iii. 391;

virtue a right estimate of pleasure and pain, ii. 293, 305; courage a just estimate of things terrible, 307; false estimates of pleasures habitual, iii. 353; true pleasures admit of, 357; directive sovereignty of, 391; how applied in _Protagoras_, _ib._; how explained in _Philêbus_, 393.

Medical Art, analogy of rhetoric to, iii. 31; reducible to rule, ii. 372 _n._; physician not bound by peremptory rules, iii. 269; no refined, allowed, iv. 28; Plato's view of, 250; synthetic character of ancient, 260 _n._

Megarics, transcendental, not ethical, i. 122; shared with Plato the eristic of Sokrates, 124, 126; logical position misrepresented by historians, 131; negative dialectic attributed by historians to, 371; not peculiar to, 387; the charge brought by contemporaries against Sokrates, 388; fallacies of, ii. 215, iii. 92; sophisms of Eubulides, i. 133; real character of, 135; alleged over-refinement in classification of, iii. 196 _n._; not the idealists of _Sophistês_, 244; controversy with Aristotle about Power, i. 135; Aristotle's arguments not valid, 136-8; Aristotle himself concedes the doctrine, 139 _n._; doctrine of Diodôrus Kronus, 140, 143; defended by Hobbes, _ib._; depends on question of universal regularity of sequence, 141; sophism of Diodôrus Kronus, _ib._, 143; Stilpon, 147; Cicero on, 135 _n._; Ritter, 129 _n._; Prantl, _ib._, 132 _n._; Zeller, 131 _n._; Winckelmann, 132 _n._; Marbach, _ib._; Tiedemann, _ib._; Stallbaum, _ib._; Deycks, 136 _n._; see _Eukleides_.

Melêtus, reply of Sokrates to, Plato and Xenophon compared, i. 456; Plato's views coincide with, iv. 211, 230 _n._, 381, 385, 411, i. 113.

Melissus of Samos, i. 93.

Memory, difference of [Greek: mnê/mê] and [Greek: a)na/mnêsis], iii. 350 _n._; see _Association_.

Ménage, on etymology, iii. 303 _n._

Menedêmus the Eretrian, i. 148; disallowed negative predications, 170.

_Menexenus_, its authenticity, i. 316, 338, iii. 412 _n._; date, i. 307, 309, 313, 324; anachronism, iii. 411; scenery and persons, 401; funeral harangues at Athens, _ib._, 404; Sokrates recites harangue learnt from Aspasia, 402; framed on the established type, 405; excited much admiration, 407; probable motives of Plato, _ib._, 410; contrast with _Leges_, iv. 315 _n._, 318; _Gorgias_, ii. 374, iii. 409.

_Menon_, date, i. 306-7, 308-10, 313, 315, 325 _n._, ii. 228 _n._, 246 _n._; purpose, 235; gives points in common between Sokrates and Sophists, 257; scenery and persons, 232; is virtue teachable, _ib._, 239, iii. 330 _n._; plurality of virtues, ii. 233; search for common property, 234; how is process of search useful, 237; Sokrates' cross-examination like effect of torpedo, _ib._; analogies, definitions of figure and colour, 235; Menon's definition, refuted, 236; theory of reminiscence, 237; illustrated by questioning Menon's slave, 238, 249 _n._, 251; metempsychosis, 249; little said of the _Ideas_, 253, 255 _n._; virtue is knowledge, 239; and so teachable, 240; relation of opinion to knowledge, 241, 255 _n._, 392 _n._, iii. 172 _n._; right opinion of good statesmen, from inspiration, ii. 242; highest virtue teachable, but all existing virtue is from inspiration, _ib._; virtue itself remains unknown, _ib._, 245; Sokrates' doctrine, universal desire of good, 243; compared with _Phædrus_ and _Phædon_, 249; _Protagoras_, 244; _Politikus_, iii. 283; _Timæus_, _Gorgias_, _Republic_, ii. 254 _n._

Mentiens, sophism, i. 128, 133.

Messênê, bad basis of government, iv. 310.

Metaphor, Herakleitus' exposition by, i. 28, 30, 37 _n._; Plato's tendency to found arguments on, 343, 353, _n._, ii. 337 _n._, iii. 65 _n._, 173, 207, 351, 364; doctrine of Ideas derived its plausibility from, i. 343; waxen memorial tablet in the mind, iii. 169; pigeon-cage, 171; souls' [Greek: knê=sis] compared to children's teething, 399 _n._; the steersman, iv. 53; Idea of Good in intellectual, as sun in visible, 63; the cave, iii. 257 _n._, iv. 67-70; analogy of state and individual, 11, 20, 39, 79-84, 96; exaggerated, 115, 121, 124; kosmos, absolute height and depth, 87.

Metaphysics, see _Ontology_.

Meteorology, of Anaxagoras, i. 58; Diogenes of Apollonia, 64; Sokrates avoided, 376.

Metempsychosis, included in all ancient speculations, ii. 390, 425 _n._; belief of Empedokles, i. 46; included in Plato's proof of soul's immortality, ii. 414; theory of, 237, 247, iv. 234; of ordinary men only, ii. 390, 416, 425; mythe, iii. 12, 14 _n._; general doctrine in Virgil, ii. 425 _n._

Method, revolutionised by Sokrates, i. _x_; obstetric, 367, ii. 251, iii. 112, 176; Aristotle's Dialectic and Demonstrative, i. 363; see _Dialectic_, _Negative_, _Inductive_.

Metics, admission of, iv. 362; Xenophon on, i. 238.

[Greek: Me/trion, to/], of Plato, iii. 397 _n._

Michelet, iv. 151 _n._

Middle ages, disputations in the, i. 397 _n._; views on causation, ii. 409 _n._

[Greek: Mi/gma], see _Chaos_.

Mill, Jas., on law of mental association, ii. 192 _n._; transmission of established morality of a society, 275 _n._; on the moral sense, iv. 128 _n._; ethical end, 105 _n._

Mill, J. S., on vague connotation of general terms, ii. 48 _n._; evils of informal debate, 220 _n._, 222 _n._; definition of fallacy, i. 129; heads of fallacies, ii. 218; fallacies of confusion, Descartes' argument, iii. 297 _n._; of Sufficient Reason, earliest example of, i. 6 _n._; relativity of knowledge, iii. 128 _n._; abstract names, 78 _n._; simple objects undefinable, i. 172 _n._; comparison of Form with particular phenomena, iii. 64 _n._; necessity of Verification, 168 _n._; _antecedent_, _consequent_, _simultaneous_, 165 _n._; assumption in axioms of arithmetic, 396 _n._; axioms of arithmetic and geometry, from induction, iv. 353 _n._; ultimate laws of nature, iii. 132 _n._; relation of art to science, 43 _n._; the beautiful, ii. 50 _n._; hostility to novel attempts at analysis of ethics, i. 387 _n._; _Liberty_, 395 _n._, ii. 367 _n._; Sokrates' Utilitarianism, 310 _n._; theory of syllogism, 255 _n._; approximation to Plato and Aristotle as to ideal state of society, iv. 199 _n._

Milton, on Plato's intolerance, iv. 379 _n._

Mind, doctrine of Parmenides, i. 26; identified with heat by Demokritus, 75; its seat in various parts of the body, Demokritus, 76; Sokrates' theory of natural state of human, 373; elenchus the sovereign purifier of, iii. 197; Sokrates' obstetric, 112; the self, ii. 11, 25; state of agent's, as to knowledge, frequent enquiry in Plato, 83; Plato's view, an assemblage of latent capacities, 164; knowledge is dominant agency in, 290; usefulness of negative result for training, 186; operation of pre-natal experience on, iii. 13; rhetoric should include a classification of minds and discourses, 32; _idéal_ unattainable, 42, 45; compared to paper, 169, 351; of each individual, tripartite, iv. 37; analogous to rulers, guardians, craftsmen, 39; high development of body and, equally necessary, ii. 422 _n._; relation to bodily organs, iii. 159, iv. 387 _n._; diseases of, from body, 250; no man voluntarily wicked, 249, 365-8; preservative and healing agencies, 250; treatment of, by itself, 251; rotations of kosmos to be studied, 252; see _Reason_, _Soul_.

_Minos_, authenticity, i. 306-7, 309, 336, 337 _n._, ii. 82, 93; in _Leges_ trilogy, 91; and _Hipparchus_ analogous and inferior to other works, 82; subject the characteristic property connoted by _law_, 76, 86; discussed by historical Sokrates, _ib._; its meanings, 91; three parts, objections, 76; is _good_ opinion of the city, true opinion, or finding out of reality, 77; real things always accounted real, analogies, 79; only what _ought to be_ law, _is_, 80, 88-9, iii. 281 _n._, 317 _n._; Expert finds out and certifies truth, ii. 87-9; laws of Cretan Minos divine and excellent, extant, 80, 90; Minos' character variously represented, 81; what does the lawgiver prescribe for health of mind--unanswered, _ib._; bad definitions of law, 86; Sokrates' reasoning unsound but Platonic, 88.

[Greek: Mnê/mê], derivation, iii. 302 _n._; difference of [Greek: a)na/mnêsis], 350 _n._

Mohl, Prof., on Hafiz, iii. 16 _n._

[Greek: Moi=rai], relation to Gods, iv. 221 _n._

Monad, the Pythagorean, i. 11-12; Platonic form of Pythagorean doctrine, 15 _n._; see _Number_.

Monarchy, and democracy the _mother-polities_, iv. 312; dissent of Aristotle, _ib._ _n._; monarch a Principal Cause, iii. 266; true government by the one scientific man, 268, 273; no laws to limit scientific governor, 269; _idéal_ attainable only in Saturnian period, 264, iv. 319; distinguished from general, rhetor, &c., iii. 271; aims at forming virtuous citizens, 272; Sokratic ideal differently worked out by Plato and Xenophon, 273; of Atlantis, iv. 268; bad education of kings' son, 312.

Monboddo, on Cartesian and Newtonian theories, ii. 402 _n._; on Ideas, 408 _n._; mind and body, iv. 387 _n._

Monkeys, Galen on structure of, iv. 257 _n._

Morality of a society, how transmitted, ii. 274; relation of art to, see _Education_, _Poetry_; _Ethics_.

More, Dr. Henry, emanative cause, ii. 403 _n._; metempsychosis, 427 _n._; relativity of knowledge, iii. 124 _n._

Moses, Plato compared to, iv. 256.

Motion, of atoms, the capital fact of Demokritean kosmos, i. 72; Zeno's arguments, 97; not denied as a phenomenal and relative fact, 102; form of, iii. 209-10, 232, 245 _n._; varieties of rectilinear, iv. 225 _n._; circular, the best, 225, 388-9; Diodôrus Kronus, i. 145; Aristotle nearly coincides with, 146; and Hobbes, _ib._; Monboddo on Aristotle and Plato, iv. 386 _n._

Motives, distinction of, ii. 357 _n._

Müller, Prof. Max, origin of language, iii. 326 _n._; vague use of words, i. 398 _n._

Munk, Dr. Edward, i. 311, 320, 401 _n._

Music, Pythagorean, of the spheres, i. 14; and speech illustrate coalescence of finite and infinite, iii. 340; Cynics' contempt for, i. 151, 155; Platonic sense, iv. 149; disparaged, ii. 355; education in, necessary for guardians, iv. 23; and dancing, effect on emotions, 347; excites love of the beautiful, 27; importance of, in education, 305; Aristotle on, 151 _n._, 306; Xenophon, _ib._, i. 228; Luther, iv. 151 _n._; gymnastic necessary to correct, 29; prizes at festivals, 292, 337, 358; three choruses, youths, mature men, elders, 296, 305; only grave allowed, 32, 168, 298 _n._; regulated by authority, 292-4, 349; to keep emotions in a proper state, 169; elders, by example, to keep up purity of music, 297; change for worse at Athens began in, 313, 314 _n._, 318; dangers of change in national, doctrine also of Damon, 315.

Mysticism, religious, in Empedokles, i. 47 _n._; mixture in Plato of poetical fancy and religious, with dialectic theory, iii. 16.

Mythe, general character of Plato's, ii. 415, iii. 310, iv. 255 _n._; disparaged, in _Sophistês_, iii. 265 _n._; Plato's resemblance to Hebrew writers, iv. 160 _n._; Aristotle on blending philosophy with, 255 _n._; probably often used by Sophists, ii. 267 _n._; of Prometheus and Epimetheus, 267; value of, 276; of Hades in _Gorgias_, 361; of soul in _Phædon_, 415; of pre-existent soul, iii. 12, 14 _n._; of the kosmos in _Politikus_, 265 _n._; _Timæus_, 409 _n._; _Kritias_, _ib._, iv. 268; of departed souls in _Republic_, 94; the choice of Herakles, i. 177; training by fictions, iv. 24, 154; Plato's view of the purpose of, _ib._, 303-5; Plato's and Homer's fictions contrasted, 153 _n._; retort open to poets, _ib._, 154 _n._; no repulsive fictions to be tolerated about gods or Hades, 25, 154; a better class to be substituted from religion for the existing fictions, 160; poet must avoid variety of imitation, 26, 155; type for narratives about men, 26; fiction as to origin of classes, 30; difficulty of procuring first admission for fiction, 158.

Mythology, prolonged belief in, iv. 152 _n._; Xenophanes' censure of, i. 16; Herakleitus', 26; Plato and the popular, 441 _n._, ii. 415, iii. 265 _n._, iv. 24, 155 _n._, 196, 238 _n._, 325, 328, 337, 398.

N.

Names, _relative_ and _non-relative_, iii. 232 _n._; Pythagorean theory, 304 _n._, 316 _n._; mystic sanctity of, 323 _n._; distinction of divine and human, 300 _n._; natural rectitude of, ii. 89, iii. 286 _n._, 300 _n._, 306 _n._; connected with doctrine of _Ideas_, 286 _n._, 327 _n._; difficult to harmonise with facts, 323; the essence of things, 305 _n._; things known only through names, not true, 320; the thing spoken of _suffers_, 287 _n._; forms of names and of things nameable, 289; didactic instruments made by law-giver on type of name-forms, 287, 290, 313; onomastic art, _ib._; proofs cited from etymology, 299, 300 _n._, 307 _n._; specimens of ancient etymologies, 307 _n._, 308 _n._, 309 _n._, 310 _n._, 311 _n._; not caricatures of sophists, 302, 304, 306-12, 314 _n._, 317 _n._, 321, 324; Plato's _idéal_, 325, 328 _n._, 330; compared with his views on social institutions, 327; _Homo Mensura_ the counter theory of language, 326 _n._; intrinsic aptitude of, for particular things, 289; consists in resemblance, 313; vary in degree of aptitude, 318; first imposer of, a Herakleitean, 302 _n._, 314-7, 319 _n._; how they have become disguised, 312; changes hard to follow, 315; Herakleitean theory admitted, 310; some names not consistent with it, 319; the theory uncertain, implicit trust not to be put in names, 321, 325; see _Language_.

Nature, course of, the ultimatum of Demokritus and moderns, i. 73, _ib._ _n._; all proceedings of, conducted according to fixed laws, iii. 286; Greek view of, hostile to philosophical speculation, i. 86; interdependence of, ii. 247; antithesis of law and, 333, 338, i. 197; also in Indian philosophy, 162; [Greek: phu/sei] and [Greek: kata\ phu/sin], iii. 294 _n._, iv. 309 _n._; Aristotle, 387 _n._; uncertainty of referring to, ii. 340, iv. 194, i. 162; meaning of law of, ii. 341 _n._; Mill on number of ultimate Laws of, iii. 132; no object in, mean to the philosopher, 61.

Necessary truth, iii. 253 _n._

Necessity, means _Freewill_ in Plato, iv. 221; kosmos produced by joint action of reason and, 238.

Negative, Plato's view of the, erroneous, iii. 236. 239; predications disallowed by Menedêmus, i. 170.

Negative Method, harshly censured by historians of philosophy, i. 123; preponderated in Plato's age, _ib._; erroneously attributed to Sophists and Megarics, 371, 387; the charge brought by contemporary Athenians against Sokrates, 388; Sokrates and Plato its champions, _vii_, _x_, 372; Sokrates the greatest Eristic of his age, 124; first applied negative analysis to the common consciousness, 385, 389 _n._; to social, political, ethical topics, 385; the Megarics shared with Plato the negative impulse of Sokrates, 126; Academics, 131 _n._; negative and affirmative veins in Plato distinct, 399, 403, 420; the negative extreme in _Parmenidês_, iii. 71, i. 125; overlooked in _Kriton_, 433; well illustrated in _Lysis_, ii. 177; the affirmative prominent in his old age, i. 408; its necessity as a condition of reasoned truth, 91, 371, 373, 387, 395 _n._, 421, ii. 186, i. 130; a value by itself, iii. 51, 70, 85, 149-50, 176, 184 _n._, 284, 422; a necessary preliminary to the affirmative, ii. 186, 201; essential to control of the affirmative, iii. 92 _n._, i. 123; its difficulties never solved, iii. 51; see _Dialectic_.

Nemesius, relativity of mental and sensational processes, iii. 122 _n._

Newton, accused of substituting physical for mental causes, ii. 402 _n._

Nile, inundation of, explanation of Anaxagoras, i. 58 _n._

[Greek: No/mimon], equivocal use, ii. 38.

Nominalism, first protest against Realism, Antisthenes, i. 164; of Stilpon, 167.

Nomos, idea of law less extensive than, i. 380 _n._, 382 _n._, ii. 92 _n._; omnipotence of King, i. 378, 380, 392 _n._, 424, ii. 333; Sokrates an exception, _ib._; Plato's and Aristotle's theory of politics to resist King, i. 393 _n._; Plato appeals to, iv. 24 _n._; Epiktêtus, i. 388 _n._; common sense of a community, its propagation, ii. 274; no common End among established [Greek: no/mima], iii. 282 _n._, iv. 204 _n._; see _Authority_, _Orthodoxy_.

Non-ens, see _Ens_.

Noumenon of Kant agrees with Parmenidês' ens, i. 21.

Nous, see _Reason_.

Number, the _principle_ of Pythagoreans, i. 9-12, 14; differs from Plato's Idea, 10; its modern application, _ib._ _n._, 14 _n._; limited to ten, according to Plato and Pythagoreans, 11 _n._; the Greek geometrical conception of, iii. 112 _n._; mean proportionals, iv. 224 _n._; see _Arithmetic_.

O.

Oaths, iv. 413.

Objective, and subjective views of ethics, Sokrates distinguished,