i. 451;

dissent coincident with subjective unanimity, _ib._; see _Relativity_.

Observation, astronomy must not be studied by, iv. 73; nor acoustics, 74.

Obstetric, of Sokrates, i. 367, ii. 251, iii. 112, 176.

Odysseus, ii. 56.

Oken, Pythagoreanism, i. 10 _n._

Old Age, iv. 2.

Oligarchy, iv. 79; Plato's second state a compromise of democracy and, 333, 337.

[Greek: O(mô/numa], first distinguished from [Greek: sunô/numa] by Aristotle, iii. 94 _n._

[Greek: O(mônu/môs], ii. 193.

One, in the Many, and Many in the One, aim of philosophy, i. 407; difficulties about many and, iii. 339; see _Idea_.

Ontology and physics, radically distinct points of view, i. 23 _n._; the science of Ens, first appears in the Eleates, 22; reconciliation of physics with, attempted unsuccessfully after Parmenides, 23 _n._; Plato blends ethics with, iii. 306; Aristotle's substratum for phenomenology, i. 24 _n._; tendency to embrace logical phantoms as real causes, ii. 404 _n._; see _Ens_, _Philosophy_.

Opinion, public, see _Authority_.

Opinion, Xenophanes' doctrine, i. 18; Parmenides', 20; Demokritus', 72; embraces all varieties of knowledge save of the Good, ii. 30; right, of good statesmen, derived from inspiration, 242; compared with knowledge, 241, 253, 255 _n._, iii. 167 _n._, 181 _n._; antithesis less marked in _Theætêtus_ than _Politikus_, 257; Plato's compared with modern views, ii. 254; the mind rises from sensation to opinion, then cognition, iii. 164; distinct from sensation, 166; true, knowledge is, 168; verification from experience, not recognised as necessary or possible, _ib._; if false, possible, 169, 181 _n._, 351; waxen memorial tablet in the mind, 169; false, is the confusion of cognitions and non-cognitions, refuted, 171; wherein different from knowledge, 172; true, not knowledge, communicated by rhetor, _ib._; true, _plus_ rational explanation, is knowledge, 173; analogy of elements and compounds, _ib._; rejected, 174; intercommunion of forms of _non-ens_ and of proposition, opinion, judgment, 213, 214; akin to proposition, and may be false, by partnership with form _non-ens_, 214; relation to kosmical soul, iv. 227; its matter, what is between ens and non-ens, 49; two grades of, Faith or Belief, and Conjecture, 67; true pleasure attached to true, iii. 351.

Opposites, only one to each thing, ii. 13 _n._

Optimism, ii. 393-6.

Orphans, iv. 406-7.

Orphic canon of life, iii. 390 _n._, iv. 15; coincidence of _Timæus_ with, 255 _n._

Orthodoxy, local infallibility claimed, but rarely severely enforced in Greece, iv. 396; less intolerance at Athens than elsewhere, iii. 277, iv. 126; Sophists conform to prevalent, 56; irresistible effect of public opinion in producing, i. 392, iv. 55; common sense of a community, its propagation, ii. 274; Plato on, i. _xi_, 342, 392 _n._, 424, iv. 69 _n._, 165; probable feelings of Plato, ii. 367; Sokrates in _Phædon_ contrasted with _Apology_, 421; inconsistently exacted in Plato's state, iii. 277-8, iv. 24, 156, 160, 327, 379, 430; three varieties of heresy, 376; proëm to laws against, 383; first confuted, 386; argument inconsistent and unsatisfactory, 388; second confuted, 389; contradicts _Republic_, 390; the third the worst, 384; confuted, 391; general Greek belief, 381, 391, 394; incongruity of Plato's doctrine, 393; opposition to Plato's doctrine in Greece, 395; Cicero, 379 _n._; Milton, _ib._; Bp. Butler, 166 _n._; book-burning, 379 _n._; see _Authority_.

[Greek: Ou)si/a], must be known before [Greek: pa/thê], ii. 243 _n._

P.

[Greek: Paiderasti/a], iii. 20 _n._, iv. 359.

Pain, see [Greek: a)lupi/a], _Pleasure_.

Paley, remarks illustrative of Sokratic dialectic, i. 377 _n._

Panætius, style, i. 406 _n._; on _Phædon_, 288, 334 _n._; Plato's immortality of the soul, ii. 423 _n._; dialogues of _Sokratici viri_, i. 112 _n._

Parmenidês, metaphysical and geometrical rather than physical, i. 23 _n._, 89; the absolute, 19-24, iii. 104; Herakleitus opposed to, i. 37; ens and non-ens, an inherent contradiction in human mind, 19; ens alone contains truth, phenomena probability, 24; ens erroneously identified by Aristotle with heat, _ib._ _n._; non-ens, iii. 243 _n._; opposition to _Homo Mensura_, 113; phenomena of, the object of modern physics, i. 23 _n._; mind, 26; theology, 19, 25; physics, 7 _n._, 90 _n._; two physical principles, 24; doctrine defended by Zeno, 93, 99, iii. 58; relation of Demokritus to, i. 66; with Pythagoras supplied basis of Platonic philosophy, 89; refutation of, in _Sophistês_, iii. 211, 223; summum genus enlarged by Eukleides, 196 _n._; and Sokrates blended by Eukleides, i. 118.

_Parmenidês_, the, date, i. 309, 315, 316 _n._, 338 _n._, iii. 71 _n._, 244 _n._; authenticity, i. 307-11, 320, 327, 338 _n._, 401 _n._, iii. 68 _n._, 69, 88 _n._, 185 _n._; criticism of dialogue generally, 82; its character, 56; purpose negative, 71, 85 _n._, 85, 93, 97, 108, i. 125; the genuine Platonic theory attacked, iii. 68; attack not unnatural, 71; its dialectic, compared with Zeno's, i. 100; scenery and personages, iii. 58; Sokrates impugns Zeno's doctrine, 59; and affirms Ideas separate from, but participable by, sensible objects, _ib._; objections, 60-7; no object in nature mean to the philosopher, 61, 195 _n._; ideas, how participable by objects, 63, 72, iv. 138; analogous difficulty of predication, i. 169; not merely conceptions, iii. 64, 74; "the third man," 64 _n._; not mere types, 65; not cognizable, since not relative to ourselves, _ib._, 72; cognizable only through unattained Idea of cognition, 66; which gods have, 67, 68 _n._; dilemma, ideas exist or philosophy impossible, 68; exercises required from students, 79; provisional assumption of hypotheses, and their consequences traced, _ib._; nine demonstrations from _unum est_ and _unum non est_, 81, 340; criticism of antinomies, 82, 85 _n._, 88 _n._, 99 _n._; exercises only specimens of method applicable to other antinomies, 91; more formidable than problems of Megarics, 92; these assumptions convey the minimum of determinate meaning, 94; different meanings of the same proposition in words, 95, 97 _n._; first demonstration a Reductio ad absurdum of _Unum non multa_, 96, 101; second, demonstrates _Both_ of what the first demonstrated _Neither_, 98, 101; third mediates, 100, 101; but unsatisfactory, 102; Plato's imagination of the _Instantaneous_, 100; found no favour, 102; the fourth and fifth, 101, 102; the sixth and seventh, 103; unwarranted steps in the reasoning, 105; seventh is founded on genuine doctrine of Parmenidês, 104; eighth and ninth, 106; conclusion compared to enigma in _Republic_, 108; compared with _Sophistês_ and _Politikus_, 187 _n._, 259; _Philêbus_, 97 _n._, 340 _n._, 343; _Republic_, iv. 138; _Euthydêmus_, ii. 200.

Particulars, doctrine of Herakleitus, i. 29; the one in the many, and many in one, aim of philosophy, 407; Herakleitean flux true of, but not of Ideas, iii. 320; universals amidst, 257; and universals, different dialogues compared, _ib._; difficulties about one and many, 339; natural coalescence of finite and infinite, 340; illustration from speech and music, 342; explanation insufficient, 343; no constant truth in, iv. 3 _n._; fluctuate, 50; ordinary men discern only, 49, 51; see _Phenomena_.

Pascal, on King _Nomos_, i. 381 _n._; Cartesian theory, ii. 401 _n._; justice, i. 231 _n._; authority, iv. 232.

[Greek: Pa/thê], must be known after [Greek: ou)si/a], ii. 243 _n._

Pathology of Plato, compared with Aristotle and Hippokrates, iv. 260.

Pausanias, the gods jealousy, iv. 164 _n._

Peloponnesian war, iii. 406.

Pentateuch, allegorical interpretation of, iv. 157 _n._; relation to Greek schemes, 256.

Pentathlos, the, ii. 114; expert of Plato and Aristotle, 119 _n._

Percept and concept, relative, iii. 75; prior to the percipient, 76 _n._

Perception, doctrine of Parmenides, i. 26; Empedokles, 44; Theophrastus, 46 _n._; Anaxagoras, opposed to Empedokles, 58; Diogenes of Apollonia, 62; Demokritus, 77; Plato, iii. 159; different views of Plato, 163; sensible, province wider in _Politikus_ than _Theætêtus_, 256; knowledge is sensible, 111, 113, 154, 173 _n._; identified with _Homo Mensura_, 123, 162 _n._; sensible perception does not include memory, 157; argument from analogy of seeing and not seeing at the same time, _ib._; knowledge lies in the mind's comparisons respecting sensible perceptions, 161; difference from modern views, 162; objects of conception and of, comprised in Plato's _ens_, 229, 231.

Pergamus, library of, i. 270 _n._, 280 _n._

Periander, iv. 7.

[Greek: Perie/chon] of Herakleitus, i. 35 _n._; compared with Nous of Anaxagoras, 56 _n._

Perikles, upheld the claims of intellect, ii. 373; rhetorical power, 370, 371.

Peripatetic school at the Lykeum, i. 269; change after death of Theophrastus, 272; loss of library, 270; see _Lykeum_.

Persian and Spartan kings eulogised, ii. 8; and Athens compared, iv. 312; invasion, 311, 313; customs blended with Spartan in _Cyropædia_, i. 222; government, 235.

Phædon the Eretrian, i. 148.

_Phædon_, the, authenticity, i. 334 _n._; first dialogue disallowed upon internal grounds, 288; date, 309-313, 315, ii. 377 _n._; affirmative and expository, 377; much transcendental assertion, iii. 56; purpose, ii. 382 _n._; antithesis and complement of _Symposion_, iii. 22; scenery and interlocutors, ii. 377; Sokrates to the last insists on freedom of debate, 379; value of exposition, 398; no tripartite soul, antithesis of soul and body, 384; life a struggle between soul and body, 386, 388, 422; emotions, a degenerate appendage of human nature, iii. 389; death emancipates, ii. 386, 388; yet soul may suffer punishment, inconsistency, 415; philosophy gives partial emancipation, 387; purification of soul, 388, i. 159; inseparable conjunction of pleasure with pain, iii. 38-9 71.; pleasures to be estimated by intelligence, 375; pleasures of intelligence more valuable than of sense, _ib._; courage of philosopher and ordinary citizens, different principles, ii. 308 _n._; the soul a mixture, refuted, 390; soul's pre-existence admitted, _ib._, iii. 122; soul is _essentially_ living and therefore immortal, ii. 413; proof of immortality includes pre-existence of all animals, and metempsychosis, 414; depends on assumption of Ideas, 412; metempsychosis of ordinary men only, 387, 415, 425; Plato's demonstration fails, iii. 16; not generally accepted, ii. 426; Sokrates' intellectual development, 391; turned on different views as to a true cause, 398; illustration of Comte's three stages of progress, 407; Sokrates' early study, 391; genesis of knowledge, _ib._; first doctrine of Cause, rejected, _ib._, 399; second doctrine, from Anaxagoras, 393, 401, 403; doctrine laid down in _Philêbus_, 407 _n._; Anaxagoras did not carry out his principle, 394, 407; Anaxagoras' _nous_, as understood by Sokrates, 402 _n._; causes efficient and co-efficient, 394, 400; third principle, assumption of Ideas as separate entia, 396, 403, 407, iv. 239 _n._; multitude of ideas, ii. 410; the only causes, 396; truth resides in ideas, 411; discussion of hypothesis, and of its consequences, distinct, 397, 411; ultimate appeal to extremely general hypothesis, _ib._; Sokrates' equanimity before death, 416, 417; Sokrates' soul--islands of the blest, 416; Sokrates' last words and death, 417; burial, 416; compared with _Apology_, i. 422 _n._, ii. 419-21; _Symposion_, 382, iii. 16-19; _Menon_, ii. 249; _Phædrus_, _ib._, iii. 16-19; _Politikus_, 262, 265 _n._; _Republic_, ii. 383, 412, 414 _n._; _Timæus_, 383, 407 _n._, 411-12.

_Phædrus_, its date, i. 263, 304-10, 313-4, 315, 319, _ib._ _n._, 323, 326 _n._, 327, 330, ii. 227, 228 _n._, iii. 36 _n._, 38; ancient criticism on, i. 319 _n._; considered by Tennemann as keynote of series, 302; assumptions of Schleiermacher inadmissible, 319, 329 _n._; much transcendental assertion, iii. 56; Eros differently understood, necessity for definition, 29; derivation of [Greek: e)/rôs], 308 _n._; of [Greek: mantikê\] and [Greek: oi)ônistikê/], 310 _n._; Eros, a variety of madness, 11; Eros disparaged, then panegyrised, by Sokrates, _ib._; mythe of pre-existent soul, 12, 14 _n._; soul's [Greek: knê=sis] compared to children's teething, 399 _n._; reminiscence of the Ideas, 13, 17, iv. 239 _n._; operation of pre-natal experience on man's intellectual faculties, iii. 13; reminiscence kindled by aspect of physical beauty, ii. 422, iii. 4, 14; debate on Rhetoric, 26; Sokrates' theory, all persuasion founded on a knowledge of the truth, 28; writing and speaking, as art, 27; is it teachable by system, 28; Sokrates compares himself with Lysias, 29; Lysias unfairly treated in, 47-8, 408, 410 _n._, 411 _n._; Sokrates' reason for attachment to dialectic, 258 _n._; the two processes of dialectic, 29, 39; exemplified in Sokrates' discourses, 29; essential to genuine rhetoric, 30, 34; rhetoric as a real art, is comprised in dialectic, 30, 34; analogy to medical art, 31; includes a classification of minds and discourses, and their mutual application, 32, 41, 45; books and lectures useless, 33, 34, 49, 51, 53-5; may _remind_, 33, 50; rhetorician must acquire real truth, 33, 34; theory more Platonic than Sokratic, 38; rhetorician insufficiently rewarded, 33; dialectician alone can teach, 37; _idéal_, cannot be realised, 51; except under hypothesis of pre-existence and reminiscence, 52; dialectic teaches minds unoccupied, rhetoric minds pre-occupied, 40; Plato's _idéal_ a philosophy, not an art, of rhetoric, 45; unattainable, 42, 46; comparison with the rhetorical teachers, 44; charge against rhetorical teachers not established, 47; compared with _Republic_, _Gorgias_, _Euthydêmus_, ii. 229; _Menon_, 249; _Phædon_, _ib._, 423, iii. 17-8, iv. 239 _n._; _Symposion_, iii. 1, 11, 15, 17-19; _Sophistês_, 257; _Politikus_, _ib._, 265 _n._; _Philêbus_, 398; _Timæus_ and _Kritias_, 53; _Leges_, iv. 324.

Phenicians, iv. 330 _n._, 352; appetite predominant in, 38.

Phenomena, early Greek explanation of, by polytheism, i. 2; doctrine of Xenophanes, 18; Parmenides, 20, 24, 66; of Parmenides, the object of modern physics, 23 _n._; of Parmenides contain only probability, not truth, 24; doctrine of Zeno, 93; Leontine Gorgias, 104 _n._; Herakleitus, 29; Anaxagoras, 59 _n._; Demokritus, 68; Kyrenaics, 197; the Ideas not fitted on to, iii. 78; Aristotle, i. 24 _n._; see _Particulars_.

_Philêbus_, authenticity, iii. 369 _n._; date, i. 307-9, 311-3, 315, iii. 369 _n._; peculiarity, 382; illustrates logical partition, 254, 344; merit as a didactic composition, 365, 368 _n._; method contrasted with _Theætêtus_, 335 _n._; recent editions, 365 _n._; reading in p. 17A, 341 _n._; subject and persons, 334; protest against Sokratic elenchus, 335; happiness and good used as correlative terms, _ib._; good, object of universal desire, _ib._, 371, 392 _n._; what mental condition will ensure happiness, 335; is it pleasure or wisdom, _ib._, 337; pleasures, and opposite cognitions, unlike each other, 336, 396; is good intense pleasure without any intelligence, 338; or intelligence without pleasure or pain, 339; such a life conceivable, at least second-best, 349; Plato inconsistent in putting the alternative, 372; emotions, a degenerate appendage of human nature, 389; contrast with other dialogues, 398; good a _tertium quid_, 339, 361; pleasure, of the infinite, intelligence a combining cause, 347; intelligence the determining, pleasure the indeterminate, 348,