on Cloth, &c., 101, 102

III. NITRIC ACID.

79. Properties of Nitric Acid, 102, 103 80. Use in the Arts, 103 81. Statistics, 103 82. Fatal Dose, 104 83. Action on Vegetation, 104 84. Effects of Nitric Acid Vapour--Experiments of Eulenberg and O. Lassar--Fatal Effect on Man, 104, 105 85. Effects of Liquid Nitric Acid--Suicidal, Homicidal, and Accidental Deaths from the Acid, 105, 106 86. Local Action, 106 87. Symptoms--The Constant Development of Gas--Illustrative Cases, 106, 107 88. _Post-mortem_ Appearances--Preparations in various Anatomical Museums, 107-109 89. Detection and Estimation of Nitric Acid, 109, 110

IV. ACETIC ACID.

90. Symptoms and Detection, 110

V. AMMONIA.

91. Properties of Ammonia, 111 92. Uses--Officinal and other Preparations, 111, 112 93. Statistics of Poisoning by Ammonia, 112 94. Poisoning by Ammonia Vapour, 112 95. Symptoms--Illustrative Case, 112, 113 96. Chronic Effects of the Gas, 113 97. Ammonia in Solution--Action on Plants, 113 98. Action on Human Beings and Animal Life--Local Action on Skin-- Action on the Blood--Time of Death, 113-115 99. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 115 100. Separation of Ammonia--Tests, 115, 116 101. Estimation of Ammonia, 116

VI. CAUSTIC POTASH AND SODA.

102. Properties of Potassium Hydrate, 116, 117 103. Pharmaceutical Preparations, 117 104. Carbonate of Potash, 117 105. Bicarbonate of Potash, 117 106. Caustic Soda--Sodium Hydrate, 117, 118 107. Carbonate of Soda, 118 108. Bicarbonate of Soda, 118 109. Statistics, 118 110. Effects on Animal and Vegetable Life, 118, 119 111. Local Effects, 119 112. Symptoms, 119 113. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 119-121 114. Chemical Analysis, 121 115. Estimation of the Fixed Alkalies, 121, 122

VII. NEUTRAL SODIUM, POTASSIUM, AND AMMONIUM SALTS.

116. Relative Toxicity of Sodium, Potassium, and Ammonium Salts, 122 117. Sodium Salts, 122 118. Potassium Salts--Potassic Sulphate--Hydropotassic Tartrate-- Statistics, 122 119. Action on the Frog’s Heart, 122 120. Action on Warm-Blooded Animals, 122, 123 121. Elimination, 123 122. Nitrate of Potash, 123 123. Statistics, 123 124. Uses in the Arts, 123 125. Action of Nitrates of Sodium and Potassium--Sodic Nitrite, 123, 124 126. _Post-mortem_ Appearances from Poisoning by Potassic Nitrate, 124 127. Potassic Chlorate, 124 128. Uses, 124 129. Poisonous Properties, 124 130. Experiments on Animals, 124, 125 131. Effects on Man--Illustrative Cases of the Poisoning of Children by Potassic Chlorate, 125 132. Effects on Adults--Least Fatal Dose, 126 133. Elimination, 126 134. Essential Action of Potassic Chlorate on the Blood and Tissues, 126 135. Detection and Estimation of Potassic Chlorate, 126, 127

_Toxicological Detection of Alkali Salts._

136. Natural occurrence of Potassium and Sodium Salts in the Blood and Tissues--Tests for Potassic and Sodic Salts--Tests for Potassic Nitrate--Tests for Chlorates--Ammonium Salts, 127, 128