iv. 76;

Idea of Good compared to sun, 63, 64; known to the rulers alone, 212; what Good is, is unsolved, 213; mythe of Hades, 94; compared with _Lachês_, 138; _Charmidês_, 136, 138; _Protagoras_, ii. 310, 350 _n._; _Gorgias_, 353, iii. 380 _n._; _Phædon_, ii. 412, 414 _n._; _Phædrus_, iii. 18; _Parmenidês_, 108, iv. 138; _Sophistês_, iii. 18, 242, 257; _Politikus_, 257, 279; _Philêbus_, 273, 277 _n._, 395; _Kleitophon_, 425; _Timæus_, iv. 38 _n._, 234 _n._, 252; _Leges_, 195, 275, 280, 298 _n._, 302, 318, 319, 327, 390, 428 _n._

Rest, form of, iii. 206, 209-10, 231, 245 _n._

Rhapsodes, as a class, ii. 124; functions, 125, 132, 320; popularity, 126; and poet work by divine inspiration, 127; inspired through medium of poets, 128, 129, 134.

Rhetor, has no real power, ii. 324; aims at flattering the public, 357; practical value of instruction of, iii. 44; the genuine, must acquire real truth, 33, 34; is insufficiently rewarded, 33; guides methodically from error to truth, 40; compared with philosopher, ii. 52, iii. 178; auxiliary of true governor, 271; relation to poets, iv. 150; Plato's desire for celebrity as dialectician, and, iii. 408; see _Rhetoric_.

Rhetoric, popularly preferred to dialectic, i. 451; how employed at Athens, ii. 373; [Greek: a)kriboli/a] distasteful to rhetors, 278 _n._; antithesis of dialectic and, i. 433, ii. 70, 275, 365; deals with the concrete, dialectic with the abstract, 52, 53; difference of method illustrated in _Protagoras_, 300; superior to dialectic in usefulness and celebrity, iii. 360, 380; superiority of dialectic over, claimed, ii. 282, 285, iii. 337 _n._; communicates true opinion, not knowledge, 172; the artisan of persuasion, ii. 319; a branch of flattery, 321, 370; is of little use, 329, iii. 411; and dialectic, issue unsatisfactorily put, ii. 369; view stands or falls with _idéal_ of good, 374; Sokrates' view different in Xenophon, 371 _n._; compared with _Menexenus_, iii. 409; and _Leges_, iv. 322, 324; Aristotle on, i. 133 _n._; Aristeides, 243 _n._; Sokrates' theory, all persuasion founded on a knowledge of the truth, iii. 28; as art, 27; is comprised in dialectic, 30, 34; analogy to medical art, 31; theory more Platonic than Sokratic, 39; is it teachable by system, 28; definition and division essential to genuine, 30, 35; should include a classification of minds and discourses, and their mutual application, 32, 41, 45; Plato's _idéal_ a philosophy, not an art, 46; involves impracticable conditions, 41-3, 46; comparison with the rhetorical teachers, 44; charge against its teachers not established, 47; censure of forensic eloquence, iv. 410; rhetorical powers of Plato, i. 433, ii. 356 _n._, iii. 392 _n._, 408, 409, 411; see _Rhetor_.

Ritter, on _Sophistês_, iii. 244 _n._, 247 _n._; Eukleides, i. 127 _n._; Megarics, 129 _n._

Rivales, see _Erastæ_.

Rose, Valentine, on the dates of Plato's compositions, i. 326 _n._, 329 _n._

Royer-Collard, iii. 165 _n._

Ruler, of a superior breed in the Saturnian period, iii. 264, 266 _n._; a principle cause, 266; scientific alone good, iv. 280; _qua_ ruler infallible, 9; division of guardians into, and auxiliaries, 29; wisdom is seated in, 34; analogous to reason in individual, 39; perpetual succession maintained of philosopher-rulers, 60; alone know the Idea of Good, 212; see _Government_, _Political Art_.

Rutherford, iv. 105 _n._

S.

Sacrifice, Sokrates on, ii. 17, 417-9, iv. 394; heresy that gods appeased by, 376, 384; general Greek belief, 392, 394; Herodotus, _ib._; Aristotle, 395; Epikurus, _ib._; number determined by lawgiver, 357.

Sacrilege, gravest of all crimes, iv. 363.

St.-Hilaire, Barthélemy, on _Sankhya_ and Buddhism, i. 378 _n._; metempsychosis, ii. 426 _n._; fallacies, i. 133 _n._

Salamis, iii. 406.

Same, form of, iii. 209, 231, iv. 226.

Sankhya, i. 378 _n._, ii. 389 _n._, 426 _n._

Salvador, Jacob, iii. 300 _n._

Scepticism, of Xenophanes, i. 18; Plato, 342; Greek sceptics, iii. 293 _n._

Schleiermacher, on Plato's view of knowledge and opinion, iii. 167 _n._; theory of Platonic canon, i. 303; includes a preconceived scheme, and an order of interdependence, 318; proofs slender, 317, 325 _n._; assumptions as to _Phædrus_ inadmissible, 319, 329 _n._; reasons internal, 319, 337, iv. 431; himself shows the unsafe grounds of modern critics, i. 336; Ueberweg attempts to reconcile Hermann with, 313; theory adopted by Trendelenburg, 345 _n._; on relation of _Euthyphron_ to _Protagoras_ and _Parmenidês_, 443 _n._; _Menon_, ii. 247 _n._; _Parmenidês_, iii. 85 _n._; _Sophistês_, 244 _n._, i. 127; _Kratylus_, iii. 303 _n._, 304 _n._; 307 _n._, 310 _n._, 321, 321 _n._; _Philêbus_, 334 _n._, 365 _n._, 369 _n._, 398 _n._; _Euthydêmus_, i. 127; _Menexenus_, iii. 408; _Kleitophon_, 426 _n._; _Republic_, iv. 38 _n._; _Leges_, 430.

Schneider, on Xenophon's _Symposion_, iv. 313 _n._

School, [Greek: scholê/], i. 121 _n._, 127 _n._; Plato's establishment of, a new epoch in philosophy, 266; of Plato fixed at Athens, 254; and transmitted to successors, 265; its importance for his manuscripts, 266, 267; decorations of the Academy and Lykeum, 209; Peripatetic at Lykeum, _ib._; of Isokrates, iii. 35; Eretrian, i. 121, 148; Megaric, 121.

Schöne, on the dates of Plato's compositions, i. 326 _n._

Schwegler, on _Parmenidês_, iii. 86 _n._; _Homo Mensura_, 151 _n._

Science, derivation of [Greek: e)pistê/mê], iii. 301 _n._; _scientia_, 302 _n._; logic of a, Plato's different from Aristotelic and modern view, i. 358 _n._; science of good and evil distinct from others, ii. 161, 168; relation to art, iii. 43 _n._, 46, 263; antithesis of emotion and, 61, 195, 197 _n._; dialectic the standard for classifying, as more or less true, 382; dialectic the consummation of, iv. 75; relation to kosmical soul, 227; see _Knowledge_.

Self-knowledge, temperance is, ii. 155; what is the object known in, 156; in _Charmidês_ declared impossible, elsewhere essential and inestimable, 167.

Selli, asceticism of, i. 163 _n._

Seneca, on the Good, iii. 372 _n._; filial ingratitude, iv. 400 _n._; Diogenes of Sinôpê, i. 156 _n._

Sensation, Empedokles' theory, i. 44; Theophrastus, 46 _n._; theory of Anaxagoras, opposed to Empedokles', 58; Diogenes of Apollonia, 62; Demokritus, 71, 76, 77, 80; the mind rises from sensation to opinion, then cognition, iii. 164; distinct from opinion, 167; verification from experience, not recognised as necessary or possible, 168.

Sense, derivation of [Greek: ai)/sthêsis], iii. 308 _n._; doctrine of Empedokles, i. 44; illusions of, belief of Anaxagoras, 59 _n._; defects of, belief of Demokritus, 68 _n._, 71; Zeno's arguments, 93; Plato's conception of, iii. 164 _n._; worlds of intellect and, distinct, i. 403; organs of, iv. 236; principal advantages of sight and hearing, 238; hearing, i. 46, 62, 78; ethical and emotional effects conveyed by, iv. 307 _n._; smell, i. 46; pleasures of, true, iii. 356; _Homo Mensura_, 122; relativity of sensible facts, 126, 154, 298; its verifications recognised by Plato as the main guarantee for accuracy, 155 _n._, 240; fundamental distinction of _ens_ and _fientia_, iv. 219; relation to kosmical soul, 227; see _Particulars_, _Phenomena_, _Sensation_.

Serranus, on Platonic canon, i. 302.

Sextus Empiricus, doctrine, iii. 292 _n._; no definition of a general word, i. 168 _n._; on poets, iv. 24 _n._

Shaftesbury, Lord, iv. 105 _n._

Simonides, interpretation of a song of, ii. 283; definition of justice, iv. 2, 7.

Slavery, iv. 309, 342, 400; Aristotle differs, 344 _n._; evidence of slaves. 410 _n._

Sleeman, Sir Wm., grounds of belief among Hindoos, iii. 150 _n._

Sleep, doctrine of Herakleitus, i. 34; Plato, iv. 237.

Smith, Adam, _Moral Sentiments_, iii. 333.

Socher, theory of Platonic canon, i. 306; _Parmenidês_, 338 _n._, iii. 88 _n._, 185 _n._; _Politikus_, _ib._, 196 _n._, 265 _n._; _Sophistês_, 185 _n._, 196 _n._, 243 _n._, 244; _Philêbus_, 369 _n._; _Kritias_, iv. 266 _n._

Societies, Benefit, iv. 399.

Society, ethics and politics, topic of Sokrates, i. 376; genesis of, common want, ii. 343, iii. 327, iv. 21, 111, 112 _n._, 133; social art conferred by Zeus, ii. 268; dissent a necessary condition of its progressiveness, 367 _n._; frequent destruction of communities, iv. 307; historical retrospect of, 307-314; see _State_.

Sokrates, life, character, and surroundings, i. 410 _n._; character unparalleled in history, _vi_; personal appearance and peculiar character, iii. 19; patience, 24 _n._; courage and equanimity, 21 _n._; compared to Antoninus Pius, ii. 382 _n._; proof against temptation, iii. 20, 22, 23, iv. 287, 288; sensibility to youthful beauty, ii. 22 _n._; as representative of _Eros Philosophus_, iii. 15, 25; income, i. 192 _n._; procedure of, repugnant to Athenian public, 387, 412, 441, iv. 127; aggravated by his extreme publicity of speech, i. 393; feels his own isolation as a dissenter, ii. 365; accused of corrupting the youths, i. 391 _n._, 183 _n._; Plato's reply, magical influence ascribed to his conversation, ii. 23, iii. 19, 21 _n._, 24 _n._, 113 _n._, 388 _n._, iv. 412 _n._, i. 110; influence he claims, enlarged by Plato and Xenophon, 418; disobedience of the laws, 434 _n._; imprisonment, 425; indictment, against, 412, 418 _n._, 437, iv. 230, i. 113; grounds for his indictment, iv. 162 _n._, 211, 381, 385; reply to Melêtus, Plato and Xenophon compared, i. 456, ii. 421 _n._; opposition of feeling between, and the Dikasts, i. 375; trial and death might have been avoided without dishonour, 426 _n._; equanimity before death, ii. 417, 418; answer to Kriton's appeal to fly, i. 426; last words and death, ii. 377, 418; general features of character in _Apology_ confirmed, i. 419 _n._; character and disposition, differently set forth in _Kriton_, 428, 431-2; of _Apology_ and _Phædon_ contrasted, ii. 421; the real compared with character in _Republic_, iv. 211; Plato's early relations with, i. 248; of Xenophon and Plato compared, ii. 37, i. 178, 199; Xenophon's relations with, 206-10; uniform description of, in dialogues of _viri Sokratici_, 115; brought down philosophy from heaven, _x_; revolutionised method, _ib._; progenitor of philosophy of 4th century B.C., 111 _n._; theory of natural state of human mind, 373, 414; false persuasion of knowledge, an ethical defect, iii. 177; omnipotence of King Nomos, i. 378-84; differs from others by consciousness of ignorance, 413, 416; Delphian oracle, on his wisdom, 413; combated _commonplace_, 398 _n._; in reference to social, political, ethical, topics, 376; mission, _x_, 374, 395, ii. 146, 419, iii. 219, 422, iv. 219, 381; declared in _Alkibiadês I._ and _Apology_, ii. 24; imposed on him by the gods, i. 415; his _dæmon_, 437, ii. 104, i. 115; his experience of it, ii. 102; explains his eccentricity, 105; a special revelation, 110, 130-1; variously alluded to, 106-11; determined to persevere in mission, i. 416; not a teacher, 417, ii. 140, 146, 162, 165, 184, 232, 237, 242; only stimulates, i. 449, iii. 415, 421-24, iv. 52 _n._; his excuse, ii. 106; knows of no teacher, i. 417, ii. 225; a positive teacher, employing indirect methods, modern assumption, i. 419; incorrect, for his Elenchus does not furnish a solution, 420; his positive solutions illusory, ii. 26; _obstetric_, i. 367, ii. 251, iii. 112, 176; the Sokratic dialogue, i. _x_, _xi_; usefulness of, ii. 186, 207; effect like shock of torpedo, 237; diversified conversations, i. 182; humbles presumptuous youths, ii. 21; manner well illustrated in _Lysis_, 177; asserts right of satisfaction for his own individual reason, i. 386, 423, 436, ii. 379; on _Homo Mensura_, i. 432, iii. 162 _n._; his Eristic character, ii. 203; the greatest Eristic of his age, i. 124; followed by Plato and Megarics, _ib._, 126; resemblance to Sophists, ii. 280, iii. 198 _n._, 216, iv. 165, 412 _n._; _Menon_ gives points in common between Sophists and, ii. 257; the "sophistic art" peculiar to him, iii. 218; negative vein, i. _viii_, _x_, 370, 372, 373 _n._, 375, 387; affirmative and negative veins distinct, 420; charge against him of negative method, by his contemporaries, 371, 388; first applied negative analysis to the common consciousness, 389 _n._; to social, political, ethical topics, 376, 385; value and importance of Elenchus, 421; see _Negative_; introduced search for definitions, ii. 48; authority of public judgment nothing--of Expert, everything, i. 426, 435; does not name, but himself acts as, Expert, _ib._; early study, ii. 391; stages of intellectual development, _ib._; turned on different views as to a true cause, 398; accused of substituting physical for mental causes, 401; does not distinguish different meanings of same term, 279; not always consistent, 29, 303; sophistry in _Hippias Minor_, 62; avoided physics, i. 376; the Reason of the kosmos, ii. 402 _n._; distinguished objective and subjective views of Ethics, i. 451; proper study of mankind, 122; order of ethical problems as conceived by, ii. 299; not observed by Xenophon, i. 230; and Plato dwell too exclusively on intellectual conditions of human conduct, ii. 67; fruits of virtue, i. 415; Utilitarianism, ii. 310 _n._, i. 185 _n._; belief in the deity, 413, 414; disbelieves discord among gods, 440; principle of making oneself like the gods, _ib._; on the holy, difference in Plato and Xenophon, 454; on prayer and sacrifice, ii. 17, 418-9, iv. 394; much influenced by prophecies, dreams, &c., ii. 418 _n._, 420, iii. 351, iv. 395, i. 225 _n._; on death, 422, 429 _n._; and Plato, difference on subject of beauty, ii. 54; companions of, i. 111; their proceedings after his death, 116; no Sokratic school, 117; Antisthenes constant friend of, 152; manner copied by Antisthenes, 150, 159 _n._; precepts fullest carried out by Diogenes and Krates, 160, 174; and Parmenides, blended by Eukleides, 118; discourse with Aristippus, 175; the choice of Heraklês, 177; the Good and Beautiful, 184.

Soldiers, class of, characteristics, iv. 23; division of guardians into rulers and, 29; Plato's training compared with modern, 148; modern development of military profession, 180.

Solon, on despotism, i. 219 _n._; unfinished poem of, subject of _Kritias_, iv. 266.

[Greek: Sophi/a] and [Greek: phro/nêsis] of Aristotle, ii. 120 _n._; identical with [Greek: sôphrosu/nê], ii. 280.

Sophisms, a collection of, necessary for a logical theory, i. 131; discussion of popular at philosophers' banquets, 134 _n._; of Eubulides, 128, 133; Theophrastus on, 134 _n._; Diodôrus Kronus, 141, 143; real character of, 135; of Stoics, 128 _n._, 138; see _Fallacy_.

Sophist, meaning of [Greek: sophistê/s], i. 256 _n._, 391 _n._, ii. 261, iii. 27 _n._; compared to an angler, 191; Plato's definition, 191-4, 196 _n._; a juggler, 198; imitator of the wise man, 216; Plato's ironical admiration, ii. 208, 283; no real class, 210, 341 _n._, iii. 249 _n._, iv. 136 _n._, i. 178; Theopompus on profession of, 212 _n._; usually depicted from opponents' misrepresentations, 308 _n._, ii. 210; accused of generating scepticism and uncertainty, 64 _n._; negative dialectic attributed by historians to, i. 371; did not first apply negative analysis to the common consciousness, 389 _n._; negative dialectic not peculiar to, 387; the charge brought by contemporaries against Sokrates, 388; dialectic contrasted with Sokrates', ii. 197; Sokrates the greatest Eristic of his age, i. 124; Sokrates a, ii. 183 _n._, 185 _n._, 188, 199, iv. 165, 412 _n._; _Menon_ gives point in common between Sokrates and, ii. 257; in _Euthydêmus_, 196; not represented by Kallikles, 339; lives in region of _non-ens_, iii. 208; devoted to the production of falsehood, 215; is [Greek: e)nantiopoiologiko\s] and [Greek: ei)/rôn], 216; those the characteristics of Sokrates, _ib._; the "sophistic art" peculiar to Sokrates, 218; their alleged claim to universal knowledge--common to all philosophers then, 219; etymologies in _Kratylus_ not caricatures of, 302, 310 _n._, 314 _n._, 317 _n._, 321, 323; no proof of their etymologising, 304; as teachers, ii. 261; motives of pupils, _ib._ _n._, 264 _n._; as corruptors of public mind, 288 _n._; jealousy of parents towards influential teachers, 265 _n._; probably often used illustrative mythes, 267 _n._; money-making, 210, _ib._ _n._, iii. 27 _n._, i. 212 _n._; not distinguishable from dialectician, ii. 210, 211 _n._; raised question of criterion of truth, 246; logical distinctions, 236 _n._; did not invent fallacies, 217, i. 133 _n._; abuse of fallacies, biddings for popularity, ii. 199; did not deny natural justice, 341 _n._; not the perverters of philosophy, iv. 55; conform to prevalent orthodoxy, 56; relation to poets, 150; Demochares' law against, i. 111 _n._; Aristippus taught as a, 193.

_Sophistês_, date, i. 305-11, 313, 315, 324-5, iii. 369 _n._; authenticity, i. 307, 316 _n._, iii. 185 _n._, 243 _n._; purpose, 188, 190, 223, 253, 261, 267; relation to _Theætêtus_, 187; scenery and personages, 185; in a logical classification all particulars of equal value, 195; definition of angler, 189; sophist compared to an angler, 192; defined, 191-5, 196 _n._; a juggler, 198, 200; imitator of the wise man, 216; classification of imitators, 215; philosopher lives in region of _ens_, sophist, of _non-ens_, 208; bodily and mental evil, 197; the worst, ignorance mistaking itself for knowledge, _ib._; Elenchus the sovereign purifier, _ib._; is false thought or speech possible, 172 _n._, 199, 249; falsehood possible, and object of sophists' profession, 181 _n._, 214; imperfect analysis of propositions, 235, 238; view of the negative erroneous, 237, 239; theories of philosophers about _ens_, 201; _non-ens_ inconceivable, 200; is _ens_ one or many, 201; difficulties about _ens_ and _non-ens_ equally great, _ib._, 206; the materialists and the idealists, 203; argument against materialists, _ib._, 223, 226, 228; reply open to materialists, 224, 230; argument against idealists, 204, 225; their doctrine the same as Plato's in _Phædon_, &c., 244, 246; no allusion intended to Megarics or Pythagoreans, 244, 390 _n._; communion implies relativity, 125, 205; to know and to be known is action and passion, 205, 226, 287 _n._; motion and rest both agree in _ens_, which is therefore a _tertium quid_, 206; argument against "only identical predication legitimate," _ib._, 212, 221, 251; Antisthenes meant, i. 163, 165; intercommunion of _some_ Forms, iii. 207, 228, 246 _n._, 251 _n._; analogy of letters and syllables, 207; what forms admit of it, determined by philosopher, 208; of _non-ens_ and of proposition, opinion, judgment, 213, 214, 235; [Greek: to\ mê\ o)/n], meaning, 181 _n._; five forms examined, 208, 231, 233; Plato's view of _non-ens_ unsatisfactory, 236, 239, 242 _n._, 248 _n._; an approximation to Aristotle's view, 247; different from other dialogues, 242; compared with _Phædon_, 244, 246; _Phædrus_, 18, 257; _Symposion_, 19; _Theætêtus_, 182 _n._, 187, 242, 256, 332; _Kratylus_, _ib._; _Philêbus_, 369 _n._; _Republic_, 242, 257.

Sophokles, Antigone, compared with _Apology_, i. 429 _n._; its popularity, ii. 135 _n._; as a general, 135.

[Greek: Sôphrosu/nê], ii. 153 _n._; see _Temperance_; derivation, iii. 301 _n._; identical with [Greek: sophi/a], ii. 279; and [Greek: ai)dô/s], 269 _n._

Sorites, i. 128, 133, 135 _n._

Soul, derivation of [Greek: psuchê/], iii. 301 _n._; meaning, iv. 387 _n._; prior to and more powerful than body, 386, 419-20; the good and the bad souls at work in the universe, 386; one continuous cosmical, ii. 248 _n._; of the kosmos, iii.** 265 _n._, iv. 220, 421; affinity to human, iii. 366 _n._; of kosmos, position and elements of, iv. 225; of plants, 248; doctrine of Herakleitus, i. 34; Empedokles, 44; Anaxagoras, 54; Demokritus, 75; Plato's conception of existence, iii. 205, 226, 229, 231; not tripartite, antithesis to body, ii. 384; Hegel on Plato's view, 414 _n._; a mixture, refuted, 390; life a struggle between body and, 386, 388, iv. 234, 235 _n._; partial emancipation of, by philosophy, ii. 386; purification of, 388; [Greek: knê=sis] compared to children's teething, iii. 399 _n._; pre-existence admitted, ii. 390; mythe, iii. 12, 15 _n._; Leibnitz on, ii. 248 _n._; pre-existence of, necessary hypothesis for didactic _idéal_, iii. 52; metempsychosis of ordinary men only, ii. 387, iv. 234; mythe of departed, in _Republic_, 94; state after emancipation from body, ii. 416; yet may suffer punishment, inconsistency, _ib._; three constituent elements of, iii. 232 _n._; Galen, iv. 258; are the three parts immortal, ii. 385, iv. 243; no place for tender and æsthetic emotions in tripartite division of, 149 _n._; each part at once material and mental, 257; supremacy of rational, to be cultivated, 251; Demiurgus conjoins three souls and one body, 233, 243; Demiurgus prepares for man's construction, places a soul in each star, 233; generated gods fabricate cranium as miniature of kosmos with rational soul rotating within, _ib._; mount cranium on a tall body, 236; seat of, 235-7, 243-7, 259 _n._; Littré, 257 _n._; abdominal, function of liver, 245, 259; seat of prophetic agency, 246; thoracic, function of heart and lungs, 245, 259 _n._; of spleen, 246; vision, sleep, dreams, 236; Aristotle on relation of body to, iii. 389 _n._; Monboddo, iv. 387 _n._; see _Body_, _Immortality_, _Mind_, _Reason_.

Sound, Zeno's arguments, i. 96; pleasures of, true, iii. 356.

Space, and time comprised in Parmenides' ens, i. 19; Zeno's reductiones ad absurdum, 94; contents of the idea of, 20 _n._

Sparta, unlettered community, iv. 278; law forbids introduction of foreign instruction, ii. 35; Hippias lectures at, 39; mixed government, iv. 310; kings eulogised, ii. 8; customs of, iii. 24 _n._; peculiar to itself and Krete, iv. 280 _n._; blended with Persian in _Cyropædia_, i. 222; influence on philosopher's theories, iv. 181; Xenophon's _idéal_ of character, 147, 148, 182; Plato's in _Leges_, 276, 280 _n._, 403; basis of institutions too narrow, 282; endurance of pain in discipline of, 285; public training and mess, 279, 280 _n._, 285 _n._; no training for women, censured, 188; infanticide, 203; number of citizens, 327 _n._; drunkenness forbidden at, 286; _kryptia_, Plato's agronomi compared, 336.

Specific and generic terms, distinction unfamiliar in Plato's time, ii. 13.

Speech, conducted according to fixed laws, iii. 286; the thing spoken of _suffers_, 287 _n._; Psammetichus' experiment, 289 _n._; and music illustrate coalescence of finite and infinite, 340-3.

Spencer, Herbert, abstract names, iii. 78 _n._

Spengel, on Thrasymachus, iv. 7 _n._; _Kratylus_, iii. 309 _n._

Speusippus, borrowed from Pythagoreans, iii. 390 _n._; on pleasure, 386 _n._, 389 _n._; on the Demiurgus, iv. 255.

Sphere, the earth a, early views, i. 25 _n._; Pythagorean music of the spheres, 14; _Sphærus_ of Empedokles, 39.

Stallbaum, on Platonic canon, i. 307, 443 _n._; _Erastæ_, ii. 121; _Theagês_, 100 _n._; _Euthydêmus_, 202; _Protagoras_, 314, iv. 284 _n._; _Theætêtus_, iii. 158 _n._; _Sophistês_ and _Politikus_, 196 _n._, 257 _n._; _Kratylus_, 303 _n._, 305 _n._, 310 _n._, 321, 323 _n._; _Philêbus_, 342 _n._, 343 _n._, 347 _n._, 356 _n._, 389 _n._, 398 _n._; _Menexenus_, 408, 409; _Republic_ iv. 106 _n._; _Timæus_, 219 _n._; _Leges_, 188 _n._, 272 _n._, 410 _n._, 431; theory of Ideas, iii. 69 _n._; Sophists, ii. 209 _n._; Megarics, i. 132 _n._

Stars, iv. 229.

State, Lewis on _idéals_, iv. 139 _n._; realisation of _idéals_, 190 _n._; three ends of political constructor, 328 _n._; influence of Spartan institutions, on theories, 181; no evidence of Plato's study of practical working of different institutions, 397; Aristeides on, i. 243 _n._; citizens willing to be ruled, _idéal_ of Plato and Xenophon, iv. 283 _n._; Platonic type of character is Athenian, Xenophontic is Spartan, 147, 148, 182; its religious and ethical character primary, constitution and laws secondary, 284; religion in connection with, 24, 160; and education combined, 185; Plato's ideal, compared with Athens, 430; the Spartan adopted in _Leges_, 276, 280 _n._, 403; Plato carries abstraction farther than Xenophon or Aristotle, 183; more anxious for good treatment of Demos, _ib._; in Aristotle the Demos adjuncts, not members, of state, 184; model city practicable if philosophy and political power united, 47; perpetual succession maintained of philosopher-rulers, 60; those who have contemplated Ideas are reluctant to undertake active duties. 70; as at present constituted, the just man stands aloof from, 90; ideal, how to be realised, 78, 190 _n._; admitted only partially realisable, 327; only an outline, 139; a military _bureaucracy_, 183; second, a compromise of oligarchical and democratical sentiment, 333, 337; Aristotle objects to Plato's ideal, it is two states, 185; objection valid against his own ideal, 186 _n._; Plato fails from no training for Demos, 186; Plato's state impossible, in what sense true, 189; from adverse established sentiments, 191; genesis, common want, ii. 343, iii. 327, iv. 20, 111, 112 _n._, 133; historical retrospect of society, 307-314; analogy of individual and, 11, 21, 37, 79-84, 96; Hobbes on, _ib._; parallelism exaggerated, 114, 121, 123; its [Greek: u(po/thesis], 328 _n._; basis of Spartan institutions too narrow, 282; site, 320, 329, 336; circular form, unwalled, 344; influence of climate, 330 _n._; wisdom and courage in the guardians, 34; justice and temperance in all classes, 35; class of guardians, characteristics, 23; divided into rulers and soldiers, 29; same duties and training for women as men, 41, 46, 77, 171-4; on principle that every citizen belongs to the city, 187; maintained in _Leges_, and harmonises with ancient legends, 195; contrast with Aristotle, 194; [Greek: sussi/tia], 32, 345, 359; communism of guardians, _ib._, 140, 169; necessary to city's safety, 32, 34, 44, 140, 170-179; peculiarity of Plato's communism, 179; Plato's view of wealth, 199 _n._; no family ties, 41, 174, 178; temporary marriages for guardians, 175-8; Plato's and modern sentiments, 192, 194; influence of Aphroditê very small in Platonic, 197, 359; citizens should be tested against pleasure, 285; self-control tested by wine, 289; healthy, has few wants, enlargement of city's wants, 22; from multiplied wants, war, _ib._; perfection of, each part performing its own function, 97; one man can do only one thing well, 23, 33, 183, 361; unity of end to be kept in view, 417; end, happiness of entire state, 98, 139 _n._; and virtue of the citizens, 417; three classes in, analogous to reason, energy, appetite, in individual, 39; fiction as to origin of classes, 30; four stages of degeneracy, 79-84; proportions of happiness and misery in them, 83; in healthy condition, possesses wisdom, courage, temperance, justice, 34; laws about marriage, 328, 331, 341, 344; Aristotle, 198-201; Malthus' law recognised by Plato and Aristotle, 202; number of citizens, 178, 326, 328; limited, Plato and Aristotle, 198-201; Aristotle, 326 _n._; approximation in Mill, 199 _n._; rearing of children, 43, 44; infanticide, _ib._, 177; Aristotle, 202; contrast of modern sentiment, 203; citizens of Plato's ideal, identified with ancient Athenians, 266; division of citizens and land, twelve tribes, 329; perpetuity of lots of land, 320, 360; Aristotle, 326 _n._; succession, 328; orphans, guardians, 404, 406; limited inequality tolerated as to movable property, 330; no private possession of gold or silver, no loans or interest, 331; distribution of annual produce, 361; state importation of necessary articles, _ib._; regulations for retailers, 21, 361, 401; admission of Metics, 362, i. 238; of strangers, and foreign travel of citizens, iv.** 414; slavery, 342; Aristotle differs, 344 _n._; direct taxation, according to wealth, 331; four classes, property classification for magistracies and votes, _ib._; thirty-seven nomophylakes, 332; military commanders and council, _ib._; monthly military muster of whole population, 358; electoral scheme, 333; the council, and other magistrates, 335; Nocturnal Council to comprehend and carry out the end, 418, 425, 429; and enforce orthodox creed, 419; most important magistrate, minister of education, 338; defence of territory, rural police, 335; Spartan _kryptia_ compared, 336; _Xenophon's_ ideal of an active citizen, i. 214; he admires active commerce and variety of pursuits, 236; encouragement of metics, 238; training of citizens, 226; formation of treasury funds, 238; distribution among citizens, three oboli each, daily, 239; its purpose and principle, 240, 241 _n._; see _Government_, _Political Art_, &c.

Statesmen, ignorant of the true, the ideal, ii. 89; incompetent to teach. 100, 357, 360, 369; the philosopher the fully qualified practitioner, 114, 116, 118; disparagement of half-philosophers, half-politicians, 224; dislike of Sokrates and Sophists, 256; their right opinion, from inspiration, 242; defects of best Athenian, 360; considered by Sokrates as spiritual teachers and trainers, 362; Plato's _idéal_, 363; relation of philosopher to practical, iii. 179, 183, 273; definition of, 263.

Steersman, simile of, iv. 53.

Steinhart, on Platonic canon, rejects several, i. 309; [Greek: to\ e)xai/phnês], iii. 103 _n._; _Parmenidês_, 109 _n._, 245 _n._; _Theætêtus_, 167 _n._; _Sophistês_, 245 _n._; _Kratylus_, 307 _n._; _Menexenus_, 412 _n._

Steinthal, no objective absolute, iii. 296 _n._

Stewart, Dugald, on the beautiful, ii. 50 _n._; relativity of knowledge, iii. 156 _n._; Berkeley, iv. 243 _n._

Stilpon, nominalism of, i. 167; only identical predication possible, 166, 168; _of Megara_, 148.

Stoics, influenced by Herakleitus, i. 27, 34 _n._; developed Antisthenes' doctrines, 198; practical life preferable, 181 _n._; [Greek: pa/nta au(tou= e(/neka pra/ttein], iv. 106 _n._; all-sufficiency of virtue, germ of doctrine in _Republic_, 102; fate, i. 143 _n._; view of Dialectic, 371 _n._; style of their works, 406; doctrine of one cosmical soul, ii. 248 _n._; notion of time, iii. 101 _n._; natural rectitude of signification of names, 286 _n._; etymologies, 308 _n._; sophisms of, i. 128 _n._, 138; minute reasons of, 130 _n._; Cicero on, 157.

Strabo, value of poets, iv. 152 _n._

Straton, theory of sensation, i. 63 _n._, iii. 166 _n._; Plato's doctrine of reminiscence, ii. 250 _n._

Strümpell, on _Parmenidês_, iii. 71 _n._, 75 _n._

Subject, independent object and, do not explain facts of consciousness, iii. 131; perpetually implicated with object, 118, 122 _n._, 123, 128; in regard to intelligible world, proved from Plato, 121, 125; shown more easily than in reference to sense, 122; Hobbes on, 117 _n._; relations are nothing in the object without a comparing subject, 127; see _Relativity_.

Subjective, of Xenophanes, i. 18; and objective views of ethics, Sokrates distinguished, 451; unanimity coincident with objective dissent, _ib._; Plato's reference to objective and, iii. 134.

Subjectivism, an objection to _Homo Mensura_, iii. 151.

Suckow, on _Menexenus_, iii. 412 _n._; _Sophistês_ and _Politikus_, 185 _n._; _Leges_, iv. 431, 432.

Suicide, Hegesias, the death-persuader, i. 202; Cynics, and Indian Gymnosophists, 161 _n._

[Greek: Sumphe/ron], derivation, iii. 301 _n._

[Greek: Sunô/numa] and [Greek: o(mô/numa] first distinguished by Aristotle, iii. 94 _n._; [Greek: sunônu/môs], ii. 194.

Susemihl, on Platonic canon, coincides with Hermann, i. 310; _Timæus_, iv. 218 _n._

Sydenham, on Aristippus and Eudoxus, i. 202 _n._; seat of happiness, iii. 372 _n._; _Philêbus_, 376 _n._

Syllogistic and Inductive Dialectic, ii. 27.

Symposion, of Xenophon, i. 152; date, iii. 26 _n._; compared with Plato's, 22; of Epikurus, _ib._ _n._

_Symposion_, the, date, i. 307, 309, 311, 312, 324, iii. 26 _n._; purpose, ii. 382 _n._, iii. 8; antithesis and complement of _Phædon_, 22; contains much transcendental assertion, 56; censured for erotic character, 3 _n._; Idea of Beauty exclusively presented in, 18; Eros, views of interlocutors, 9; a Dæmon intermediate between gods and men, _ib._; but in _Phædrus_ a powerful god, _ib._ _n._, 11 _n._; amends empire of Necessity, iv. 222 _n._; discourse of Sokrates, iii. 11; analogy of Eros to philosophy, 10, 11; the stimulus to mental procreation, 4, 6; knowledge, by evolution of indwelling conceptions, 17; exaltation of Eros in a few, love of beauty _in genere_, 7; common desire for immortality, 6; attained through mental procreation, beauty the stimulus, _ib._; only metaphorical immortality recognised in, 17; Sokrates' personal appearance and peculiar character, 19; proof against temptation, 20, iv. 287; concluding scene, iii. 19; compared with Xenophon, 22; _Phædon_, ii. 382, iii. 17-8, 22; _Phædrus_, 11 _n._, 11, 15, 16-8; _Philêbus_, 370 _n._, 399; reading in p. 201D, [Greek: mantikê=s], 8 _n._

Syracuse, the Athenian expedition against, iii. 406.

Syssitia, iv. 280 _n._, 285 _n._, 335, 345.

T.

Tacitus, iv. 408 _n._, i. 245 _n._

Taste, Empedokles, i. 46; Demokritus, 78.

Taxation, direct, according to wealth, iv. 331.

Teaching, denied in Menon, ii. 254 _n._; [Greek: didachê\] and [Greek: peithô/], distinct, _ib._, iii. 172 _n._; knowledge to be elicited out of untutored mind, how far correct,