ii. 269;

virtue taught by parents, &c., 272; quantity acquired depends on individual aptitude, _ib._; analogy of learning the vernacular, 273; theory of punishment, 270; combines the two modern theories, 270 _n._; why genius not hereditary, 271, 272, 274; Sokrates analyses, 276; how far is justice like holiness, 278; intelligence and moderation identical, having same contrary, 279; Sokrates' reasons insufficient, _ib._; Protagoras' prolix reply, 280, 281, 284; Alkibiades claims superiority for Sokrates, 282, 287; dialectic superior to rhetoric, 282; Sokrates inferior in continuous debate, 284; Sokrates on song, and concealed Sophists at Krete and Sparta, 283; Protagoras on importance of knowledge of poets, _ib._; interpretation of a song of Simonides, _ib._; forced interpretation of poets, 285; poets deliver wisdom without knowing it, 285; Sokrates depreciates value of debates on poets, _ib._; colloquial companion necessary to Sokrates, 287; courage differs materially from rest of virtue, 285, 304 _n._, iv. 283 _n._; Sokrates argues that courage is knowledge, ii. 288; Aristotle on, 170 _n._; courage a right estimate of terrible things, 296, 307; the reasoning unsatisfactory, 313; knowledge is dominant agency in mind, 290; no man does evil voluntarily, 292; ignorance, not pleasure, the cause of wrongdoing, 294; pleasure the good, 289, 292, 305, 344-50; agreement with Aristippus, i. 199-201; right comparison of pleasures and pains necessary, ii. 293, iii. 391; virtue a right comparison of pleasures and pains, ii. 293, 305; actions conducive to pleasure are honourable, 295; reasoning of Sokrates, 307; not ironical, 314; not Utilitarianism, 310 _n._; theory more distinct than any in other dialogues, 308; but too narrow and exclusively prudential, 309-11, 313, 350 _n._; reciprocity of regard indispensable, 311; ethical end involves regard for pleasures and pains of others, 312; permanent and transient elements of human agency, 353-5; compared with _Menon_, 245; _Gorgias_, 306 _n._, 345-8, 349-57, iii. 379; _Politikus_, 262, 275, 276; _Philêbus_, 380, 391; _Republic_, ii. 310, 350 _n._; _Timæus_, 268 _n._; _Leges_, iv. 301.

Prudence, relation to rest of virtue, iv. 426; a good from its consequent pleasures, Aristippus' doctrine, i. 197.

Psammetichus, iii. 289 _n._

[Greek: Pseu=dos], derivation, iii. 301 _n._

[Greek: Psuchê/], meaning, iv. 387 _n._; see _Mind_, _Soul_, _Reason_.

Psychology, defective in _Gorgias_, ii. 354; great advance by Plato in analytical, iii. 164; classification of minds and aptitudes required in true rhetoric, 32, 43.

Ptolemies, i. 279, 284 _n._, 285.

Punishment, theory of, ii. 270; combines the two modern theories, _ib._ _n._; a relief to the wrongdoer, 326, 328, 335, iv. 366; consequences of theory, ii. 336; its incompleteness, 363; analogy of mental and bodily distemper pushed too far, 337; objects to deter or reform, iv. 408; corporal, 403.

Pyrrho the Sceptic, i. 154 _n._

Pythagoras, life and doctrines, i. 8; metaphysical and geometrical rather than physical, 89; censured by Herakleitus, 26; Demokritus on, 82 _n._; antipathy of Herakleitus, iii. 316 _n._; see _Pythagoreans_.

Pythagoreans, the brotherhood, i. 8, ii. 374; absence of individuality, i. 8; divergences of doctrine, 9 _n._, 14 _n._; canon of life, iii. 390 _n._; compared with Chinese philosophers, i. 159 _n._; Number, differs from Plato's Idea, 10, 348; modern application of the principle, 10 _n._; fundamental conception applied by Kepler, 14 _n._; Platonic form of doctrine of Monas and Duas, 15 _n._; number limited to ten, 11 _n._; [Greek: kairo/s], the first cause of good, iii. 397 _n._; music of the spheres, i. 14; harmonies, 16; geometrical construction of kosmos, re-appears in _Timæus_, 349 _n._; vacuum extraneous to the kosmos, iv. 225 _n._; doctrine of one cosmical soul, ii. 248 _n._; metempsychosis, 426 _n._; Contraries, the principles of [Greek: o)/nta], i. 15 _n._; theory of vision, iv. 237 _n._; not the idealists of _Sophistês_, iii. 245 _n._; doctrine of classification, enlarged by Plato, 368; on etymology, 304 _n._, 316 _n._, 323 _n._; doctrines in Plato, i. 11 _n._, 16 _n._, 88, 344 _n._, 346 _n._, 347, 349 _n._, ii. 426 _n._, iii. 368, iv. 424 _n._; Platonists, iii. 390 _n._

Q.

Qualities, primary and secondary, i. 70, iv. 243 _n._; all are relative, ii. 157; no existence without the mind, iii. 73 _n._; [Greek: a)lloi/ôsis], 103 _n._

Quality of propositions, iii. 235 _n._, 248.

Quintilian, iii. 311 _n._

R.

Ravaisson, M., iii. 242 _n._

Realism, first protest against, Antisthenes, i. 164.

Reason, the universal, of Herakleitus, i. 34; is the reason of most men as it ought to be, 35; the individual, worthless, 34; of Anaxagoras, identical with the vital principle, 54; alone pure and unmixed, 51; immaterial and impersonal, 56 _n._; two attributive to _move_ and to _know_, _ib._; relation to the homoeomeries, 55-7; originates rotatory movement in chaotic mass, 50; exercised only a catalytic agency, 89; compared with Herakleitus' [Greek: perie/chon], 56 _n._; not used as a cause, ii. 394; of Demokritus, produced by influx of atoms, i. 79; relation to sense, 68 _n._; alone gives true knowledge, 72; worlds of sense and, distinct, 403; varieties of, classified, iii. 358; dialectic the purest, 360; two grades of, Nous and Dianoia, iv. 66; relation to [Greek: noêto/n], i. 354 _n._; the Universal, assigned as measure of truth, iii. 151 _n._; relation to kosmical soul, iv. 226; kosmos produced by joint action of necessity and, 237; in individual, analogous to ruler in state, 39; temporarily withdrawn under inspiration, ii. 131, iii. 11; belongs only to gods and a few men, 121 _n._, iv. 234, 235 _n._; is the determining, iii. 348; a combining cause, 347; postulated by the Hedonists, 374; analogy of pleasure and, 360; more cognate than pleasure with good, 339, 347, 361; is it happiness, 335, 337; is good a life of, without pleasure or pain, 338, 349, 372; pleasure an end, and cannot be compared with intelligence, a means, 373, 377 _n._; all cognitions included in good, 362; good is not, iv. 62; implication of emotion and, iii. 374; knowledge of good identical with, of other things with [Greek: do/xa], ii. 30; perfect state of, the one sufficient condition of virtue, 149; earliest example of fallacy of Sufficient, i. 6 _n._

Reid, on Berkeley, iv. 243** _n._; atomic doctrine of primary and secondary qualities, i. 70.

Relation, category of, iii. 128 _n._

Relative and non-relative names, iii. 232 _n._; and absolute, radically distinct points of view, i. 23 _n._; antithetised by Plato in regard to the beautiful, ii. 54; the, of Xenophanes, i. 18; doctrine of Parmenides, 20-24, 66; alone knowable, Zeno, 98, 101; incommunicable, Gorgias the Leontine, 104 _n._; doctrine of Anaxagoras, 59 _n._; Demokritus, 71, 80; alone knowable, iii. 63, 73; Idea of Good is essentially, iv. 214 _n._, i. 185; see _Absolute_, _Relativity_.

Relativity, perpetual implication of subject and object, iii. 118, 123 _n._, 122 seq., 128-9, 287 _n._, i. 204 _n._; true both in regard to ratiocinative combinations and percipient faculties of each individual, iii. 118; the doctrine of Sokrates, i. 432, iii. 140 _n._, 147, 162 _n._; in regard to intelligible world, proved from Plato, 121, 125, 227, 322 _n._, 337 _n._; shown more easily than in reference to sense, 122; of some sensible facts, 126, 298, iv. 242; two-fold, to comparing subject, and to another object, besides the one directly described, iii. 127; relations are nothing in the object without a comparing subject, _ib._; the facts of consciousness not explicable by independent subject and object, 131; _Homo Mensura_, formula unpopular, 150; objected to as "Subjectivism," 151; true meaning, ii. 341 _n._, iii. 116, 137, 143, 292, 297; its counter-proposition, 148; its value, 131, 164 _n._; relation to belief on authority, 142, 143, 146, 293; counter-theory of naming, 291, 326 _n._; all exposition an assemblage of individual judgments, 139; sentiments of belief and disbelief common, but grounds different with different men and ages, 296; belief not dependent on will but relative to circumstances of individual mind, 297; _Homo Mensura_, an objection to cognisability of Ideas, 72; identified with Herakleiteanism, 128; Demokritus on, i. 82, iii. 152; Plato's arguments against, 135; identified erroneously by Plato with knowledge is sensible perception, 114 _n._, 118, 120 _n._, 125, 162 _n._; Plato ignores the proper qualification, 137; the doctrine equalises all animals, 135, 292; analogy of physical processes, 294; not true in the sense meant, 141, 296; it annuls dialectic--not true, 146; the wise man alone a measure, 145; divergences of men, from mental and associative differences, 155; Aristotle on, 128 _n._, 131 _n._, 132 _n._, 149 _n._, 152; Kyrenaics, i. 197. 204; Hamilton, iii. 133 _n._; Dugald Stewart, 156 _n._; see _Relative_.

Religion, Greek, hostile to philosophy, i. 86; mysticism in Empedokles, 47 _n._; Xenophanes, 16-18; loose meaning of [Greek: a)/theos], iv. 382 _n._; Manichæanism of _Leges_, 389 _n._; Plato's relation to popular mythology, i. 441 _n._, ii. 416, iii. 265 _n._, iv. 24, 155 _n._, 195, 238 _n._, 325, 328, 337, 398; dissent from his country's, 161, 163; fundamental dogmas, 419; doctrines had emanated from lawgivers, 160; temples and priests, regulations, 337; number of sacrifices determined by lawgiver, 357; sacrilege, gravest of all crimes, 363; heresy, and [Greek: u(/bris] to divine things, or places, 375-86; [Greek: eu)phêmi/a] and [Greek: blasphêmi/a], 350 _n._; only state worship allowed, 24, 159, 337, 419, 430; Cicero, 379 _n._; Delphi and Dodona to be consulted, 34, 137 _n._, 325, 337; Xenophon, i. 237; communications common in Plato's age, ii. 130, 131 _n._, i. 225 _n._; see _Orthodoxy_, _Prayer_, _Polytheism_, _Sacrifice_, _Theology_.

Reminiscence, theory of, ii. 237, 249, 252, iii. 13, 17; kindled by aspect of physical beauty, 14; not accepted, ii. 247; Bion and Straton on, 249 _n._; purification of soul for, 389; necessary hypothesis for didactic _idéal_, iii. 52; not recognised in _Symposion_, 17; nor in _Republic_ training, iv. 207.

Renan, on absence of system in ancient philosophy, i. 340 _n._; influence of professorial lectures, 346 _n._; Averroism, iii. 68 _n._; _Kratylus_, 290 _n._; origin of language, 326 _n._, 328 _n._, 329 _n._; _Almamuns' dream_, iv. 213 _n._

_Republic_, date, i. 307, 309, 311-3, 315, 324, ii. 318 _n._; title only partially applicable, iv. 96; _Kleitophon_ intended as first book, i. 406 _n._, iii. 419, 425; _Hermokrates_ projected as last in tetralogy, i. 325, iv. 266, 273; _Timæus_ and _Kritias_, sequel to, 215, 265; overleaps difficulties of other dialogues, 138; summarised, 1, 95; double purpose, ethical and political, 133, 138; polity and education combined, 185; Plato more a preacher than philosopher in, 129-31; scenery and persons, 2; Kephalus' views about old age, _ib._; preponderance of evil, 262 _n._; tripartite division of goods, 12, 116; Good, not intelligence nor pleasure, 62; the four cardinal virtues assumed as an exhaustive classification, 135; as constituting all Virtue where each resides, 134; difference in other dialogues, 137; justice an equivocal word, 120, 123-6; Simonides' definition of justice, rendering what is owing, 2; objections, 3; defective explanations, 4; definition rejected, 6; Thrasymachus' definition, justice what is advantageous to the most powerful, 8; modified, 9; ruler _qua_ ruler infallible, _ib._; justice the good of another, 10; a good to society and individual, injustice a source of weakness, 11; justice a source of happiness, 12; a compromise, 13; recommended by fathers from its consequences, 15, 16, 99; the received view anterior to Plato, 100; Xenophon on, 114 _n._; arguments compared, and question stated, 18; the real issue, 117; justice a good _per se_, 20, 40, 84, 90; not demonstrated, 116; is performing one's own function, 36, 37; in individual, when each mental part performs its own function, 40; analogy to bodily health, _ib._; distinction between temperance and justice effaced, 135; view peculiar to Plato, 99; happiness of just and unjust compared, 14; neutral condition of mind intermediate between pain and pleasure, 86; pure pleasure unknown to most men, iii. 387 _n._, iv. 87; simile of kosmos, absolute height and depth, 87; more pleasure from replenishment of mind than of body, 88; proved also by superiority of pleasures of intelligence, iii. 375 _n._, iv. 85, 89; the arguments do not establish the point aimed at, 118-20; a good _per se_, and from its consequences, 94, 121-3; all-sufficient for happiness, germ of Stoical doctrine, 102; inconsistent with actual facts, 103, 123; individual dependent on society, _ib._; essential reciprocity in society, 109; the basis of Plato's own theory of city's genesis, 111; but incompletely stated, 112 _n._; any theory of society must present antithesis and correlation of obligation and right, 112; Plato's affirmation true in a qualified sense, 125; orthodoxy or dissent of just man must be taken into account, 126, 131; Plato's ethical basis imperfect, 127; his conception is self-regarding, 3 _n._, 104; motives to it arise from internal happiness of the just, 105; view substantially maintained since, _ib._; each individual mind tripartite, ii. 384, iv. 37; the gentle, tender, and æsthetical emotions omitted, 149 _n._; reason, energy, appetite, analogous to rulers, guardians, craftsmen, 39; analogy of city and individual, 20, 37, 79-84, 96; parallelism exaggerated, 114, 121, 124; unity of the city, every man does one thing well, 23, 33, 183; Xenophon on, 139 _n._; perfection of state and individual, each part performing its own function, 97; happiness of entire state the end, 98, 139 _n._; origin of society, common want, ii. 343, iii. 327 _n._, iv. 21, 111, 112 _n._, 133; ideal state--only an outline, 139; a military _bureaucracy_, 183; type of character is Athenian, Xenophontic is Spartan, 147, 151; Plato more anxious for good treatment of Demos, 183; Plato carries abstraction farther than Xenophon or Aristotle, _ib._; Aristotle objects, it is two states, 185, 189; healthy city has few wants, enlargement of city's wants, 22; war, from multiplied wants, _ib._; good state possesses wisdom, courage, temperance, justice, 34, 35; fiction as to origin of classes, 30; difficulty of procuring first admission for fiction, 158; this the introduction of a new religious creed, 156; class of soldiers or guardians, characteristics, 23, 25, 298 _n._; division of guardians into rulers and auxiliaries, 29; maintenance of city dependent on guardians' habits, character, education, 32, 34, 140, 170, 178; musical and gymnastical education necessary, 23; compared with that of modern soldiers, 148, 180; Xenophon compared, 141-8; musical training excites love of the beautiful, 27; music, Platonic sense, 149; by fictions as well as by truth, 24, 154; ancient quarrel between philosophy and poetry, 93, 151; Plato fights for philosophy, but his feelings enlisted for poetry, 93; poets censured, 91, 130 _n._; Homer not educator of Greek world, 92; Herakleitus the Allegorist on, iii. 3 _n._; actual place of poetry in Greek education compared with Plato's _idéal_, iv. 150-2; poets' mischievous appeal to emotions, 92, 152; their mischievous _imitation of imitation_, 91; retort open to poets, 153 _n._, 154 _n._; censorship of mythology, 24; religion in connection with state, _ib._, 159; Delphian Apollo to be consulted for religious legislation, 34, 137 _n._; Sokrates of _Republic_ compared with the real, 211; Plato compared with Epikurus, 161; poets must conform to orthodox standard, 24, 153, 155; must avoid variety of imitation, 20; gods cause good only, do not assume man's form, 24; no repulsive fictions tolerated about gods or Hades, 25, 154; a better class to be substituted from religion for the existing fictions, 159; type for narratives about men, 26; only grave music allowed, 26, 168; restrictions on music and poetry to keep emotions in a proper state, 169; gymnastic and music necessary to correct each other, 29; gymnastic imparts courage, _ib._; bodily training simple, 28; no refined medical art allowed, _ib._; [Greek: sussi/tia] of guardians, 32; their communism, _ib._, 44, 140, 169; its peculiarity, 179; Plato's view of wealth, 199 _n._; the guardians consist of men and women, 41, 46; both sexes to go together to battle, 46; best women equal by nature to second best men, 42, 171-4; same duties and training for women as men, 41, 77; on principle that every citizen belongs to the city, 187; maintained in _Leges_, and harmonises with ancient legends, 195; contrast with Aristotle, _ib._; no family ties, 32, 174; temporary marriages, 43, 175-8, 194 _n._; Plato's and modern sentiments, 192; in Platonic state, influence of Aphrodité very small, 197, 359 _n._; infanticide, 43, 44, 177, 203; contrast of modern sentiment, _ib._; number of guardians, 178; checks on population, 198-202; Malthus' law recognised, 202; approximation in Mill, 199 _n._; scheme practicable if philosophy and political power united, 47; how to be realised, 78, 190 _n._; of state and individual, four stages of degeneracy, 78-84; timocracy, 79; oligarchy, _ib._; democracy, 80; despotism, 81; proportions of happiness and misery in them, 83; Plato's state impossible, in what sense true, 189; its real impossibility, adverse established sentiments, 191; fails from no training for Demos, 186; perpetual succession maintained of philosopher-rulers, 60; philosophers true rulers, 310 _n._; hated by the people, 57; whence pretenders, and forced seclusion of philosophers, 58, 90; distinctive marks of philosopher, 51; the philosopher contemplates unchangeable forms, 48; ens alone knowable, 49; _opinion_, of what is between ens and non-ens, iii. 184 _n._, iv. 49; two grades of opinion, Faith or Belief, and Conjecture, 67; and of intelligence, Nous and Dianoia, 66; ordinary men discern only particulars, 49, 51; particulars fluctuate, 50; simile of Cave, iii. 257 _n._, iv. 67-70; those who have contemplated forms reluctant to undertake active duties, 70; relation of philosopher to practical life, 51-4; simile of the steersman, 53; philosopher requires a community suitable to himself, 59; uselessness of philosopher in practical life, due to his not being called in by citizens, 54; philosophical aptitude perverted under misguiding public opinion, _ib._; irresistible effect of public opinion in producing orthodoxy, 55; perversion not due to Sophists, _ib._; the Sophists conform to prevalent orthodoxy, 56; studies introductory to philosophy, 61, 70-5, 206; object, 69; no mention of Reminiscence, or of negative Elenchus, 207; age for studies, 76; dialectic and geometry, two modes of mind's procedure applicable to ideal world, 65; geometry assumes diagrams, _ib._; dialectic requires no diagrams, deals with forms only, descending from highest, 66; awakening power of arithmetic, 71; stimulus from contradiction of one and many, 72; astronomy must be studied by ideal figures, not observation, 73; geometry conducts mind towards universal ens, 72; acoustics, by applying arithmetical relations and theories, 74; exercises in dialectic, 76; effect of, 207; philosophy should not be taught to youths, 60, 76; opposition to other dialogues and Sokrates' character, 208-12; dialectic the consummation of all the sciences, 75; the standard for classifying sciences as more or less true, iii. 383 _n._; the synoptic view the test of the dialectician, 290 _n._,