iv. 221;

intelligence postulated by the Hedonists, iii. 374; analogy of intelligence and pleasure, 360; intelligence more cognate to good than pleasure is, 348, 361; pain, disturbance of system's fundamental harmony, pleasure the restoration, 348; pleasure pre-supposes pain, 349; except in the derivative pleasures of memory and expectation, _ib._; desire presupposes a bodily want and memory of previous satisfaction, 350; true pleasures attached to true opinions, 351; can pleasure be true or false, 286 _n._, 351, 352, 356, 380, _ib._ _n._, 382; false pleasures are pleasures falsely estimated, 353, 369 _n._; to Plato the absolute the only real, 385; true pleasures of beautiful colours, odours, sounds, acquisition of knowledge, &c., 356; pure pleasures admit of measure, 357; directive sovereignty of measure, 391, 393; pleasure not identical with [Greek: a)lupi/a], 353, 377; theory of pleasure-haters, partly true, 354; allusion in [Greek: oi( duscherei=s], 389 _n._; intense pleasures connected with bodily or mental distemper, 355, 391; but more pleasure in health, 356; intense pleasures not compatible with cognition, 362; same view enforced by Hedonists, 378, 387 _n._; Aristotle on, 376 _n._; drama, feelings excited by--[Greek: phtho/nos], 355 _n._; pleasure is generation, therefore not an End, nor the Good, 357; Aristippus and Aristotle on, 378 _n._; pleasure is an end, and cannot be compared with intelligence, a means. 373, 377 _n._; Plato's doctrine not defensible against pleasure-haters, 387, 390 _n._; Sokrates differs little from pleasure-haters, 389; gods and kosmos free from pleasure and pain, _ib._; comparison of man to kosmos unnecessary and confusing, 367; forced conjunction of kosmology and ethics, 391; difficulties about one and many, 339; natural coalescence of finite and infinite, 340; illustration from speech and music, 342; explanation insufficient, 343; classes between one and infinite many often overlooked, 341; Plato enlarges Pythagorean doctrine, 368; but feebly applies, 369; quadruple distribution of existences, 346; varieties of intelligence, classified, 358; dialectic the purest, 360; classification of true and false, how applied to cognitions, 394; difference from other dialogues, 395; rhetoric superior in usefulness and celebrity, 360, 380; arithmetic and geometry are two-fold, 359, 394; unchangeable essences of the kosmos rarely studied, 361; good a mixture, _ib._; this good has not the unity of an idea, ii. 407 _n._, iii. 365; all cognitions included, 362; but only true, pure, and necessary pleasures, _ib._; five graduated constituents of good, 364, 397; Plato's in part an eclectic doctrine, 366; blends ontology with ethics, _ib._; does not satisfy the tests himself lays down, 371; compared with _Euthydêmus_, 374 _n._; _Protagoras_, 379, 391; _Gorgias_, 379-81; _Phædrus_, 398; _Symposion_, 370 _n._, 398; _Parmenidês_, 97 _n._, 340 _n._, 343; _Sophistês_, 369 _n._; _Politikus_, 263, 369 _n._; _Republic_, 370, 373 _n._, 395; _Timæus_, 397 _n._; _Leges_, iv. 301.

Philo, etymologies, iii. 308 _n._; hypothetical propositions, i. 145 _n._; allegorical interpretation, iv. 157 _n._

Philolaus, i. 9.

[Greek: Phi/lon, prô/ton], see _Amabile primum_.

Philosophers, ancient, common claim to universal knowledge, iii. 219; charged with pride, i. 153 _n._; secession from Athens, 111 _n._; contrast of philosopher with practical men, ii. 52, 145 _n._, iii. 183, 274, iv. 51-4; uselessness in practical life due to not being called in by citizens, 54; disparagement of half-philosophers, half-politicians, ii. 224; forced seclusion of, iv. 59; require a community suitable, _ib._; philosophical aptitude perverted under misguiding public opinion, 54; model city practicable if philosophy and political power united, 47; divine men, iii. 187; the fully qualified practitioner, ii. 114, 116, 119; not wise, yet painfully feeling ignorance, 181; value set by Sokrates and Plato on this attribute, 190; dissenters, upheld, 375; life, a struggle between soul and body, 386; ascetic life, 388, i. 158; exempted from metempsychosis, ii. 387, 416, 425; rewarded in Hades--mythe in _Gorgias_, 361; stages of intellectual development, 391; value of exposition, 398; Eros the stimulus to improving philosophical communion, iii. 4, 6; Sokrates as representative of _Eros Philosophus_, 15, 25; distinguished from [Greek: i)diô/tês], iv. 104 _n._; not distinguishable from sophists, ii. 210, 211 _n._; alone can teach, iii. 37, 40; as expositors, teach minds unoccupied, as rhetoricians, minds pre-occupied, 39; realisable only under hypothesis of pre-existence and reminiscence, 52; alone grasp Ideas in reasoning, 290 _n._; test of, the synoptic view, iv. 76; compared with rhetors, iii. 178; masters of debates, 179; determine what forms admit of intercommunion, 208; live in region of _ens_, _ib._; contemplate unchangeable forms, iv. 48; distinction of ordinary men and, illustrated by simile of Cave, 67-70; distinctive marks of, 51; no object in nature mean to, iii. 61.

Philosophia prima of Aristotle, i. 358 _n._, iii. 230 _n._, 382.

Philosophy, is reasoned truth, i. _vii-x_; Ferrier on scope and purpose of, _viii_ _n._; necessarily polemical, _viii_; modern idea of, includes authoritative teaching, positive results, direct proofs, 366; usually positive systems advocated, iii. 70; difference of ancient and modern problems, 52; chief point of divergence of modern schools, ii. 409 _n._; its beginning, i. 375 _n._, 382, ii. 404, 407 _n._; free judgment the first condition for, i. 382, 395 _n._, ii. 368, iii. 152 _n._; negative vein as necessary as affirmative for, i. 130; preponderated in Plato's age, 123; early appearance of a few free thinkers in Greece, 384; brought down from heaven by Sokrates, _x_; Greek, in its purity, _xiv_; Greek, characterised by multiplicity of individual authorities, 84, 90, 340 _n._; advantages, 90; contrasted with uniform tradition of Jews and Christians, 384 _n._; early Christian view of, affected by Hebrew studies, _xv_ _n._; polytheism the first form of, 2; Aristotle contrasts "human wisdom" with primitive theology, 3 _n._; Indian, 378 _n._; compared with Pre-Sokratic, 107; analogy of Greek with Indian, 160 _n._, 162; difficulties of early, iii. 184 _n._; opposition from prevalent views of Nature, &c., i. 86; common repugnance to its rationalistic element, 3, 59-60, 261 _n._, 279 _n._, 387 _n._, 388, 437, 441, iv. 57; encyclopædic character of Greek, iii. 219; new epoch, by Plato's establishment of a school, i. 266; its march up to or down from _principia_, 403; the protracted study necessary, an advantage, _ib._; definition first sought for in _Erastæ_, ii. 117; the perpetual accumulation of knowledge, 112; a province by itself, 119; the supreme art, 120; to be studied by itself exclusively, 229; claim of _locus standi_ for, 367; relation to politics, 224, 227, 229, 230 _n._; comparative value of, and of _practical_ (q.v.) life, 365 _n._, 368 _n._, _ib._, iii. 182, i. 204; antithesis of rhetoric and, ii. 365; issue unsatisfactorily put by Plato, 369; ancient quarrel between poetry and, iv. 93, 152, 309; Aristotle on blending mythe with, 255 _n._; gives a partial emancipation of soul, ii. 386; analogy of Eros to, iii. 10, 11, 14; Eros the stimulus to, 18; different view, _Phædon_, _Theætêtus_, _Sophistês_, _Republic_, _ib._; antithesis of emotion and science, 61; ideas exist or philosophy impossible, 68; should be confined to discussion among select minds, i. 351; should not be taught at a very early age, iv. 60, 76; studies introductory to, 70-75; difference in _Leges_, 275 _n._; Plato's remarks on effect of, 207; _Republic_ contradicts other dialogues, 207-11; Plato more a preacher than philosopher in _Republic_, 129, 131; difference between theorist and preceptor, _ib._; Plato's altered tone in regard to, in later life, 273.

Philosophy, Pre-Sokratic, i. 1-83; value, _xiv_; form compared with the Indian, 107; studied in the third and second centuries B. C., 92; importance of Aristotle's information about, 85; Plato's criticism on, 87 _n._; relation of early schemes, 86; Aristotle's relation to, 85; abstractions of Plato and Aristotle compared with Ionians, 87; _Timæus_ resembled Ionic philosophy, 88 _n._; theories in circulation in Platonic period, 91; Ionians attended to material cause only, 88; defect of Ionic _principles_, 89; little or no dialectic in earliest theorists, 93; physics discredited by growth of dialectic, 91; new characteristic with Zeno and Gorgias, 105.

Phlogiston theory, ii. 164 _n._

[Greek: Phro/nêsis], ii. 120 _n._, iii. 301 _n._, 370 _n._

[Greek: Phtho/nos], meaning, iii. 356 _n._

[Greek: Phu/sis], of Demokritus, i. 70 _n._; in sense of [Greek: ge/nesis], denied by Empedokles, 38 _n._; [Greek: phu/sei] and [Greek: kata\ phu/sin], iii. 294 _n._, iv. 310 _n._; see _Nature_.

Physics, transcendentalism in modern, i. 400 _n._; creation out of nothing, denied by all ancient physical philosophers, 52; aversion to studying, on ground of impiety, iv. 219 _n._, 397** _n._; Thales, i. 4; Anaximander, 4-7; Anaximenes, 7; Pythagorean, 12; Xenophanes, 18; Parmenides, 24, 90** _n._; his phenomena the object of modern, 23 _n._; and ontology, radically distinct points of view, _ib._; reconciliation of ontology with, attempted unsuccessfully after Parmenides, _ib._; Herakleitus, 27, 32; Empedokles, 38; _attraction_ and _repulsion_ illustrate his _love_ and _enmity_, 40 _n._; Anaxagoras, 49, 57; denied simple bodies, 52 _n._; atomic doctrine, 65, 67; early, discredited by growth of dialectic, 91; retrograded in Plato and Aristotle, 88 _n._; theories in circulation in Platonic period, 91; Eudoxus, 255 _n._; early study of Sokrates, ii. 391; Sokrates avoided, i. 376; Cynics' contempt for, 151; and Aristippus', 192; see _Kosmos_.

Physiology, of Empedokles, i. 43; Theophrastus, 46 _n._; Anaxagoras, 58; Diogenes of Apollonia, 60 _n._, 62; Demokritus, 76; of _Timæus_ subordinated to ethical teleology, iv. 256; of Plato, see _Body_; compared with Aristotle and Hippokrates, 260.

Plants for man's nutrition, iv. 248; soul of, _ib._

Platæa, iii. 406.

Plato, life, little known, i. 246; birth, parentage, and education, 247, 306 _n._; early relations with Sokrates, 248; service as a citizen and soldier, 249; political life, 251; political changes in Greece during life, 1; travels alter death of Sokrates, 253; permanently established at Athens, 254; teaches at the Academy, _ib._; received presents, not fees, iii. 218 _n._; his pupils, numerous, wealthy, and from different cities, i. 255; many subsequently politicians, 261 _n._; Eudoxus, 255; Aristotle, 260; Demosthenes, 261 _n._; visits the younger Dionysius, 258, 351, 194 _n._; relations with Dionysius, 255; disappointments, 280; varying relations with Isokrates, ii. 331 _n._, iii. 35; his jealousy and love of supremacy, i. 117 _n._, 153 _n._; alleged ill-nature, 117 _n._; antipathy to Antisthenes, 151, 152 _n._, 165; alleged enmity between Xenophon and, iii. 22 _n._, iv. 146 _n._, 312 _n._; rivalry with Lysias, iii. 408, 410 _n._, 411 _n._; death, i. 200; Plato and Aristotle represent pure Hellenic philosophy, _xiv_; St. Jerome on, _xv_; criticism on early Greek philosophy, 87 _n._; relation to predecessors, 91; theories in circulation in his time, _ib._; Parmenidês and Pythagoras supplied basis for, 89; relation to Sokrates, 344 _n._, ii. 303; Pythagoreanism, i. 10 _n._, 15 _n._, 87, 344 _n._, 346 _n._, 347, 349 _n._, ii. 426 _n._, iii. 368, iv. 424 _n._; Herakleitus, i. 27, ii. 30; Demokritus, i. 66 _n._, 82 _n._, iv. 355 _n._; abstractions of Plato and Aristotle compared with Ionic philosophy, i. 87; physics retrograded with, 88 _n._; analogy to Indian philosophy, ii. 389 _n._; resemblance to Hebrew writers, iv. 157 _n._, 256; little known of him from his Dialogues, i. 260, 339; personality only in his Epistles, 349; valuable illustrations of his character from Epistles, 339 _n._; his school fixed at Athens and transmitted to successors, 265; scarcely known to us in his function of a lecturer and president of a school, 346; lectures at the Academy, never published, 360; miscellaneous character of audience, effect, 348; lectures, 347; De Bono, _ib._, 349; on principles of geometry, 349 _n._; circumstances of his intellectual and philosophical development little known, 323 _n._; did not write till after death of Sokrates, 326, 334, 443 _n._; proofs, 327-334; variety, 339, 342, 344, ii. 155 _n._, iii. 26 _n._, 54, 179 _n._, 259, 265 _n._, 400, 420; style, i. 405; prolixity, ii. 100 _n._, 276, iii. 259, 369 _n._, iv. 325 _n._; poetical vein predominant in some works, i. 343, iv. 153 _n._; mixture of poetical fancy and religious mysticism with dialectic theory, iii. 16; comic vein, 410 _n._; builds on metaphor, i. 353 _n._, iii. 65 _n._, 351, 364; rhetorical powers, 178** _n._, 392 _n._, 408, 409, 410; irony, ii. 208; tendency to embrace logical phantoms as real causes, 404 _n._; both sceptical and dogmatical, i. 342; his affirmative and negative veins distinct, 399, 400 _n._, 403, 420; in old age the affirmative vein, 408; altered tone in regard to philosophy in later life, iv. 273, 320, 379, 424, i. 244; intolerance, 423, iii. 277, iv. 157, 159, 379, 430; inconsistencies, i. _xiii_, ii. 29, 303, 345, 416 _n._, iii. 17, 172 _n._, 273, 277, 332, 372, iv. 24, 219, 379-86, 396; absence of system, i. _xiii_, 340 _n._, 344, 375; untenable hypothesis that he communicated solutions to a few, _xi_, 360, 401; assumed impossibility of teaching by written exposition, 349, 357, ii. 56 _n._; this assumption intelligible in his day, i. 357; a champion of the negative dialectic, 372; devoted to philosophy, 333; his aim, 406; is a searcher, 375, iii. 158 _n._; search after knowledge the business of his life, i. 396; has done more than any one else to interest others in it, 405; anxiety to keep up research, ii. 246; combated commonplace, i. 398 _n._; equally with Sophists, laid claim to universal knowledge, iii. 219; anachronisms, i. 335, ii. 20 _n._, iii. 411; colours facts to serve his arguments, ii. 356 _n._, 369, iii. 46, iv. 311; probably never read Thucydides, iii. 410 _n._; acquiescence in tradition, iv. 230-3, 242 _n._; relation to popular mythology, i. 441 _n._, ii. 416, iii. 265 _n._, iv. 24, 155 _n._, 196, 238 _n._, 325, 328, 337, 398; theory of politics to resist King Nomos, i. 393; reverence for Egyptian regulations, iv. 266 _n._; latest opinion in Epinomis, 421 _n._, 424 _n._; agreement of Leibnitz with, ii. 248 _n._; see _Canon_, _Dialogue_, _Epistles_, &c.

Platonists, influenced by Pythagoreans, iii. 390 _n._; pleasure a form of evil, _ib._; erroneous identification of truth and good, 391 _n._

Pleasurable, Beautiful a variety of, ii. 45; inadmissible, 45-7; and Good, as conceived by the Athenians, 371; is it identical with good, 289.

Pleasure, an equivoque, iii. 377 _n._; meaning as the _summum bonum_, 338; Plato's various doctrines compared, 385 _n._; is the good, ii. 292, 305, 347 _n._; agreement with Aristippus, i. 199-201; right comparison of pains and, necessary, ii. 293; virtue a right comparison of pain and, _ib._, 305; ignorance, not pleasure, the cause of wrongdoing, 294; actions conducive to, are honourable, 295; Sokrates' reasoning, 307; not ironical, 314; not Utilitarianism, 310 _n._; theory more distinct than any in other dialogues, 308, 347; but too narrow and exclusively prudential, 309; compared with _Gorgias_, 306 _n._, 345-6; _Republic_, 210, 350 _n._; not identical with Good, 345, iii. 380 _n._, iv. 62; Sokrates' argument untenable, ii. 351; its elements depreciated, 355; arts of flattery aiming at immediate, 357; Expert required to discriminate, 345, 347; science of measure necessary to estimate pleasures, 357 _n._, iii. 357, 369 _n._, 376** _n._, 391, iv. 301; is it good, iii. 335, 337; pleasures unlike each other, 336, 396; is good intense pleasure without any intelligence, 338; life without pain or pleasure conceivable, at least second-best, 349, 372; less cognate than intelligence to good, 339, 347, 361; not identical with [Greek: a)lupi/a], 338 _n._, 353, 377; is of the infinite, 347; is the indeterminate, 348; pre-supposes pain, 349, 389 _n._; except in the derivative pleasures of memory and expectation, 349; is the restoration of the system's harmony, 348; antithesis of body and mind in desire, no true pleasure, 350; true, attached to true opinion, 351; same principle of classification applied to cognitions as to, 382; can they be true or false, 351, 352, 385, 380 _n._, 382; false, are pleasures falsely estimated, 352, 384; theory of pleasure-haters, partly true, 354; intense, not compatible with cognition, 363; Aristotle on, 376 _n._; same view enforced by Hedonists, 378, 387 _n._; intense, connected with bodily or mental distemper, 356, 391; but more pleasure in health, 356; feelings excited by drama, [Greek: phtho/nos], 355 _n._; true, of beautiful colours, odours, sounds, acquisition of knowledge, 356; of geometry, painless, _ib._, 387 _n._; of intelligence more valuable than of sense, 375 _n._, 386 _n._, iv. 85, 89, 118; analogy of cognition and, iii. 360; true, admit of measure, 357, 369 _n._; is generation, therefore, not an end, nor the good, 357; Aristippus and Aristotle on, 378 _n._; is an end, and cannot be compared with intelligence, a means, 373, 377 _n._; good a mixture of pleasure and cognition, 361; only true, pure, and necessary pleasures included in good, 362; gods and kosmos free from pleasure and pain, 389; intelligence postulated by the Hedonists, 374; Plato argues on Hedonistic basis by comparing, 375; both [Greek: a)lupi/a] and pleasure included in Hedonists' end, 377; Sokrates differs little from pleasure-haters, 389; doctrine not defensible against pleasure-haters, 387, 390 _n._; of intelligence, the best, and alone pure, iv. 85, 89; of [Greek: philoma/theia] superior to [Greek: philoke/rdeia] and [Greek: philotimi/a], 85, 89, 118; neutral condition of mind intermediate between pain and pleasure, 86; pure pleasure, unknown to most men, 87; more from replenishment of mind than of body, 88; citizens should be tested against, 285; Sokrates the ideal of self-command as to, 288; good identical with maximum of, and minimum of pain, 292-7, 299, 303; at least an useful fiction, _ib._; a form of evil, Platonists' doctrine, iii. 390 _n._; Speusippus on, 386 _n._, 390 _n._; Kyrenaic theory, i. 196; Antisthenes, iii. 390 _n._; Cynics' contempt for, i. 154; Aristotle, iii. 386 _n._; Epikurus, ii. 355 _n._, iii. 387 _n._; Lucretius, 387 _n._; Cicero, 389 _n._; Prof. Bain, 383 _n._

Plotinus, i. 376 _n._, iii. 84 _n._

Poets, censured by Herakleitus, i. 26; Xenophanes, 16; the art is _one_, ii. 127; arbitrary exposition by the rhapsodes, 125; and rhapsodes work by divine inspiration, 127, 129; deliver wisdom without knowing it, 285; the great teachers, 135; really know nothing, _ib._; Strabo against, iv. 152 _n._; appeal to maxims of, ii. 178; importance of knowledge of, 283; Plato's forced interpretations of, 286, _ib._ _n._; relation of sophists, rhetors, philosophers to, iv. 149; ancient quarrel between philosophy and, 93, 151; Plato's feelings enlisted for, 93; Plato's aversion to Athenian dramatic, 316, 350; peculiar to himself, 317; Aristotle differs, _ib._ _n._; change for worse at Athens began in, 313; censured, ii. 355, iv. 91, 130 _n._; their mischievous _imitation of imitation_, 91; retort open to, 153 _n._, 154 _n._; mischievous appeal to emotions, ii. 126, iv. 92, 152, 349; only deceive their hearers, 91; credibility upheld by Plato, 161; must avoid variety of imitation, 26; orthodox type imposed on, 24, 153, 155, 292-6, 323, 349; to keep emotions in a proper state, 169; Plato's expulsion of, censured, iii. 3; actual place of, in Greek education, compared with Plato's _idéal_, iv. 149-53; mixture in Plato of poetry with religious mysticism and dialectic theory, iii. 16; poetic vein of Sokrates in _Phædon_ contrasted with _Apology_, ii. 421; Aristophanes on function of, iv. 306 _n._

Political art, its use, ii. 206, iii. 415; Sokrates declares he alone follows the true, ii. 361; society and ethics, topic of Sokrates, i. 376; ethics merged by Sokrates in, ii. 362; treated together by Plato, iv. 133; apart by Aristotle, 138; Plato's and Aristotle's new theory of, to resist King _Nomos_, i. 393; relation to philosophy, ii. 224, 227, 229, 230 _n._, 365 _n._, 368 _n._, _ib._, iii. 179, 183, iv. 51-4, i. 181 _n._, 182; to be studied by itself exclusively, ii. 229; Lewis on ideals, iv. 139 _n._; see _Government_, _Monarchy_, _Ruler_.

_Politikus_, authenticity, i. 307, 316 _n._, iii. 185 _n._, 265 _n._; date, i. 309, 410, 313, 315, 325; purpose, iii. 188, 253, 257 _n._, 261; value, 190; relation to _Theætêtus_, 187; scenery and personages, 185; in a logical classification all particulars of equal value, 195; province of sensible perception narrower in _Theætêtus_, 256; importance of founding logical partition on sensible resemblances, 255; the attainment of the standard the purpose of each art, 260; necessity of declaring standard, 262; Plato's views on mensuration, 260; Plato's defence against critics, 262; the mythe of the kosmos, 265 _n._; causes principal and auxiliary, 266; the king the principal cause, _ib._; Plato does not admit received classification of governments, 267; three kinds of polity, 278; true classification of governments, scientific or unscientific, 268; unscientific government, or by many, counterfeit, _ib._; of unscientific governments, despot worst, democracy least bad, 270, 278; true government, by the one scientific** man, i. 273, iv. 280, 310 _n._; counter-theory in _Protagoras_, iii. 275; government by fixed laws the second-best, 269; scientific governor, unlimited by laws, 269; distinguished from general, &c., 271; aims at forming virtuous citizens, 272; maintains ethical standard, 273; natural dissidence of gentle and energetic virtues, _ib._; excess of the energetic entails death or banishment, of the gentle, slavery, _ib._; courage and temperance assumed, 282; compared with _Lachês_, 282-4; _Charmidês_, _ib._; _Menon_, 283; _Protagoras_, 262, 275; _Phædon_, 262, 265 _n._; _Phædrus_, 257, 265 _n._; _Parmenidês_, 259; _Theætêtus_, 184 _n._, 187, 256; _Kratylus_, 281, 329; _Philêbus_, 262, 369 _n._; _Republic_, 257 _n._, 279.

[Greek: Polupra/gmôn], ii. 362 _n._

Polybius, on music, iv. 306.

Polytheism, early Greek explanation of phenomena by, i. 2; believed in after genesis of philosophy, 3; hostile to philosophy, 86; substitution of physical forces for, ii. 402; Euripides' _Hippolytus_ illustrates popular Greek religious belief, iv. 163 _n._

Population, Malthus' law of, iv. 201; recognised by Plato and Aristotle, 202.

Porphyry, on Metempsychosis, ii. 426 _n._

Poste, Mr., on _Philêbus_, iii. 365 _n._, 369 _n._, 381 _n._, 384 _n._, 390 _n._, 396 _n._, 397 _n._; abstract theories of Plato and Aristotle compared, _ib._

Potential and actual, Aristotle's distinction, iii. 134; _ens_ equivalent to, 204.

Power, controversy of Aristotle with Megarics, i. 135; Aristotle's arguments not valid, 136-8; Aristotle himself concedes the doctrine, 139 _n._; doctrine of Diodôrus Kronus, 140, 143; defended by Hobbes, 143; Brown on, 138 _n._

Practical life disparaged, ii. 355, iii. 329; and philosophy, ii. 365 _n._, 368 _n._, _ib._, iii. 179, 183, iv. 51-4, i. 181 _n._, 182; uselessness of philosopher in, due to his not being called in by citizens, iv. 54; condition of success in, ii. 359; influence of belief on, i. 180 _n._; Boissier on, 157 _n._

Prantl, objection to _Homo Mensura_, iii. 151 _n._; _Timæus_, iv. 255 _n._; Megarics, i. 129 _n._, 132 _n._

Praxiphanes, on _Kritias_, iv. 265** _n._

Prayer, danger of, for mischievous gifts, ii. 12; Sokrates on, and sacrifice, 17, 417, 419; Sokrates prays for undefined favours--premonitions, 28; Sokrates' belief, iv. 394; heresy that gods appeased by, 376, 384; general Greek belief, 392, 394; Herodotus, _ib._; Epikurus, 395; Aristotle, _ib._

Predicables, iii. 77 _n._

Predication, predicate not recognised in Plato's analysis, iii. 235; only identical, legitimate, 223, 232 _n._, 251; coincidence in Plato, ii. 46 _n._; analogous difficulty in _Parmenidês_, i. 169; error due to the then imperfect logic, iii. 241; misconception of function of copula, 221, i. 170 _n._; arguments against, iii. 206, 212, 221; Aristotle on, i. 166, 170; after Aristotle, asserted by Stilpon, 166, 169; Stilpon against accidental, 167; logical subject has no real essence apart from predicates, 168 _n._; Menedêmus disallowed negative, 170; see _Proposition_.

Pre-existence of all animals, included in Plato's proof of soul's immortality, ii. 414.

Pre-Sokratic, see _Philosophy_.

Priestley, Dr., character of, i. 403 _n._

Principle, march of philosophy up to or down from, i. 403; of Thales, 4; Anaximander, 5; Anaximenes, 7; Pythagoreans, 9-12, 14; Parmenides, 24; Herakleitos, 27; Empedokles, 38; Diogenes of Apollonia, 60; defect of the Ionic philosophers, 38.

Prinsterer, G. van, iii. 412 _n._

Prodikus, as a writer and critic, iii. 304, 308 _n._; less a sophist than Sokrates, 219; the choice of Herakles, ii. 267 _n._

Proëms, of Zaleukus and Charondas, iv. 323 _n._; didactic or rhetorical homilies, 322; to every important law, 321, 383; as type for poets, 323.

Proklus, borrowed from Rhodian Eudemus, i. 85 _n._; interpretation of Plato, _xi_; on _Leges_, iv. 355 _n._; _Kritias_, 265 _n._; _Parmenidês_, iii. 64 _n._, 80 _n._, 80, 90 _n._; _Kratylus_, 294 _n._, 310 _n._, 323 _n._; distinction of divine and human names, 300 _n._; analysis of propositions, 237 _n._

Prometheus, mythe, ii. 267.

Property, private, an evil, iv. 327, 333; perpetuity of lots of land, 326; succession, 405; modes of acquiring, 397; length of prescription, 415; direct taxation according to, 331; qualification for magistracies and votes, _ib._, 333; limited inequality tolerated as to movable, 330; no private possession of gold or silver, no loans or interest, 331; see _Communism_.

Prophesy, Plato's theory of liver's function, iv. 246; see _Inspiration_.

Proposition, analysis of, iii. 213; imperfect, 230, 235; intercommunion of forms of _non-ens_ and of proposition, opinion, judgment, 213-4; no analysis or classification of, before Aristotle, 222; quality of, 235, 248; Plato's view of the negative erroneous, 236, 239; Ideas [Greek: tô=n a)popha/seôn], 238 _n._; are false possible, 232; Plato undertakes impossible task, 249; some true, others false, assumed by Aristotle, _ib._; hypothetical, Diodôrus Kronus on, i. 145; Philo, _ib._ _n._; contradictory, impossible, 166; the subject, no real essence apart from predicates, 168 _n._; see _Copula_, _Predication_.

Protagoras, character of, ii. 265 _n._; not represented in _Euthydêmus_, 202; less a sophist than Sokrates, iii. 219; not disparagingly viewed by Plato, ii. 288 _n._, 290 _n._, 296 _n._, 303, 314; relation to Herakleitus, iii. 159 _n._; _Homo Mensura_, 113; see _Relativity_; combated by Demokritus, i. 82; taught by lectures, ii. 203, 301; [Greek: Peri\ tou= o)/ntos], iii. 153 _n._; as a writer and critic, 304, 308 _n._; treatise on eristic, i. 125 _n._; theory of vision, iv. 237 _n._; on the gods, 233 _n._

_Protagoras_, the, date, i. 304-7, 308, 77, 312, 315, 321, 327, 328, 331 _n._, ii. 228 _n._, 298 _n._; purpose, 277, 278 _n._; two distinct aspects of ethics and politics, 299; difference of rhetorical and dialectical method, 300; introduction illustrates Sokrates' mission, 263; question unsolved, 297, 316; scenery and personages, 259; Hippokrates eager for acquaintance with Protagoras, 260, iii. 217 _n._; not noticed at the close, ii. 298; Sophists as teachers, 261; danger of going to sophist, without knowing what he is about to teach, 262; visit to Kallias, respect for Protagoras, 264; Protagoras questioned, _ib._; is virtue, teachable, 266; intends to train youths as virtuous citizens, _ib._; Protagoras' mythe, first fabrication of animals by gods, 267; its value, 276; social art conferred by Zeus, 268, iii. 275; Protagoras' discourse, ii. 269; its purpose, 274; prolix, 275; parodied by Sokrates, 283; mythe and discourse explain propagation of established sentiment of a community, 274, iii. 274; justice and sense of shame possessed and taught by all citizens,